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aviYv
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK wk¶v ¯Í‡ii Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ welqwU c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki
(†hgbÑgvwK©b hy³ivóª, Bsj¨vÛ, KvbvWv, A‡÷ªwjqv, wbDwRj¨vÛ, fviZ BZ¨vw`) cÖv_wgK wk¶v ¯Í‡i
cÖPwjZ Ô†mvk¨vj ÷vwWRÕ -Gi Abyiƒc| †mvk¨vj ÷vwWR ev mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi g‡Zv GwU wewfbœ
mvgvwRK I gvbweK welqvewji mgwš^Z GKwU welq| cwigvwR©Z wk¶vµg Abymv‡i 2011 mv‡j
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK wk¶v ¯Í‡ii Ôcwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvRÕ welqwUi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i Ôevsjv‡`k I
wek¦cwiPqÕ Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í‡iI cÖPwjZ ÔmvgvwRK weÁvbÕ welqwUi bvg
ivLv n‡q‡Q Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ| Giƒc cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wm-Bb-GW †Kv‡m©i Ô cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ
mgvR Õ welqwU wWwcGW †cÖvMÖv‡g Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ôevsjv‡`k I
wek¦cwiPqÕ welqwUi wZbwU we‡kl w`K i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q :
 Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv †_‡K welqe¯‧ aviY K‡i GKwU
mgwš^Z wel‡q iƒcjvf K‡i‡Q|
 G welqwUi gva¨‡g wkïiv evsjv‡`‡ki D‡b¥l, A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK,
mvs¯‥…wZK, †f․‡MvwjK, RbmsL¨v BZ¨vw` wel‡q Ávb I `„wófw½ AR©b K‡i| GKB mv‡_
wkïiv we‡k¦i wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡qi mv‡_I cwiwPZ nq|
 Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wkï‡ì mvgvwRK `ÿZv weKv‡ki gva¨‡g mgv‡R emev‡mi
mvg_©¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
GKwU mvgvwRK `‡ji m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wk¶v_©x‡ì wbR wbR cwi‡ek, mgvR I iv‡óª emev‡mi `¶Zv
AR©b Ki‡Z G welqwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| GKB mv‡_ Rxebfi `vwqZ¡kxj bvMwi‡Ki f~wgKv
cvj‡b mg_© n‡q IVvi m~Pbv nq cÖv_wgK wkÿv ¯Í‡i Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ cVb-cvV‡bi gva¨‡g|
AvR‡Ki cwieZ©bkxj I AvšÍtwbf©ikxj we‡k¦i mv‡_ wk¶v_©x‡ì Lvc LvIqv‡bv Ges wek¦ cwim‡i
Zv‡ì Kvh©Ki fv‡e AskMªn‡Y mvg_© Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ Ges g~j¨‡eva AR©b I
weKvk mvab Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq Õ welqwUi Ab¨Zg j¶¨|
1
•ewkó¨
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ GKwU mgwš^Z welq| Gi welqe¯‧ wewfbœ mvgvwRK I gvbexq welqvewj †_‡K
MÖnY Kiv nq| GwU wewfbœ welq‡K wew”Qbœfv‡e উপস্থাপন না করর eis AvšÍtm¤úwK©Z welqmg~n mgwš^Z
K‡i cVb-cvV‡bi bxwZ †g‡b P‡j| Gfv‡e cVb-cvV‡bi Zvrch© n‡jv, wk¶v_©xiv Zv fv‡jvfv‡e eyS‡Z
cv‡i Ges GKwUi mv‡_ AciwUi AvšÍtm¤úK© Dcjwä Ki‡Z m¶g nq| Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ
Gfv‡e Gi welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡ì mvgwMÖK I mg„× aviYv •Zwi‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
†hgbÑÔevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ-Gi AšÍf©y³ BwZnvm I f~‡Mv‡ji welqe¯‧ Aa¨qb K‡i Zviv wewfbœ
¯v‡bi †f․‡MvwjK Ae¯vb I HwZnvwmK NUbvewj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| Zviv Av‡iv Abyaveb Ki‡Z
cvi‡e †h, Kxfv‡e GKwU wbw`©ó ¯v‡bi †f․‡MvwjK cÖfve gvbe Kg©Kv‡Ûi mnvqK ev cÖwZK~j n‡Z
cv‡i| GKBfv‡e A_©bxwZi welqe¯‧ wk¶v_©x‡ì H ¯v‡bi gvby‡li A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði aviYv cÖ`v‡b
mnvqK n‡q _v‡K|
cwimi
wkïi wb‡Ri RMr I Zvi wbKU cwi‡ek †_‡K ïiy K‡i •ewk¦K cwigÐj ch©šÍ Ôevsjv‡`k I
wek¦cwiPqÕ- Gi welqe¯‧i cwimi| gvbyl, gvby‡li cwi‡ek, mgvR Ges mgv‡R we`¨gvb bvbv iKg
cÖwZôvb, msMVb, I wbqg-bxwZ BZ¨vwì eûgvwÎK AvšÍtm¤úK© G welqwUi cVb-cvV‡bi †ÿÎ|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡ì Rb¨ Gi welqe¯‧i cwimi mnR mij K‡i
web¨¯Í n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvK-cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q wkkyi wbR¯^ MwÐ Gi welqe¯‧MZ cwimi wn‡m‡e ¸iyZ¡
cvq| Avi cÖv_wgK wk¶v ¯Í‡i mvaviYZ mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm, f~‡Mvj, A_©bxwZ, †c․ibxwZ I
RbmsL¨v wk¶v BZ¨vw` welq †_‡K Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ- Gi welqe¯‧ Pqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†gvUK_v cwievi, mgvR, ivóª I wek¦ †cÖ¶vc‡U wkky‡ì `vwqZ¡kxj `¶ bvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi
Dc‡hvMx welqe¯‧B Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ-G ¯vb ‡c‡q‡Q| G mKj welqe¯‧ cÖvK…wZK I
†f․‡MvwjK cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbweK D`viZv I gvbem¤úªxwZ mÄxweZ K‡i †`k I RvwZi
mxgvQvwo‡q AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q| Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ- Gi cwimi e¨vcK Ges
cwieZ©b kxj mgv‡Ri mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L Zvi cwiwa µ‡g µ‡g e„w× cv‡”Q|
2
cv‡Vi Zvrch©
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ welqwU cv‡Vi Ab¨Zg Zvrch© n‡jv GwU wkkyi cwi‡ek I mvgvwRK
wel‡qÁvb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva AR©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i, hv cwi‡ek I mgv‡Ri Dbœq‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi mgv‡R Avgv‡ì †Kgb
AvPiY Kiv DwPZ| gvbyl Kxfv‡e mgvR MVb K‡i‡Q, mgvR Kxfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq †m m¤ú‡K© G
welqwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© DËi cÖ`vb K‡i| mgv‡Ri wewfbœ cÖwZôvb, `j, e¨w³ Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i, Kxfv‡e
Zviv wU‡K Av‡Q Ges Zv‡ì AZxZ Kg©aviv Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Avgv‡ì fwel¨r Rxeb avivi w`K
wb‡`©kbv cvIqv hvq| Gfv‡e welqwU Avgv‡ì Rxeb Dbœq‡bi Dcjwä cÖ`vb K‡i Ges Avgv‡ì
ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wg_w¯…qvI m¤úK© Dbœq‡b f~wgKv iv‡L|
gvby‡li gvbyl nIqvi BwZnvm Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ- Gi g~j †K›`ªwe›`y | gvby‡li gvbweK, •bwZK,
mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK µgweKvk G wel‡qi cÖavb cvV¨ welq| wkÿv gvbyl‡K Kvw•ÿZ AvPiY AvqË
Ki‡Z †kLvq| gvby‡li c‡ÿ AR©b‡hvM¨ cÖvq AwaKvsk AvPiY, Af¨vm, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva G
wel‡qi gva¨‡g †kLv‡bv nq|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ cvwievwiK m¤úK©, Kg©‡¶‡Î m¤úK©, eÜyZ¡, mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡ì wg_w¯…qv,
mvs¯‥…wZK wewfbœZv BZ¨vw` wel‡q wkï‡ì Ávb I `„wófw½i weKvk NUvq| wkï‡ì RxebhvÎv
evQvB‡qi †¶‡Î, ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Av`k© AvZ¥¯Ki‡Y Ges mgv‡Ri m`m¨ I iv‡óªi bvMwiK wn‡m‡e f~wgKv
wba©vi‡Y Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ Avgv‡ì BwZnvm I HwZn¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| G welqwU
Aa¨q‡bi gva¨‡g Avgiv Avgv‡ì †M․i‡ev¾¡j AZxZ I eZ©gvb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvwi Ges fwel¨‡Zi
KiYxq Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvwi| AZx‡Zi †Kv‡bv cwiw¯wZi mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zvi AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K my›ì
fwel¨r M‡o Zzj‡Z cvwi|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ †`k‡cÖg RvMÖZKiY, Av`k© I g~j¨‡eva m„wó Ges kvwšÍc~Y©
mgvR cÖwZôvi g‡bvfve m„wó K‡i| Kxfv‡e Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡iwQ; bvMwi‡Ki
cÖvZ¨wnK I ivóªxq Rxeb‡K †evSvi Rb¨, iv‡óªi BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I K…wó‡K fv‡jv K‡i Rvbvi Rb¨ G
3
welqwU cVb-cvVb GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Avgv‡ì Kx AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q Zv
Avgiv Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Rvb‡Z cvwi|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ mKj ai‡bi •elg¨ `~i K‡i Amv¤cÖ`vwqKZv, wek¦åvZ…Z¡,
†m․nv`©¨ I gvby‡l gvby‡l mngwg©Zv‡eva M‡o †Zv‡j Ges gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖwZ kª×vkxj K‡i †Zv‡j| G
welqwU MYZvwš¿K †PZbv‡ev‡ai weKvk I cigZmwnòzZvi Dbœqb Ges RxebgyLx e¯‧wbô I BwZevPK
`„wófw½ weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i| GQvov gv`KRvZxq †bkv `ª‡eï wec` Z_v ÿwZKi cÖfve m¤ú‡K©
wkÿv_©x‡ì mZK© I m‡PZb K‡i|
wecyj RbmsL¨v evsjv‡`‡k cwi‡ek, Lv`¨, evm¯vb, wPwKrmv, wk¶v, Kg©ms¯vb, we‡bv`b cÖf„wZ mKj
†¶‡Î gvivZ¥K mgm¨v m„wó Ki‡Q| ZviciI †`‡k †jvKmsL¨v w`b w`b evo‡Q| RbmsL¨vi GB e„w×
h_vh_ fv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiv bv †M‡j fwel¨‡Z mvwe©K †¶‡Î Gi cÖfve n‡e Av‡iv †bwZevPK | wkï‡ì G
m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Ki‡Z Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ cVb-cvV‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Zvrch© i‡q‡Q|
AvR‡Ki cwiewZ©Z I AvšÍtwbf©ikxj we‡k¦ GKRb bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ wek¦ cwim‡i we¯Í…Z| we‡k¦i
bvMwiK wn‡m‡e gvbyl‡K fv‡jvfv‡e †mev Kiv Avgv‡ì `vwqZ¡| Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wk¶v_©x‡ì
Gme `vwq‡Z¡i mv‡_ mycwiwPZ K‡i †Zv‡j| GQvov Zv‡ì‡K •ewk¦K P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv Kivi e„nËi
`„wófw½ MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i| A_©vr •ewk¦K †cÖ¶vc‡U wk¶v_©x‡ì g~j¨‡evaRvMÖZ Ki‡Z Ges f~wgKv
cvj‡bi g‡bvfve •Zwi‡Z I Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ MyiyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i, hv GKwU wek¦ mgvR
MV‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i| m‡e©vcwi wkï‡ì fwel¨r mvgvwRK, ivóªxq, AvšÍR©vwZK I †ckvMZ Rxe‡bi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ m„wó‡Z Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ MyiæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
4
Aa¨vq 2
Avgv‡ì cwievi, we`¨vjq I we`¨vjq GjvKv
cwiev‡ii aviYv
mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv e‡j _vwKÑ gv, evev, fvB, †evb wb‡q cwievi MwVZ nq| GwU cwiev‡ii GKwU
mij aviYv| mgvRweÁvbxiv GB aviYvi evB‡i Av‡iv e¨vcK cwim‡i cwievi‡K †`‡L _v‡Kb| †KD
†KD •RweK Kv‡Ri wbwi‡L cwiev‡ii aviYv Dc¯vcb K‡ib| †hgbÑmgvRweÁvbx g¨vKvBfvi I †cR
e‡jb, Ôcwievi n‡”Q Ggb GKwU †Mvôx, hv‡K my¯úó •RweK m¤ú‡K©i Øviv mywbw`©ó Kiv hvq| GwU
mšÍvb-mšÍwZi Rb¥`vb I Zv‡ì jvjb-cvj‡bi GKwU ¯vqx cÖwZôvbÕ (†mb, i½jvj I bv_, 2007, c„.
229)|
Avevi A‡b‡K ïay mšÍvb-mšÍwZi Rb¥`vb I jvjb-cvj‡bi GKwU ¯vqx cÖwZôv‡bi aviYvi g‡a¨
cwiev‡ii msÁv‡K mxgve× iv‡Lbwb| KviY cwiev‡i mšÍvb-mšÍwZ †hgb _v‡K, †Zgwb mšÍvbnxb
cwievi mšÍvb `ËK wb‡Z cv‡ib| A‡bK cwiev‡i gv-evevi ev ¯^vgx-¯¿xi i‡³i m¤ú‡K©i Ab¨vb¨
AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb ev evB‡ii †jvKRbI _vK‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB †`Lv hvq, cwiev‡ii aviYvwU c~‡e©v³
msÁvi †P‡qI e¨vcKZi| eZ©gv‡b e¨vcK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K cwievi‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv nq| cwievi
m¤úwK©Z msÁv¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi †h, cwievi GKwU ¶z`ª mvgvwRK msMVb ev
msN| Z‡e Gi me©Rbxb msÁv cvIqv KwVb| evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb †cÖ¶vc‡U ej‡Z cvwi, Ôcwievi
ej‡Z †evSvq Ggb GKwU ¶z`ª mvgvwRK msMVb †hLv‡b •eevwnK Ges i³ m¤úK© m~‡Î ¯^vgx-¯¿x
Zv‡ì AweevwnZ mšÍvbmn Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î mšÍvbvwì ¯¿x-cwiRbmn emevm K‡iÕ (ingvb,
2010, c„. 62)| A‡bK †¶‡Î PvPv-PvwP, dzdz, `v`v-`vw`, bvbv-bvwb, Lvjv, gvgv cÖgyLI cwiev‡ii
m`m¨ wn‡m‡e GK‡Î emevm K‡i| wewfbœ mgv‡R bvbv ai‡bi cwiev‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q, †hgb-
wcZ…Zvwš¿K I gvZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi,GKcZœx I eûcZœx cwievi, †h․_ I GKK cwievi| †Kvb †Kvb
mgv‡R GK e¨w³ cwieviI i‡q‡Q|
cwievi MVb cÖYvjx
cwievi MV‡bi Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ© n‡jv weevn|
Avw`g mgv‡R weevn QvovB cwievi MwVZ
n‡Zv| mvaviYZ GKRb cyiæl I GKRb
bvix mgvR-¯^xK…Z Dcv‡q we‡q K‡i cwievi
MVb K‡ib| GwUB cwievi MV‡bi wfwË|
mg‡qi cwiµgvq G cwiev‡ii ms‡M hy³ nq
mšÍvb-mšÍwZ| cwiev‡ii cwiwa KL‡bv _v‡K
†QvU, Avevi KL‡bv ev nq eo| GKwU
cwievi MVb cÖYvjx‡Z wewfbœ mvgvwRK wbqg-
Kvbyb I cÖ_vI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
5
cwiev‡ii KvR
mgv‡Ri cÖavbZg cÖwZôvb wnmv‡e cwievi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| cwiev‡ii Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ n‡jv
Kwbô m`m¨ Z_v wkï‡ì •`wnK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, •bwZK BZ¨vw` ¸Yvewji weKvk mvab| G jÿ¨
AR©‡b cwievi bvbvwea KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| cwiev‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc-
1. ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z Lvevi wbwðZ Kiv : gv-evev ev Awffve‡Ki Ab¨Zg KvR n‡jv wkïi Rb¨
¯^v¯¨m¤§Z Lvevi wbwðZ Kiv| wkky‡ì ¯^vfvweK kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbgZ
cywógvbm¤úbœ mylg Lvev‡ii eë¯v Kiv gv-evevi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡| G‡ÿ‡Î mnRjf¨ bvbv
cÖvK…wZK I †`kxq Lvevi ‡L‡Z wkï‡ì Af¨¯Í Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
2. iÿYv‡eÿY I wbivcËv weavb : wkïi h_vh_ iÿYv‡eÿY I wbivcËv weavb cwiev‡ii GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| wkï gvZ…M‡f© _vKv Ae¯v‡ZB G wel‡q cwievi‡K m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e| R‡b¥i
ci †_‡KB •eix cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡k wkïi wbivcËv weavb Kiv | wbivc` cwi‡e‡k
Rxeb hvc‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv| †ivMe¨vwa n‡j `ªyZ mywPwKrmvi eë¯v Kiv| wkïi m¦vfvweK
gvbwmK weKvkevÜe Avb›`gq cvwievwiK cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjv| cwiev‡i wkï‡ì bvbvwea
we‡bv`bg~jK my‡hvM m„wó Kiv|
3. cvwievwiK Abykvmb : †mœn-fv‡jvevmvi cvkvcvwk cwievi wkï‡K wewfbœ mvgvwRK I •bwZK

Abykvm‡bi mv‡_ cwiPq Kivq, G‡Z wkï eqm e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ mgv‡R wbqgZvwš¿K Rxeb hvc‡b
Af¨¯Í nq|
4. m½ †Ìqv : wkï‡K m½ †Ìqv cwiev‡ii Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| wkïi ¯^vfvweK gb¯ÍvwZ¡K
weKv‡ki Rb¨ GwU Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| mvaviYZ MÖvgxY cwievi G†ÿ‡Î h_vh_ f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡jI A‡bK kû‡i cwievi G f~wgKv cvj‡b e¨_© nq| G‡ÿ‡Î kû‡i cwievi‡ì m‡PZb
nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
5. g~j¨‡eva AR©‡b mn‡hvwMZv Kiv : wkïi mvgvwRK I •bwZK g~j¨‡eva AR©‡b cwievi f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i| gv-evevmn cwiev‡ii e‡qv‡R¨ô m`m¨‡ì AvPiY I Kg©Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g wkï
cvwievwiK g~j¨‡eva AR©b K‡i| wkïi mvgvwRK `„wóf½x, AvMÖn, Abyf~wZ I g‡bvfve weKv‡k
cvwievwiK g~j¨‡eva wfwË wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
6. cvwievwiK wm×v‡šÍ AskMÖnY Kiv‡bv : wkï‡ì eqm I cwiYZ gb Abymv‡i cvwievwiK wewfbœ
Kv‡R Zv‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM K‡i †`qv I Zv‡ì gZvgZ‡K ¸iyZ¡ †`qv gv-evevi Av‡iKwU
¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR| wkïi AwaKviwelqK RvwZmsN Kb‡fbk‡bI (The UN Convention on
Child Rights) wkïi GB AwaKv‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| cwiev‡i wkïi gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki
¯^vaxbZv _vKv ìKvi| cvwievwiK wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY I ¯^vaxbgZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM
wkï‡K AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx K‡i †Zv‡j|
6
7. A_©‣bwZK KvR : cwiev‡ii e‡qv‡R¨ô m`m¨MY bvbvwea A_©‣bwZK Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb|
cwiev‡ii †g․wjK Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z Zviv Avq-DcvR©b K‡ib| Avq-DcvR©b Kg _vK‡j cwievi
bvbvwea mgm¨vq cwZZ nq| Giƒc Ae¯vq wkïi ¯^vfvweK weKvk e¨vnZ nq| A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB
wkï‡K KvR K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z nq, G‡Z Zv‡ì wkÿv Rxe‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U|
8. wkÿvg~jK KvR : wkïi AbvbyôvwbK wkÿvi m~Pbv N‡U cwiev‡i| wkïi AvbyôvwbK wkÿvq
cwievi cÖavbZg f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î we`¨vj‡qi ms‡M cwiev‡ii †hvMm~Î m„wó nq|
GQvovI cwievi wkïi bvMwiK wkÿv I ag© wkÿvq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
cwiev‡i wkï m`m¨‡ì KvR

cwiev‡i wkïi †ek wKQy AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| Gme AwaKvi mva‡b cwiev‡ii KvQ †_‡K wkky bvbvwea
my‡hvM-myweav cvIqvi K_v| mv‡_ mv‡_ wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b cvwievwiK ej‡q B”QvK…Zfv‡e
wkïiI wKQz KvR Kiv ìKvi|
1. wkïi cÖv_wgK KvR: wkï wb‡Ri covi †Uwej, eBcÎ, ¯‥zj BDwbdg©, Ab¨vb¨ †cvkvK, RyZv I
†Ljvi mvgMÖx wb‡RivB ¸wQ‡q ivL‡e| wb‡Ri †kvevi Ni I weQvbvcÎ ¸wQ‡q ivL‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K wkï
m`m¨ gv-evev I e‡qv‡R¨ô‡ì m¤§vb Ki‡e| Zv‡ì civgk© ev Dc‡`k Abyhvqx KvR Ki‡e|
GQvov wkï cwiev‡ii wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b Pj‡e I g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q wVKg‡Zv cov‡jLv Ki‡e |
2. Ab¨‡ì cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb : wkïiv wewfbœ Kv‡R cwiev‡ii Ab¨ m`m¨‡ì mva¨g‡Zv
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e| †hgbÑcwiev‡ii †QvU †QvU Kv‡R gv-evev‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| wkïiv
cov‡jLvi Aem‡i m¤¢eg‡Zv cwiev‡ii wewfbœ Avq †ivRMvig~jK Kv‡R Ab¨‡ì mvnvh¨
Ki‡e|
7
†QvU fvB‡ev‡bi Kvco, †Ljbv I Ab¨vb¨ wRwbm ¸wQ‡q ivL‡e| cwiev‡ii wb‡Ri I Ab¨
m`m¨‡ì Kvco †auvqv I ïKv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e|
cwiev‡i `v`v, `vw`, PvPv, dzcy, bvbv, bvwb ev gvgv I Lvjv _vK‡j Zv‡ì wewfbœ Kv‡R
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e| †hgb-Zv‡ì AmyL-wemyL n‡j m¤¢egZ †mev Ki‡e, mgqg‡Zv Lvevi I
Ilya LvIqv‡e|
3. Kvw•ÿZ AvPiY : †Kv‡bv wKQyi ìKvi n‡j wkïiv Zv gv-evev‡K Rvbv‡e| Ggb †Kv‡bv wKQyi
Rb¨ Zv‡ì Ave`vi Kiv m½Z n‡e bv hv gv-evevi mvg‡_©ï evB‡i| G‡Z Zviv g‡b Kó cv‡eb|
cwiev‡ii mKj m`‡mï mv‡_ fvj eënvi Ki‡e| cwiev‡i M„nKgx© _vK‡j Zv‡ì mv‡_I fvj
AvPiY Ki‡e| cwiev‡ii evB‡i ‡Kv_vI Nyi‡Z hvIqvi Rb¨ gv-evev‡K ev e‡qv‡R¨ô m`m¨‡ì
Rvwb‡q hvIqv DwPZ| GKBfv‡e we`¨vjq †_‡K †`wi K‡i evwo‡Z †div ev gv-evev‡K bv Rvwb‡q
‡Kv_vI AvÇv †`qv wVK bq|
8
4. gZvgZ cÖKvk I mnbkxjZv :cwiev‡ii †Kv‡bv wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î gv-evev hLb
†Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì gZvgZ ïb‡Z PvB‡eb, ZLb Zv‡ì DwPZ n‡e gvwR©Zfv‡e hyw³m½Z gZvgZ
Dc¯vcb Kiv| mevi e³e¨ ï‡b gv-evev †h wm×všÍ †b‡eb mevB Zv mš‧wói mv‡_ MÖnY Ki‡e|
we`¨vj‡q wbqg-Kvbyb Ges KvR
cÖwZwU we`¨vj‡q wKQz wbqg-Kvbyb i‡q‡Q| wkïi Rb¨ G¸‡jv †g‡b Pjv AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| G¸‡jv
wkï‡ì †hgb wbivc` ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i †Zgwb we`¨vj‡q Kxfv‡e †jLvcov I KvR Ki‡Z n‡e †m
wk¶vI †`q| wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b Pjv I Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q Zviv wbqgvbyewZ©Zv, k„•Ljv, mgqvbyewZ©Zv,
Avè-Kvq`v BZ¨vw` ¸Yvewj AR©b K‡i| wkïiv ¯^fveMZ Kvi‡Y gv‡Sg‡a¨ wbqg †f‡O †d‡j|
Kv‡RB, we`¨vj‡q †QvU wkï‡ì h_vh_ AvPi‡Yi Dbœqb I Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ wk¶Ke„›`‡K we`¨vj‡qi
wbqg-Kvbyb¸‡jv Zv‡ì ¯úófv‡e †kLv‡bvi cÖ‡Póv I mn‡hvwMZv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z n‡e| wkï‡ì mwµq
mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj weKwkZ Kivi Rb¨ wk¶Ke„‡›ì ZË¡veav‡b wb‡Pi †ÿÎ¸‡jv‡Z wkïiv k„•Ljv †g‡b
Pjvi Af¨vm Ki‡e-
 we`¨vj‡q AvMgb I mgv‡ek

