Test Classification

➢Routine Tests - tests made for quality control by the manufacturer on every device
or representative samples to verify that the product meets the design specifications.
➢Design Tests - tests made to determine the adequacy of the design of a particular
type, or model of equipment to meet its rating and to operate satisfactorily under
normal service conditions.
➢Other Tests - tests that maybe specified by the purchaser in addition to routine
tests.
WINDING RESISTANCE TEST
➢ Used to:
• check proper connections and
• determine if an open circuit or high resistance exists
➢ Field test results should be within 5% of factory values.
INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST
➢Used to measure condition of major insulation system (between winding and
ground or between windings)
➢Minimum value for 1 minute resistance measurement, in
Mega Ohms:
R = CE/(KVA)0.5
C= 1.5 for oil immersed transformers at 20 deg C
E = volts, phase to phase for delta connection; phase to
neutral for wye connection
KVA = rated capacity of windings being tested (i.e. 3 phase
capacity for three phase transformers)
RATIO TEST
➢Used to diagnose problem in the minor insulation system ( winding turn-to-turn
and section-to
section)
➢Measured ratios compared to calculated ratios from nameplate voltage should be
within .5%
POLARITY AND PHASE RELATION TEST
Polarity and phase-relation tests are of interest primarily because of their
bearing on paralleling or banking two or more transformers.
➢Phase-relation tests are made to determine angular displacement and relative
phase sequence
INSULATION POWER FACTOR TEST
Used to:
➢check proper drying procedure and dryness of insulation
➢check integrity of insulation and its overall condition (e.g. analyzing exciting
current, capacitance)
ANALYSIS USING IPF TEST RESULTS
➢Compare against manufacturer’s factory data
➢Compare against previous test results
➢Comparison against known data for similar units
NO LOAD LOSS & LOAD LOSS TESTS
Used to:
➢check comformity with design and specifications
➢check quality of workmanship
APPLIED POTENTIAL (AC HIPOT) TEST
Used to:
➢check integrity of major insulation from HV to Ground, LV to Ground and HV to LV.
INDUCED VOLTAGE TEST
➢Used to check integrity of minor insulations
(i.e. turn to turn and layer to layer)
➢Used in conjunction with partial dischargetest
TEMPERATURE RISE TEST
➢for design certification to Engineering
➢to evaluate thermal characteristics of the transformer
➢to determine and calculate for top oil rise, winding temperature rise, cooling
surface temperature rise, terminals, & other metal parts
➢to simulate transformer loading
SOUND LEVEL TEST
➢design certification for Engineering
➢determine the amount of audible noise generated by the transformer
➢unit is energized through the secondary at rated voltage, and sound levels are
measured at prescribed intervals around the perimeter of the unit
➢the readings are averaged to obtain the transformer sound level
 Low side is supplied with rated voltage while high side is left open circuited. The
purpose of this test is to determine the core loss PCO
 Low side is short circuited while the high side is supplied with voltage adjusted
so that the high side will draw rated high side current. The purpose of this test is
to determine the copper loss Pcu.
 Copper loss (Pcu) – losses due to heating in the transformer windings due to
resistance
 Core loss (Pco) – losses due to hysteresis and eddy current losses in the
magnetic circuit (core) of the transformer
 Efficiency is a ratio between power delivered or output to the power intake or
input to the transformer.
 To operate under maximum efficiency condition, the copper loss and the core
loss must be equal.
 All day efficiency is defined as the ratio of the energy (kilowatt-hours) delivered
by the transformer in a 24-hr period to the energy input in the same period of
time.