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Parasitology-Lec 9 Cestodes
Parasitology-Lec 9 Cestodes
DISTRIBUTION
DISEASES
• hymenolepiasis
MORPHOLOGY
1. Adult Worm
- found in the ileum
- delicate strobila that measures 25 to 45 mm x 1 mm (lw)
- Scolex
o Subglobular
o 4 cup-shaped
suckers
o retractable
rostellum with a
single row of 20 to
30 y-shaped
hooklets
- Neck
o long and slender
- Proglottids
o Anterior = short
o Posterior = broader
o Measures 0.15 to 0.3 mm - takes 20 to 30 days from time of ingestion for eggs to
x 0.8 to 1.0 mm (lw) appear in the feces
o Mature proglottids : - eggs are viable immediately after discharge from bowel
contain 3 ovoid testes and - autoinfection can occur through the fecal-oral route or
one ovary w/in the small bowel
o Gravid proglottids : - oncospheres from eggs are released and they invade the
testes and ovary disappear host villi to start new generation
uterus hollows out and becomes
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
filled with eggs
segments are separated from the
strobila and disintegrate as they • symptoms are produced because of patient’s
pass out of the intestines, releasing immunological response to the presence of the parasite
eggs in stool • asymptomatic – light worm burden
- Segments • clinical manifestations:
o 175 to 220 segments o headache
o genital pores found along the side of segments o dizziness
o anorexia
2. Eggs o pruritus of nose and anus
o diarrhea
o abdominal pain
o pallor
• infected children
o restless
o irritable
o exhibit sleep disturbances
o convulsions (rare)
• Heavy infections
- Shape : spherical or subspherical o Enteritis due to necrosis and desquamation of
- Measures 30 to 47 um in diameter the intestinal epithelial cells
- Oncosphere • Regulatory immunity
o thin outer membrane o (time) clears H. nana spontaneously.
o thick inner membrane with conspicuous
bipolar thickenings DIAGNOSIS
4 to 8 hair-like polar filaments arise
filaments are embedded in the inner • specific diagnosis = demonstration of characteristic eggs
membrane in stool
• light infections = need to concentrate stool specimens
• proglottids are not recovered because they undergo
H. nana cysticercoid degeneration prior to passage with stools
LIFE CYCLE TREATMENT
EPIDEMIOLOGY
DISEASE
MORPHOLOGY
1. Adult
- larger than H. nana
- Measures : 60 cm in length
- Scolex :
o Has a rudimentary
unarmed rostellum
- Proglottids :
o Broader than long
o Arrangement of sexual organs is similar to
H.nana PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
o Larger than H. nana may reach 7.5mm x 3.5
mm (lw) • worm burden in rodents is relatively low
o Unilateral genital pores • in man, the highest number recorded is 19 worms
o Gravid proglottids: • manifestations are minimal and non-specific
@ contains a sac-like uterus filled
with eggs. DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
EPIDEMIOLOGY
2. Eggs
- Shape : circular • human infections occur worldwide but more common
- Measures 60 to 80 um among children
- Bile-stained • in poor countries with rat infestations
- Oncosphere • occurs by accidental ingestion of grain beetles infesting
o Enclosed in an inner
dried grains, dried fruits, flour and cereals
membrane
• prevalence in Phil in rats is 8%
o Has bipolar thickenings
o Lacks bipolar filaments PREVENTION AND CONTROL
- Hooklets have a fan-like arrangements
• rodent control
• elimination of insect intermediate hosts
• protection of food
• sanitary disposal of waste
DISEASE
MORPHOLOGY
1. Adult worm
- Color : pale reddish
- Measures 10 to 70 cm in
length
- Scolex :
o Small
o Globular • Intermediate hosts
o 4 deeply cupped o Ctenocephalides canis (dog flea)
suckers o Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea)
o protrusible
rostellum
o Pulex irritans (human flea)
o 1-7 rows of o Trichodectes canis (dog louse)
rosethorn-shaped • In the arthropod host, the hexacanth embryo develops
hooklets into cysticercoid larvae
o Able to survive flea’s development
- Proglottids: o When ingested, the cysticercoid is liberated
o Narrow and becomes an adult in 3 to 4 weeks