 †kÖwYKÿ
 mncvVx‡ì I Ab¨ wkÿv_x©i mv‡_ †gjv‡gkv
 wUwdb mgq
 we`¨vjq cÖv½‡b Pjv‡divq
 we`¨vj‡q Av‡qvwRZ Abyôv‡b
 †Ljvi gv‡V
 Iqvkiæ‡g
 jvB‡eªwi eënv‡i
 we`¨vjq cÖ¯vbKv‡j
9
we`¨vj‡qi Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µ‡g wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡ì AskMÖnY
we`¨vj‡qi Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µ‡g wkÿK I wkÿv_x©i AskMÖnY LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wkÿK wb‡R †hgb G
Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡Ri Askx`vi †Zgwb wkÿv_x©‡ì Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ K‡i we`¨vj‡qi Dbœqb NUv‡bv
cÖ‡qvRb| †hgbÑwe`¨vj‡qi gv‡Vi ms¯‥vi mvab, we`¨vj‡qi Rjve× ¯v‡b gvwU fiv‡Ui KvR BZ¨vw`|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k miKvi I wKQz †emiKvwi ms¯v A‡bK we`¨vj‡q wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv
K‡i Avm‡Q| †kªwYi A‡c¶vK…Z †gavex I Kg©Zrci †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì wb‡q KZK¸‡jv Ôwkï gš¿YvjqÕ
MVb K‡i | †mme gš¿Yvj‡qi wkï‡ì gva¨‡g we`¨vj‡q cuvP ai‡bi Dbœqbg~jK KvR m¤úv`b K‡i|
†hgbÑmKj wkïi wkLb wbwðZKiY| we`¨vjq Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡g Av‡iv Av‡Q:
 we`¨vj‡qi AvwObvq evMvb •Zwi I cwiPh©v|
 we`¨vjq feb I AvwObv cwi®‥vi-cwi”Qbœ ivLv|
 evj¨weevn cÖwZ‡iva|
 wewfbœ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wèm D`hvcb|
Qwe: we`¨vj‡qi Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R wkï‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi `„k¨

†`‡ki mKj cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q G ai‡bi Kg©Kv‡Û wk¶K‡ì ZË¡veav‡b wkï‡ì m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
wk¶K‡ì ZË¡veav‡b Gme KvR m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ AskMÖnY, cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv,
wbqg cvjb, `jxq †eva, †bZ…Z¡`vb, `¶Zv AR©b, KvwqK kª‡gi cÖwZ m¤§vb‡eva Z_v `„wófw½i
cwieZ©b I g~j¨‡eva weKv‡k eo f~wgKv ivL‡e| G `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wk¶Ke„›` we`¨vj‡q GKvwaK ÔK¬veÕ
I Ônj‡` cvwLi `jÕ MVb Ki‡eb (hw` bv _v‡K) Ges cwiKwíZfv‡e wk¶v_©x‡ì we`¨vj‡qi m¤¢eci
wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R mswkøó Ki‡eb|
10
we`¨vjq GjvKvi(K¨vP‡g›U GjvKv) Dbœqbg~jK KvR
Avgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KwU we`¨vj‡qi GKwU wbw`©ó GjvKv Av‡Q hv‡K we`¨vjq GjvKv ev K¨vP‡g›U Gwiqv
e‡j| we`¨vjq GjvKvq ¯^v¯¨m¤§Z,kvwšÍc~Y© I wbivc` emev‡mi Rb¨ mevB‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi Kv‡R
AskMÖnY Ki‡Z nq| G¸‡jv‡K mvaviYfv‡e `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ 1) wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b Pjvi
KvR I 2) mvgvwRK AskMÖnYg~jK KvR| cwievi I we`¨vj‡qi g‡Zv GjvKvi wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b Pjv
Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R AskM&ªn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q wkï wk¶v_©x‡ì cieZ©x Rxe‡bi mvgvwRK
I bvMwiK ¸Yvewj I `¶Zvi eywbqv` iwPZ nq| GB Dfq ai‡bi Kv‡R wk¶v_©x‡ì Af¨vm M‡o
†Zvjvi Rb¨ we`¨vj‡qi wk¶KMY Zv‡ì we‡klfv‡e DØy× Ki‡eb Ges hZUzKz m¤¢e Zv‡ì KvR
cwiex¶Y Ki‡eb|
K) we`¨vjq GjvKvi wbqg-Kvbyb cvjb Kiv

we`¨vj‡qi wk¶KMY wk¶v_©x‡ì we`¨vjq GjvKvi wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b Pjvi Af¨vm M‡o Zzj‡Z Kvh©Ki
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb| †hgbÑ
 GjvKvi e‡qv‡R¨ô‡ì h_vh_fv‡e m¤§vb I kª×v cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z DØy× Kiv| mgeqmx‡ì mv‡_
†m․Rb¨g~jK AvPiY Ki‡Z Ges †QvU‡ì cÖwZ cÖxwZc~Y© I mnvbyf~wZkxj eënvi Ki‡Z
†kLv‡bv|
 cvov ev gnjøvi kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ GjvKvi †bZ…¯vbxq e¨w³eM© wg‡j †hme wbqg-
Kvbyb •Zwi K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jv‡K kª×v Ki‡Z I †g‡b Pj‡Z DØy× Kiv|
 we`¨vj‡q, ag©xq cÖwZôv‡b , evRv‡i I cÖwZ‡ekxi evwoi mvg‡b e‡m AvÇv †Ìqv wbiyrmvwnZ
Kiv| cÖPvig~jK Kv‡R Gme ¯v‡b gvBK, jvDW w¯úKvi cÖf„wZ D”P k‡ã eënvi bv Ki‡Z
civgk© †Ìqv| Pjvi c‡_ †g‡q‡ì DË¨³ bv Kiv|
 GjvKvi Ab¨vb¨ evwm›`v‡ì Amyweav nq Ggb KvR Ki‡Z wbiyrmvwnZ Kiv| †hgbÑiv¯Ívi av‡i
ev †hLv‡b-†mLv‡b M„n¯vwj Kv‡Ri eR©¨ bv †djv| wbR evwoi M¨vm ev cvwbi jvBb ms¯‥vi
Kivi Rb¨ iv¯Ív KvUvi ci Zv Zr¶Yvr wVK K‡i †djv BZ¨vw`|
 cÖwZ‡ekx Kv‡iv evwoi wVKvbv †Kv‡bv AvMš‧K Rvb‡Z PvB‡j ev †Kv‡bv ai‡bi mvnvh¨ PvB‡j
h_vm¤¢e Zv‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv| Kv‡iv mv‡_ Am`vPiY bv Ki‡Z civgk© †`qv|
L) mvgvwRK AskMÖnYg~jK KvR
GjvKv‡f‡` Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡Ri aib wewfbœ iKg n‡q _v‡K| Gi me¸‡jv GjvKvevmxi mg‡eZ
cÖ‡Póv‡Z Dbœqb Kiv `yiƒn| Z‡e GjvKvi Ggb A‡bK KvR Av‡Q †h¸‡jv GjvKvevmx wg‡jwg‡k
mn‡RB m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GwU Avgv‡ì bvMwiK `vwq‡Z¡i g‡a¨ c‡o| ZvB G ai‡bi Kv‡R
GjvKvi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gv-evev †hgb AskMÖnY Ki‡eb †Zgwb cwiev‡ii m`m¨ wnmv‡e wkï‡ì‡K
AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡eb| we‡kl K‡i †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì g‡a¨ mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb, m‡PZbZv‡eva I KvwqK
kª‡gi cÖwZ kª×v‡eva m„wói Rb¨ gv-evev wb‡R‡ì cvkvcvwk mšÍvb‡ì‡KI Gme Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ
Ki‡eb|
11
we`¨vj‡qi wk¶KM‡YiI G †¶‡Î ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| Zuviv GjvKvi Dbœqbg~jK
Kv‡R mwµqfv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡ì AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡eb| wbR GjvKvi wk¶v_©x‡ì wb‡q
cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq mivmwi AskMÖnY Ki‡eb| wk¶Ke„›` GjvKvq Kx ai‡bi Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R
AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì DØy× Ki‡eb Zv GjvKvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i| Z‡e mvaviYfv‡e
GjvKvq wb‡¤œv³ ai‡bi Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R wkïiv AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 cvov ev gnjøvi fvOv iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©vY, ms¯‥vi I msi¶Y Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|
 cvov ev gnjøvi cyj, muv‡Kv, †mZz, KvjfvU© wbg©vY, ms¯‥vi I msi¶‡Y mvnvh¨ Kiv|
 ag©xq ¯vb, miKvwi cÖwZôvb I m¤ú` msi¶‡Y mvnvh¨ Kiv|
 MvQ jvMv‡bv, cwiPh©v Ges mvgvwRK ebvqb Kg©m~wP‡Z AskMÖnY Kiv|
 GjvKvi cwi‡ek cwi®‥vi-cwi”Qbœ ivLv| gqjv-AveR©bv †djvi wbw`©ó RvqMv •Zwi Kiv|
mKj‡K Wv÷web A_ev wbw`©ó RvqMvq gqjv †dj‡Z DØy× I m‡PZb Kiv|
 cwi®‥vi-cwi”QbœZv Awfhv‡b Ask †bIqv|
 wbivc` cvwb cvb m¤ú‡K© mKj‡K m‡PZb Kiv|
 GjvKvq wk¶vi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wbi¶iZv `~ixKiY Kvh©µg MÖnY|
 GjvKvi mvgvwRK/ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì ¶wZ bv K‡i †m¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kiv|
 cvovq ev gnjøvq †QvULv‡Uv MÖšvMvi I Z_¨ †K›`ª M‡o †Zvjv|
 GjvKvi †jvKRb‡K AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv Ges eb¨v I cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM-cieZ©x
wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ MÖnY K
GjvKvi Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R wkï‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi Qwe
12
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ eB‡q G m¤úwK©Z welqe¯‧ AšÍfz©³ Av‡Q| Gme cvV
h_vh_fv‡e wkLb-†kLv‡bvi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶K GjvKvi Dbœqbg~jK Kg©KvÐ m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡ì m‡PZb
K‡i Zzj‡eb| cvkvcvwk wbR GjvKvq Kx Kx Dbœqbg~jK KvR Avï cÖ‡qvRb †m m¤ú‡K© cwiKíbv
cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡bi aviYv cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| G‡Z wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡ì cuyw_MZ Ávb ev¯Íe cwiw¯wZi mv‡_
mgš^q Ki‡Z wkL‡e|
GjvKvq mvgvwRK I ivóªxq m¤ú` eënvi Ges iÿYv‡eÿY

mvaviYfv‡e Rxebhvcb I RxweKv wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ eëüZ wewfbœ `ªe¨mvgMÖx I M‡o †Zvjv bvbv
cÖwZôvb‡K m¤ú` wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| GjvKvi m¤ú` wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ
 e¨w³MZ ev cvwievwiK m¤ú`

 mvgvwRK m¤ú`, I
 ivóªxq m¤ú`|
e¨w³MZ m¤ú` : e¨w³MZ m¤ú` ej‡Z †evSvq †Kv‡bv welq ev e¯‧i Ici mgvR I AvBb ¯^xK…Z Ggb
GK P~ovšÍ gvwjKvbv-AwaKvi, hvi e‡j e¨w³ H m¤úwË‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi AwaKvi I ¶gZv AR©b K‡i|
†hgbÑRwgRgv, Nievwo, cyKzi, evMvb, Mvwo, KjKviLvbv , hš¿cvwZ BZ¨vw`| Gme m¤ú` GKRb
e¨w³ DËivwaKvi m~‡Î jvf K‡i A_ev wb‡R wK‡b ev wb‡Ri †Póvq AR©b K‡i| Ac‡ii †Kv‡bv ¶wZ
ev Amyweav m„wó bv K‡i †m GB m¤ú`¸‡jv Lywkg‡Zv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
mvgvwRK m¤ú` : mvgvwRK m¤ú‡` mgv‡Ri mKj m`‡mï mgvb AwaKvi _v‡K| mgv‡Ri mevB Zv
eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b i¶Yv‡e¶YI K‡i| mvgvwRK m¤ú` mgv‡R emevmKvix mevi
m¤ú`| b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej, wewfbœ ag©xq cÖwZôvb, we`¨vjq Z_v wk¶v cÖwZôvb, †Ljvi gvV, cvK©,
cvVvMvi BZ¨vw` mvgvwRK m¤ú‡ì AšÍf©y³|
ivóªxq m¤ú` : e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK m¤ú‡ì evB‡i GKwU †`‡ki hveZxq m¤ú`B ivóªxq m¤ú`|
†mw`K †_‡K wewfbœ mvgvwRK m¤úÌ ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì AšÍf©y³| iv‡óªi mKj bvMwi‡Ki GB m¤ú`
eënvi Kivi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯îƒcÑiv¯ÍvNvU, †mZz, wewfbœ cÖwZôvb; wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`
†hgbÑb`b`x, Lvjwej, mgy`ª, ebf~wg, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, Kqjv I Ab¨vb¨ LwbR m¤ú` BZ¨vw` ivóªxq
m¤ú`| ivóª cwiPvwjZ wewfbœ wk¶v cÖwZôvb, wPwKrmv cÖwZôvb I nvmcvZvj, wewfbœ mvs¯‥…wZK cÖwZôvb
BZ¨vw` ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivóªxq m¤ú`| GKBfv‡e we‡bv`bg~jK cÖwZôvbmg~n, h_vÑwkïcvK©, wPwoqvLvbv,
mvdvwi cvK© cÖf„wZI ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì AšÍM©Z| Ab¨vb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
†hvMv‡hvMeë¯v Z_v iv¯ÍvNvU, d¬vBIfvi, weªR, KvjfvU©, †Uwj‡dvb, †UwjMÖvd, wegvb, wegvbe›ì,
evm, †ijMvwo, †ijc_, Rjc_, w÷gvi, †dwi BZ¨vw`| ivóªxq MYgva¨g †hgb- †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb
cÖf„wZ Avgv‡ì g~jëvb ivóªxq m¤ú`| ivóª, mgvR I gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y G mKj m¤ú` eën„Z nq|
13
mvgvwRK I ivóªxq m¤ú` eënv‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡ì KiYxq
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ cvVëB‡q mvgvwRK I ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì MyiyZ¡ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK I
ivóªxq m¤ú` †`‡ki RbM‡Yi m¤ú`| Gme m¤ú‡ì myôy eënvi, i¶Yv‡e¶Y mgvR I iv‡óªi Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| G Rb¨ Gme m¤ú` eënvi I iÿYv‡eÿ‡Y wkÿK wkÿv_x©‡ì m‡PZb nIqv Ges
m¤ú` eënvi I msiÿ‡Y mKj‡K DØy× Kiv cÖ‡qvRb | wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv Kivi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿK I
wk¶v_©x m¤ú` eënvi I msiÿ‡Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 wk¶v cÖwZôvb, ag©xq cÖwZôvb I evwo‡Z †h †Kv‡bv m¤ú‡ì ¶wZ ev AcPq †iva Kiv|
cÖ‡qvRb †k‡l evwZ, cvLv, •e`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ, ivbœvi ci M¨v‡mi Pzjv, cvwbi Kj BZ¨vw` eÜ
ivLv|
 GjvKvi †Ljvi gvV, cvK©, iv¯ÍvNvU, weªR, KvjfvU© BZ¨vw` i¶v Ki‡Z wkÿK wb‡R
m‡PZbfv‡e eënvi Ki‡eb I wkÿv_x©‡ì DØy× Ki‡eb| †hgbÑ†Lvjv RvqMv ev cv‡K©i
†hLv‡b-†mLv‡b gqjv bv †d‡j wbw`©ó ¯vb ev Wv÷we‡b †djvq Af¨¯Í Kiv|
 we`¨vjq I GjvKvi cvVvMv‡ii eB hZœmnKv‡i cov Ges cvVvMv‡ii Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mva¨g‡Zv
Ae`vb ivLv|
 Lvjwej, b`b`xi cvwb‡Z gqjv-AveR©bv bv †d‡j cvwb `~lYgy³ ivLv| Abïv hv‡Z cvwb `~wlZ
bv K‡i †m e¨vcv‡i Zv‡ì m‡PZbZv e„w×‡Z f~wgKv cvjb Kiv|
 ivóªxq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mvs¯‥…wZK, Z_¨ I we‡bv`bg~jK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi ¶wZ nq Ggb †h ‡Kv‡bv KvR
Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKv|
 †hvMv‡hvMeë¯v mPj ivL‡Z I hvbevn‡bi i¶Yv‡e¶‡Y m‡PZb nIqv| †hgbÑhvbevnb
PjvP‡j e¨vNvZ m„wó‡Z weiZ _vKv I ÿwZmvab bv Kiv, †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvR‡b iv¯ÍvNvU KvU‡Z n‡j
Zv Kv‡Ri ci ciB wVK K‡i †djv BZ¨vw`|
 mvgvwRK I ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi I i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ MYm‡PZbZvg~jK cÖPviYv I
Kv‡R AskMÖnY Kiv|
14
Aa¨vq 3
cwi‡ek
cwi‡e‡ki aviYv
cwi‡ek ej‡Z Avgiv Avgv‡ì ev †h †Kvb cÖvwYi Pvicv‡k wN‡i _vKv mKj wKQy ev mKj Ae¯v‡KB
eywS| †mUv RxešÍ ev cÖvYnxb hvB†nvK bv †Kb| †hgbÑ gvbyl I Zvi Nievwo, MvQcvjv, iv¯Ív, †`vKvb,
we`¨vjq, †LjvigvV, gmwR`-gw›ì-c¨v‡MvWv-wMR©v cÖf„wZ| Av‡iv i‡q‡Q Lvj-wej-cyKzi, †Wvev, b`x-
bvjv-mvMi, cky-cvwL, dyj-dj BZ¨vw`| GQvov Avgv‡ì RxebhvÎv I Kg©KvÛ‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q wewfbœ
mvgvwRK I ivóªxq wbqg-bxwZ, AvBb-Kvbyb, cÖ_v BZ¨vw`| Avgv‡ì Pvicvk wN‡i _vKv GB mewKQy, hv
Avgv‡ì e„w×, weKvk I wU‡K _vKvi Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Zv‡K cwi‡ek e‡j| gvbyl wb‡RI
cwi‡e‡ki Ask|
cwi‡e‡ki cÖKvi‡f`
cwi‡ek‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ1) cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek I 2) mvgvwRK cwi‡ek|
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek : c„w_ex‡Z cÖvK…wZKfv‡e m„ó I weivRgvb mKj wKQz wb‡q cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek MwVZ|
mKj Dw™¢` I cÖvYx Z_v gvbyl, cï, cvwL, MvQ BZ¨vw` hvi cÖvb Av‡Q Gi AšÍf©y³| cÖvYx bq Z‡e
cÖvK…wZK fv‡e m„ó Av‡jv, evZvm, gvwU, cvwb, f~wg, wkjv, b`-b`x, mgy`ª, cvnvo-ce©Z, So-e„wó, LwbR
m¤ú` BZ¨vw` Av‡iv A‡bK wKQB cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ekfy³| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K A‡b‡K †f․‡MvwjK
cwi‡ekI e‡j _v‡Kb| b`x‡Z euva w`‡q, e‡bi MvQ †K‡U wKsev bZzb eb m„Rb K‡i gvbyl wb‡Ri
cÖ‡qvR‡b A‡bK mg‡qB cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K e`j K‡i _v‡K|
mvgvwRK cwi‡ek: cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki cvkvcvwk gvbyl Zvi wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b mvgvwRK cwi‡ek M‡o
Zz‡j‡Q Ges Zvi weKvk mvab I wbqš¿Y K‡i P‡j‡Q| evwo-Ni, cwievi, ag©xq, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK
cÖwZôvb, gvby‡li AvPvi AvPiY, gvby‡li ga¨Kvi m¤úK©, Av`k©, ixwZ-bxwZ, wk¶v, fvlv, mvwnZ¨,
ms¯‥„wZ, miKvi, kvmbeë¯v, nvU-evRvi, A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ BZ¨vw` mewKQz wg‡j mvgvwRK cwi‡ek
M‡o I‡V| A_©vr mvgvwRK cwi‡ek gvby‡li •Zwi mewKQz‡K aviY K‡i|
cwi‡ek I gvby‡li m¤úK©

cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Av‡Q gvby‡li wbweo m¤úK©| cwi‡ek gvby‡li Rxeb‡K bvbvfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| wb‡P
K‡qKwU NUbv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv| ejyb‡Zv †Kvb †Kvb cwi‡ek gvbyl‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q ? Ges Kx Kx
fv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q ?
15
†ZvZv I wUqv `yB fvB‡evb mKv‡j ¯‥z‡j hv‡e Ggb mgq †Rv‡i e„wó bv‡g| ZvB Iiv wKQzÿY A‡cÿv
K‡i, wKš‧ I‡ì †h ¯‥z‡j †h‡Z †ìx n‡q hv‡”Q&| gv GKUv QvwZ G‡b †`q| `yB fvB‡evb †ewi‡q
co‡jv| †ZvZv GKUz eo ZvB Ii nv‡Z QvZvwU| wcw”Qj Avi Kv`vi c‡_ †QvU †evb wUqv wVKg‡Zv
nvU‡Z cviwQjbv, GKUz G¸‡ZB †m wcQ‡j c‡o| RvgvKvco Kv`vq f‡i hvq| Ii Avi †mw`b ¯‥z‡j
hvIqvB n‡jv bv| gb Lvivc K‡i evwo wdi‡jv| Z‡Zvÿ‡Y e„wó †_‡g †iv` D‡V‡Q| gv ZvovZvwo
RvgvUv ay‡q †iv‡` w`‡jb| e„wói ci evZvmUv VvÐv ZvB wUqv GKUv cvZjv Pvì Mv‡q w`‡q e‡m| AvR
Avi d¨vb Pvjv‡Z nqwb|
e„wónxb MÖx®§| cÖLi†iv`, gvV-NvU †P․ wPi K„l‡Ki c‡ÿ gv‡V KvR Kiv `y®‥i| GKUv cvZjv nvZvKvUv mvU©
Qvov wKQz Mv‡q ivLv `vq| †mP †èvi h‡š¿i GKUvbv No No kã †kvbv hv‡”Q| `~‡i Mv‡Qi Qvqvq †Q‡j-
‡g‡qiv †Ljv Ki‡Q| ¯‥zj ¸‡jv‡Z Mi‡gi QzwU|
AvR 21†k †deªæqvwi| Mv‡Q Mv‡Q cjvk-wkgyj dzj f‡i Av‡Q| †QvUeo †Q‡j-‡g‡q mevB dzj wb‡q knx`
wgbv‡i hv‡”Q, K‡Ú Zv‡ì ÒAvgvi fvB‡qi i³ ivOv‡bvÓ Mvb| ‡Uwjwfkb bvbv iKg Abyôvb cÖPvi Ki‡Q|
AvR miKvwi QzwU| gvB‡K †Rv‡i Mvb evR‡Q|
‡iv`, e„wó, evZvm A_©vr cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek Avgv‡ì Rxeb‡K cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© Kxfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i Zvi
GKUv bgybv GB D`vniY¸‡jv‡Z Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
cwi‡ekB †h ïay gvby‡li Rxeb‡KB cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv bq gvbylI cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Ici
cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| gvbyl wb‡Ri cÖ‡hvRb †gUv‡Z we‡klZ cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi
cwieZ©b, cwiea©b I wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©b K‡i| ‡hgb: cÖvK…wZK fv‡e m„ó †Kvb
gvV‡K jvOj ev Uªv±i w`‡q Pvl‡hvM¨ Kiv nq ev gvwU Ly‡o iv¯Ív ev evwo-Ni ‣Zwi Kiv nq| b`x‡Z evua
w`‡q we`ÿr Drcbœ I b`x kvmb Kiv nq| G ai‡bi cwieZ©b A‡bK mgq mgvR I cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨
¶wZKviK n‡q _v‡K, `~wlZ K‡i cwi‡ek| †hgb: gvwU cy~wo‡q BU •Zwi Kiv, MvQcvjv †K‡U R¡vjvwb
•Zwi Kiv nq| GB cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœZvi Kvi‡Y c„w_exi GK GK RvqMvq GK GK ai‡bi mgvReë¯v
M‡o I‡V| wewfbœ AÂ‡ji gvby‡li RxweKv, Rxebaviv wewfbœ iKg nq| †hgb b`xi cv‡oi gvbyl mn‡R
Pvlvev` Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB Zv‡ì Rxeb nq mnR, gvbyl nq Aí cwikÖwg| Ab¨w`‡K cvnvo-giæf~wg ev
eid Av”Qvw`Z GjvKvi gvbl‡ì A‡bK cwikÖg K‡i Lv`¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
cwi‡ek `~lY
Avgv‡ì wb‡Ri cÖ‡hvR‡b (cÖvK…wZK) cwi‡ek‡K eënvi Ki‡Z wM‡q cwi‡e‡ki ¯^vfvweK Ae¯v e¨vnZ
K‡i _vwK hv‡K Agiv `~lY ewj | gvbyl Zv‡ì AcwiKwíZ ev AcwiYvg`k©x Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cwi‡e‡ki
wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi AbvKvw•¶Z cwieZ©b NUvq, d‡j cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq| †hgb KviLvbvi eR©¨ ev
¶wZKi c`v_© cvwb I gvwU†Z †djvi d‡j G¸‡jv `~wlZ nq| A_©vr cwi‡e‡ki †h ‡Kv‡bv Ag½jRbK
cwieZ©b cwi‡ek `~lY wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi K‡qKwU Ab¨Zg w`K¸‡jv n‡jvÑcvwb`~lY,
f~wg`~lY, evqy`~lY, kã`~lY, †ZRw¯…qZvRwbZ `~lY BZ¨vw`| GQvov i‡q‡Q wewfbœ mvgvwRK cwi‡ekMZ
16
mgm¨v, †hgbÑNbemwZ, ew¯Í mgm¨v, Acwi”Qbœ iv¯ÍvNvU, K…wlf~wg ms‡KvPb, hvbRU, •bwZK I
mvgvwRK Ae¶q, ¯^v¯¨ I weï× cvwbi msKU BZ¨vw`|
Avgv‡ì g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj mgv‡R µ‡g hš¿PvwjZ Mvwo evo‡Q mv‡_ evo‡Q †avuqv| GQvovI
KjKviLvbvi †avuqvI evqy `~lY NUv‡”Q| GQvov hvbevnb I KjKviLvbvi kã, kã `~lY m„wó K‡i|
KjKviLvbvi e‡R©ï g‡a¨ wewfb ai‡bi ¶wZKi I welv³ ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb _v‡K| G¸‡jv gvwU I
f~-M‡f©i cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k f~wg I cvwb‡K `~wlZ K‡i|
GQvov cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi Av‡iv ARmª KviY Av‡Q|
cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi mvgvwRK KviY
cwi‡ek wewfbœ fv‡e `~wlZ nq| mgv‡Ri wewfbœ e¨vw³ I cÖwZôvb wewfbœfv‡e cwi‡ek‡K `~wlZ Ki‡Q|
mgv‡Ri wbqg-bxwZ †g‡b bv Pjvi Kvi‡YI mvgvwRK cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡”Q| RbmsL¨v e„w×, `ª~Z
bMivqb, †`vKvbcvU eëmv cÖwZôvb e„w× cvIqv, HwZnvwmK I cÖvK…wZK ‡m․›`‡h©i ¯vb ¸‡jv‡Z
ch©UK‡ì Rb¨ M‡o IVv †nv‡Uj I †i÷z‡i›U, †hLv‡b †mLv‡b GgbwK AvevwmK GjvKvq AcwiKwíZ
fv‡e M‡o IVv nvmcvZvj, ÿz`ªKviLvbv I Awdmmg~n Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek‡K `~wlZ Ki‡Q| Avgv‡ì
g‡a¨ cwi‡ek myi¶vi Dchy³ wk¶vi I m‡PZbZvi Afve ev NvUwZ i‡q‡Q| Avgiv cwi‡ek i¶vq
M„nxZ AvBb-Kvbyb bv †g‡b wb‡R‡ì B”Qv I myweav Abyhvqx KvR Kwi, ZvB µ‡g Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek
`~wlZ n‡q ev‡mi A‡hvM¨ n‡q co‡Q| wb‡P K‡qKwU cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi mvgvwRK KviY Dc¯vwcZ n‡jv|
 `ª~Z RbmsL¨v e„w× cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi Ab¨Zg KviY| µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Pvc Avgv‡ì cvwb-f~wg-
evqy Ggb wK kã RMZ‡KI cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| hLb RbmsL¨v mxwgZ wQj ZLb GKUv cyKz‡i nq‡Zv
cuvP-Qq Rb †Mvmj Ki‡Zv| GLb †mLv‡b Kzwo Rb †Mvmj K‡i Ges KvcoI †avq, Miæ-QvMj
†Mvmj Kivq, nuvwo-cvwZj ‡avq Av‡iv K‡Zvfv‡e eënvi K‡i| Zvn‡j wPšÍv Kiæb‡Zv †mB cyKz‡ii
cvwb K‡Zvfv‡e `~wlZ n‡”Q cÖwZwbqZ|
Avgiv AvRKvj AwaKvsk gvbyl wUEeI‡qj I U¨vcKj eënvi Kwi| g‡b Kiæb Avcbv‡ì
evwo‡Z cuvPRb Av‡Qb, Av‡iv cuvPRb cuvP w`‡bi Rb¨ †eov‡Z G‡jv| †m Kqw`‡b Avcbv‡ì
cvwbi Dci ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB Pvc evo‡e| GKBfv‡e hw` Av‡iv `kwU evwo‡Z K‡qKRb K‡i gvbyl
†hvM nq, ZLb cy‡iv GjvKv‡ZB cvwbi ¯^íZv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
17
wPÎ: cvwb `~lY
 Lv‡`ï Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ Avgiv Rwg‡Z KxUbvkK I K…wÎg mvi eënvi Kwi| GKev‡ii
cwie‡Z© eQ‡i wZbcÖ¯ kl¨ Drcbœ Kwi| G‡Z gvwUi ¯^vfvweK De©iZv n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K, gvwUi
wewfbœ Dcv`vb Gi fvimvgÏ bó nq| evm¯v‡bi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi RbÏ Avgiv gvwU‡K ïay
eënviB KiwQ bv GB gvwU‡K cywo‡qI †djwQ| cÖ‡qvR‡b-AcÖ‡qvR‡b MvQ ‡K‡U, eb DRvo K‡i,
Lvj-wej, b`x fivU K‡i I cvnvo †K‡U emwZ M‡o Zzwj| Gfv‡e bó Kwi cïcvwLi AvkÖq¯j;
eÜ K‡i †`B cvwb wb¯‥vkb eë¯v| Gfv‡e cÖK„wZi fvimvg¨ nvivq|
 `ª~Z RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j cÖwZw`b cÖwZ evwo †_‡K gqjv-AveR©bv †djvi cwigvYI †M‡Q †e‡o|
‡hgb- Avcbv‡ì ‡nv‡÷‡j hLb 20/25 Rb wkÿv_x© _v‡K ZLb †h cwigvY gqjv-AveR©bv †djv
nq Zvi †P‡q eû¸Y †ewk gqjv †djv nq h_b 100 Rb wkÿv_©x _v‡K| GQvov cªwZwbqZ cvwb I
wewfbœ iKg †Kvgj cvbxq, †Zj I Ab¨vb¨ wbZ¨ eënvh© `ªe¨vwì Rb¨ eën„Z cøvw÷K †evZj,
wewfbœ cÖKvi cøvw÷K e¨vM Avgv‡ì AveR©bvi mv‡_ hy³ n‡”Q| Avgiv A‡bK mgq GmKj gqjv
†hLv‡b-†mLv‡b †dwj| KjKviLvbvi eR©¨ b`x, Lvj I †Lvjv RvqMv I AvevwmK GjvKvq †dwj|
†hLv‡b †mLv‡b Kd-_yZy †dwj, gjg~Î Z¨vM Kwi hvi d‡j wb‡R‡ì Pvicv‡ki cwi‡ek Avgiv
cÖwZwbqZ wb‡RivB †bvsiv KiwQ| eZ©gvb mg‡q wPwKrmv eë¯v DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi Øviv m„ó
eR©¨ Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek h_v- evqy, gvwU I cvwb gvivZ¥Kfv‡e `~wlZ Ki‡Q|
 Avgiv cÖwZwbqZ Mvwo, B‡Ui fvUv I KjKviLvbv †_‡K Kv‡jv †auvqv wbtmiY K‡i evZvm‡K K‡i ZzjwQ
`~wlZ| AwaKvsk ‡b․Kv BwÄb PvwjZ| ZvB AvRKvj kvšÍ b`xwU †_‡K gvwSi K‡Úi my›ì Mv‡bi e`‡j
BwÄ‡bi weKU k‡ãi mv‡_ cÖPzi Kv‡jv †auvqv wbtm„Z n‡Z _v‡K| evwR dwyU‡q evqy‡K `~wlZ K‡i|
 AvRKvj †h ‡Kvb †`vKv‡b ev Abyôv‡b Avgiv D”P k‡ã gvBK evRvB, evwR †dvUvB A‡bï Amyweav
GKUzI wPšÍv Kwi bv| †hLv‡b-†mLv‡b Mvwoi nb© evRvB| evwo‡Z ‡Uwjwfkb I Ab¨vb¨ Mv‡bi hš¿
D”P k‡ã evRvB|
18
wPÎ: kã `~lY
Gfv‡e wewfbœ Dcv‡q Avgiv cÖwZwbqZ cwi‡ek I Gi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi ÿwZ K‡i _vwK| cÖv_wgKfv‡e
cwi‡ek `~lY wQj GKwU ¯vbxq mgm¨v| wKš‧ mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j GwU GKwU •ewk¦K mgm¨vq cwiYZ
n‡q‡Q| MZ K‡qK `k‡K RbmsL¨vi we‡ùviY, wkívqb, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì AcwiKwíZ I AwZwi³
eënv‡ii d‡j cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ webó n‡”Q|
evsjv‡`‡k cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi cÖfve
cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi cÖfve AZ¨šÍ ¶wZKi| wb‡P Gi cÖfve ms‡¶‡c eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. cvwb`~l‡Yi cÖfve: cvwb`~lY gvbe ¯^v‡¯ï Rb¨ gvivZ¥K ûgwK¯îƒc| `~wlZ cvwb cvb Ki‡j
†c‡Ui cxov, Avgvkq, UvBd‡qW, K‡jiv, RwÛm BZ¨vw` †ivM nq| Av‡m©wbKhy³ cvwb eënvi
Ki‡j Pg©‡ivM nq| weï× cvwb Qvov Ab¨vb¨ RxeI fv‡jvfv‡e euvP‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi d‡j Avgv‡ì
cvwb dzwU‡q †L‡Z n‡”Q, hvi d‡j cÖPzi R¡vjvwb LiP n‡”Q| B`vwbs cøvw÷K †evZ‡j Lvevi cvwb
wKb‡Z cIqv †M‡jI cøvw÷K †evZ‡ji RÄvj bZzb mgm¨v evov‡”Q|
2. f~wg`~l‡Yi cÖfve: `~wlZ gvwU‡Z Drcvw`Z dmj I kvKmewR †L‡j gvbe¯^v‡¯ï ¶wZ nq|
Avgv‡ì MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z †QvU-eo me gvbylB mvivÿY emv-†kvqv-‡LjvÑPvlvev` Kivi Rb¨ mivmwi
gvwUi mskÖ‡e _v‡K, ZvB gvwU `~wlZ n‡j Zv‡ìI wewfbœ†ivM msµg‡bi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
3. evqy`~l‡Yi cÖfve: mgv‡R AvRKvj Pjv‡divi mgq A‡bK gvbyl‡KB †`Lv hvq bv‡K gv¯‥ civ ev
Kvco euvav, mgv‡Ri G wP‡Îi Rb¨ `vqx `~wlZ evqy| evqy`~lY gvby‡li ¯^v¯¨SuywK evwo‡q †`q, †hgb
A‡b‡K k¦vmKó, mw`©, Kvwk, Pg© K¨vÝvi Ges ürwc‡Ði †iv‡M †fv‡M I g„Zz¨nvi evwo‡q †`q|
evqy`~l‡Yi d‡j A‡bK gvby‡li †PvL R¡vjv‡cvov K‡i, `„wókw³ K‡g hvq| `~wlZ evqy Avgv‡ì
dzmdzm‡K ¶wZMÖ¯Í K‡i, Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ K¬vwšÍ‡eva wb‡q Av‡m Ges Avgv‡ì h_vh_fv‡e wPšÍv
Kivi mvg_©¨ Kwg‡q †`q| `~wlZevqy†h ¯v‡bi Dci w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq †mLvbKvi Ni-evwo,
AvmevecÎ, Kvco, Lvevi mewKQz‡KB `~wlZ K‡i| ZvB Gme wRwbl Aí wKQz w`‡bB †R․jym
nvwi‡q eënv‡ii Aby‡cv‡hvMx n‡q c‡o|
19
4. kã`~l‡Yi cÖfve: kã`~lY gvbyl I cÖvYxi Ici bvbv ¶wZKi cÖfve †d‡j| mgv‡R hviv kã`~l‡Yi
m„wó K‡i Zv‡ì mv‡_ cÖwZ‡ewk‡ì g‡a¨ cÖvqB wZ³Zv, g‡bvgvwj‡bï m„wó nq G‡Z mvgvwRK
m¤úK© bó nq| kã`~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y Kv‡b e¨_v GgbwK kix‡iI e¨_v n‡Z cv‡i| GQvov gvby‡li
kix‡i bvbv DcmM© †`Lv hvq| †hgb: weiw³ fve, NbNb gvB‡MÖb RvZxq gv_ve¨_vq AvµvšÍ nIqv,
Aemv`, Avjmv‡ii cÖ‡Kvc †e‡o hvIqv, A¨vjvwR©, Awb`ªv, Amwnòz n‡q IVv, AKvi‡Y †gRvR
wLUwL‡U nIqv, i³Pvc †e‡o hvIqv I Gi †_‡K ü`‡iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †e‡o hvq|
Gme Kvi‡Y gvby‡li Kg©ÿgZv n«vm cvq|
5. †ZRw¯…qZvRwbZ `~l‡Yi cÖfve: †ZRw¯…qZvRwbZ `~lY gvbyl Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡ì Rb¨
gvivZ¥K GK ûgwK| †ZRw¯…qZvi cÖfv‡e gvbe‡`‡n Pg©‡ivM, cÖvYNvZx wewfbœ `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwamn
K¨vÝvi ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| mvM‡i †ZRw¯…q eR©¨ wbtmi‡Yi d‡j gvQmn Ab¨vb¨ RjR Dw™¢` I cÖvYx
gvivZ¥K ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o I Zv‡ì e¨vcK ¶wZ nq| gvwU, cvwb I evqy `~l‡Y Rwg‡Z Drcvw`Z
dm‡ji †ZRw¯…qZv ev‡o| G ai‡bi †ZRw¯…qZv e„w× Dw™¢`Ky‡ji ¶wZmn gvbe‡`‡n bvbviKg
†ivMmn K¨vÝv‡ii KviY n‡q †`Lv †`q| G·‡i I I‡qjwWs ‡_‡K ÿwZKviK †ZRw¯…qZv evqy‡Z
Qwo‡q c‡o Ges Gi ms¯ú‡k© gvbe‡`‡ni bvbviKg mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i _v‡K|
6. mvgvwRK cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi cÖfve: GwU gvby‡li DbœZ I ¸YMZ gvbm¤§Z Rxe‡bi cÖavb
cÖwZeÜKZv| Gi d‡j †`Lv †`q mvgvwRK I •bwZK Ae¶q, wewfbœ ai‡bi ¯^v¯¨ mgm¨v, evavMÖ¯Í
nq my¯ mvgvwRK I gvbwmK weKvk|
evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡ek `~lY †iv‡a KiYxq

cwi‡ek `~lY †iv‡ai Rb¨ me†P‡q cÖ‡qvRb-
K) †hLv‡b †mLv‡b gqjv-AveR©bv bv †djv
L) cvwb `~wlZ nq Ggb KvR bv Kiv
M) kã`~lY bv Kiv
N) MvQ wbab bv Kiv
O) f‚wg`~lY bv Kiv
P) evqy`~lY bv Kiv BZ¨vw`
`~lY †iv‡a wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq:

mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wkÿK Zvi wbR GjvKvq GKRb Av`k© e¨w³| mgv‡Ri A‡bK KiYxq Kv‡Ri
mv‡_ wkÿK wb‡R‡K mwµqfv‡e m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek `~lY †iva I msiÿ‡YI Zuvi
GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| wkÿK wbR evwo I Zvi Avkcvk cwi”Qbœ ivL‡eb, hv‡Z Zvi GjvKvwU
`~lYgy³ _v‡K| wewfbœ mvgvwRK, agx©q I mvs¯‥…wZK Abyôv‡b AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g cwi‡ek `~lY †iv‡a
mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡ib| †hgb- D”P k‡ã gvBK bv evRv‡bv, Lvev‡ii Lvwj c¨v‡KUmn
Ab¨vb¨ AveR©bv †hLv‡b †mLv‡b bv †djv BZ¨vw`| cvov-cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì mn‡hvwMZvq GjvKvq cwiKwíZ
eR© eë¯vcbv M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡ib| GjvKvq †Kvb Rjvkq ev cyKzi `~lY gy³ ivLvi †ÿ‡Î AMÖYx f~wgKv
ivL‡Z cv‡ib|
cwi‡ek `~lY evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg mgm¨v| G mgm¨vi Kej †_‡K †`k‡K i¶v Ki‡Z n‡e| G `vwqZ¡
wkïmn Avgv‡ì mevi, mKj bvMwi‡Ki| wkï‡ì gv‡S cwi‡ek i¶vq m‡PZbZv m„wó Ges cwi‡ek
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i¶vg~jK KvR Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g cwi‡ekevÜe g‡bvfve MVb I `ÿZv AR©b cwievi †_‡KB ïiæ
Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi cvwievwiKfv‡e Avgv‡ì †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì cwi‡ek i¶vi †h Af¨vm M‡o DV‡e,
we`¨vj‡qi `vwqZ¡ n‡jv Zv‡K Av‡iv weKwkZ I ¯vqx Kiv| GLb cwi‡ek `~lY‡iv‡a wkÿK‡ì KiYxq
Kx Kx Zv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
1. Avgiv wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K cvwievwiKfv‡e cwi‡ek fv‡jv ivL‡Z wk¶v †è Ges Af¨vm M‡o Zzj‡Z
DØy× Ki‡ev| cwiev‡i gv-evev †QvU wkï‡K Zvi ¯^v¯¨ m‡PZbZvi Af¨vm M‡o Zzj‡Z mnvqZv
Ki‡eb| †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì mgqg‡Zv ùvZ gvRv, bL KvUv, †bvsiv ¯v‡b Ges †bvsov wRwbm w`‡q bv
†Ljv, †Ljvi ci fv‡jv K‡i nvZ-gyL †avqv, Lvevi Av‡M nvZ-gyL †avqv BZ¨vw` Kv‡R `„wó
ivL‡eb I Af¨vm M‡o Zzj‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡eb| P‡Kv‡jU, PzBsMvg, we¯‥zU, dv÷dzW BZ¨vwì
†gvoK, Kjvi †Lvmv, ev`v‡gi †Lvmv cÖf„wZ gv-evev wkï‡ì w`‡q evwoi gqjv ivLvi cv‡Î
†dj‡Z Af¨¯Í Kiv‡eb| Zviv †hb †Lvjv RvqMvq gjg~Î Z¨vM bv K‡i Uq‡jU ev cvqLvbv eënvi
K‡i †m e¨vcv‡i Af¨vm M‡o Zzj‡eb|
2. evwo‡Z ev we`¨vj‡q †Kv‡bv cwi‡e‡kB Avgiv †hLv‡b †mLv‡b AveR©bv †djv †_‡K weiZ
_vK‡ev| †bvsiv AveR©bv cvwb‡Z ev iv¯Ívq ev †Ljvi gv‡V †dje bv| cyKzi, Lvj I b`xi cvwb‡Z
gqjv AveR©bv †dje bv| iv¯ÍvNv‡U Pjvi mgq †hLv‡b-†mLv‡b Kd, _y_y ev †bvsiv wRwbm †dje
bv| iv¯Ívq ev †Ljvi gv‡V †Kv‡bv †bvsiv wRwbm ev gqjv c‡o _vK‡j Zv Avgiv wb‡RivB Kv‡iv
¯^v‡¯ï ¶wZ Ki‡e bv Ggb wbivc` ¯v‡b †d‡j Avme|
3. wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K we`¨vjq M„n, †kªwYK¶, jvB‡eªwi, we`¨vj‡qi †Ljvi gvV BZ¨vw` cwi®‥vi-cwi”Qbœ
ivL‡Z wk¶v †è| we`¨vjq PjvKv‡j †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶K Avmvi Av‡Mi mgqUv‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì
Ah_v •n‣P bv Kivi Af¨vm M‡o †Zvjvi `vwqZ¡ wk¶Ke„›`‡K wb‡Z n‡e|
4. evwo‡Z D”P k‡ã †iwWI evwR‡q, †Uwjwfkb †`‡L, we`¨vj‡q ev Avkcv‡k †Rv‡i gvBK evwR‡q
wk¶K KLbB kã`~lY Ki‡eb bv|
5. evwo‡Z, GjvKvq I we`¨vj‡qi Pvicv‡k wk¶K †ewk K‡i MvQ jvMv‡eb, †m¸‡jvi hZœ †beb|
e„¶‡ivcY Awfhv‡b wk¶v_©x‡ì AskMÖn‡Y DØy× Ki‡eb| †ivcY Kiv PvivMv‡Qi h_vh_ cwiPh©v I
msi¶‡YI Zv‡ì `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b DØy× Ki‡eb|
6. GjvKvi iv¯ÍvNvU, nvUevRvi, we`¨vjq, g³e, gv`ªvmv, gmwR`, gw›ì, wMR©v, c¨v‡MvWv,
nvmcvZvj, weªR, muv‡Kv, cvnvo, Rjvf~wg cÖf„wZ Avgv‡ì mvgvwRK I RvZxq m¤ú`| wk¶v_©x‡ì
Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g GMy‡jvi ¯^vfvweK cwi‡ek hv‡Z e¨vnZ bv nq wk¶K †m e¨vcv‡i Zv‡ì m‡PZb
Ki‡eb| ¯vbxq, cÖvwZôvwbK ev mvsMVwbK D‡`¨v‡M G¸‡jvi h_vh_ msi¶Y I cwi”QbœZv
Awfhv‡b wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡ì AskMÖn‡Y DØy× Ki‡eb|
7. cÖwZ eQi 5 Ryb Ôwek¦ cwi‡ek wèmÕ; Avgiv cwi‡ek m‡PZbZv m„wóg~jK bvbv Kg©Kv‡Ði ga¨
w`‡q G w`bwU cvjb Kie| Avgv‡ì wk¶K‡ì ZË¡veav‡b we`¨vj‡q Av‡qvwRZ Av‡jvPbv mfv,
i¨vwj, weZK©, iPbv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, Qwe A¼b cÖwZ‡hvwMZv BZ¨vw` Abyôv‡b mwµq AskMÖnY Kie|
¯vbxq cwi‡ek welqK D‡`¨vMmg~n I `jmg~n‡K mg_©b Kie| D‡jøL¨, wkï‡ì gva¨‡g cwiev‡ii
m`m¨, eÜzevÜe, mncvVx, mnKg©x, cvov-cÖwZ‡ekx I AvZ¥xq¯^Rb mKj‡K cwi‡ek i¶v I
Dbœq‡b wewfb Kvh©µg msµvšÍ evZ©v mn‡RB †cu․‡Q †Ìqv hvq|
21
8. RvZxq cwi‡ek bxwZ I cwi‡ek i¶vq M„nxZ wewfbœ AvBb-Kvbyb †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
9. wjd‡jU, AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK Kvh©µg, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb I msev`gva¨‡g Ges AbjvB‡b
†hgbÑ†dmey‡K (facebook) `~l‡Yi ¶wZKi cÖfve e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPviYvi gva¨‡g MYm‡PZbZv
evov‡Z n‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y wkÿK I wkïi KiYxq

MÖvg I knivÂ‡ji wkïiv cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gme KvR Kivi
g‡a¨ AvZ¥Z…wß jvf Kiv hvq| AZGe wk¶K wkï‡ì wb‡¤œv³ KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡eb|
MÖv‡gi wkïiv wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì gv-evev‡K Aby‡iva Rvbv‡Z cv‡i| GQvov wb‡RivI
m¤¢eg‡Zv AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
1. †auvqvnxb Pyjvi eënvi ev ev‡qvM¨vm cøv›U ¯vcb|
2. ivbœvN‡ii †auvqv mn‡R †ei Kivi I evqycÖevn ¯^vfvweK ivLvi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki eë¯v MÖnY|
3. M„ncvwjZ cï evwoi evB‡i ivLv|
4. evwoi Pvicv‡k, cwZZ Rwg‡Z Ges iv¯Ívi av‡i cwi‡ekevÜe MvQ jvMv‡bv Ges †m¸‡jvi hZœ
†bqv|
5. Xvjy Rwg †hLv‡b †ewk K‡i cvwb Mwo‡q c‡o gvwU ay‡q wb‡q hvq †mLv‡b gvwUi euva †`qv|
6. Lvj, wej, cyKzi b`x I cvwbi Ab¨vb¨ Drm cwi®‥vi ivLv|
7. evwo I K‚‡ci Avkcvk cwi®‥vi-cwi”Qbœ ivLv|
8. Dw”Qó wewfbœ wRwbm, †Mvei ev AcPqg~jK wRwbm‡K •Re mvi •Zwii Kv‡R eënvi Kiv|
9. evwo I cvwbi Drm †_‡K wbivc` `~i‡Z¡ I myweavRbK ¯v‡b cvqLvbv wbg©vY Kiv|
10. K…wlwfwËK ivmvqwbK mvi mZK©Zvi mv‡_ cwiwgZfv‡e eënvi Kiv|
11. e¨vO, mvc, †ewR, cvwL BZ¨vw` eb¨ cïcvwL i¶v Kiv|
kni ev bM‡ii cwi‡ek `~lY n«v‡m wkïiv hv hv Ki‡Z cv‡iÑ
1. evwo I we`¨vj‡qi AvwObvq MvQ jvMv‡bv| d¬¨vUevwo‡Z evm Ki‡j gvwUi cv‡Î ev Kv‡Vi ev‡· ¸j¥
I jZvcvZv RvZxq Dw™¢` e¨vjKwb‡Z cwiPh©v Kiv|
2. iv¯Ívi cv‡k jvMv‡bv PvivMvQ myi¶v Kiv|
3. Rb¸iyZ¡c~Y© ¯vb cwi®‥vi-cwi”Qbœ ivLv; †hLv‡b-†mLv‡b gqjv AveR©bv bv †d‡j Auv¯ÍvKz‡o †djv|
iv¯Ívi Ici gqjv-AveR©bvi ¯Í~c bv ivLv|
4. iv¯Ívi av‡i, evm÷¨v‡Ûi Avkcv‡k, †Ljvi gv‡Vi Pviw`‡K Ges cv‡K© Qvqvi Rb¨ MvQ jvMv‡bv|
5. cøvw÷K mvgMÖx I cwjw_‡bi e¨vM eënvi I Zv †hLv‡b-†mLv‡b †djv †_‡K weiZ _vKv|
6. Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯v‡b •n‣P bv K‡i bxieZv eRvq ivLv|
7. cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì cÖ‡qvRb e¨wZ‡i‡K †gvUihvb eënvi cwinv‡ii Aby‡iva Rvbv‡bv| nuvUvi
Af¨vm Kiv Ges evBmvB‡Kj eënvi Kiv|
22
8. Ab¨ †KD wkï‡ì wbR GjvKvq cwi‡ek `~lY Ki‡j gv-evev ev wk¶‡Ki gva¨‡g h_vh_
KZ…©c¶‡K AewnZ Kiv|
9. cwi‡ek `~lY †iva Kivi Rb¨ M„nxZ D‡`¨vMmg~‡n AskMÖnY, Ab¨‡ì Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv I G j‡¶¨
•Zwi wewfb AvBb †g‡b Pjv|
23
Aa¨vq 4
gvbweK, •bwZK I mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj

Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡q wkÿv_©x‡ì gvbeZv, •bwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva AR©b I PP©vi Ici mwe‡kl
¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv nq| gvby‡li g½‡ji Rb¨ hv wKQz KiYxq, hv wKQz MÖnYxq, hv wKQz eiYxq-ZvB gvbweK
¸Yvewj| Ô•bwZKZvÕ n‡”Q GKwU mvgvwRK ¸Y hv e¨w³ ev `‡ji •`bw›`b Rxeb cwiPvwjZ K‡i|
mvgvwRK gb¯ÍË¡ I •bwZK `k©‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K •bwZKZv mvs¯‥…wZK I ag©xq fveaviv Øviv m„ó
GK¸”Q D‡Ïk¨ ev wbqg hv e¨w³ ev `j‡K Zv‡ì •`bw›`b RxebhvÎvq AbymiY Ki‡Z nq Ges
Af¨v‡m cwiYZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ Zvi cwiPh©v Pj‡Z _v‡K| Gi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì †h․w³K wPšÍvfvebvi
weKvk N‡U Ges Zvi Av‡jv‡K mgv‡Ri bvbv †ÿ‡Î KvR I AvPiY Ki‡Z †k‡L| Zv‡ì mvgvwRK
¸Yvewji ewntcÖKvk N‡U| Gfv‡e •bwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva wkÿv_©x‡ì mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj AR©‡b
Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| GB BDwb‡U wkï wkÿv_©x‡ì KZK¸‡jv g~j¨‡eva AR©b I PP©vq
cwievi I we`¨vjq Kx ai‡bi †K․kj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv ms‡ÿ‡c Dc¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q|
gvbeZv
gvbeZv n‡”Q gvby‡li cÖZ¨vwkZ mnRvZ ¸Y ev DrKl©, hv gvbyl‡K gvbyl wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ K‡i| GwU
gvby‡li Ggb GKwU ¸Y hv gvbyl‡K Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZ †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i, †kªôZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| GwU
gbyl¨‡Z¡i bvgvšÍi| A_©vr, gbyl¨‡Z¡i cÖKvk N‡U gvbeZvi gva¨‡g| gvbeZv‡K AviI wfbœ wfbœ `„wó‡KvY
†_‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †hgbÑgvbeZv n‡”Q mü`q ev ci`ytLKvZi nIqvi ¸Y ev DrKl© Z_v `qvjy
Abyf~wZ; A‡bï wnZ mva‡bi msKí ev B”Qv, we‡kl K‡i wecbœ gvbyl ev cÖvYx‡K D×vi ev mnvqZv
Kivi ¯^fve Ges mKj m„wói mv‡_ `qv I †mœncivqY AvPiY Kiv BZ¨vw`| wbibœ‡K Abœ †Ìqv,
Avkªqnxb‡K Avkªq cÖ`vb, Abv_-GwZg‡ì mvnvh¨ Kiv, FYxi F‡Yi †evSv jvN‡e mnvqZv Kiv, AvZ©-
cxwo‡Zi Rb¨ mnvbyf~wZkxj g‡bvfve, Zv‡ì †mev Kiv, mKj gvby‡li cÖwZ kª×vkxj `„wófw½ I
AvPiY, mnbkxj nIqv BZ¨vw` meB gvbeZvi ewntcÖKvk|
gvbyl wnmv‡e e¨w³i ¯^KxqZv cÖKvk cvq Zvi gvbeZv Z_v gvbweK ¸Yvewji ga¨ w`‡q| gvbeZvi
GKwU eo w`K n‡jv `ywbqvi mKj gvbyl‡K gvbyl wn‡m‡e fve‡Z †kLv, kª×v Ki‡Z †kLv| gvbyl
wn‡m‡e fve‡Z †kLvi A_© n‡jv Avgiv cwievi, we`¨vjq, GjvKv, mgvR A_ev c„w_exi †h‡Kv‡bv cÖv‡šÍ
emevm Kwi bv †Kb, Avgv‡ì †Pbv-Rvbv ev AvZ¥xq-AbvZ¥xq Ges mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK Ae¯v
wbwe©‡k‡l mKj gvby‡li cÖwZ gvbyl wnmv‡e kª×v‡eva AUzU ivLv I mgAvPiY Kiv| †hgbÑcwiev‡ii
m`mïv cÖavbZ bvix I cyiæ‡l wef³| gvbeZvi eo •ewkó¨ n‡jv GB bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv
24
†f`v‡f` bv Kiv| mevi AwaKvi, my‡hvM-myweav I mvgvwRK gh©v`v mgvbfv‡e †`Lv| Avevi,
we`¨vj‡qi K_v aiv hvK| †mLv‡b wewfbœ ag©, †MvÎ I e‡Y©i †Q‡j-†g‡q †jLvcov K‡i| wkÿKmn
Av‡iv A‡b‡K †mLv‡b KvR K‡ib| gvbeZvi wbwi‡L Zv‡ì eo cwiPq n‡jv Zviv mevB gvbyl| GLv‡b
eqm, †gav, †ckv ev A_©we‡Ëi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K KvD‡K eo A_ev KvD‡K †QvU K‡i †`Lv gvbeZv
mg_©b K‡i bv| GKBfv‡e mgv‡RI bvbv eqm, †ckv, ag©, †MvÎ I e‡Y©i gvbyl i‡q‡Q| Zv‡ì Avjv`v
Avjv`v ag©xq, mvs¯‥…wZK, HwZn¨MZ AvPvi-Abyôvb, †cvkvK, Lv`¨vf¨vm I cÖ_v i‡q‡Q| mgv‡Ri mKj
gvbyl‡K gvbyl wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv, Zv‡K h_vh_ gh©v`v †Ìqv Ges Zvi AwaKvi I my‡hvM-myweav †fv‡M
weNœ m„wó bv Kiv, mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kiv BZ¨vw` n‡”Q gvbeZvi me‡P‡q eo cwiPq|
wkÿv_©x‡ì g‡a¨ gvbeZv‡ev‡ai weKv‡k cwievi I we`¨vj‡qi f~wgKv
wkïi gvbeZv‡eva weKv‡ki cÖ_g †ÿÎ Zvi cwievi| gv-evev, e‡qv‡R¨ô fvB-†evb ev Ab¨ m`mïv
GLv‡b wkïi gvbeZv‡eva weKv‡k gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb| GKBfv‡e we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKe„›`
†jLvcov †kLv‡bvi cvkvcvwk wkÿv_©x‡ì gvbweK‡eva weKv‡k we‡klfv‡e hZœevb n‡eb| G †ÿ‡Î
wb‡Pi c`‡ÿç‡jv Zv‡ì Rb¨ mnvqK n‡eÑ
• gv-evev ev Ab¨vb¨ e‡qv‡R¨ô m`m¨ wkï‡ì cwiev‡ii eo‡ì‡K h_vh_ m¤§vb I †QvU‡ì
cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj AvPiY Ki‡Z †kLv‡eb|
• cwiev‡i bvix ev cyiæl mKj m`‡mï cÖwZ mgvb m¤§vb I †m․Rb¨ wb‡Riv cÖ`k©b Ki‡eb Ges
wkï‡ìI Zv Ki‡Z Af¨¯Í K‡i Zzj‡eb| evwo‡Z †Q‡j I †g‡q‡K †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z w`‡j
Zv Ggbfv‡e w`‡Z n‡e †hb Zv KvD‡K Kg ev †ewk bv Ki‡Z nq| KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q Kv‡iv
g‡b GB †eva †hb bv R‡b¥ †h, †m †Q‡j ev †g‡q nIqvi Kvi‡YB Zv‡K †ewk KvR Ki‡Z
n‡”Q| we‡kl K‡i †g‡q‡ì †ÿ‡Î GwU †Lqvj ivLv GKvšÍ Riæwi|
• †Q‡j ev †g‡q †KD †hb Abyfe bv K‡i †h, †m mgvb AwaKvi I my‡hvM-myweav †_‡K ewÂZ
n‡”Q| G †ÿ‡Î wkïi Lvevi, †cvkvK, cwi”Q`, †jLvcovi DcKiY, †mœn -fv‡jvevmv,
Abykvmb, we‡bv`b cÖf„wZ mKj †ÿ‡Î mgZvg~jK AvPi‡Yi cÖwZ gv-evev‡K mRvM I hZœevb
n‡Z n‡e|
• gv-evev Kv‡Ri Aem‡i wkï‡ì wewfbœ gbxlxi gvbeZvg~jK Kv‡Ri Mí †kvbv‡eb| Zv‡ì‡K
gbxlx‡ì RxebxMÖš cv‡V Drmvn †hvMv‡eb|
25
• evwoi Kv‡R mnvqZvKvix †Q‡j ev †g‡q A_ev gwnjvi mv‡_ gv-evev wb‡Riv gvbweK AvPiY
Ki‡eb Ges wkï‡ì‡KI Abyiƒc AvPiY Ki‡Z Af¨¯Í Ki‡eb| Kv‡iv AmyL-wemyL n‡j Zv‡K
mva¨g‡Zv †mev Ki‡Z †kLv‡eb|
• gv-evev `wi`ª AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb Ges `wi`ª I `y¯‡ì mva¨g‡Zv mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb Ges
mšÍvb‡ì‡K Abyiƒc Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I Zvrch© Dcjwä Ki‡Z †kLv‡eb|
• mKj †ckvi gvbyl †h mgvbfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GB BwZevPK †eva RvMÖZ Kivi Rb¨ gv-evev
Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Gme †ckvi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡eb|
• wkÿK Zvi we`¨vj‡qi QvÎQvÎx, mnKg©x, AwffveK, Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖwZ †m․Rb¨g~jK I kÖ×vc~Y©
AvPiY Ki‡eb Ges wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K †mg‡Zv †m․Rb¨g~jK I kÖ×vc~Y© AvPiY Ki‡Z DØy×
Ki‡eb|
• ïay gvby‡li mv‡_ bq, Ab¨vb¨ mKj m„wói cÖwZ gvbweK AvPiY Kivi Zvrch© Zv‡ì mvg‡b
Dc¯vcb Ki‡eb| Zviv G ai‡bi AvPiY Ki‡Q wK bv Zv-I ch©‡eÿY Ki‡eb|
• †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M ev `ytmg‡q mevB wg‡j `yM©Z I `y¯‡ì mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨
wkÿK‡ì ZË¡veav‡b wkÿv_©x‡ì ÎvYmvgMxÖ msMÖn I weZi‡Yi KvR Ki‡Z DØy× Ki‡eb|
• wkÿv_©x‡ì mv‡_ wb‡q gv-evev ev wkÿK mg‡q mg‡q Abv_ Avkªg, GwZgLvbv, nvmcvZvj
BZ¨vw` †mevg~jK cÖwZôvb cwi`k©b Ki‡eb|
• wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi wèm †hgb 8 gvP© wek¦ bvix wèm, 12 Ryb wek¦ wkï kªg
we‡ivax wèm BZ¨vw` we`¨vj‡q h_v‡hvM¨ gh©v`vq D`hvwcZ n‡e/D`hvcb Ki‡eb Ges
wkïiv/wkï‡ì Zv‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡e|
• cwievi, GjvKv ev we`¨vj‡qi we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï‡ì Pjv‡div I †jLvcovq mwVKfv‡e
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z gv-evev I wkÿKe„›` wkÿv_©x‡ì m‡e©vZfv‡e AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡eb| wkïiv
hv‡Z Zv‡ì Giƒc mncvVx‡ì we`¨vj‡q Pjv‡div I †jLvcovq mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z AbycÖvwYZ nq
†mfv‡e †evSv‡eb|
• we‡k¦i Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv cÖv‡šÍ gvby‡li †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wec`-Avc‡` wkÿv_©x‡ì g‡a¨ mg‡e`bv I
mngwg©Zv‡eva RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z gv-evev I wkÿKe„›` m‡PZb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb|
26
•bwZKZv
bxwZ bvB hvi A‡bK wKQzB bvB Zvi| bxwZnxb gvbyl mgvR ev iv‡óªi Rb¨ ÿwZKi| mwVK wbqgbxwZ
weewR©Z e¨w³i Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ mvgvwRK Rxeb welgq n‡q I‡V| ZvB Avgv‡ì GKRb Av‡jvwKZ
gvbyl wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K M‡o Zzj‡Z •bwZK ¸Yvewj AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| mKj †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZwU
gvby‡liB mZZv, b¨vqcivqYZv I wbôvi mv‡_ wbR wbR `vwqZ¡ cvjbB •bwZKZv| •bwZKZv n‡jv
mwVK ixwZ-bxwZ, AvBbKvbyb I wbq‡gi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj nIqv| GwU gvby‡li we‡eK-eyw× I bxwZ‡eva
†_‡K m„wó nq| cwievi, mgvR I iv‡óª mevB‡K KZK¸‡jv AvBb-Kvbyb, wbqg-bxwZ †g‡b Pj‡Z nq|
g~j¨‡eva we‡ePbv K‡i whwb KvR K‡ib wZwbB •bwZK w`K w`‡q DbœZ| DbœZ mgvReë¯vi Rb¨
•bwZKZv GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| mgv‡Ri cÖwZwU gvby‡li `vwqZ¡‡eva I ggZ¡‡eva †_‡K m„ó G ¸YwU Qvov
mf¨Zvi weKvk m¤¢e bq|
fv‡jv-g›` wePvi Kiv, mr Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv Kiv, wg_¨v ev AmZ¨‡K N„Yv Kiv, mwVKfv‡e wbR `vwqZ¡
cvjb Kiv, e‡qv‡R¨ô I ¸YxRb‡K m¤§vb Kiv, †QvU‡ì †¯œn Kiv GmeB •bwZK ¸Yvewji D`vniY|
AvR Avgv‡ì mgv‡R bvbvwea •bwZKZvi Aeÿq cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| wg_¨v ejv, Nyl †bqv, Ki duvwK
†Ìqv, IR‡b Kg †Ìqv, ciwb›`v Kiv, A‡bï m¤ú` jyÉb Kiv, gv`K †meb, D”Q…•Lj Rxebhvcb
BZ¨vw` Avgv‡ì mgv‡R •bwZKZv Aeÿ‡qi RjšÍ `„óvšÍ| Gme A‣bwZK Kvh©Kjvc Avgv‡ì cwinvi
K‡i myôz mgvR M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|
wkÿv_©x‡ì g‡a¨ •bwZK ¸Yvewj weKv‡k cwievi I we`¨vj‡qi f~wgKv
cwiev‡ii wbqg-bxwZ I Av`k© wkï‡ì Dci cÖfve †d‡j| Ab¨w`‡K we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKM‡Yi K_v,
Kv‡R mZZv I b¨vqcivqYZv wkÿv_©xi Kv‡Q Av`k© wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| wZwb wkÿv_©xi cwiPvjK, `vk©wbK
Ges eÜy| wkÿ‡Ki •bwZK ¸Yvewj hv •`bw›`b AvPvi-AvPi‡Y, K_vq, gšÍ‡e¨, iæwP‡Z, fvlvq cÖKvwkZ
nq †m meB wkÿv_©x‡ì PwiÎ Ges Zv‡ì fwel¨r Rxeb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| ZvB wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z evwÃZ
Gme MyYvewj AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i †m Kvi‡Y wZwb wewfbœ ai‡bi Kvh©vewj MÖnY K‡ib|
• wkÿK‡ì K_vi mv‡_ Kv‡Ri m½wZ _vK‡e| Zuviv wb‡R‡ì mZZv, Av`k© I KZ©e¨wbôv Øviv
wkÿv_©x‡ì DØy× Ki‡eb|
• wZwb we`¨vj‡qi wbqg-bxwZi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj n‡eb Ges wkÿv_©x‡ì G wbqg-bxwZ cvj‡b Af¨¯Í
Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡eb|
27
• cwievi I we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©xi Dci †h `vwqZ¡ †Ìqv n‡e Zv wek¦¯ÍZv I AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_
m¤úbœ Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡eb|
• wkÿK †kÖwY cVb-cvV‡bi KvR Ges Ab¨vb¨ Avbylw½K KvR mgqg‡Zv ïiæ I †kl Ki‡eb
Ges wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K wkÿvmsµvšÍ KvR h_vmg‡q †kl Ki‡Z ZvwM` †`‡eb|
• cwiev‡i gv-evev mgv‡Ri mr I b¨vqKv‡R mg_©b †`‡eb I Zv cÖwZôv Ki‡Z me©`v m‡Pó
_vK‡eb| wkï‡ì‡KI G ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡eb|
• wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡ì PvwiwÎK jÿY Abyhvqx Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki‡eb| †hgb-b¤ª ¯^fve, fxZz ev
`ye©j wkÿv_©xMY‡K Zv‡ì ÿgZv Abyhvqx Kg© m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g AvZ¥wek¦vm Avbvi †Póv
Ki‡eb|
• †kÖwYi †gavex wkÿv_©x‡ì cÖwZ wkÿK †hgb mhZœ `„wó ivL‡eb, †Zgwb wcwQ‡qcov wkÿv_©x‡ì
wkLb AMÖMwZi Rb¨ we‡kl mnvqZv †`‡eb|
• wkÿK mvgvwRK †Kv‡bv mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© ¯^vaxbfv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡eb Ges wkÿv_©x‡ì‡KI
GKBfv‡e ¯^Kxq wPšÍvkw³ weKv‡k mnvqZv Ki‡eb|
wbqgvbyewZ©Zv
wbqgvbyewZ©Zv ev k„•Ljv ej‡Z †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó wbqg ev c×wZ ev wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx KvR Kiv‡K †evSvq|
GwU GKwU Kvh© Abykxjb wewa, hv e¨w³i gvbwmK kw³ ev •bwZK PwiÎ M‡o †Zvjvi †ÿ‡Î we‡klfv‡e
mnvqK| e¨w³i myweb¨¯Í AvPi‡Yi aib wn‡m‡eI GwU‡K AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Gi gva¨‡g e¨w³ mywbw`©ó
BwZevPK AvPiY Ki‡Z I wb‡`©kbv †g‡b Pj‡Z †k‡L| d‡j myk„•Ljfv‡e Kvh© m¤úvw`Z nq| A‡bK mgq
k„•Ljvi ev¯Íevqb ej‡Z kvw¯Í cÖ`vb‡K †evSv‡bv nq| GwU k„•Ljvi †bwZevPK w`K enb K‡i| wKš‧
wbqgvbyewZ©Zv I kvw¯Í cÖ`vb GK K_v bq| eis k„•Ljvi mv‡_ wkÿ‡Yi Mfxi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
wkïi weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wbqgvbyewZ©Zv PwiÎ Movi c×wZ Ges AvZ¥wbqš¿Y I MÖnY‡hvM¨ AvPi‡Yi wkÿv‡K
wb‡`©k K‡i| wbqgvbyewZ©Zv ev k„•Ljv wkï‡ì g›` †_‡K fv‡jv, †Kvb AvPiY¸‡jv MÖnY‡hvM¨ A_ev
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq, Kxfv‡e Ac‡ii AwaKvi‡K m¤§vb Ki‡Z nq BZ¨vw` wkL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
D`vniY¯îƒc, wkï‡K Lvevi MÖn‡Yi Av‡M Zvi nvZ †avqvi wkÿY †Ìqv nq| GLv‡b, Lvev‡ii Av‡M
nvZ †avqv GKwU wbw`©ó AvPi‡Yi aib Ges †m GB aib AvËxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g k„•Ljvq Af¨¯Í nq| G
ai‡bi wkÿv wkï‡K AvZ¥wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z I myk„•Lj n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
28
wbqgvbyewZ©Zv †kLv‡bvi KwZcq †K․kj
wkï‡ì wbqgvbyewZ©Zv †kLv‡bvi GKK †Kv‡bv mwVK cšv †bB| Z_vwc wkï‡K Kxfv‡e Kvh©Kifv‡e
wbqgvbyewZ©Zv †kLv‡bv hvq Zv wkÿK Ges me gv-evevi Rvbv AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb| gv-evevi AwZwi³
KZ…©Z¡civqY kvmb A_ev Abykvm‡bi G‡Kev‡iB •kw_j¨ †Kv‡bvwUB wkïi fwel¨r AvPiY msMV‡bi
Rb¨ BwZevPK bq| wkï‡K wbqgvbyewZ©Zv †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ gv-evev wkïi Ici Aek¨B wbqgbxwZ
Av‡ivc Ki‡eb, Z‡e Zv n‡e wbqwš¿Z I cwiwgZ hv‡Z Zv‡ì ¯^vfvweK my¯ weKvk N‡U| wbqg-bxwZ
Pvjy Kivi mgq Zviv wkï‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i †evSv‡eb †Kb Avgiv Gme †g‡b Pje, †Kb Zv †g‡b Pjv
Avgv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb|
wkï‡K wbqgvbyewZ©Zv wkL‡b wb‡Pi †K․kjmg~n djcÖm~fv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i :

• cwiev‡i gv-evev I we`¨vj‡q wkÿKe„›` wkï wkÿv_©x‡ì m‡½ fv‡jv eënvi Ki‡eb Ges
Zv‡ì‡K mK‡ji m‡½ fv‡jv eënvi Ki‡Z AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡eb|
• cwiev‡ii wbqg-Kvbyb †hgbÑ†fv‡i Nyg †_‡K IVv, wbqwgZ ùvZ gvRv, GKmv‡_ e‡m LvIqv,
†Kv_vI †M‡j e‡j hvIqv, wbqwgZ cÖv_©bv Kiv BZ¨vw` e‡qv‡R¨ôiv †hgb †g‡b Pj‡eb †Zgwb
wkï‡ì Zv †g‡b Pjvi Af¨vm MV‡b AwaK Abykxjb Kiv‡eb|
• evwo‡Z ev we`¨vj‡q wkï hLb †Kv‡bv KvR wbqg I k„•Ljvi mv‡_ K‡i ZLb Zv‡K cÖksmv
Kivi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì fvj AvPiY Kivi ¯ú„nv‡K †Rvi`vi Ki‡eb|
• wkÿKMY wbqwgZ I h_vmg‡q we`¨vj‡q Avm‡eb Ges mKj Kvh©µg myPviæfv‡e m¤úbœ
Ki‡eb| G‡Z K‡i wkÿv_©xivI wbqgvbyeZ©x n‡e|
• wkÿ‡Ki cÖvZ¨wnK mgv‡e‡k Dcw¯Z _vKv, h_vmg‡q K¬v‡m hvIqv, K¬v‡m k„•Ljv eRvq ivLv,
mKj wkÿv_©xi cÖwZ mgvb `„wó †Ìqv, wVK mg‡q cvV`vb †kl Kiv BZ¨vw` welq wkÿv_©x‡K
wbqgvbyeZ©x n‡Z DØy× K‡i|
• †Ljvi gv‡V `j MVb, `j‡bZv wbe©vPb I dj wePv‡i wkÿK wbi‡cÿZv I b¨vqwbô n‡eb Ges
wkÿv_©x‡ì‡KI Zv †g‡b wb‡Z DØy× Ki‡eb|
• gv-evev I wkÿK Zv‡ì AvPvi-AvPiY I KvRK‡g©i gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K wkï‡ì Kv‡Q GKRb
fv‡jv I AbyKiYxq Av`k© e¨w³Z¡ wn‡m‡e Dc¯vcb Ki‡eb|
29
• wkï‡K AZ¨waK cÖksmv Ki‡eb bv | Avevi wkïi †bwZevPK w`K‡K KL‡bv eo K‡i Zzj‡eb
bv|
• cwiev‡i gv-evev I we`¨vj‡q wkÿK wkï‡K kvixwiK kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Ki‡eb bv| wkï‡K Po-_vào
gviv ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv kvixwiK kvw¯Í cÖ`vb bv K‡i Zv‡K fv‡jv-g›` †evSv‡eb|
Rxe‡b DbœwZ I mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Ab¨Zg PvweKvwV n‡jv wbqgvbyewZ©Zv| Avgiv wkï wkÿv_©x‡ì Zv
Mfxifv‡e Dcjwä Kive Ges bvbv cÖqv‡mi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì wbqgvbyeZ©x K‡i M‡o Zzje|
kª‡gi gh©v`v
kª‡gi gh©v`v ej‡Z †evSvq †h, †Kv‡bv e¨w³ KZ…©K mKj ai‡bi Kg© ev †ckvMZ c`gh©v`v ev
Ae¯vb‡K mgvbfv‡e m¤§vb Kiv I ¸iæZ¡ †`qv| kª‡gi gh©v`vi A_© nj †Kv‡bv KvRB DrK…ó ev wbK…ó
ev wbi_©K bq| mKj KvRB fv‡jv KvR Ges cÖ‡Z¨K ai‡bi KvR gh©v`vc~Y©| †Kv‡bv KvR‡K DuPz ev wbPz
g‡b Kiv cy‡ivcywifv‡e fyj aviYv| A_©vr Kv‡iv Ggb fvev wbi_©K †h, †Kv‡bv we‡kl ai‡bi KvR Zvi
gh©v`v Kwg‡q w`‡”Q ev wb‡P bvwg‡q †dj‡Q|
mf¨Zvi AwZ m~PbvKvj †_‡K gvbyl wewfbœ ai‡bi KvR K‡i Avm‡Q| c„w_exi mKj a‡g© gvbyl‡K
mZZvi mv‡_ Zvi KvR Kivi wb‡`©k †`qv n‡q‡Q| `ywbqvi mKj `vk©wbK cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb †h, c„w_exi
†Kv‡bv KvR-B gvby‡li Rb¨ gh©v`vnvwbKi bq| mªóv ¯^qs gvbyl‡K KvR Ki‡Z I K‡Vvi cwikªg Ki‡Z
Av‡`k w`‡q‡Qb| gnvgvb‡eiv e‡j‡Qb †h, KvR n‡”Q Dcvmbvi kvwgj (work is worship)|
c„w_exi mKj gbxlx K‡Vvi cwikªg K‡i‡Qb| kª‡gi cÖwZ gh©v`v‡eva Avgv‡ì A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖwZwôZ
nqwb| Avgv‡ì mgv‡R GKwU Ag~jK wek¦vm GL‡bv cÖPwjZ †h, KvwqK ev kvixwiK cwikª‡gi KvR
wkwÿZ, abx Ges eyw×Rxex †Mvôxi Rb¨ bq| GwU wbiÿi I `wi`ª gvby‡li KvR| GwU GKwU wg_¨v
aviYv| mgv‡R me Kv‡RiB mgvb gh©v`v Av‡Q|
Avgiv evwo‡Z I we`¨vj‡q A‡bK mgq wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ M„nKg©x ev Ab¨‡ì Dci wbf©i Kwi| A‡bK
mgq GKRb wkwÿZ hyeK AwaK DcvR©bÿg KvwqK kª‡gi Kv‡Ri †P‡q ¯^í †eZ‡bi Awdm ‡Kw›`ªK
PvKwi‡K AwaK cÖvavb¨ †`q| Gi KviY Zviv g‡b K‡i †h, wb‡Ri nv‡Z KvR Ki‡j Zv‡ì m¤§vbnvwb
n‡e Ges A‡bï †Pv‡L Zvi Ae¯vb wbPz n‡e| GB åvšÍ `„wófw½i Kvi‡Y gvbyl KZ…©K GK Kv‡Ri mv‡_
Av‡iK Kv‡Ri cv_©K¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q| wKš‧ ev¯ÍweK A‡_© KvR KvR-B Ges G‡K DuPz ev wbPz wn‡m‡e
†kªwY‡f` Kiv wVK bq| GKRb †g_‡ii KvR GKRb Wv³vi, cÖ‡K․kjx ev wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Ri g‡ZvB
cÖ‡qvRbxq I ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
30
KvwqK kªgg~jK Kv‡Ri cÖwZ AkÖ×v Avgv‡ì †`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi c‡_ GK eo cÖwZeÜK| GwU
mgv‡R GKwU K…wÎg wefvRb •Zwi K‡i‡Q| d‡j Avgiv KvwqK kªgwegyL n‡q c‡owQ| †`‡k eZ©gv‡b
e¨vcK cwigvY wkwÿZ †eKvi mgm¨vi GKwU Ab¨Zg eo KviY n‡jv KvwqK kª‡gi cÖwZ Zv‡ì GB
g‡bve„wË| Avevi, c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ RvwZi cÖwZ ZvKv‡jI Avgiv †`L‡Z cve †h, KvwqK kª‡gi cÖwZ hviv
G ai‡bi AcÖe„wË ev `„wófw½ †cvlY K‡i Zviv AbybœZ I `wi`ª i‡q †M‡Q| wecix‡Z, †hme RvwZ
KvwqK kª‡gi KvR wb‡RivB Ki‡Z fv‡jvev‡m Zviv AfvweZ AMÖMwZ mvab K‡i‡Q| Avgv‡ì wkï‡ì
g‡a¨ KvwqK kÖ‡gi cÖwZ kÖ×v‡eva RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi †m `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡ì cwievi I we`¨vjq‡K
cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
wkï wkÿv_©x‡ì g‡a¨ kª‡gi gh©v`v‡eva •Zwi‡Z cwievi I we`¨vj‡qi f~wgKv
cwievi I we`¨vj‡qi wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv wkï wkÿv_©x‡ì g‡a¨ kªg I kªgRxex gvby‡li cÖwZ h_vh_ m¤§vb
ev kª×v‡eva •Zwii Rb¨ mnvqK n‡eÑ
• gv-evev wkï‡ì cov‡jLv ZË¡veav‡bi cvkvcvwk Zv‡ì‡K cwiev‡ii †QvULv‡Uv KvR Kivi
wb‡`©kbv †`‡eb| †hgbÑcovi ci eBcÎ, LvZv, †cwÝj, †Pqvi, †Uwej ev gv`yi ¸wQ‡q ivLv|
mgqg‡Zv †Pqvi †Uwej cwi®‥vi Kiv| wb‡R‡ì †cvkvK, e¨vM, RyZv, †Ljbv cÖf„wZ ¸wQ‡q
h_v¯v‡b ivLv| Zviv Gme KvR wVKg‡Zv Ki‡Q wK bv Zv gv-evev ZË¡veavb Ki‡eb|
• gv-evev wkï‡ì h_v¯v‡b ev gqjv ivLvi wbw`©ó Szwo‡Z gqjv AveR©bv, KvM‡Ri UzKiv, Kjvi
†Lvmv, Lvev‡ii Dw”Qó BZ¨vw` †djvi Af¨vm M‡o Zzj‡eb|
• gv-evev Ni I D‡Vvb Svo †`qv, weQvbv I AvmevecÎ †MvQv‡bv, †MvmjLvbv I †k․PvMvi

