Part 4. Complete the text by writing the correct form of the word in capitals.

(10 pts)
In January 2001, the (1)………Intergovernmental……… (GOVERN) Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) issued its latest report on climate change. Climate models worked out by giant super-computers
had become far more reliable since the previous report in 1995 and allowed them to (2)……
reappraise………… (PRAISE) the earlier projections for global warming. Their conclusions were that
something very serious is happening and that it cannot be a natural process. The 1990s was the hottest
decade for 1,000 years and the Earth is warming faster than at any time in the last 10,000 years.
According to the report, human activities are (3)………unequivocally……… (EQUIVOCATE) to
blame for the temperature rise. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and, due to
deforestation, there are fewer trees to absorb this gas and recycle it back into oxygen. Methane (4)
………concentrations……… (CONCENTRATE) have also gone up dramatically because of increases
in rice culture and (5)………cattle-raising……… (CATTLE), both of which generate methane from (6)
………decomposing……… (COMPOSE) vegetation. These greenhouses gases trap heat in the Earth’s
atmosphere and cause the temperature to rise. In the worst case, the resulting melting of ice-caps and
glaciers would cause sea levels to rise by up to 88 cm, endangering the homes and (7)………
livihoods……… (LIVELY) of tens of millions of people who live in low-lying regions.
Unfortunately, there is far greater (8)………unanimity……… (UNANIMOUS) among the
world’s scientists over the issue than among politicians. As long ago as 1990, the IPCC recommended a
60% reduction in carbon dioxide (9)………emissions……… (EMIT), as the basic level required to
return the planet’s climate to a healthy level. Governments globally failed to (10)………enact………
(ACT) these proposals. Now that the dangers have been reaffirmed by the latest report, it is high time
that governments took an active interest in exploring alternative, renewable energy sources.

C. READING COMPREHENSION (60 pts)

Part 2. Fill ONE suitable word in each blank. (15 pts)
Lovers of music who are little rusty when it comes to history shouldn’t miss forthcoming issues of
this magazine. In our most ambitious series of articles (1)……to……… date, we aim to span the history
of western music in (2)……its……… entirety. Obviously, considering the lack of space at our disposal,
we cannot be totally comprehensive (3)………but…… we do feel we have a more than adequate
overview of the socio-cultural context. If you’re already feeling (4)……put……… off by the prospect
of a rather dry history lesson, then I must stress (5)………how…… unlike a lesson these articles will
be. Despite the extent to which you might be familiar with the historical background, you must read
these articles for the insight they give (6)………into…… the music itself.
In addition to this, the series will represent a guide for readers whose aim is to build an essential
music collection. Now should this strike you as (7)……yet(?)……… another voyage through familiar
territory, then you may be in (8)……for……… some surprises, because our expert writers are nothing
if (9)……not……… unpredictable. In view of the reputation of (10)………those…… involved, one
thing is guaranteed - the music chosen to illustrate their histories will be far from run-of-the-mill.
Part 4. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. (10 pts)
THE PROBLEM OF SCARCE RESOURCES
Section A
The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are
distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an
economically developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what
proportion of the community’s total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be
apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which
members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and
which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective.
Section B
What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about
the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific
changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those
resources. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources
for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the
environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. In other words, we
became aware of the obvious fact that there were ‘limits to growth’. The new consciousness that there
were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the obvious.
Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many
countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that
all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the ‘invisible hand’
of economic progress would provide.
Section C
However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources
was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a
basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and
legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care
came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other
rights as autonomous human beings. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be
self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a
context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy.
Section D
Although the language of ‘rights’ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in
most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in
the United Sates to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right
generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided
out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure
that such a system is provided. Put another way, basic health-care is now recognized as a ‘public good’,
rather than a ‘private good’ that one is expected to buy for oneself. As the 1976 declaration of the World
Health Organisation put it: ‘The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the
fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic
or social condition’. As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the
indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal autonomy.
Section E
Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands
being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied
by the state. The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the
distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD
countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one
example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care
resources. Thus in OECD countries as a whole, health costs increased from 3.8% of GDP in 1960 to 7%
of GDP in 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP will continue to
increase. (In the US the current figure is about 12% of GDP, and in Australia about 7.8% of GDP.)
As a consequence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario (analogous to similar doomsday
extrapolations about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by
health administrators, economists and politicians. In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were matched
against static or declining resources.
Notes:
- OECD: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
- GDP: Gross Domestic Products
Questions 1-5
Choose the correct heading for the five sections A-E of the Reading Passage from the list of headings
below.
List of Headings
i The connection between health-care and other human rights
ii The development of market-based health systems.
iii The role of the state in health-care
iv A problem shared by every economically developed country
v The impact of recent change
vi The views of the medical establishment
vii The end of an illusion
viii Sustainable economic development

