DE VERA, MARK L.

BSCE 4-1
CE INST 1 | CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

MODULE 2. CONCEPTS, THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL/ EARTH SCIENCE

ACTIVITY #1
1. Molecular Theory of Matter

The Molecular Theory of Matter is a scientific explanation that describes the behavior of matter
at the molecular and atomic levels. It proposes that all matter is made up of tiny particles called
molecules or atoms, which are constantly in motion. Key principles of this theory include:

1. Particles in constant motion: Molecules or atoms are always moving, and their motion
increases with temperature.
2. Empty space: There is empty space between particles, and they are not in direct contact with
each other.
3. Forces between particles: Attractive forces exist between particles, which determine the state
of matter (solid, liquid, or gas).
4. Energy transfer: When particles collide, they can transfer energy, leading to changes in
temperature and state.

This theory provides a foundation for understanding the behavior of gases, liquids, and solids and
has been fundamental in various scientific fields, including chemistry and physics.

2. Identify (___ molecule/s of ______) and compute the mass of the following compounds.

a) 12N2O;

12 molecules of Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)

TOTAL MASS OF 12N₂O= 12(14x2) + 12(16x1) = 528 g/mol

b) 8CH4;

8 molecules of Methane (CH4)

TOTAL MASS OF 8CH4= 8(12x1) + 8(1x4) = 128 g/mol

 c) 7P2O5;

7 molecules of Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5)

TOTAL MASS OF 7P2O5= 7(31x2)+ 7(16x5)= 994 g/mol

d) 5NaCl;

5 molecules of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

TOTAL MASS OF 5NaCl= 5(23x1) + 5(35.45x1) = 292.25 g/mol

e) 3C8H18

3 molecules of Octane (C8H18)

TOTAL MASS OF 3C8H18= 3(12x8) + 3(1x18)= 342 g/mol

f) C15H31N3O13P2

1 molecule of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (C15H31N3O13P2)

TOTAL MASS OF C15H31N3O13P2= (12x15) + (1x31) + (14x3)

+ (16x13) + (31x2)= 523 g/mol

Activity #2
Show the solutions in arriving at the above results of powers of carabao, horse and tractor.
Descriptors Force (N) Speed (kph)
Carabao – strong but slow 1,000 2
Horse – fast but weaker than carabao 800 6
Tractor – fast and strong (big wheels 2,000 10
for high traction)
CARABAO
Power = Force x Speed = 1000 N x 2 kph x (1000 m/1 km) x (1 hr/ 3600s)
= 555.56 watts or 0.56 kW
HORSE
Power = Force x Speed = 800 N x 6 kph x (1000 m/1 km) x (1 hr/ 3600s)
= 1333.33 watts or 1.33 kW
HORSE
Power = Force x Speed = 2000 N x 10 kph x (1000 m/1 km) x (1 hr/ 3600s)
= 5555.56 watts or 5.56 kW

Activity #3
1. What are the energy inputs and outputs of the above examples?
a. Photoelectric Effect in Solar Panels
Energy Input: Sunlight (solar radiation)
Energy Output: Electricity (kinetic energy of ejected electrons)
b. Light Bulb (AC Powered)
Energy Input: Electrical energy from an alternating current (AC) power source
Energy Output: Light and heat
c. Billiard Balls Collision
Energy Input: Kinetic energy of the mother ball
Energy Output: Kinetic energy transferred to the other balls, sound energy (due to collision), and possibly
some heat energy
d. Magat High Dam with Penstock, Rotating Turbine, and Dynamo
Energy Input: Potential energy of water stored in the dam, converted to kinetic energy as it flows through
the penstock
Energy Output: Rotational kinetic energy of the turbine, converted to electrical energy by the dynamo
e. Biomass Gasifier for Cooking
Energy Input: Biomass (organic wastes)
Energy Output: Heat energy (used for cooking) and possibly some combustible gas that can be used for
other applications
In each example, there is a conversion of energy from one form to another. The energy inputs are the initial
sources of energy, and the energy outputs are the final forms of energy produced or transferred.
2. Google search and download the electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic waves, spanning from long-
wavelength radio waves used in broadcasting to short-wavelength gamma rays produced by nuclear
reactions. This spectrum is divided into regions, such as radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays, each with
its unique characteristics and practical applications, including communication, medical imaging, and
scientific research. In between, there's visible light, the narrow band of wavelengths that our eyes can
perceive, creating the colors of the rainbow. Understanding this spectrum is crucial for a wide range of
technologies and scientific disciplines.