cwi®‥vi BZ¨vw` Kv‡R †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì m¤ú„³ Ki‡eb| Gme KvR †h †Kv‡bvµ‡gB †QvU bq Zv
Zv‡ì Kv‡Q ¯úófv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡eb|
• eo‡ì Kv‡R †hgb- `v`v-`vwì hZœ †bIqv, AmyL-wemy‡L mva¨g‡Zv †mev Kiv BZ¨vw` Ki‡Z
gv-evev Zv‡ì‡K wb‡`©kbv †`‡eb I ZË¡veavb Ki‡eb| GKBfv‡e †QvU‡ì Kv‡R Zviv
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Q wK bv Zv jÿ¨ ivL‡eb|
• we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKgÐjx wkÿv_©x‡ì ZË¡veavb Ki‡eb hv‡Z Zviv we`¨vj‡qi AvwObv, †kªwYKÿ,
†Ljvi gvV, Uq‡jU BZ¨vw` wbqwgZ cwi®‥vi K‡i| mg‡q mg‡q Zviv wb‡Riv wkÿv_©x‡ì wb‡q
we`¨vj‡qi cwi”QbœZv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb|
31
• GjvKvi wewfbœ cwi”QbœZv I Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ gv-evev I wkÿKgÐjx
wkÿv_©x‡ì AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡eb Ges m¤¢eg‡Zv wkï‡ì AskMÖnY Kivi my‡hvM †`‡eb|
• gv-evev I wkÿKe„›` Zv‡ì mšÍvb Z_v wkÿv_©x‡ì we`¨vj‡qi Svo–`vi, `ßwi, Avqv, †eqviv
cÖgy‡Li Kv‡Ri ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v K‡i †evSv‡eb, hv‡Z Zviv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Kv‡Ri mgvb ¸iæZ¡
mwVKfv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i I Zv‡ì m¤§vb Ki‡Z †k‡L|
• gv-evev I wkÿK wkï‡ì wewfbœ kªgRxexi KvR cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv‡eb| Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Gme kªgRxex
gvby‡li Kv‡Ri ¸iyZ¡ I gh©v`v cwi®‥vifv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡eb| Zv‡ì cÖwZ wkÿv_©x‡ì g‡bvfve
kª×vc~Y© wK bv Zv Av‡jvPbvi duv‡K duv‡K hvPvB Ki‡eb|
mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj
gvbyl KL‡bv GKv evm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖK…wZ I cwi‡ek‡K wbqš¿‡Y ev e‡k Avbvi Rb¨, myweav I
g½‡ji Rb¨ mgvRe×fv‡e evm Ki‡Z nq| Avi ZLb †_‡K ïiæ nq mgvR ev mvgvwRKZv| cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv I eb¨cïi AvµgY †_‡K wb‡R‡K iÿv Kiv I eb¨ cï wkKvi BZ¨vw` cÖwZ Kv‡R
`j ev mgvRe× n‡q evm Kivi m~Pbv nq| mgv‡Ri mKj‡K wb‡q wg‡jwg‡k _vKv Ges wg‡jwg‡k KvR
Kivi Rb¨ †hme ¸Yvewji cÖ‡qvRb nq †m¸‡jv‡K mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj e‡j|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡qi GKRb `ÿ wkÿK mgv‡Ri c_cÖ`k©K, mgvR ms¯‥viK I AbymiYxq
e¨w³Z¡ | Zuvi Av`‡k© wkÿv_©xiv I mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ m`më„›` AbycÖvwYZ nb | gvbyl m„wói †miv Rxe
| gvbylB GKgvÎ we‡eKm¤úbœ Rxe| gvbyl A‡bK¸‡jv ¸‡Yi AwaKvix | wKš‧ GKRb wkÿK‡K
gvby‡li ¸Yvewji cvkvcvwk Av‡iv A‡bK ¸‡Yi AwaKvix n‡Z nq, hv Zuv‡K GK Abb¨ gvby‡l cwiYZ
K‡i | mg‡SvZv, m¤úªxwZ, bvix RvwZi cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b, mvgvwRK b¨vq-bxwZ cÖwZôv Kiv, wg‡jwg‡k
KvR Kiv, A‡bï cÖ‡qvRb Dcjwä Kiv, A‡bï gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj nIqv, `jxq wm×všÍ †g‡b
†bIqv, hyw³i gva¨‡g wb‡Ri e³e¨ Zz‡j aiv BZ¨vw` mvgvwRK ¸Y gvbyl‡K gnvb K‡i| wkLb †kLv‡bv
Kv‡R GKRb wkÿ‡Ki mvgvwRK ¸Yvewji cÖfve my`~icÖmvix, hv fwel¨‡Z Avgv‡ì RvZxq Rxe‡b
cÖwZdwjZ nq |
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wkï‡ì g‡a¨ mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj weKv‡ki Dcvq
mg‡SvZv, m¤úªxwZ, wg‡jwg‡k KvR Kivi g‡bvfve BZ¨vw` mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj wkï‡ì g‡a¨ weKvk mvab
Avek¨K| wkÿK-wkÿv_©x, wkÿK-wkÿK, wkÿK-AwffveK Ges wkÿK-mgvR m¤úK© ¯vc‡bi gva¨‡g
G¸‡jv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e| wkÿvi welq †kÖwYK‡ÿi Pvi †`qv‡ji g‡a¨ ïay mxgve× bq| wkïi Pcj
g‡bi PÂjZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Zv‡ì †kLvi `ye©vi †K․Z~nj I AvMÖn‡K RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z n‡e|
we`¨vj‡qi mKj Kvh©µ‡g Zv‡K AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
• wkÿK wkï‡ì mv‡_ eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© M‡o Zzj‡eb| mgm¨vMÖ¯Í wkïi mgm¨vi K_v Rvb‡eb I
cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv †`‡eb|
• mncvVx‡ì mv‡_ wg‡jwg‡k _vKvi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Ki‡eb| †h‡Kv‡bv mgm¨v ev †Mvjgvj m„wó
n‡j mK‡ji mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g my›ì cwi‡ek eRvq ivL‡eb|
• †kÖwYK‡ÿ †Kv‡bv wkï Kjg, †cwÝj, ivevi BZ¨vw` Avb‡Z fz‡j †M‡j wkÿK wb‡Ri KjgwU
†`‡eb ev mncvVx‡ì Kv‡iv Gme wRwbm †ewk _vK‡j Zv w`‡q mnvqZv Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ
Ki‡eb|
• †kÖwYK‡ÿ Amy¯ nIqv wkïi cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi eë¯v Ki‡eb| wkÿv_©x‡ì Øviv Amy¯ wkïi
gv- evev‡K †W‡K Avbv‡eb| cÖ‡qvR‡b wK¬wb‡K ev nvmcvZv‡j cvVv‡eb|
• wkÿv_©x‡ì mK‡ji AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g we`¨vj‡qi mvs¯‥…wZK Abyôvb, weZK© mfv, †Ljvayjv
cÖf…wZ cwiPvjbv Kiv‡eb|
• RvZxq wèm, ag©xq wèm D`hvc‡b wkÿv_©x‡ì g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡ eÈb K‡i †`‡eb Ges Zv‡ì
mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Kvh© m¤úv`‡b mnvqZv Ki‡eb|
• cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq ÎvYmvgMÖx msMÖn I weZi‡Yi Kv‡R wkÿv_©x‡ì DØy× Ki‡eb|
• wkÿK wkÿv_©xi evwo‡Z wM‡q Zvi gv-evevi mv‡_ wkÿv_©xi mgm¨v, †jLvcovq wcwQ‡q covi
KviY wb‡q Avjvc Ki‡eb| wkÿv_©x‡K Kv‡Q ewm‡q Zvi K_v ïb‡eb I cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk©
†`‡eb|
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MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve
mvaviY A‡_© MYZš¿ ej‡Z RbM‡Yi kvmb‡K †evSvq| Avi MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve n‡jv †Kv‡bv wel‡q
AwaKvs‡ki gZvgZ MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv| Avgiv cwiev‡i I mgv‡R A‡b‡K wg‡j emevm Kwi| we`¨vj‡qI
Avgiv A‡b‡K GKmv‡_ covïbv Kwi| Gfv‡e Avgiv mevB wewfbœœ `‡ji (cwievi, we`¨vjq,
cvov/gnjøv, mgvR BZ¨vw`) m`m¨ wn‡m‡e KvR Kwi| `‡j KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q mvaviYZ Avgiv Kx †`wL ?
GKwU `‡ji m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi mgq Avgiv wb‡Riv gZvgZ cÖKvk Kwi| Ab¨ m`mïvI
Zv‡ì gZvgZ Rvbvq| †mme gZvgZ ïb‡Z nq, ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z nq| AZtci `‡ji †ewkifvM m`m¨
†hwU‡K mg_©b K‡i, Zvi Av‡jv‡K KvRwU Kiv nq| Gfv‡e GKwU `‡ji msL¨vMwiô ev AwaKvsk
m`‡mï gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv‡K MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve e‡j| cwievi, we`¨vjq,
mgvR, ivóª Z_v Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfv‡ei cwiPq w`‡Z bv cvi‡j h_v_© m¤§vb cvIqv
hvq bv| kvwšÍ I m¤cÖxwZi mv‡_ emevm KivI hvq bv| ZvB Avgv‡ì wkï‡ì •kkeKvj †_‡KB
MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfvevcbœ K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e|
wkï‡ì g‡a¨ MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve •Zwii Dcvq
MYZ‡š¿ KvD‡K †Rvi K‡i wKQz Kiv nq bv| AwaKvsk e¨w³i g‡Zi wfwË‡Z wm×všÍ †bqv nq e‡j
mevB G‡Z Lywk _v‡K| mevB wg‡jwg‡k Pj‡Z †k‡L hv mgv‡R kvwšÍ I m¤úªxwZ wb‡q Av‡m| ZvB
MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve kvwšÍc~Y© mgvR MV‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| Avgiv evwo‡Z I we`¨vj‡q wb‡Riv
MYZvwš¿K AvPiY Kivi gva¨‡g wkï‡ì g‡a¨ MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfv‡ei D‡b¥l I weKvk Ki‡Z cvwi|
cigZmwnòzZv MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve AR©‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb Dcvq| AZGe, cigZmwnòzZv wkÿ‡Yi
†K․kj¸‡jv wkÿv_©x‡ì MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve •Zwii †ÿ‡ÎI mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| GQvov
cvV¨cy¯‡Í K ewY©Z wb‡Pi †K․kj¸‡jv wkï wkÿv_©x‡ì MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve weKv‡k f~wgKv ivL‡eÑ
• cwiev‡i N‡ii wRwbm †Kbv, Ni mvRv‡bv, Drme-Abyôvb cvjb, †eov‡Z hvIqv BZ¨vw` wewfbœ
Kv‡R evev-gv, fvB-†evb I Ab¨ mK‡j wg‡jwg‡k Av‡jvPbv K‡i wm×všÍ †b‡eb| G †ÿ‡Î
wkï‡ì gZvgZ‡KI ¸iæZ¡ †`‡eb|
• †kÖwY I we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ Kv‡R †hgbÑ†kÖwYKÿ mvRv‡bv, cwi®‥vi-cwi”QbœZv, †Pqvi-†eÂ

†MvQv‡bv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x‡ì mv‡_ gZvgZ wb‡q m¤úbœ Ki‡eb|
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• we`¨vj‡qi wewfb Abyôvb †hgbÑmvs¯‥…wZK Abyôvb, µxov cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, eb‡fvRb BZ¨vw`
cwiPvjbvq AwaKvsk wkÿv_©x‡ì gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z m¤úbœ Ki‡eb|
• †kªwYK‡ÿi K¨v‡Þb ev `j‡bZv wbe©vP‡bi †ejvq wkÿK Aek¨B MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqv ev †K․kj
Abykxjb Ki‡eb|
• ïay cwievi ev we`¨vj‡q bq, cvov ev gnjøvi wewfbœ mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK I Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R
wkï‡ì `‡ji †ewkifvM m`‡mï gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z wm×všÍ MÖnY I KvR Ki‡Z AbycÖvwYZ
Ki‡eb|
• iv‡óªi wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡R wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î AwaKvsk bvMwi‡Ki gZvg‡Zi cÖwZdjb
Z_v MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve †Kb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb Zv gv-evev I wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡ì Kv‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki‡eb|
ev¯Íe RMr †_‡K D`vniY w`‡q Gi myweav-Amyweav Zz‡j ai‡eb|
cigZmwnòzZv
†Kv‡bv e¨w³i wbR¯^ gZvgZ, wek¦vm, `„wófw½ ev Abykxj‡bi evB‡i †MvÎ, ag©, eY©, RvZxqZv BZ¨vw`
wbwe©‡k‡l Acivci e¨w³i gZvgZ, wek¦vm, `„wófw½, KvR ev Abykxj‡bi cÖwZ Zvi cÿcvZnxb,
•be©¨w³K I Aby‡gv`bg~jK `„wófw½‡K cigZmwnòzZv wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| cigZmwnòzZv n‡jv
GKRb e¨w³ KZ…©K A‡bï wek¦vm, KvR ev Abykxjb‡K mnvbyf~wZkxj `„wó‡Z †`Lvi I m¤§vb Ki‡Z
cvivi mvg_©¨ ev Abykxjb|
wkï‡ì cigZmwnòzZv wkÿ‡Yi Zvrch©

†kªwYK‡ÿ, we`¨vj‡q, cvovq ev gnjøvq bvbv ¯^fv‡ei, bvbv •ewk‡óï †Q‡j‡g‡q _v‡K| †KD abx, †KD
Mwie| †KD gymjgvb, Avevi †KD wn›`y, †e․× ev wLª÷vb| †KD evOvwj, †KD ÿz`ª b„ZvwË¡K
RvwZ‡Mvôxi| †KD ¯^ífvlx, †KD ev †ewk K_v ej‡Z cQ›` K‡i| Avevi wewfbœ R‡bi wPšÍv-fvebvI
wewfbœ iKg| Gme ¯^Zš¿ •ewk‡óï wkïiv wg‡jwg‡k Pj‡e, cov‡jLv, †Ljvayjv I KvR Ki‡e|
we`¨vjq I GjvKvi Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R AskMÖnY Ki‡e| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cvi¯úwiK m™¢ve,
mnbkxjZv I mn‡hvwMZv| G Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ cigZmwnòzZvi g‡bvfve M‡o †Zvjv| KviY
cigZmwnòzZv wkï‡ì A‡bï gZ MÖnY Ki‡Z I m¤§vb Ki‡Z †kLvq| G ai‡bi g‡bvfve kvwšÍc~Y©
mgvR M‡o Zzj‡Z mnvqK| mgv‡R kvwšÍ cÖwZôvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| ZvB wkï‡ì
35
cigZmwnòz K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| Zv‡ì‡K †kªwYK‡ÿ, †Ljvi gv‡V, we`¨vjq A_ev cvov ev gnjøvq
A‡bï gZ ïb‡Z I kÖ×v Ki‡Z †kLv‡Z n‡e| mevi mw¤§wjZ gZ MÖn‡Yi g‡bvfve M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|
hw` Zvi Kv‡R †Kv‡bv ÎywU _v‡K, †mwU‡KI Zv‡K I Ab¨‡ì MÖnY Ki‡Z wkL‡e| Gfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡ì
cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK, ivóªxq I AvšÍR©vwZK cwigÐ‡j wg‡jwg‡k emev‡mi I KvR Kivi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq MYZvwš¿K AvPi‡Yi weKvk NUv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î cigZmwnòzZvi wkÿv Zv‡ì Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ
Zvrch©c~Y©|
wkï‡ì cigZmwnòzZv wkÿ‡Yi KwZcq †K․kj
wkï‡ì cigZmwnòzZvi weKvk I Dbœq‡b gv-evev I wkÿK‡ì wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv mnvqK
n‡eÑ
• wkïi gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î ev †m †Kv‡bv fyj Ki‡j Avcwb Zvi cÖwZ mwnòz AvPiY Ki‡eb|
A‡bï mv‡_ AvPi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wkïiv mvaviYZ gv-evev Ges wkÿK‡ì Av`k© wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i
_v‡K| cwievi, we`¨vjq ev mgv‡R wkïiv Avcbv‡K A‡bï cÖwZ †h ai‡bi AvPiY Ki‡Z
†`L‡e, ZvivI †mfv‡e AvPiY Ki‡Z wkL‡e| AZGe, gv-evev I wkÿK‡ì mevi mv‡_
cigZmwnòz AvPiY Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ Zviv wkï‡ì wb‡Ri gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv
†hgbÑ†`‡eb †Zgwb Ac‡ii gZvgZ cÖKv‡k hv‡Z Zviv evav bv †`q †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡eb|
• wkï Zvi eo ev †QvU fvB-†evb Ges mncvVx‡ì mv‡_ †Kgb AvPiY K‡i Zv ch©‡eÿ‡Y
ivLyb| †Kv‡bviƒc Am½Z AvPiY Ki‡j Zv‡K †mB AvPi‡Yi cÖfve eywS‡q ejyb| Zvi mv‡_
ivMvivwM Kiv ev agK †`qv †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|
• wfbœ ag©, †MvÎ ev ms¯‥…wZi gvbyl I gZv`‡k©i cÖwZ kÖ×v †`Lvb| wkï‡ì mvg‡b wfb ag© I
ms¯‥…wZi fv‡jv w`K¸‡jv Zz‡j aiæb| Avcbvi kª×vkxj `„wófw½ wkï‡ì‡K wfbœ ag©, †MvÎ ev
ms¯‥…wZi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj Ki‡e|
• wkï ev wkÿv_©x‡K ïay N‡ii e× cwi‡ek bq, N‡ii evB‡i †Ljvi my‡hvM K‡i w`b| N‡ii
evB‡i †Ljvayjvq †m A‡bK wkïi mv‡_ †gjv‡gkvi my‡hvM cvq| GwU Zv‡K Zvi Pvicv‡ki
mKj wfbœ ai‡bi wkïi mv‡_ mnvbyf~wZkxj I cigZmwnòzZv wkÿvi my‡hvM G‡b †`‡e|
• wkï‡K Zvi bZzb eÜyevÜe evmvq Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q Ges we`¨vj‡q wewfb Abyôv‡b Lvevi †gby¨
wVK Kiv, †cÖvMÖvg Av‡qvRb Kiv, Lvevi ivbœv Kiv, †Uwej †MvQv‡bv BZ¨vw` KvR Ki‡Z w`‡q
cigZmwnòzZvi PP©v Kivb|
• †Ljvi mgq wkï‡ì †Ljbv mvgMÖx Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b DrmvwnZ Kiæb| GKwU we‡kl †Ljbv †Kej
GKR‡bi `L‡j hv‡Z me mgq bv _v‡K †m w`‡K †Lqvj ivLyb|
36
• wkÿK †kªwYK‡ÿ A_ev †kªwYK‡ÿi evB‡i †Ljvi gv‡V wkï‡ì ¯^vaxbfv‡e gZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM
†`‡eb| wkïiv A‡bï gZvgZ ïb‡Q wK bv Zv †Lqvj Ki‡eb| A‡bï gZvgZ †kvbv I Zv
kª×v Ki‡Z mevB‡K AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡eb|
• †kªwYK‡ÿ ev †Ljvi gv‡V †KD A‡bï gZ cÖKv‡k evav w`‡j ev wb‡Ri wm×všÍ Pvwc‡q †`qvi
cÖeYZv †`Lv‡j Zv‡K kvšÍ Kiyb| big ¯^‡i nvwm-Lywkfv‡e Zv‡K Zvi H Kv‡Ri †cQ‡b hyw³
Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb| Zvi hyw³ Ab¨v‡bï Kv‡Q KZUzKz MÖnY‡hvM¨ Zv hvPvB Kiyb|
AZtci Avcwb mevB‡K GB †ev‡a AbycÖvwYZ Kiyb †h, Avgiv KL‡bv G‡K A‡bï gZ cÖKv‡k
†Kv‡bv evav †è bv eis †h․w³K gZvgZ ev wm×všÍ hvi-B †nvK bv †Kb Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
• †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó wel‡q †h․_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq AskMÖn‡Yi c~‡e© wkÿv_©x‡ì Zv‡ì eÜzevÜe wb‡q
cigZmwnòzZvi wfwË‡Z GKwU cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b DrmvwnZ Kiyb|
• †QvU †QvU NUbv wb‡q †kªwYK‡ÿ cigZmwnòzZvi f~wgKvwfbq Kivb|
• †KD fyj gZvgZ w`‡j ev Kv‡iv †Kv‡bv Kv‡R fyj n‡j Zv wb‡q Zv‡K e¨½-we`ªyc ev nvwm-VvÆv
bv Kivi wkÿv w`b|
wek¦åvZ…Z¡‡eva
wek¦åvZ…Z¡‡eva n‡jv RvwZ, ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l c„w_exi mKj gvby‡li gv‡S cvi¯úwiK åvZ…myjf,
eÜzfvevcbœ, kvwšÍc~Y© I m¤cÖxwZg~jK mn‡hvwMZvi †PZbv| Av‡iv mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, we‡k¦i gvbyl
msNe×fv‡e gvbweK ¸Yvewji weKvk NwU‡q G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ †h m¤úªxwZ I eÜzZ¡ M‡o †Zv‡j Zv-B
n‡jv wek¦åvZ…Z¡| GK K_vq, c„w_exi me †`‡ki gvby‡li gv‡S mg‡SvZv I mn‡hvwMZv eRvq ivLv‡K
wek¦åvZ…Z¡ e‡j| ivóªxq ch©v‡q RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ ms¯v Ges mvK© ev Avwmqvb-Gi g‡Zv AvÂwjK
mn‡hvwMZv ms¯v wek¦åvZ…Z¡ †Rvi`vi Ki‡Z ewjô f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| †iWµm, †iW wµ‡m›U BZ¨vw`
†emiKvwi msMVb wek¦åvZ…Z¡ †Rvi`v‡i D¾¡j f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
wek¦åvZ„‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?
AvR‡Ki `ywbqvq A‡bK RvwZ DbœwZi D”P wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡i‡Q| wKš‧ GwUI ev¯ÍeZv †h, A‡bK
RvwZ bvbv w`K †_‡K †cQ‡b c‡o Av‡Q| c„w_ex‡Z mKj gvby‡li †g․wjK AwaKvi AvRI wbwðZ
nqwb| mKj wkï‡K AvRI mvÿi Kiv hvqwb| c„w_exi wKQz As‡ki gvbyl m¤ú‡ì AcPq Ki‡Q, wKQz
As‡ki gvbyl Abvnv‡i w`b KvUv‡”Q| bvbv ¯v‡b hy×weMÖn Pj‡Q| cÖvK…wZK wech©‡q cÖvYnvwb I wecyj
m¤ú`nvwb NU‡Q| wbZ¨bZzb mgm¨v I Bmy¨ c„w_exi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ûgwKi gy‡LvgywL Ki‡Q| gvbyl wn‡m‡e
Avgiv hw` Gme wel‡q D`vmxb _vwK A_ev hvi mgm¨v Zvi `vq wn‡m‡e welq¸‡jv‡K †`wL, Zvn‡j Zv
GKvav‡i n‡e gvbeZvi wech©q; Ab¨w`‡K DbœZ, kvwšÍc~Y© I wbivc` c„w_ex‡Z Avgv‡ì emev‡mi
cÖZ¨vkv n‡e my`~icivnZ| A_P Avgiv mevB hw` åvZ…myjf I eÜzZ¡c~Y© g‡bvfve wb‡q GKmv‡_
37
wg‡jwg‡k KvR Kwi, cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi nvZ evwo‡q †`B, Zvn‡j cy‡iv c„w_exi †Pnviv
BwZevPKfv‡e e`‡j w`‡Z cvwi| †hgbÑAvgv‡ì mg‡eZ cÖqv‡m Avgiv c„w_exi Abvnvix gvbyl‡ì
Lv`¨ mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z cvwi| wek¦‡K wbiÿigy³ Ki‡Z cvwi| kvwšÍwcÖq mKj gvby‡li †mv”Pvi cÖwZev`
c„w_ex‡Z hy×, msNvZ I D‡ËRbv Kwg‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| mKj ivóª I Zv‡ì bvMwiK‡ì mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póv
I D‡`¨vM c„w_ex‡K •ewk¦K DòZv Z_v cwi‡ek wech©q †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Liv, eb¨v, N~wY©So,
R‡jv”Q¡vm, f~wgK¤ú, `vevbj BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M gvby‡li `ytL-`y`©kv jvNe Ki‡Z cvwi| AvÂwjK
I AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g eëmv-evwYR¨, wkÿv, ms¯‥…wZ cÖf„wZi cÖmvi NUv‡Z cvwi| Kv‡RB,
iv‡óª iv‡óª †hgb, †Zgwb mKj iv‡óªi gvby‡li DwPZ n‡e mevi gv‡S m¤cÖxwZ I eÜz‡Z¡i m¤úK© my`„p
Kiv, cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi nvZ m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv| Avgv‡ì wb‡R‡ì Dbœq‡bi Rb¨, Ac‡ii Dbœqb
I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨, mgMÖ gvbeRvwZi Ges c„w_exi e„nËi Kj¨vYmva‡bi Rb¨ mevB‡K wek¦åvZ…Z¡‡ev‡a
D¾xweZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
wkï‡ì g‡a¨ wek¦åvZ…Z¡‡ev‡ai D‡b¥l NUv‡bv