1. Section A: …………… 2. Section B: …………… 3. Section C:

……………
4. Section D: …………… 5. Section E: ……………
Questions 6-10
Do the following statements agree with the view of the writer in the Reading Passage?
Write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
6. ………… Personal liberty and independence have never been regarded as directly linked to health-
care.
7. ………… Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of health-care
resources became evident.
8. ………… In OECD countries population changes have had an impact on health-care costs in recent
years.
9. ………… OECD governments have consistently underestimated the level of health-care provision
needed.
10. ………… In most economically developed countries the elderly will to make special provision for
their health-care in the future.
Part 5. You are going to read four different opinions from leading scientists about the future of fuel.
For questions 1-10, choose from the writers A-D. The writers may be chosen more than once. (15 pts)
A. Howard Bloom, Author
Even though most people are convinced that peak oil has already passed, to me, peak oil is just a
hypothesis. There is a theory that carbon molecules can be found in interstellar gas clouds, comets and
in space ice, and if this is the case, our planet could ooze oil for ever. And even if we stay earthbound,
those who say we have raped the planet of all its resources are wrong. There's a huge stock of raw
materials we haven't yet learned to use. There are bacteria two miles beneath our feet which can turn
solid granite into food. If bacteria can do it, surely we creatures with brains can do it better. As far as the
near future of energy is concerned, I believe the most promising alternative fuels are biofuels, such as
ethanol. It's an alcohol made from waste products such as the bark of trees, woodchips, and other 'waste
materials'. And that's not the only waste that can create energy. My friend in the biomass industry is
perfecting an energy-generation plant which can run on human waste. We produce that in vast
quantities, and it's already gathered in centralised locations.
B. Michael Lardelli, Lecturer in Genetics at The University of Adelaide
Nothing exists on this planet without energy. It enables flowers and people to grow and we need it to
mine minerals, extract oil or cut wood and then to process these into finished goods. So the most
fundamental definition of money is as a mechanism to allow the exchange and allocation of different
forms of energy. Recently, people have been using more energy than ever before. Until 2005 it was
possible to expand our energy use to meet this demand. However, since 2005 oil supply has been in
decline, and at the same time, and as a direct result of this, the world's economy has been unable to
expand, leading to global recession. With the world's energy and the profitability of energy production
in decline at the same time, the net energy available to support activities other than energy procurement
will decrease. We could increase energy production by diverting a large proportion of our remaining oil
energy into building nuclear power stations and investing in renewable forms of energy. However, this
is very unlikely to happen in democratic nations, because it would require huge, voluntary reductions in
living standards. Consequently, the world economy will continue to contract as oil production declines.
With energy in decline, it will be impossible for everyone in the world to become wealthier. One
person's increased wealth can only come at the expense of another person's worsened poverty.
C. Jeroen van der Veer, chief executive of Royal Dutch Shell
People are understandably worried about a future of growing energy shortages, rising prices and
international conflict for supplies. These fears are not without foundation. With continued economic
growth, the world's energy needs could increase by 50% in the next 25 years. However, I do not believe
that the world is running out of energy. Fossil fuels will be able to meet growing demand for a long time
in the future. Taking unconventional resources into account, we are not even close to peak oil. The
priority for oil companies is to improve efficiency, by increasing the amount of oil recovered from
reservoirs. At present, just over a third is recovered. We can also improve the technology to control
reservoir processes and improve oil flow. However, these projects are costly, complex and technically
demanding, and they depend on experienced people, so it is essential to encourage young people to take
up a technical career in the energy industry. Meanwhile, alternative forms of energy need to be made
economically viable. International energy companies have the capability, the experience and the
commercial drive to work towards solving the energy problem so they will play a key role. But it is not
as simple as merely making scientific advances and developing new tools; the challenge is to deliver the
technology to people worldwide. Companies will need to share knowledge and use their ideas
effectively.
D. Craig Severance, blogger
What will it take to end our oil addiction? It's time we moved on to something else. Not only are world
oil supplies running out, but what oil is still left is proving very dirty to obtain. The Deepwater Horizon
oil spill occurred precisely because the easy-to-obtain oil is already tapped. If we don't kick oil now, we
will see more disasters as oil companies move to the Arctic offshore and clear more forests. The cheap
petroleum is gone; from now on, we will pay steadily more and more for our oil - not just in dollars, but
in the biological systems that sustain life on this planet. The only solution is to get on with what we will
have to do anyway - end our dependence on it! There are many instances in which oil need not be used
at all. Heat and electricity can be produced in a multitude of other ways, such as solar power or natural
gas. The biggest challenge is the oil that is used in transportation. That doesn't mean the transportation
of goods worldwide, it's the day-to-day moving around of people. It means we have to change what we
drive. The good news is that it's possible. There are a wide range of fuel efficient cars on offer, and the
number of all-electric plug-in cars is set to increase. For long distance travel and freight, the solution to
this is to look to rail. An electrified railway would not be reliant upon oil, but could be powered by
solar, geothermal, hydro, and wind sources. There is a long way to go, but actions we take now to kick
our oil addiction can help us adapt to a world of shrinking oil supplies.
Which writer:
believes that from now on, less oil is available 1. …………..
believes there are ways to obtain energy that we have not yet discovered believes that 2. …………..
people need to be attracted to working in the energy industry 3. …………..
sees a great potential in natural fuels 4. …………..
believes that future oil recovery will lead to more environmental disasters believes 5. …………..
the fuel crisis will cause the poor to become poorer 6. …………..
believes that better technology can help to maintain oil production levels 7. …………..
believes there may be sources of oil outside our planet 8. …………..
thinks that oil companies are responsible for developing other types of energy
recognises that inventions that can help to prevent an energy crisis are already 9. …………..
available
10. …………

