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    Analysis 1 A

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    Charlie Ding
    This document describes an experiment measuring the effect of sample size on measurement uncertainty. As the number of samples in a measurement increases from 1 to 10,000: - The standard deviation and width of the 95% confidence interval decreases, following a power law relationship (Figures 1 and 2). - The measurement uncertainty is reduced by 100 times, demonstrating the central limit theorem. - Between 100-1,000 samples is recommended to reduce uncertainty without excessive measurement time. It also describes calibration of a load cell, where the dominant source of uncertainty is the calibration constant due to uncertainties in the calibration weights, contributing 97% of the total uncertainty in measurements over 6 lbs.

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    Analysis 1 A

    Uploaded by

    Charlie Ding
    21 views4 pages
    This document describes an experiment measuring the effect of sample size on measurement uncertainty. As the number of samples in a measurement increases from 1 to 10,000: - The standard deviation and width of the 95% confidence interval decreases, following a power law relationship (Figures 1 and 2). - The measurement uncertainty is reduced by 100 times, demonstrating the central limit theorem. - Between 100-1,000 samples is recommended to reduce uncertainty without excessive measurement time. It also describes calibration of a load cell, where the dominant source of uncertainty is the calibration constant due to uncertainties in the calibration weights, contributing 97% of the total uncertainty in measurements over 6 lbs.

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    Analysis1a (1)

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    This document describes an experiment measuring the effect of sample size on measurement uncertainty. As the number of samples in a measurement increases from 1 to 10,000: - The standard deviation and width of the 95% confidence interval decreases, following a power law relationship (Figures 1 and 2). - The measurement uncertainty is reduced by 100 times, demonstrating the central limit theorem. - Between 100-1,000 samples is recommended to reduce uncertainty without excessive measurement time. It also describes calibration of a load cell, where the dominant source of uncertainty is the calibration constant due to uncertainties in the calibration weights, contributing 97% of the total uncertainty in measurements over 6 lbs.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views4 pages

    Analysis 1 A

    Uploaded by

    Charlie Ding
    This document describes an experiment measuring the effect of sample size on measurement uncertainty. As the number of samples in a measurement increases from 1 to 10,000: - The standard deviation and width of the 95% confidence interval decreases, following a power law relationship (Figures 1 and 2). - The measurement uncertainty is reduced by 100 times, demonstrating the central limit theorem. - Between 100-1,000 samples is recommended to reduce uncertainty without excessive measurement time. It also describes calibration of a load cell, where the dominant source of uncertainty is the calibration constant due to uncertainties in the calibration weights, contributing 97% of the total uncertainty in measurements over 6 lbs.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 4

    1)10pts

    Table1.Effectofthenumberofsamples,n,onthemeasurementstatistics.Eachmeasurementconsists
    ofanaverageofnrandomsamples.Tenmeasurementsweretakenforeachvalueofn;thecorresponding
    meanandstandarddeviationarecalculatedfromthese10measurements.Thepopulationparametersof
    thesignalwereestimatedtobe=0.4745and=0.0052.
    n
    1
    2
    10
    100
    1,000
    10,000

    experimental(V)
    0.00520
    0.00485
    0.00140
    0.00125
    0.00023
    0.00005

    (V)
    N/A
    0.4751
    0.4748
    0.4755
    0.4755
    0.4755

    theoretical(V)
    0.00520
    0.00368
    0.00164
    0.00052
    0.00016
    0.00005

    2)10pts
    0.008
    experiment
    theory

    0.007

    standarddeviation(V)

    0.006

    exp erimental 0.007V n 0.509

    0.005
    0.004

    theoretical 0.0052V n 0.5

    0.003
    0.002
    0.001
    0
    1

    10

    100

    1000

    10000

    numberofsamples(n)

    Figure1.Effectofthenumberofsamples,n,onthestandarddeviationofthemeasurements.Each
    measurementconsistsofanaverageofnrandomsamples.Tenmeasurementsweretakenforeachvalue
    ofn;thecorrespondingstandarddeviationiscalculatedfromthese10measurements.Thepopulation
    parametersofthesignalwereestimatedtobe=0.4745and=0.0052.Thetrendofdecreasing
    standarddeviationwithincreasingnumberofsamplesisconsistentwiththecentrallimittheorem.