o 2 sets of male and female
reproductive organs
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
o bilateral genital pores
(hence double pored • infection rarely multiple
tapeworm)
• symptoms are minimal
o Gravid proglottids
o slight intestinal discomfort
Shape : pumpkin
o epigastric pain
seed
o diarrhea
Filled with
capsules or o anal pruritus
packets of 8 to 15 o allergic reactions
eggs enclosed in • some are asymptomatic
an embryonic membrane
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
DISEASE
- Neck :
o Long and attenuated
- Proglottids:
o Immature
o Mature
Longer width than length
Measures 2 to 4 mm x 10 to 12 mm
(lw)
Contains one set of reproductive
organs
Testes
• Located at dorsolateral
part of proglottid
• Vas efferens converge to
form a vas deferens PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
enlarge into seminal
vesicle terminates in • usually limited to one worm
muscular cirrus (at • infected individuals may be asymptomatic
midventral genital pore) • symptoms
Ovary o nervous disturbances
• Symmetrical o digestive disorders
• Bilobed o abdominal discomfort
• Present at posterior third o weight loss
immediately above Mehlis’ o weakness
gland o anemia
o Gravid
Uterus • symptoms may be due to absorbed toxins or byproducts
• Dark of degenerating proglottids or due to mucosal irritation
• Rosette-like • infection results in
• Coiled o hyperchromic, megaloblastic anemia with
• Located at middle thrombocytopenia and leucopenia
• Extends from ootyle and o anemia seen is typically similar to that seen in
opens through uterine Vit B12 deficiency
pore behind common
genital pore • worms in jejunum compete effectively with the host for
Proglottids disintegrate only when Vit B12
the segment has completed its • if worms are pushed down the intestines with
reproductive function treatment, anemia is relieved
2. Eggs • Vit B12 content of D. latum is 50 x of T. saginata
- Color: yellowish brown
- Moderately thick shell DIAGNOSIS
- Inconspicuous operculum
- Opposite operculum is a knob-like thickening - suggestive:
- Measures 66 x 44 um • residence or travel to endemic area
• raw fish diet
• pernicious type of anemia
- definite diagnosis:
o finding characteristic operculated eggs
o or proglottids in stools
o sometimes proglottids may be vomited
o direct fecal smear
o Kato technique to demonstrate eggs LIFE CYCLE
TREATMENT
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Reservoir hosts
o Dogs
• Human infected through
o Cats
o Bears 1. drinking water containing Cyclops or copepods
infected with procercoid larvae
• prevalent in temperate zones 2. eating infected 2nd intermediate hosts like frogs,
• Baltic countries: Switzerland, Romania, Danube basin toads or snakes containing plerocercoird larvae
• Asia : Russia, Turkistan, Israel, Manchuria, Japan 3. applying plerocercoid infected flesh of frogs and
• Americas: Chile, Argentina, N. American states, Canada snakes as poultices in sores in the eye, vagina, and
skin penetration into cutaneous tissues
• Philippines – 7 cases
4. consumption of infected flesh of pratenic hosts
(wild pigs)
SPARGANOSIS PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
MORHOPHOLOGY DIAGNOSIS
• Adults are intestinal parasites of cats, dogs, and other • Finding white larvae in the lesion
carnivores • Species identification done by experimental infection of
• Adults are usually mistaken for D. latum animals
• Spargana showed typical solid body with worm-like
TREATMENT
appearance
• Pseudosegmentation with a slit-like invagination at the
- Surgical removal of plerocercoid
head end
• Larvae
- In cases reported, spargana were motile upon excision
of the mass
o Opaque, glistening, white
o Found in any part of the body PREVENTION AND CONTROL
o Most commonly found in the eye,
subcutaneous tissue, muscular tissues of - Drinking boiled or filtered water
thorax, abdomen, thighs, inguinal region and - Proper cooking
in viscera - Avoid applying flesh of frogs to inflamed areas
-fin-
auds
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proglottid scolex
S. mansoni eggs