Avgv‡ì AvR‡Ki wkïiv AvMvgx‡Z mKj †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k‡K †bZ…Z¡ †`‡e| Zv‡ì‡K c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨
iv‡óªi bvMwiK‡ì mv‡_ m™¢ve eRvq †i‡L Pj‡Z n‡e, åvZ…myjf I eÜyZ¡c~Y© g‡bvfve wb‡q mevi mv‡_
GK‡Î wg‡jwg‡k KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| †mRb¨ •kkeKvj †_‡KB Zv‡ì g‡a¨ wek¦åvZ…Z¡‡ev‡ai D‡b¥l I
weKvk NUv‡Z n‡e| wkÿKe„›` wewfbœfv‡e wkï wkÿv_©x‡ì g‡a¨ wek¦åvZ…Z¡‡eva m„wói D‡`¨vM MÖnY
Ki‡eb|
• wewfbœ AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯v (†hgbÑmvK©, Avwmqvb, BDwb‡md cÖf„wZ)

m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì Rxebgv‡bi ‡h Dbœqb Ki‡Q wkÿK Zv
wkÿv_©x‡ì e¨vL¨v K‡i †evSv‡eb|
• c„w_exi †Kv‡bv iv‡óª Liv, eb¨v, N~wY©So, `ywf©ÿ, f~wgK¤ú ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK wech©q
NU‡j wkÿKgÛjx wb‡R‡ì ZË¡veav‡b wkÿv_©x‡ì KvQ †_‡K Zv‡ì mva¨g‡Zv Puv`v msMÖn
Ki‡eb| Zviv Zv‡ì mv‡_ wb‡q GjvKvevmxi KvQ †_‡KI Zv msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib| msM„nxZ
A_© `yM©Z‡ì Kv‡Q †cu․Qv‡bvi Rb¨ wbKU¯ †iWµm ev miKvwi ÎvY †K‡›`ª Rgv †`‡eb|
• †iwWI, †Uwjwfk‡b †Kv‡bv ¯v‡b `yN©Ubvi msev` ïb‡j ev msev`cÎ c‡o Rvb‡j Zv
wkÿv_©x‡ì AewnZ Ki‡eb Ges mevB wg‡j mg‡e`bv cÖKvk Ki‡eb|
38
• †h‡Kv‡bv RvwZi ev e¨w³i †Kv‡bv K…wZZ¡c~Y© D™¢veb ev mvdj¨ hv mvgwMÖKfv‡e gvby‡li Rb¨
Kj¨vYKi Ggb †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡ì wb‡q Zv‡K ï‡f”Qv I Awfb›`b Ávcb Ki‡eb|
• mK‡ji Rb¨ fv‡jv wKQz Kiv I mKj myweav GKmv‡_ Dc‡fvM Kivi gvbwmKZv M‡o Zzj‡eb|
mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai wfwË‡Z GKwU RvwZi mf¨Zv, ms¯‥…wZ I HwZn¨ M‡o I‡V| mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva
gvby‡li cÖwZ mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve M‡o †Zv‡j| gvby‡li mvgvwRK eÜb `„p K‡i| HK¨
cÖwZôv K‡i, †`‡ki cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv Mfxi K‡i| gvby‡li cÖwZ m`vPiY Ki‡Z †kLvq| Rxe‡b k„•Ljv
Av‡b| cwic~Y© gvbyl n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| myZivs Avgiv cwiev‡i Ges we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©x‡ì g‡a¨
AZ¨vek¨Kxq wewfbœ g~j¨‡eva †hgbÑmZëvw`Zv, b¨vq‡eva, KZ©e¨‡eva, k„•Ljv‡eva, wkóvPvi, m`vPiY,
mwnòzZv, mngwg©Zv, GKZv, msNe×Zv, mn‡hvwMZv, c‡ivcKvi BZ¨vwì D‡b¥l I weKvk NUv‡Z Ges
Abykxjb Kiv‡Z m‡e©vZfv‡e m‡Pó _vKe|
39
Aa¨vq 5
c„w_ex: gnv‡`k I gnvmvMi
c„w_ex
Avgiv hLb evsjv‡`‡ki GK ¯vb †_‡K Ab¨ †Kvb ¯v‡b ‡h‡Z PvB ZLb Avg‡ì `xN© c_, cÖPzi b`x,
eo eo km¨‡ÿZ cvi n‡q hv‡Z nq| ZLb ‡`kwU‡K Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q †ek eo g‡b nq| GiKg †QvU
eo eû†`‡ki mgš^‡q Gwkqv gnv‡`k M‡o D‡V‡Q| Avgv‡ì GB evsjv‡`k Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k Aew¯Z|
c„w_ex‡Z i‡q‡Q GiKg mvZwU eo eo gnv‡`k Avi cuvPwU wekvj gnvmvMi| Gevi eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb
wbðq †h c„w_exUv KZ wekvj Avi †mB Zzjbvq Avgv‡ì GB evsjv‡`k GKUv †QvÆ‡`k |
c„w_exi wekvjZv Avgiv A‡bK mgq Abygvb Ki‡ZI cvwi bv| GB c„w_ex‡KB A‡bK mgq †QvU g‡b
n‡e hLb Avgiv Avg‡ì GB c„w_ex‡K †m․icwiev‡ii GKwU m`m¨ wnmv‡e †`L‡ev| c„w_ex GKv bq G
†m․icwiev‡iÑhv‡K Avgiv Õ†m․iRMZÕ bv‡g wPwb ‡mLv‡b i‡q‡Q A‡bK MÖn-DcMÖn| GB †m․icwiev‡ii
†K†›`ª i‡q‡Q m~h© I c„w_exmn AvUwU MÖn I ARmª ‡R¨vwZ®‥gÐjx, DcMÖn, Dév, a~g‡KZz cÖf„wZ| GLv‡bB
†kl bq, GB †m․icwieviwU Avevi Qvqvc_ (Milky way) bv‡g GKwU M¨vjvw·i AšÍ©fz³, †hLv‡b
AbygvwbK 400 wewjqb ‡R¨vwZ®‥ i‡q‡Q (NASA)| GiKg 100-200 wewjqb M¨jvw·i mgv‡e‡k
‣Zwi n‡q‡Q wek¦eªþvÛ (Universe)| Gevi fveyb‡Zv GB wek¦eªþv‡Û evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯vb ‡Kv_vq!
c„w_exi ‡gvU GjvKvi cÖvq 71% n‡jv Rjf~wg, evwK cÖvq 29% n‡jv ¯jf~wg| ZvB ejv nq c„w_exi
wZb fvM cvwb I GK fvM ¯j| GB wekvj Rjivwki 97.5% jeYv³ mgy‡`ªi cvwb| gvÎ 2.5% cvwb
my‡cq ev cv‡bi Dc‡hvMx| GB my‡cq cvwbi gv‡S Avevi 68.7% B eid AvKv‡i R‡g Av‡Q `yB
†giæ Avi DuPz me cvnv‡oi P~ovq| `yB †giæ DËi †giæ Avi `wÿY †giæ c„w_exi DËi Avi `wÿY cÖv‡šÍ
Aew¯Z| †Kvb gvbwPÎ ev †Møv‡ei DËi w`K n‡jv welye ev wbiÿ‡iLv ‡_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K| c„w_exi
wVK gvS eivei P‡j †M‡Q welye ev wbiÿ‡iLv| GB welye‡iLv c„w_ex‡K `ywU †Mvjv‡a© fvM K‡i‡Q|
c„w_exi ¯j fvM‡K mvZwU gnv‡`k I RjfvM‡K cvuPwU gnvmvM‡i fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
DËi †giæ
welye‡iLv
`wÿY †giæ
40
c„w_ex Ges gnv‡`k I gnvmvMi
gnv‡`k
cÖvK„wZK Ae¯v‡bi w`K †_‡K c„w_ex‡K mvZwU gnv‡`‡k fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvB (pie) wP‡Îi gva¨‡g
wewfbœœ gnv‡`‡ki AvqZ‡bi Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ Zz‡j aiv nj|
A‡÷ªwjqv 5%
Gwkqv
BD‡ivc 7% (Ikvwbqv mn)
A¨v›UvK©wUKv 30%
9%
`wÿY
Av‡gwiKv
12%
Avwd«Kv
DËi Av‡gwiKv 21%
16%
AvqZb Abyhvqx gnv‡`kmg~‡ni Zyjbvg~jK wPÎ
Gwkqv gnv‡`k
DËi †Mvjv‡a© Aew¯Z Gwkqv gnv‡`kwU AvqZ‡b I RbmsL¨vi w`K w`‡q c„w_exi e„nËg gnv‡`k| f~-
fv‡Mi cÖvq 30 fvM Ry‡o G gnv‡`kwUi Ae¯vb| G gnv‡`‡ki c~‡e© cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi, cwð‡g BD‡ivc,
`w¶Y-cwð‡g Avwd«Kv I †jvwnZ mvMi, DË‡i AvK©wUK gnvmvMi Ges `w¶‡Y fviZ gnvmvMi
Aew¯Z| BD‡ivc gnv‡`‡ki mv‡_ ¯jfvM Øviv hy³ nIqvq Gwkqv I BD‡ivc‡K GKmv‡_ BD‡iwkqv
ejv nq| Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k †gvU 47wU †`k Av‡Q| Gi AvqZb 4,97,00,000 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| GQvov
Zzi¯‥ I ivwkqvb †dWv‡ikb Gi e„n`vsk GB gnv‡`‡ki AšÍf©y³ n‡jI wKQzUv Ask BD‡iv‡c Aew¯Z|
G gnv‡`‡ki K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †`k n‡jv evsjv‡`k, Pxb, fviZ, Rvcvb, wm½vcyi, _vBj¨vÛ,
B‡›`v‡bwkqv, gvj‡qwkqv, †m․w` Avie, mshy³ Avie AvwgivZ, wdwjcvBb, kªxj¼v, DËi †Kvwiqv, `w¶Y
†Kvwiqv, cvwK¯Ívb, Bivb, BivK, Kz‡qZ BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`k Gwkqvi `w¶Y-c~e© w`‡K Aew¯Z|
Gwkqvi RbmsL¨v cÖvq 4.463 wewjqb A_©vr 4 kZ 46 †KvwUi wKQz †ewk| c„w_exi cÖvq 60% fvM
†jvK G gnv‡`‡k evm K‡i| Pxb GB gnv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo †`k| GwU c„w_exi me‡P‡q Rbeûj
†`k| c„w_exi 10wU AwaK RbmsL¨veûj †`‡ki g‡a¨ mvZwUB Gwkqvq Aew¯Z| ‡hgb- Pxb, fviZ,
B‡›`v‡bwkqv, evsjv‡`k, cvwK¯Ívb, Rvcvb, wdwjwcbm, wf‡qZbvg|
41
gvbwPÎ: Gwkqv gnv‡`k
Avgiv hw` Gwkqvi f~cÖK„wZi gvbwP‡Îi w`‡K ZvKvB Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L co‡e, fviZ-‡bcvj-f~Uvb Gi
we¯ÍxY© GjvKv Ry‡o i‡q‡Q wngvjq ce©Zgvjv, c„w_exi me‡P‡q DuPz ce©Z k„½ wngvj‡qi gvD›U
Gfv‡i÷, Gi D”PZv 29,035 dzU|
wPÎ: gvD›U Gfv‡i÷