    3)10pts

    95%confidenceintervalwidth(V)

    0.1

    0.01

    0.001

    0.0001
    1

    10

    100

    1000

    10000

    numberofsamples

    Figure2.Widthofthe95%confidenceintervalsformeasurementswithvaryingnumberofsamples,n.
    Withn=1,theintervalisequalto4timesthestandarddeviationofthesignal.Themeasurement
    uncertaintyisreducedby100Xifnisincreasedto10,000.
    4)5pts
    Asthenumberofsamplesinameasurementincreases,themeasurementtimeincreasesandthe
    measurementuncertaintydecreases.Toreduceuncertaintywithoutexcessivemeasurementtime,100
    1,000pointsarerecommendedforeachmeasurement.Whenhighfrequencymeasurementsare
    unnecessary,10,000pointsprovidearobustestimateofthepopulationparameters.

    5)10pts
    Table2.Loadcellcalibrationdata.Thenominalvalueisgivenplus/minusonestandarduncertainty.The
    nominalcalibrationconstantandtheuncertaintyintheconstantweredeterminedusingaMonteCarlo
    simulationwithnominalmeasurementvaluesandthemeasurementuncertainties.
    Force(lb)
    00
    11.0230.011
    22.0460.022
    33.0690.033
    44.0920.044
    55.1150.055
    66.1380.066

    Voltage(V)
    0.00010.0001
    1.37580.0001
    2.75110.0001
    4.12690.0001
    5.50260.0001
    6.97900.0001
    8.25350.0001

    Calibration(lb/V)
    8.01320.006

    6)15pts
    70
    60

    force(lb)

    50
    40
    30
    20

    force=Cxvoltage
    C=8.013 0.006lb/V

    10
    0
    0

    10

    voltage(V)

    Figure3.Calibrationresultsfortheloadcell.Theforce(lb)isequaltotheproductofthecalibration
    constant,C(lb/V),andthemeasurementvoltage(V).ThemeancalibrationconstantisC=8.013lb/V.Error
    barsrepresenting1standarddeviationfromthemeanaresmallerthanthedatalabels.Theuncertainties
    ofthecalibrationweightsandthevoltagemeasurementswere0.1%and0.00005V,respectively.Monte
    CarlosimulationwasusedtodeterminethattheuncertaintyintheconstantisU(C)=0.006lb/V.
    7)10pts
    Table3.Errorcontributorsforaforcemeasurementof30lb.Theerrorinthecalibrationconstant
    constitutes97%ofthetotalmeasurementuncertaintyduetouncertaintyinthecalibrationweight
    standards.
    ErrorSource
    Calibration
    Drift
    Nonlinearity
    Random
    Repeatability
    Bias
    Resolution

    8)15pts

    Contribution(lb)
    0.0225
    0.0041
    0.0030
    0.0014
    0.0013
    0.0010
    0.0001

    Contribution(%)
    97.1
    17.7
    13.0
    6.1
    5.6
    4.3
    0.4

    Calibration

    0.0225
    0.0041

    ErrorContributor

    Drift

    0.0030

    Nonlinearity
    Random

    0.0014

    Repeatability

    0.0013

    Bias

    0.0010

    Resolution

    0.0001

    0.0000

    0.0050

    0.0100

    0.0150

    0.0200

    0.0250

    ErrorMagnitude(lb)

    Figure4.Errorcontributorsforaforcemeasurementof30lb.Theerrorinthecalibrationconstant
    constitutes97%ofthetotalmeasurementuncertaintyduetouncertaintyinthecalibrationweight
    standards.A30lbmeasurementcansaidtoliewithintheinterval300.046lbwith95%confidence.
    Calibrationerrordominatestheoveralluncertaintyformeasurementsgreaterthan6lb.
    9)15pts
    Aconservativeexpressionforthetotaluncertaintyofameasurement,F,is:

    U c F 0.004lb 0.00075lb / lb F

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