Part 2. Read the text and find 10 mistakes and correct them.

The horse and carriage is a thing of the past, but love and marriage are still 0. interrelated
with us and still closely interrelating. Most American marriages, particular 1.
first marriages uniting young people, are the result of mutual attraction and 2.
affection rather with practical considerations. 3.
In the United States, parents do not arrange marriages for their children. 4.
Teenagers begin date in high school and usually find mates through their own 5.
academic and social contacts. Though young people feel free to choose their 6.
friends from different groups, almost choose a mate of similar background. 7.
This is due partly to parental guidance. Parents cannot select spouses for their 8.
children, but they can usually influence choices by voicing disapproval for 9.
someone they consider suitable. 10.
However, marriages of members of different groups (interclass, interfaith, and
interracial marriages) are increasing, probably because of the greater mobile of
today's youth and the fact that they are restricted by fewer prejudices as their
parents. Many young people leave their hometowns to attend college, serve in
armed forces, or pursue a career in a bigger city. One away from home and
family, they are more likely to date and marry outside their own social group.

ll tournament chess games are played with a chess clock – that is two clocks joined together. When one
player makes his move, he presses the button which stops his clock and starts his opponent’s clock.
(1)_Whoever________fails to keep the time limit, no (2)_matter_______ what the position on the board, loses
the game.

Weekend tournaments with a fast time limit and long sessions of play of (3)_up_______ to twelve hours a day
are very strenuous and result in fatigue and time troubles. The play is quite sharp. Active, attacking chess is
the (4)__order______ of the day and it is difficult to maintain (5)__any_______ sustained, precise defense
against such play. A score of the game must be (6)___kept______ as play goes on. Each move is written down
on a score sheet, which has to be handed to the tournament officials at the end of each round. The only
thought in everybody’s head is to win. Talent and youth – that’s (7)__what_______ is needed for success at
chess, with the (8)__emphasis______ on youth. Some approach the board with a slow, purposeful manner
(9)__without______ giving you a second glance – you simply don’t count. The seem to imply that the
outcome is a foregone conclusion for them; you (10)__only_____ need to accept it with good grace.