42
ga¨ Gwkqvi we¯ÍxY© GjvKv Ry‡o i‡h‡Q wn›`yKzk-Kviv‡Kvivg-AvjZvB-wZ‡qbkvb ce©Zgvjv| wekvj
GjvKv Ry‡o cvwgi I wZeŸ‡Zi gvjf~wg c„w_exi Qv‡ì g‡Zv Ae¯vb Ki‡Q| †QvUeo wewfbœœ giyf~wgi
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, g‡½vwjqvi giyf~wg G¸‡jv n‡jv Px‡bi †Mvwe giæf~wg, ga¨cÖv‡Pï Avie giæf~wg Ges
fvi‡Zi ivR¯vb giæf~wg|GQvov i‡q‡Q we¯Í…Z me cøveb mgf~wg AÂj| Gwkqvq A‡bK `xN© `xN© b`x
Av‡Q| Gi cÖavb wZbwU b`x, M½v-cÙv, eªþcyÎ, wm›ay wngvj‡q DrcwË n‡q‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ b`xi g‡a¨
evsjv‡`‡ki cÙv, †gNbv, hgybv, Px‡bi †gKs, †nvqvs‡nv I BqvswmwKqvs; cvwK¯Ív‡bi wmÜy, fvi‡Zi
M½v, ga¨cÖv‡Pï UvBwMÖm I BD‡d«wUm D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Px‡bi BqvswmwKqvs Gwkqvi `xN©Zg b`x, c„w_exi
g‡a¨ Gi ¯vb Z…Zxq|
Gwkqvi wekvjZvi Rb¨ Gi wewfbœ As‡k wewfbœœ ai‡bi Rjevqy j¶ Kiv hvq| †hgbÑB‡›`v‡bwkqv Ges
gvj‡qwkqvq mviv eQi ZvcgvÎv †ewk _v‡K Ges e„wócvZ nq| evsjv‡`k I Avkcv‡ki †`k¸‡jv‡Z
†g․mywg evqyi cÖfv‡e MÖx®§Kv‡j A‡bK e„wócvZ nq Ges kxZKv‡j e„wó Lye Kg nq| e„wónxb GjvKvq
Gwkqvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ giæf~wg¸‡jv m„wó n‡q‡Q| Gwkqvi DËi w`‡K mvB‡ewiqv Aew¯Z| mvB‡ewiqv I
Gi Avkcv‡k Lye VvÛv| Zxeª kx‡Zi Kvi‡Y †mLv‡b kx‡Zi mgq cÖPzi ZzlvicvZ nq| GQvov ga¨
Gwkqvi ce©Z wkLiI mviv eQi ei‡d XvKv _v‡K|
Gwkqvi `wÿY-c~e© As‡k we‡kl K‡i wbiÿ‡iLv eivei †h mKj Øxc i‡q‡Q †mLv‡Y AwaK Zvc I
e„wói Rb¨ †iBb d‡i÷ ev wPimeyR AiY¨ M‡o D‡V‡Q| G‡Z nvwZ, nwiY, evbi, wewfbœœ ai‡bi mvc I
Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx cvIqv hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki my›ìe‡bi i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi c„w_ex weL¨vZ| Pxb ‡`‡ki
cvÛv, fvi‡Zi gq~i Avi giæ AÂ‡ji DUI Gwkqvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖvYx|
Gwkqvq Drcvw`Z Lv`¨k‡mï g‡a¨ avb, Mg, fzÆv we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| c„w_exi cÖvq 90 fvM avb
Gwkqvq Drcvw`Z nq| Pxb, fviZ, wgqvbgvi, evsjv‡`k, kÖxj¼v, _vBj¨vÛmn `wÿY I `wÿY-c~e©
Gwkqvi gvbyl‡ì fvZB cÖavb Lv`¨| Mg GB gnv‡`‡ki wØZxq cÖavb Lv`¨km¨| ga¨ Gwkqv, ga¨cÖvP¨,
AvdMvwb¯Ívb I cvwK¯Ív‡b Mg cÖavb Lv`¨km¨| D‡jøL¨ †h, GB `ywU k‡mï Avw` DrmI Gwkqv
gnv‡`‡kB| GQvov cÖPzi fzÆvI G gnv‡`‡k Drcvw`Z nq| gmjv Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Gwkqv gnv‡`k
weL¨vZ| mgy`ª Zx‡ii †`k¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK bvwi‡Kj R‡b¥| cÖavb A_©Kix dmj¸‡jv n‡jv cvU, Zyjv,
ivevi, Pv, ZvgvK BZ¨vw`| GQvov cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Kwd, AvL I †ikg R‡b¥|
Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k cÖPzi LwbR`ªe¨ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Kqjv, LwbR †Zj I cÖvK…wZK M¨vm Ab¨Zg|
c„w_exi AwaKvsk M¨vm I †Zj ga¨cÖv‡P¨ cvIqv hvq| GQvov Zvgv, †mvbv, iycv, Aå, g¨vsMvwbR, wUb,
nxiv cÖf…wZ LwbR`ªe¨ cÖPyi cwigv‡Y cvIqv hvq| wk‡í Gwkqv gnv‡`k h‡_ó DbœZ| G gnv‡`‡ki
Rvcvb, Pxb, fviZ, ZvBIqvb, `wÿY †Kvwiqv, gvj‡qwkqv, _vBj¨vÛ cÖf…wZ †`‡k A‡bK wkí Av‡Q|
Gwkqvi wkí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †jvnv I B¯úvZ wkí, e¯¿ wkí, ckg wkí, KvMR I cvU wkí D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
GB gnv‡`‡ki gvby‡li cÖavb RxweKv K„wlKvR| Gwkqvq `yB nvRvi GKkiI †ewk fvlv cÖPwjZ
i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Aviwe, PvqwbR, wnw›`, evsjv, RvcvwbR, iyk BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨| c„w_exi
A‡bK¸‡jv cÖPxb mf¨Zv Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k Aew¯Z, †hgbÑ†g‡mvc‡Ugxq mf¨Zv, niàv-g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv
mf¨Zv, Pxb mf¨Zv cÖf…wZ|
43
Avwd«Kv gnv‡`k
Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki gvS eivei wbiÿ‡iLv P‡j †M‡Q ZvB Gi A‡a©K DËi †Mvjv‡a© I evwK A‡a©K
`wÿY †Mvjv‡a© c‡o‡Q| AvqZb Ges RbmsL¨v Dfq w`K †_‡K GwU c„w_exi wØZxq e„nËg gnv‡`k|
GwU c„w_exi cÖvq ¯jfv‡Mi 20 fvM AÂj Ry‡o Aew¯Z| AvqZb cÖvq 3,02,21,532 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi|
Avwd«Kvq 54wU ¯^vaxb †`k Av‡Q| DË‡i f~ga¨mvMi, DËi-c~‡e© †jvwnZ mvMi I my‡qR Lvj Ges
wmbvB DcZ¨Kv; c~e© I `w¶Y-c~‡e© fviZ gnvmvMi, cwð‡g AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi Avwd«Kv‡K wN‡i
†i‡L‡Q| Avwd«Kvi `xN©Zg b`x bxj Ges D”PZg ce©Z wKwjgvbRv‡iv| RbmsL¨v cÖvq 103 †KvwU, hv
c„w_exi RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 15%| GwU c„w_exi DòZg gnv‡`k| Gi cÖvq 60% GjvKvB giyf~wg I ï®‥|
GLvbKvi mvnviv I Kvjvnvwi giyf~wgi bvg meviB Rvbv| Avwd«Kvi wbiÿ‡iLvi Kv‡Q Nbwbweo AiY¨ i‡q‡Q,
†hLv‡b e„ÿPvwi me cÖvYxi evm| A‡bK welv³ KxU-cZ‡½iI GUv AfqviY¨|
gvbwPÎ: Avwd«Kv
Avwd«Kvi ga¨ I `wÿYvÂjxq GjvKvq mvfvbv bv‡gi Z…Yf~wg i‡q‡Q, G AÂ‡j wmsn, nv‡qbv, wPZvevN,
wRivd, Mwijv, DU, †eeyb, †Reªvmn AR¯ª Z…Y‡fvRx Ges gvsmvkx cÖvYx evm K‡i| Avwd«Kvq c„w_exi
g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk ai‡bi Ges Nb‡Z¡i ey‡bv cÖvYx evm K‡i|
Avwd«Kvi †`k¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœœ a‡g©i †jvK evm K‡i| Z‡e †ewki fvM †jvK Bmjvg a‡g©i Abymvix|
Gici Av‡Q wLªó ag©| GLv‡b cÖvq 2000 fvlv cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU †`k
n‡”QÑAvj‡Rwiqv, wjweqv, wR¤^vey‡q, bvB‡Rwiqv, my`vb, wgmi, A¨v‡½vjv, †mvgvwjqv, Bw_Iwcqv, `w¶Y
44
Avwd«Kv, DMvÛv, bvwgweqv BZ¨vw`| Avwd«Kv LwbR m¤ú‡` cwic~Y©| wecyj †Zj, M¨vm, ¯^Y©, nxiK,
Kqjv, BD‡iwbqvg Ges Ab¨vb¨ LwbR m¤ú` Avwd«Kv‡Z D‡ËvwjZ nq| Avwd«Kv‡ZB Avw` gvbe
mf¨Zvi D™¢e N‡UwQj e‡j weÁvbxiv wbwðZ n‡q‡Qb| wgmixq mf¨Zvi Rb¥ Avwd«Kv‡ZB| GQvovI
Avwewmwbqv (eZ©gvb Bw_Iwcqv), Kv‡_©R (eZ©gv‡b wZD‡bwkqvq Aew¯Z) Gi g‡Zv cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi
Rb¥I Avwd«Kv‡Z|
DËi Av‡gwiKv
DËi †Mvjv‡a© Aew¯Z G gnv‡`‡ki DË‡i AvK©wUK gnvmvMi, c~‡e© AvUjvw›UK, `w¶‡Y `w¶Y
Av‡gwiKv Ges cwð‡g cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi Aew¯Z| GwU AvqZ‡b c„w_exi Z…Zxq e„nËg Ges RbmsL¨vq
PZz_© e„nËg gnv‡`k| G gnv‡`‡ki AvqZb cÖvq 2,47,09,000 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| G gnv‡`‡k †gvU
23wU †`k i‡q‡Q| GMy‡jvi g‡a¨ hy³ivóª, KvbvWv I †gw·‡Kv D‡jøL‡hvM¨|| GLvbKvi eo eo kni
n‡”Q jm A¨v‡Ä‡jm, wkKv‡Mv, †gw·‡Kv wmwU, wbDBqK© Ges U‡i‡›Uv|
gvbwPÎ: DËi Av‡gwiKv
DËi Av‡gwiKvi ‣ewPÎ¨gq f~-cÖK„wZ‡K 5wU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq †hgb-
1. K¨vbvwWqvb wkì : g~jZ K¨vbvWvi DËi-c~e© w`K †_‡K c~e© w`K Ry‡o i‡q‡Q, hv `wÿ‡Yi n«` AÂj
ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| wngevn Øviv G AÂ‡ji Dc‡ii wkjv AcmvwiZ nIhvq wb‡Pi KwVb wkjv `„wó‡MvPi nq|
2.`wÿY-c~‡e©i Gwc‡jwkqvb ce©Zgvjv : hy³iv‡óªi `wÿY-c~‡e©i †ek K‡Zv¸‡jv A½iv‡Rï g‡a¨ w`‡q
we¯Í…Z|
45
3.ga¨fv‡Mi we¯Í…Z mgf~wg : iwK ce©Zgvjv †_‡K evwnZ cwj gvwU Øviv MwVZ DËi Av‡gwiKvi
ga¨fvM Ry‡o i‡q‡Q ga¨fv‡Mi we¯Í…Z mgf~wg ev †MÖU†cøb| G AÂjwU cwðg †_‡K c~e© w`K µgk Xvjy
n‡q hvIqv gnv‡`‡ki G As‡ki c~e©cv‡k¦© cvZv Siv Mv‡Qi wekvj AiY¨ I K„wlRwg _vK‡jI cwð‡gi
w`‡K µ‡g Zv n«vm †c‡q‡Q Ges Z…Yf‚wgi cwigvb †e‡o‡Q|
4. cwðg w`‡Ki cve©Z¨ AÂj : G AÂ‡ji cÖavb ce©Zgvjv n‡jv iwK, hv KvbvWvi DËi-cwðg cÖvšÍ
‡_‡K hy³iv‡óªi `wÿY-cwðg cÖvšÍ n‡q wbD †gw·‡Kv ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| Gi m‡e©v”P k„½ gvD›U GjevU©| G
ce©Zgvjvi Rxe‣ewPÎ¨ I cÖvK…wZK ‡m․›`h© ch©UK‡ì AvK…ó K‡i|
5. DcK~jxq mgf~wg: `wÿ‡Yi †gw·‡Kv DcmvM‡ii DcK~j †_‡K DË‡ii AvUjvw›U‡Ki DcK~‡ji
wbDRvwm© ch©šÍ G mgf~wg we¯Í…Z|
KvbvWv I hy³iv‡óªi c~e© mxgvbv eivei cvPwU eo eo n«` i‡q‡Q| GiKg I›UvwiI I Bwi n«†ì
gvSvgvwS bvqvMÖv RjcÖcvZ c„w_exi Ab¨Zg cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h©i wb`k©b|
RbmsL¨v cÖvq 52 †KvwU 87 j¶, hv c„w_exi RbmsL¨vi 7.5 fvM| G gnv‡`‡ki Awaevmxiv cÖavbZ
wLªó ag©vej¤^x| wecyj cwigvY †Zj, M¨vm I LwbR m¤ú` i‡q‡Q G gnv‡`‡k| c„w_exi D”PZg e„ÿ †iW
DW G gnv‡`‡k Rb¥vq| Avw` evwm›`v †iW BwÛqvb Rb‡Mvôx| Zv‡ì fvlv I ms¯‥…wZi eo AskB
Dcwb‡ekKvix‡ì nv‡Z wejyß n‡q‡Q| †gw·‡Kvq Aew¯Z wejyß AvR‡UK mf¨Zvi wb`k©b G
gnv‡`‡ki cÖvPxbZg mf¨Zv|
`w¶Y Av‡gwiKv
G gnv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk ¯vbB `w¶Y †Mvjv‡a© Aew¯Z| AvqZb 1,78,40,000 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| Gi c~e©
I DËi-c~e© w`‡K AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi, cwð‡g cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi Ges DË‡i K¨vwiweqvb mvMi,
†gw·‡Kv DcmvMi I DËi-cwð‡g DËi Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`k Aew¯Z| `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvq 12wU †`k
Av‡Q| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU †`k n‡jv eªvwRj, Av‡R©w›Ubv, ewjwfqv, wPwj, Kjvw¤^qv, BKz‡ qWi,
†f‡bRz‡qjv, †ciy BZ¨vw`| DËi Av‡gwiKvi †hgb iwK ce©Zgvjv `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi †Zgb GwÛR
ce©Zgvjv cwðg DcK~j eivei DËi cÖvšÍ †_‡K `wÿY cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z| c„w_exi mePvB‡Z ï®‥
giæf‚wg AvUvKvgv GB gnv‡`‡kB Aew¯Z| G gnv‡`‡ki AvgvRvb AiY¨ wekvjZvi Rb¨ myL¨vZ|
AvgvRvb b`xI c„w_exi weL¨vZ b`x| wjgv, A¨vbv‡KvÐv, Rv¸qvi, Uvwcimn AR¯ª cÖvYxi evm GB Nb
Ai‡Y¨|
46
eªvwR‡ji cÖavb fvlv cZz©wMR, evwK Ab¨vb¨
†`k¸‡jv‡Z ¯ú¨vwbk fvlv cÖPwjZ|
A‡bK¸‡jv Avwèvmx fvlv wejyß n‡jI
AmsL¨ Avwèvmx Rb‡Mvôx Zv‡ì wbR wbR
fvlvq K_v e‡j| GB gnv‡`‡k A‡bK¸‡jv
cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi Rb¥ n‡qwQj| G‡ì g‡a¨
wejyß gvqv, BbKv mf¨Zv RMr weL¨vZ|
RbmsL¨v cÖvq 39 †KvwU 25 jÿ|
gvbwPÎ: `wÿY Av‡gwiKv
BD‡ivc
c„w_exi gnv‡`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvqZ‡bi w`K w`‡q BD‡ivc gnv‡`‡ki ¯vb lô| Gi DË‡i AvK©wUK ev
DËi gnvmvMi, `w¶‡Y f~ga¨mvMi I K…ò mvMi | c~‡e© Kvw¯úqvb mvMi, BDivj b`x I BDivj ce©Z
Ges cwð‡g AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi| AvqZb 1,01,80,000 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| BD‡iv‡ci ZU‡iLv h‡_ó
fMœ Ges my`xN©| A‡bK RvqMvq gnv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i A‡bK `~i ch©šÍ mvMi, DcmvMi cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q|
GLvbKvi ce©Zgvjv ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avím, Kv‡c©w_qvb, K‡Kkvm I BDivj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| `vwbq~e, fêv,
ivBb, †ivb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ b`x| GLvbKvi `xN©Zg b`x fjMv|
RbmsL¨vi (73 †KvwU 90 j¶) w`K w`‡q GwU Z…Zxq NbZ¡c~Y© gnv‡`k| BD‡iv‡c †QvU-eo wgwj‡q
50wU †`k Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ ivwkqv c„w_exi me‡P‡q eo, hwÌ Gi e„n`vsk f~LÐ Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k
Aew¯Z| BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœœ AÂ‡ji Rjevqy wewfbœœ ai‡bi| Z‡e hZB DË‡i hvIqv hvq ZZB kx‡Zi
cÖ‡Kvc evo‡Z _v‡K Ges GK`g DËi cÖvšÍ ei‡d XvKv _v‡K| kx‡Zi gvm¸‡jv‡Z G gnv‡`‡ki
DË‡ii †`k¸‡jv‡Z †hgb biI‡q I myB‡W‡b m~h© LyeB Aímg‡qi Rb¨ †`Lv †`q, Avevi Mi‡gi mgq
Nwoi KvUvq hLb ivZ ZLbI wbP AvKv‡k m~‡h©i ‡`Lv wg‡j| ZvB Gme †`k‡K A‡bK mgq wbwk_
m~‡h©i ‡`k ejv nq|
47
gvbwPÎ: BD‡ivc gnv‡`k
cÖvq 50 wU †`‡ki GB gnv‡`‡k wewfbœ fvlv cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb 23wU fvlv‡K
`vßwiK fvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q| cÖavb fvlv¸‡jv n‡jvÑBswjk, divwm, Rvg©vb, wMÖK, BZvjxq,
¯ú¨vwbk, cZ©ywMR, iæk BZ¨vw`| e„wUk Øxcc~Ä (UK ) BD‡iv‡ci g~j f~L‡Ûi evB‡i Aew¯Z n‡jI G
gnv‡`‡kiB AšÍ©fy³| BD‡iv‡c cÖPzi Kqjv Ges †j․n cvIqv hvq| mgy`ªfv‡M wecyj †Z‡ji gRyÌ
Avwe®‥…Z n‡q‡Q| Av‡iv Av‡Q Kcvi, wRsK, Zvgv, †mvbv, iycv BZ¨vw` LwbR c`v_©| K…wlc‡Yï g‡a¨
Mg, fzÆv, evwj© D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wMÖm cÖvPxb c„w_exi weÁvb I `k©bPP©vi cxV¯vb|
A‡÷ªwjqv gnv‡`k
`wÿY †Mvjv‡a© Aew¯Z A‡÷ªwjqv GKvav‡i GKwU †`k Avevi GKwU gnv†`kI| GwU I‡kwbqvi
AšÍfz©³, fviZ I `wÿY cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii gv‡S Aew¯Z| cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii nvRvi nvRvi Øxc I
A‡÷ªwjqv mn mgMÖ AÂjwU I‡kwbqv bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU c„w_exi ¶z`ªZg gnv‡`k| AvqZb
86,00,000 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi|
48
gvbwPÎ: A‡÷ªwjqv I I‡mwbqv
DËi-c~‡e© cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi msjMœ DcK~j eivei cÖevj cÖvPxi ev Ô†MÖU e¨vwiqvi widÕ Ab¨Zg cÖvK…wZK
wb`k©b| G gnv‡`‡ki ga¨fv‡Mi weivU GjvKv Ry‡o i‡q‡Q giæf~wg| †MÖU wWfvBwWs †ib&R Gi g‡Zv
DPz ce©ZI GLv‡b i‡q‡Q| RbmsL¨v 3 †KvwU 56 j¶| fvlv wn‡m‡e I‡kwbqvi †`k¸‡jv‡Z Bs‡iwR,
†d«Â, cwj‡bwkqvb BZ¨vw` cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
A¨v›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`k
c„w_exi cÂg e„nËg gnv‡`k| GwU I‡kwbqvi †P‡q eo| `w¶Y †Mvjv‡a© Kz‡giy‡K wN‡i Gi Ae¯vb|
Gi Pvicv‡k `w¶Y gnvmvMi Aew¯Z|
49
gvbwPÎ : G›UvK©wUKv
cÖvq 98% GjvKv mviv eQi ei‡d Av”Qvw`Z _v‡K| cvk¦©eZ©x †`k¸‡jv n‡jv `w¶Y Avwd«Kv,
A‡÷ªwjqv, wbDwRj¨vÛ Ges Av‡R©w›Ubv| GLv‡b †Kv‡bv kni ev MÖvg †bB| G gnv‡`‡k ¯vqx fv‡e
emwZ M‡o D‡Vwb| wKQz wKQy M‡elK, Rvb©vwj÷ I ch©UK A¯vqx fv‡e GLv‡b evm K‡ib|
gnvmvMi
c„w_exi wekvj RjfvM¸‡jv‡K e‡j gnvmvMi| c„w_ex‡Z †gvU cuvPwU gnvmvMi Av‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv
cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi, AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi, fviZ gnvmvMi, DËi gnvmvMi I `w¶Y gnvmvMi | c„w_exi
gvbwP‡Î gnvmvMi¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi: c„w_exi e„nËg gnvmvMi| cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii c~e© cv‡k DËi I `w¶Y Av‡gwiKv,
cwð‡g Gwkqv, `w¶Y-cwð‡g A‡÷ªwjqv I `w¶‡Y `w¶Y gnvmvMi Aew¯Z|
AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi: GwU wØZxq e„nËg gnvmvMi| A‡bKUv Bs‡iwRi ÔSÕ A¶‡ii g‡Zv †`L‡Z GB
gnvmvMiwUi c~e© DcK‚‡j BD‡ivc I Avwd«Kv Ges cwð‡g DËi I `w¶Y Av‡gwiKv Aew¯Z|
fviZ gnvmvMi: GwU Z…Zxq e„nËg gnvmvMi| `w¶Y gnvmvMi †_‡K DË‡i fviZ ch©šÍ G gnvmvMiwU
we¯Í…Z| GwU A‡÷ªwjqvi Kv‡Q cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii mv‡_ wg‡j‡Q|
AvK©wUK gnvmvMi: gnvmvMi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GwU ¶z`ªZg| GwU DËi Av‡gwiKv Ges ¯‥¨vwÛ‡bwfqv I
Gwkqvi DË‡i Avew¯Z| wMÖbj¨v‡Û I AvBmj¨v‡Ûi Kv‡Q AvUjvw›UK Ges †ewis †÷ªB‡Ui Kv‡Q cÖkvšÍ
gnvmvM‡ii mv‡_ wg‡j‡Q| G gnvmvMiwU AvswkKfv‡e ei‡d XvKv hv FZz‡f‡` Kg-†ewk nq| A‡b‡K
G‡K gnvmvMi ej‡Z bvivR| KviY Gi Pviw`‡K ¯jf~wgi cwigvY †ewk Ges Ab¨vb¨ gnvmvM‡ii
Zzjbvq Gi cvwbcÖevn A‡bK Kg|
`w¶Y gnvmvMi: GwU A¨v›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`‡ki Pviw`K Ry‡o Aew¯Z| AvK©wU‡Ki g‡Zv GwUI
AvswkKfv‡e ei‡d XvKv _v‡K, hv FZz‡f‡` wewfbœœ iKg nq|
50
AvqZb Abymv‡i gnvmvM‡ii Ae¯vb
gnvmvMi AvqZb (eM©wK‡jvwgUvi) MfxiZg ¯vb
cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi 16,52,50,000eM© wKwg Mariana Trence-10,911wgUvi
Mo MfxiZv-4108 wg.
AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi 10,64,00,000eM© wKwg Milwaukee-8,380 wgUvi
Mo MfxiZv-3339 wg:
fviZ gnvmvMi 7,35,56,000 eM© Diamantina-8047wgUvi
wKwg Mo MfxiZv-3890 wg
`w¶Y gnvmvMi 2,03,27,000 eM© South sandwich-7326wgUvi
AvK©wUK gnvmvMi 1,40,56,000 eM© Eurasia basin-5450wgUvi
gnvmvM‡ii ¸iæZ¡
gnvmvMi¸‡jv mvgyw`ªK gr‡mï wekvj fvÛvi| gvby‡li Lv‡`ï GKUv weivU Ask GB gnvmvMi¸‡jv
mieivn K‡i Avm‡Q| gnvmvMimsjMœ A‡bK †`k Av‡Q hviv grm¨ wk‡í DbœZ Ges grm¨ we‡`‡k
ißvwb K‡i cÖPzi •e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b K‡i _v‡K|
gnvmvMi¸‡jv‡Z i‡q‡Q wewfbœœ cÖKvi Dò I kxZj †mªvZaviv| GB †mªvZ¸‡jvi AbyK‚‡j evwYwR¨K
RvnvR¸‡jv mn‡RB GK ¯vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯v‡b P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| Dò I kxZj †mªv‡Zi wgjb¯v‡b Nb
Kzqvkvi m„wó nq| †mme ¯v‡b cÖPzi gv‡Qi Lvevi cvIqv hvq| †m Rb¨ GBme ¯v‡b grm¨ PviY‡ÿÎ
M‡o I‡V| †hgbÑwbDdvDÛj¨vÛ, weªwUk ØxccyÄ, Rvcvb, biI‡q DcK‚‡j grm¨ PviY‡ÿÎ M‡o
D‡V‡Q|
• mgy`ªmsjMœ †`k ev †`‡ki As‡k gnvmvMi¸‡jvi cÖfve wekvj| †Kv‡bv †`k
mgy`ª/gnvmvMimsjMœ n‡j ¯j I Rjfv‡Mi ZvcgvÎv ZviZg¨RwbZ Kvi‡Y †mBLv‡b mgy`ª I
¯j evqyi cÖfve j¶¨ Kiv hvq| cÖPÛ kx‡Z ev cÖPÛ Mi‡g mgy`ª evqyi cÖfv‡e †mB ¯v‡bi
kx‡Zi ZxeªZv Ges Mi‡gi ZxeªZv mnbxq ivL‡Z gnvmvMi¸‡jv weivU f~wgKv iv‡L|
• gnvmvMi †_‡K Avmv evqycÖevn cÖPzi Rjxqev®ú wb‡q Av‡m Ges gnv‡`‡ki DcK‚jxq As‡k
cÖPzi e„wócvZ NUv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
• †Kv‡bv kxZj ¯v‡bi cvk w`‡q Dò †mªvZ cÖevwnZ n‡j †mB ¯vb hZUv kxZj nIqvi K_v Zv
nq bv, eis wKQzUv Dò n‡q I‡V| Avevi A‡c¶vK…Z Dò AÂ‡ji cvk w`‡q kxZj †mªvZ
cÖevwnZ n‡j †mB ¯v‡bi kx‡Zi ZxeªZv ev‡o|
gnvmvMiMy‡jv Rxe‣ewP‡Îï wekvj fvÐvi| gnvmvMiMy‡jv gvby‡li ‡hgb M‡elYvi welq †Zgwb GMy‡jv
ch©UK‡ì RbÏ we‡kl AvKl©Yxq| Rvnv‡R mgy`ª ågY GgbwK mgy`ª Zj‡`‡k åg‡Yi eë¯v Kivq
A‡bK †`k ch©UK‡ì KvQ †_‡K cÖPzi A_© msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvMi-DcmvMimsjMœ weL¨vZ mgy`ª
•mKZmg~n ch©UK‡ì we‡kl AvKl©Y|
51
Aa¨vq 6
evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm
cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb †h Rxebaviv Zvi ïiæ I weKvk nVvr K‡i nqwb| cÖvPxb evsjvi gvby‡li Øviv
iwPZ n‡q‡Q Gi wfZ Avi Kv‡j Kv‡j bvbv cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Gi weKvk n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ ejv hvq
†h, AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`‡ki mgv‡R A‡bK cwieZ©b G‡jI Av‡Mi w`‡bi A‡bK •ewkó¨ AÿzYœ i‡q‡Q|
Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î G‡Kev‡i Avjv`v avivI jÿ Kiv hvq| we‡kl K‡i gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi
†ÿ‡Î A‡bK cwieZ©b jÿ Kiv hvq| Avi gvby‡li GB Rxebhvc‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB cÖKvk N‡U ms¯‥„wZi|
eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ Mfxifv‡e jÿ Ki‡j G‡Z cÖvPxb evsjvi ms¯‥…wZi cÖfve †`L‡Z cvIqv
hv‡e| we‡kl K‡i evOvwji Amv¤úª`vwqK Rxebaviv I †PZbvi weKvk cÖvPxb evsjv †_‡K ïiæ nq|
cÖvmw½Kfv‡e GLv‡b cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡mi mswÿß Av‡jvPbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
cÖvPxb hy‡Mi cvj ivRv‡ì kvmbKvj †_‡K avivevwnKfv‡e evsjvi BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv
hvq| Gi Av‡Mi BwZnvm Lyu‡R cvIqv †ek KwVb| G mgqKv‡j †Kv‡bv kvmK `xN©w`b mgM« evsjv Ry‡o
kvmb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| ZvB wew”Qbœfv‡eB evsjvi ivR‣bwZK Rxe‡bi weKvk N‡U‡Q| †g․h© I ¸ß
kvm‡bi Aemv‡bi ci GK Aw¯wZkxj Ae¯vi m…wó nq| GiB ga¨ w`‡q DÌvb N‡U wKQy ¯^vaxb
iv‡Rï| ¯^vaxb ivR¨ DÌv‡bi hy‡M DËi evsjvi ivRv kkvsK wQ‡jb me‡P‡q kw³gvb| Zvui g…Zÿi ci
`xN©Kvj evsjvq †Kvb †hvM¨ kvmK wQ‡jb bv| d‡j ivR¨ Ry‡o AivRKZv I wek…•Ljv †`Lv †`q| c«vq
GKkZ eQi G Ae¯vi g‡a¨ Kv‡U| AZtci †Mvcvj bv‡g GK †bZv G AivRK Ae¯vi Aemvb NUvb
Ges cvj es‡ki c«wZôv K‡ib| ev‡iv kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS cvj es‡ki cZb N‡U| cvj kvmb hy‡MB
`w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq ¶y`« ¶y`« ¯^vaxb ivR¨ M‡o D‡V| Gici `w¶Y fvi‡Zi KY©vU †_‡K AvMZ †mb esk
c~e© evsjvq ivR¨ ¯vcb K‡i| `xN©Kvj evsjvq †mb kvmb Ae¨vnZ wQj| †Zi kZ‡Ki c«_g `k‡K
gymjgvb kw³i nv‡Z †mb ivR‡Z¡i Aemvb N‡U|
‡g․h© I ¸ßhy‡M evsjv
wL«óc~e© 327-26 A‡ã M«xK exi Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Avµg‡Yi mgq n‡Z G hy‡Mi c«K…Z BwZnv‡mi
iƒc cwiM«n K‡i| Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Z¨v‡Mi gvÎ `yB eQi ci 321 wLªóc~e©v‡ã ‡g․h© mg«vU P›`« ¸ß
‡g․h© fvi‡Zi GK wekvj AÂ‡ji Dci ‡g․h© es‡ki c«fyZ¡ ¯vcb K‡ib| DËi evsjvq ‡g․h© kvmb
c«wZwôZ nq mg«vU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j (269-232 wL«t c~t)| AÂjwU ‡g․h©‡ì GKwU c«‡`‡k cwiYZ
52
n‡qwQj| c«vPxb cyÛ«bMi wQj G c«‡`‡ki ivRavbx| DËie½ QvovI ‡g․h© kvmb KY©myeY© (gywk©`vev`),
Zvg«wjß (ûMjx) I mgZU (`w¶Y-c~e©evsjv) AÂ‡j c«wZwôZ n‡qwQj| ‡g․h© mvg«v‡Rï cZ‡bi ci ï½
I c‡i Kš^ es‡ki Avwef©ve N‡U| Gici ‡ekKwU we‡`wk kw³ fviZel© AvµgY K‡i| G‡ì g‡a¨
M«xK, kK, cn¬e, KylvY c«f…wZ D‡jøL†hvM¨| fvi‡Z ¸ß mvg«vR¨ c«wZwôZ nq 320 wL«÷v‡ã| ZLb
evsjvq ‡ek wKQy ¯^vaxb iv‡Rï DÌvb N‡U| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvi mgZU ivR¨ I cwðg
evsjvi cy®‥iY ivR¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ¸ß mg«vU c«_g P›`« ¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡jB DËi e‡½i wKQy Ask ¸ß
mvg«v‡Rï AwaKv‡i Av‡m| mgy`« ¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡j mgM« evsjv Rq Kiv n‡jI mgZU GKwU Ki` ivR¨
wQj| mgy`« ¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kvj n‡Z lô kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS ch©šÍ DËie½ ¸ß mvg«v‡Rï Aaxb¯ GKwU
Ôc«‡`kÕ ev Ôfyw³Õ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Zv| ‡g․h©‡ì gZ G‡`‡k ¸ß‡ì ivRavbx wQj gnv¯vbM‡oi
cyÛ«bMi|
¸ß cieZ©x evsjv I ¯^vaxb e½ivR¨
cvuP kZ‡K `ya©l© cvnvwo RvwZ ûb I lô kZ‡K gvj‡ei h‡kveg©‡Yi Avµg‡Yi d‡j lô kZ‡Ki
c«_gv‡a©B ¸ß kvm‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U| wekvj ¸ß mvg«v‡Rï cZ‡bi ci mviv DËi fvi‡Z ÿz`ª ÿy`ª
¯^vaxb ivRes‡ki D™¢e nq| Gfv‡e ¸ß‡ì ci mgM« DËi fvi‡Z ivR‣bwZK Aw¯iZv ‡`Lv ‡`q| ‡m
my‡hv‡M evsjv‡`‡k `ywU ¯^vaxb iv‡Rï m…wó nq| Gi GKwU n‡jv e½| Gi Ae¯vb `w¶Y-c~e©evsjv I
cwðg-evsjvi `w¶YvÂ‡j| wØZxq iv‡Rï bvg ‡M․o| Gi Ae¯vb wQj evsjvi cwðg I DËi evsjv
wb‡q| ¸ß mvg«v‡Rï `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M e½ Rbc‡` GKwU ¯^vaxb iv‡Rï D™¢e N‡U| Zvg«kvmb ev
Zvgvi cv‡Z ‡Lv`vB Kiv ivRvi wewfbœ ‡NvlYv I wb‡`©k ‡_‡K Rvbv hvq ‡h, †MvP›`«, ag©vw`Z¨ I
mgvPvi‡è bv‡g wZb Rb ivRv ¯^vaxb e½ ivR¨ kvmb Ki‡Zb| Guiv mevB ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ Dcvwa
M«nY K‡i wQ‡jb| Zvu‡ì ivRZ¡ Kvj wQj 525 wL«÷vã ‡_‡K 600 wL«÷v‡ãi g‡a¨| ¯^vaxb ‡M․oivR¨
¸ß mvg«v‡Rï cZ‡bi ci Qq kZ‡K ÔcieZ©x ¸ßeskÕ e‡j cwiwPZ ¸ß Dcvwaavix ivRvMY DËi
evsjv, cwðg evsjvi DËivsk I gM‡a ¶gZvwe¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb| Qq kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q G
AÂjB ‡M․o Rbc` bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| ‡g․Lix I cieZ©x ¸ß eskxq ivRv‡ì g‡a¨ c«vq cÂvk
eQi cyiælvbyµwgK msNl© Ges DËi ‡_‡K wZeŸZxq I `vw¶YvZ¨ ‡_‡K PvjyK¨ ivRM‡Yi µgvMZ
Avµg‡Yi d‡j evsjvq ¸ß eskxq ivRvMY `ye©j n‡q c‡ob| G Ae¯vi c~Y© my‡hvM M«nY K‡i kkvsK
bv‡g R‣bK mvgšÍ mßg kZ‡Ki ‡Mvovi w`‡K ‡M․o AÂ‡j ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib Ges ¯^vaxb ‡M․o
iv‡Rï c«wZôv K‡ib|
53
gvrm¨b¨vq I cvj esk
kkvs‡Ki g„Zzï ci evsjvi BwZnv‡m GK `y‡h©vMc~Y© AÜKvigq hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq| `xN©w`b evsjvq †Kvb
†hvM¨ kvmK wQ‡jb bv| d‡j, iv‡R¨ wek„•Ljv I AivRKZv †`Lv †`q| GKw`‡K nl©ea©b I
fv¯‥ieg©‡Yi nv‡Z †M․o ivR¨ wQbœ wfbœ n‡q hvq, Ab¨w`‡K f~-¯^vgxiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB evsjvi ivRv nIqvi
Kíbvq G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ msNv‡Z †g‡Z D‡V| †K›`ªxq kvmb k³ nv‡Z aivi g‡Zv ZLb †KD wQ‡jb
bv| G AivRKZvi mgqKvj‡K cvj Zvgªkvm‡b AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ôgvrm¨b¨vqÕ e‡j| cyKz‡i eo gvQ
†QvU gvQ‡K a‡i wM‡j †djvi g‡Zv wek„•Lj cwiw¯wZ‡K e‡j Ôgvrm¨b¨vqÕ| evsjvi mej AwacwZiv
Ggwb K‡i †QvU †QvU AÂj¸‡jv‡K MÖvm KiwQj| G AivRKZvi hyM P‡j GKkZ eQie¨vcx| AvU
kZ‡Ki gvSgvwS G AivRKZvi Aemvb N‡U cvj ivR‡Z¡i DÌv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q|
‡Mvcv‡ji wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq cvj ivR‡Z¡i m~Pbv nq| Avi evsjvq cvj es‡ki
ivRvMY ivRZ¡ K‡ib PvikZ eQi| †Mvcv‡ji 27 eQi ivR‡Z¡i Aemv‡bi ci ag©cvj evsjvi wmsnvm‡b
Av‡ivnY K‡ib| `xN© 40 erm‡ii ivR‡Z¡ wZwbB †kÖô¨‡Z¡i m¦vÿi †i‡L †M‡Qb| wZwb †e․× wkÿv †K›`ª
wn‡m‡e Ôweµgkxj wenviÕ Ges bv‡Uvi †Rjvq Ô†mvgcyi wenviÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib| PvikZ erm‡ii cvj
ivR‡Z¡ A‡bK DÌvb cZ‡bi ga¨ w`‡q G‡K G‡K †ècvj, gnxcvj, ivgcvj mdj kvmK wn‡m‡e ivRZ¡
K‡ib| wKš‧ cieZx© kvmKMY wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY Ki‡jI Øv`k kZ‡Ki wØZxq fv‡M cvj mv¤ªv‡Rï
wejywß NUvb weRq †mb| evsjvq cÖwZôv jvf K‡i †mb es‡ki kvmb|
‡mb esk
†mb es‡ki ivRZ¡Kvj †Z‡iv kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`K ch©šÍ ¯vqx wQj| weRq †m‡bi my`xN©Kvj ivR‡Z¡i ci
wmsnvm‡b e‡mb ZuviB cyÎ ejøvj †mb| wZwb wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ mycwÛZ| wZwb `vbmvMi I A™¢~ZmvMi bv‡g
`yÕwU MÖš iPbv K‡ib| wn›`y mgv‡R †K․wjb¨ cÖ_vi cÖeZ©b K‡i mgv‡R Zv cvj‡b eva¨ K‡ib| e„× eq‡m
cyÎ jÿY †m‡bi nv‡Z iv‡Rï kvmbfvi b¨¯Í K‡i m¯¿xK M½vZx‡i evYcÖ¯ Aej¤^b K‡i †kl Rxeb
AwZevwnZ K‡ib| jÿY †m‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji cÖ_g w`K fvjfv‡e Pj‡jI †kl Rxeb Lye my‡Li wQj bv|
wZwb •ke a‡g©i cÖwZ AbyivM Z¨vM K‡i •eòe ag© MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| †kl eq‡m
wZwbI wcZvi gZ M½vZx‡i beØx‡c emevm ïiæ K‡ib| Zuvi kvm‡bi `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M eLwZqvi LjwR
bw`qv AvµgY K‡i Lye mn‡RB Zv `Lj K‡i ‡bb| Aemvb N‡U †mb es‡ki ivR‡Z¡i|
54
ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv (1204 wLªt-1757 wLªt)
evsjvq gymjgvb kvm‡bi m~PbvKvj‡K evsjvq ga¨hy‡Mi ïiy ejv nq| gymjgvb‡ì e½ weR‡qi d‡j
e‡½i ivR‣bwZK cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ mgvR, ag©, A_©bxwZ, fvlv I mvwnZ¨, wkíKjvmn wewfbœ †¶‡Î
G†`kevmxi Rxe‡bI •ecøweK cwieZ©b Av‡m| evsjvq ga¨hy‡Mi BwZnvm 1204 wLª. †_‡K ïiæ n‡q
1757 wLª.ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z|
ga¨hy‡Mi m~Pbv
†Z‡iv kZ‡Ki ïiy‡Z ZzK©x exi BLwZqvi DÏxb gyn¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwR evsjvi DËi I DËi-
cwðgvs‡k †mb kvm‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q gymwjg kvm‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib, hv ga¨hy‡Mi m~PbvKvj wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ| BwZnv‡m wZwb eLwZqvi LjwR bv‡gB †ewk cwiwPZ| Zuvi esk cwiPq m¤^‡Ü †Zgb wKQy
Rvbv bv ‡M‡jI wZwb wQ‡jb LjwR es‡ki GKRb fvM¨v‡š^lx •mwbK Ges RvwZ‡Z ZzK©x |
1204 wLª÷v‡ã BLwZqviDÏxb gynv¤§` eLwZqvi LjwRi nvZ a‡i evsjvq gymjgvb kvmb mw~PZ n‡q
wewfbœ kvmbKZ©v KZ©„K cÖ_g ch©vq kvwmZ nq 1338 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| G hy‡Mi kvmbKZ©v‡ì cy‡ivcywi
¯^vaxb ejv hv‡e bv| Gu‡ì †KD wQ‡jb eLwZqvi LjRxi mn‡hv×v LjRx gvwjK| Avevi †KD †KD
ZzK©x es‡ki kvmK| kvmK‡ì mK‡jB w`wjøi myjZvb‡ì Aax‡b evsjvi kvmbKZ©v n‡q G‡mwQ‡jb|
cieZ©xKv‡j A‡bK kvmbKZ©vB w`wjøi weiy‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i ¯^vaxb n‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| wKš‧ w`wjøi Avµg‡Yi
gy‡L Zv e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ n‡q‡Q| gymwjg kvm‡bi G hyM wQj we‡`ªvn-wek„•Ljvq c~Y©|
evsjvq ¯^vaxb myjZvbx kvm‡bi BwZnvm

w`jøxi myjZvbMY 1338 †_‡K 1538 wL÷vã ch©šÍ `yBkZ eQi evsjv‡K Zvu‡ì AwaKv‡i ivL‡Z
cv‡ibwb| cÖ_g w`‡K w`jøxi myjZv‡bi •mbëvwnbx AvµgY Pvwj‡q‡Q| †Póv K‡i‡Q evsjv‡K wb‡Ri
AwaKv‡i Avbvi Rb¨| Ae‡k‡l mdj n‡Z bv †c‡i nvj †Q‡o w`‡q‡Q| G mg‡q evB‡ii Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
Avµg‡YiI †Zgb m¤¢vebv wQjbv| ZvB evsjvi myjZvbMY ¯^vaxbfv‡e Ges wbwð‡šÍ G‡`k kvmb Ki‡Z
†c‡i‡Qb| dLiywÏb gyeviK kv‡ni gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbZvi m~Pbv n‡jI Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki myjZvb‡ì
nv‡Z evsjv cÖ_g w¯wZkxjZv jvf K‡i| 1338wLª. †_‡K 1538wLª.mgqKvj ZvB ¯^vaxb myjZvbx Avgj
wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
55
AvdMvb kvmb I evifu~Bqv (1538 wLª: - 1576 wLªt)
1538 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvwb hy‡Mi Aemvb n‡j G‡K G‡K we‡`wk kw³mg~n MÖvm Ki‡Z _v‡K
evsjv‡K| gyNj mgªvU ûgvqyb Aí wKQyKvj evsjvi ivRavbxi Ici AwaKvi cÖwZôv K‡ib| wKš‧ †kl
ch©šÍ Zuv‡K AvdMvb †bZv †ki kv‡ni Kv‡Q civRq gvb‡Z nq| evsjv I wenvi mivmwi P‡j Av‡m
AvdMvb‡ì nv‡Z| AvdMvb‡ì `yB kvLv-k~i AvdMvb I KiivYx AvdMvbiv †ek wKQyKvj evsjv kvmb
K‡i| †kl ch©šÍ gyNj mgªvU AvKei AvdMvb‡ì nvZ †_‡K evsjvi ¶gZv †K‡o †bb| Avi AvdMvb
kvm‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q 1576wLª. gyNj kvm‡bi m~ÎcvZ nq| ivRavbx `Lj Ki‡jI gyNjiv evsjvi
Af¨šÍ‡i A‡bKw`b ch©šÍ cÖK…Z ¶gZv cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| G mgq evsjvq A‡bK eo eo ¯^vaxb
Rwg`vi wQ‡jb| Ôevif~uBqvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ G mg¯Í ¯^vaxb Rwg`vi gyNj‡ì AwaKvi †g‡b †bbwb| mgªvU
AvKe‡ii mgq gyNj myev`viMY Ôevi fu~Bqv‡ìÕ `gb Kivi †Póv K‡iI mdj n‡Z cv‡ibwb| Ôevi
f~uBqv‡ìÕ `gb Kiv nq mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii mg‡q|
gyNj kvmb (1576-1757 wLªt)
myev`vwi I bevweÑ G `yB c‡e© evsjvq gyNj kvmb AwZevwnZ nq| evi f~uBqv‡ì `g‡bi ci mgMÖ
evsjvq myev`vwi cÖwZwôZ nq| gyNj cÖ‡`k¸‡jv ÔmyevÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| evsjv wQj gyNj‡ì Ab¨Zg
myev| m‡Zi kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`K †_‡K AvVvi kZ‡Ki ïiy ch©šÍ wQj myev`vix kvm‡bi ¯^Y©hyM| mgªvU
AvIi½‡R‡ei ci w`jøxi `ye©j DËivwaKvix‡ì mg‡q gyNj kvmb kw³nxb n‡q c‡o| G my‡hv‡M evsjvi
myev`viMY cÖvq ¯^vaxbfv‡e evsjv kvmb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| gyNj Avg‡ji GB hyM Ôbevex AvgjÕ bv‡g
cwiwPZ|gyNj mgªv‡Ui Aby‡gv`‡b bq, evûe‡j evsjvi ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib Avjxe`©x Lvb| Avjxe`©xi
kvmbKv‡j (1740-1756 wLª:) evsjvq kvwšÍ cÖwZwôZ nq| Avjxe`©x Lvb Zuvi Kwbô Kb¨v Av‡gbv
†eM‡gi cyÎ wmivRD‡Ï․jv‡K Zuvi DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ K‡ib| 1757 mv‡ji 23 Ryb cjvkxi hy‡×
bev‡ei †mbvcwZ gxiRvdi wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i hy‡× AskMÖn‡Y weiZ _v‡Kb| Amnvqfv‡e civRq N‡U
wmivRD‡Ï․jvi| Gfv‡eB cjvkxi hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi wfwË ¯vwcZ nq| Avi GKB
mv‡_ evsjvi ga¨ hy‡MiI Aemvb N‡U|
56
ga¨hy‡M evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯K…wZK Ae¯’v
ga¨hy‡M evsjvi Av_©-mgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK cwieZ©‡b G mg‡qi kvmK‡ì ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv wQj| G
mg‡q evsjvi mgvR Rxe‡b wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq a‡g©iB cÖfve we`¨gvb wQj ejv hvq| G `y‡Uv ag©‡K
†K›`ª K‡iB M‡o D‡VwQj evsjvi mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ| G mg‡q gymjgvb mgv‡R D”P, ga¨g I wb¤œ G
wZb ai‡bi †kªwYi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †hgb we`¨gvb wQj †Zgwb wn›`y mgv‡RI eY© cÖ_v K‡Vvifv‡e cÖwZcvwjZ
n‡Zv| Dfq ag©vej¤^xiv Zv‡ì ¯^-¯^ ag©xq Drme I AvPvi-Abyôvb cvjb Ki‡Zb|
ga¨hy‡M evsjvi A_©‣bwZK I eëmv evwYR¨ mgvR cwieZ©‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
A_©‣bwZK mg„w×i g~j PvwjKv kw³ wQj evsjvi K…wl I K„wlR Drcv`b| e¯¿ I ÿz`ª KzwUi wk‡íi
AMÖMwZ wQj we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| evsjvi ißvwb c‡Yï g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQj m~wZ Kvco, gmwjb,
†ikgx e¯¿, PvDj, wPwb, ¸o, Av`v, j¼v BZ¨vw`| K…wlRvZ c‡Yï g‡a¨ PvDj, ZvgvK, mycvwi, cvU, dj
BZ¨vw` ißvwb n‡Zv|
ga¨hy‡M evsjvi ¯vcZ¨ wb`k©b GK we‡kl RvqMv `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| Gme `„wób›`b ¯vc‡Zï g‡a¨
cÖvmv` I gmwR` D‡jøL‡hvM¨| †hgb- †mvbv gmwR`, lvU M¤^yR gmwR`, jvjevM `yM©, eo KvUiv, ‡QvU
KvUiv| ga¨hy‡M we‡kl K‡i myjZvbx I gyNj kvmbKv‡j evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï weKvk mwe‡kl
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G mg‡q eû Aviwe I dvwm© kã evsjv fvlvq eëüZ nq| gymjgvb I wn›`y Kwe‡ì
Kve¨PP©vi wb`k©b fvlv I mvwn‡Zï weKvk‡K ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q| Kwe kvn gyn¤§` mMx‡ii ÔBDmyd
†Rv‡jLvÕ, RqbyÏx‡bi Ôim~j weRqÕ, Kwe †gvRv‡¤§‡ji ÔmvZbvgvÕ, ÔbxwZkv¯¿evZ©vÕ we‡klfv‡e
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G hy‡M weL¨vZ Kwe †jLKM‡Yi g‡a¨ iƒc †Mv¯^vgx, mbvZb †Mv¯^vgx, gvjvai emy ,
weRq¸ß D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQ‡jb| •eòe Kwe e„›`veb `v‡mi Agi iPbv Ô•PZb¨-fMeZÕ Ges P›`ªveZxi
Ôgbmv g½jÕ evsjv fvlvi Abb¨ wb`k©b|
cjvkx hy× I evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi m~Pbv
1740 †_‡K 1756 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ Avjxe`©x Lvb evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi beve wQ‡jb| cÖwZK~j
cwiw¯wZ‡ZI wZwb mdjfv‡e ivR¨ kvmb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Zuvi mg‡q gvivVv I eM©x‡ì `gb K‡i ivL‡Z
mdj nb| my‡K․k‡j Bs‡iR ewYK †Kv¤úvwb‡KI wbqš¿‡Y †i‡LwQ‡jb| wKšÍy Zuvi g„Zzï ci evsjvi
ivRbxwZ‡Z Pig wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q| beve g„Zzï Av‡M Zuvi Kwbô Kb¨v Av‡gbv †eM‡gi cyÎ
wmivRD‡Ï․jv‡K evsjvi wmsnvm‡bi DËivwaKvi g‡bvbxZ K‡i hvb| 1756 wLªt Avjxe`©x Lv‡bi g„Zz¨
n‡j Zuvi wcÖq †`․wnÎ wmivRD‡Ï․jv 22 eQi eq‡m bev‡ei ¶gZv MÖnY K‡ib|
57
wPÎ: beve wmivRD‡Ï․jv
wmsnvm‡b emvi ci †_‡K Zuv‡K bvbvgyLx lohš¿ I mgm¨vi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq| Zuvi cÖ_g mgm¨v
wQj Zuvi cwiev‡i NwbôRb‡ì lohš¿| we‡kl K‡i Avjxe`©x Lv‡bi wZb Kb¨vi g‡a¨ †R¨ô Kb¨v N‡mwU
†eMg wmiv‡Ri beve nIqvq AvkvnZ n‡q bev‡ei weiy‡× loh‡š¿ wjß nb| G‡ì m‡½ †hvM †`b
Nv‡mwU †eM‡gi †Ìqvb ivRv ivRejøf, ivq `yj©f, RMr†kV, DwgPuv`, c~wY©qvi kvmbKZ©v wmiv‡Ri
Lvjv‡Zv fvB kIKZ R½| †K․k‡j beve N‡mwU †eMg‡K bRie›`x K‡ib| c~wY©qvi kvmbKZ©v kIKZ
R½ we‡`ªvnx n‡q DV‡j wmivRD‡Ï․jv GK hy‡× Zv‡K civwRZ I wbnZ K‡i c~wY©qv `Lj K‡i †bb|
beve cvwievwiK lohš¿ †K․k‡j `gb Ki‡jI Zuvi weiy‡× evB‡i loh‡š¿i Av‡iK Rvj we¯Í…Z n‡Z
_v‡K| Gi m‡½ RwoZ nq †`wk-we‡`wk ewYK †kªwY, bev‡ei ìev‡ii cÖfvekvjx ivRYëM© I AwfRvZ
†kªwY, bev‡ei †mbvcwZ gxi Rvdimn Av‡iv A‡b‡K| cÖ‡Z¨‡K hvi hvi ¯^v_© D×v‡ii Rb¨ bev‡ei
weiy‡× lohš¿ ïiy K‡i| GB lohš¿Kvixiv cjvkx hy‡×i cUf~wg •Zwi Ki‡Z _v‡K| ievU© K¬vBfI
mwÜf‡½i ARynv‡Z wmivRD‡Ï․jvi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i| 1757 wLª. 23 Ryb fvMxi_x b`xi Zx‡i
cjvkxi Av¤ªKvb‡b msNwUZ nq hy×| bev‡ei c‡ÿ cÖvYcY hy× Pvwj‡q hvb †`k‡cÖwgK gxig`b, †gvnb
jvj I divwm †mbvcwZ wmb †d«| hy‡× gxig`b wbnZ nb| wek¦vmNvZK gxiRvdi lohš¿g~jKfv‡e hy×
_vwg‡q †`q| hy×‡ÿ‡Î gxiRvd‡ii Pig Amn‡hvwMZv Ges gxi g`‡bi g„Zÿ beve‡K wePwjZ K‡i|
bev‡ei •mbïv hLb wekÖvgiZ wVK †m gyn~‡Z© wek¦vmNvZK gxiRvd‡ii Bw½‡Z Bs‡iR •mbïv bev‡ei
58
‣mb¨‡ì Ici Svwc‡q c‡o| hvi Awbevh© cwiYwZ bev‡ei civRq| Gi ga¨ w`‡qB fvMxi_xi Zx‡i
evsjvi ¯^vaxbZvi m~h© A¯ÍwgZ n‡q evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi m~Pbv nq|
Bs‡iR kvmbvg‡j cÖwZ‡iva I ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb
evOvwjiv KLbB we‡`wk Bs‡iR kvmK‡ì †g‡b †bqwb| Bs‡iR kvmbvg‡ji AvVv‡iv I Dwbk kZK
Ry‡o evsjvq Av_©-mvgvwRK ivRbxwZ‡Z eB‡Z _v‡K cwieZ©‡bi nvIqv| G cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv K‡i
evsjvi K…lK I mvaviY gvbyl| GKw`‡K gymwjg mgv‡R agx©q ms¯‥vi Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ, Ab¨w`‡K
wn›`y mgv‡Ri †Mvuovwg, Kzms¯‥vi `~i K‡i wn›`y a‡g©I ms¯‥vi G †`‡ki mvaviY gvbyl‡K RvMÖZ Ki‡Z
_v‡K, Avi wb‡R‡ì wkwÿZ I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o Zz‡j Bs‡iR kvm‡bi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva
Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ NUvq| weªwUk we‡ivax G cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb bvbvfv‡e bvbvR‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ msNwUZ
n‡qwQj| cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ dwKi-mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb, wZZzgx‡ii msMÖvg, bxj we‡`ªvn,
div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Gmg¯Í cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb Ges evsjvq beRvMiY I ms¯‥vi
Av‡›`vjb evsjvi gvbyl‡K ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡b DØy× K‡i| evsjvq G MYRvMiY I ms¯‥vi Av‡›`vj‡bi
cy‡ivav e¨w³MY n‡jb- ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq, wW‡ivwRI, Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, nvRx gyn¤§` gnmxb,
bIqve Avãyj jwZd, •mq` Avgxi Avjx Ges bvix gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi cw_K…r †eMg †iv‡Kqv|
civaxbZvi GKk eQi ci ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i G‡`‡ki •mwbKiv I †`kxq ivRivRiv| cieZ©x ch©v‡q
¯^vwaKvi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g Suvwc‡q c‡o cvðvZ¨ wk¶vq wkw¶Z ZiyY mgvR| evOvwj ZiyY mk¯¿
msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g `‡j `‡j AvZ¥vûwZ w`‡q Kuvwc‡q †Zv‡j Bs‡iR kvm‡bi wfZ| Dcgnv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv
Av‡›`vj‡b me‡P‡q †M․iegq f~wgKv wQj evOvwj‡ì|
wmcvwn we‡`ªvn (1857-1859wLª.)
fviZe‡l© B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi kvm‡bi cÖvq 100 eQi ci Bs‡iR‡ì weiæ‡× 1857 mv‡j cÖ_g Ges
e¨vcK Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi kvm‡bi weiæ‡× ¯vbxq Rbmvavi‡Yi me©vZ¥K
we‡`ªvn‡K weªwUkiv †Kej Ôwmcvwn we‡`ªvnÕ bvg w`‡q Gi Zvrch©‡K Lv‡Uv Kivi †Póv Ki‡jI GwUB wQj
Dcgnv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk gvby‡li cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg| †Kv¤úvwbi †`kxq wmcvwn‡ì mv‡_ Kuv‡a Kuva
wgwj‡q jovB K‡iwQ‡jb ¯vbxq A‡bK kvmK, RbMY Ges ag©xq †bZv| wn›`y-gymjgvb wbwe©‡k‡l
Amv¤cÖ`vwqK †h․_ †bZ…‡Z¡ G Av‡›`vjb cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQj| 1857 mv‡ji 29 gvP© g½j cv‡Ði
†bZ…‡Z¡ e¨vivKcy‡i wmcvwn we‡`ªvn ïiæ nq| cieZ©x‡Z wgivU, w`wjømn fvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂ‡j we¯Í…Z
59
nq| †mB mg‡q mviv evsjv‡`‡kI †ek D‡ËRbv †`Lv †`q| iscyi, cvebv, w`bvRcyi, wm‡jU I h‡kv‡i
A‡bK¸‡jv LÐ hy× msNwUZ nq| GQvov PÆMÖvg I XvKvi cÖwZ‡iva hy× wQj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wmcvwn
we‡`ªvn AvaywbK fviZe‡l©i BwZnv‡mi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv| wmcvwn we‡`ªvn weªwUk‡ì fviZel©
kvmb bxwZ‡Z †g․wjK cwieZ©b mvab K‡i| B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi fviZ kvm‡bi ¶gZv
wPÎ: g½j cv‡Ð
iwnZ K‡i weªwUk miKvi ÔfviZ miKvi AvBb 1858Õ-Gi Aax‡b fviZe‡l© weªwUk miKv‡ii cÖZ¨¶
kvmb cÖwZôv K‡i| we‡`ªv‡ni civRq RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi Aemvb NUvqwb, eis dwKi-mbœ¨vmx
we‡`ªvn, evjv‡Kv‡Ui we‡`ªvn Ges wmcvwn we‡`ªv‡ni g‡Zv weªwUk kvmb D‡”Q‡ì cÖqvm¸‡jvi e¨_©Zv
mbvZb Kvq`vq hy× K‡i †h gy³ nIqv hv‡e bv, †m †evaB RvwM‡q †Zv‡j| GiB avivevwnKZvq wn›`y
Ges gymjgvb Rb‡Mvôxi gv‡S bZzb ch©v‡qi RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V, fviZevmx‡K AvaywbK
ivóªwPšÍv-`k©b I weÁv‡bi mv‡_ cwiwPZ Kiv‡bvi bvbvb D‡`¨vM M‡o I‡V|
60
AvjxMo Av‡›`vjb (1858-1898 wLª.)
wmcvwn we‡`ªv‡ni cieZ©x mg‡q m¨vi •mq` Avng` Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ ÔAvjxMo Av‡›`vjbÕ ïiæ nq| m¨vi
•mq` Avng` GKRb AvaywbK wPšÍvwe`, ivRbxwZwe` I wk¶vwe` wn‡m‡e ZrKvjxb fviZe‡l© e¨vcK
cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib| wmcvwn we‡`ªv‡ni Kvi‡Y gymwjg mgvR I weªwUk miKv‡ii g‡a¨ †h Uvbv‡cv‡ob
ïiæ nq, m¨vi •mq` Avng` Zv cÖkwgZ Kivi †¶‡Î gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| weªwUk kvmK‡ì wZwb
†evSv‡Z m¶g nb †h, fviZe‡l© gymjgvb‡ì cðvrgywLZv Zv‡ì‡K weªwUk kvm‡bi cÖwZ Amwnòz K‡i
Zz‡j‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K wZwb gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi i¶Ykxj gvbwmKZv‡KI Zv‡ì cðvrgyLx cÖeYZvi Rb¨
`vqx K‡ib| Gme Kvi‡Y m¨vi •mq` Avng` Abyfe K‡ib †h, fviZe‡l© gymjgvb‡ì ¯^Zš¿ mvgvwRK
I ivR‣bwZK cwiwPwZ •Zwii Rb¨ Bs‡iwR I weÁvb wk¶vq wkw¶Z nIqvi weKí †bB| GiB
cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z wZwb gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿ wek¦we`¨vjq ÔAvjxMo gymwjg wek¦we`¨vjqÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib|
AvjxMo gymwjg wek¦we`¨vjq ivR‣bwZK Av‡›`vjb I gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡qi gv‡S AvaywbKZvev`x
wPšÍv‡PZbv we¯Ív‡i HwZnvwmK f~wgKv iv‡L| cieZx©Kv‡ji gymwjg jx‡Mi g‡Zv ivR‣bwZK cÖwZôvb
M‡o †Zvjvi †¶‡ÎI AvjxMo wek¦we`¨vjqB wQj m~wZKvMvi|
fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm, 1885

fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k RvZxqZvev` weKv‡k my‡i›`ªbv_ e¨vbvwR© (1848-1925)-Gi f~wgKv Ab¨Zg|
wZwb 1876 mv‡j ÔBwÛqvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib, hvi PviwU cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj : (1) †`‡k
GKwU kw³kvjx RbgZvgZ KwgwU/cÖwZôvb cÖwZôv; (2) fviZxq †kªwY‡Mvôx‡K Zv‡ì ¯^v_© msi¶Y I
Drmvn •Zwi‡Z GKÎ Kiv; (3) wn›`y I gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ †m․nv`©¨c~Y© m¤úK© •Zwi; (4) RbMYwfwËK
e„nr Av‡›`vjb msNwUZ Kiv (Avn‡g`, 2000)| G ÔBwÛqvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ-Gi D‡`¨v‡M I cÖ‡Póvq
1885 mv‡j fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm cÖwZwôZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv
Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…‡Z¡i f~wgKvq Avwef~©Z nq|
me©fviZxq gymwjg jxM, 1906 wLª.
1906 mv‡ji 1 A‡±vei Z…Zxq AvMv Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ gymwjg cÖwZwbwa `j fvBmiq jW© wg‡›Uvi mv‡_
wmgjvq mv¶vr K‡ib Ges mywbw`©ó wKQz cÖ¯Ívebv Dc¯vcb K‡ib| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQj mvsweavwbK
ms¯‥v‡i gymjgvb‡ì ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi I cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wbwðZ Kiv Ges miKvwi PvKwi‡Z gymjgvb‡ì
b¨vh¨ AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv| fvBmiq cÖwZwbwa `j‡K wbðqZv †`b †h, weªwUk miKvi Zv‡ì `vwe‡K
61
¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Ki‡e| G cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z wewfbœ cÖwKªqvi gva¨‡g 1906 mv‡ji 30 wW‡m¤î XvKvq
AbywôZ me©fviZxq gymwjg wk¶v m‡¤§j‡b XvKvi beve LvRv mwjgyjøvn fviZxq gymjgvb‡ì ¯^v_©
msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU ivR‣bwZK gÂ MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| m‡¤§j‡b mfvcwZ beve wfKvi-Dj-
gyj‡Ki mg_©b jvf Kivi ga¨ w`‡q XvKvi kvnev‡M me© fviZxq gymwjg jxM MVb Kiv nq|
cÖwZôvKvjxb me©fviZxq gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨

K) weªwUk miKv‡ii cÖwZ c~Y© AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b I miKv‡ii mv‡_ D™¢~Z fyj †evSveywSi Aemvb
Kiv;
L) gymjgvb‡ì ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi cÖwZôv Kiv Ges Dbœq‡bi c‡_ avweZ Kiv;
M) fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ m¤cÖ`v‡qi mv‡_ m™¢ve i¶v Kiv I m¤cÖ`vqMZ fyj †evSveywSi Aemvb Kiv|
jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve, 1940wLª.

†k‡i evsjv G. †K. dRjyj nK evsjv cÖ‡`‡ki gyL¨gš¿x _vKvKvjxb 1940 mv‡ji 23 gvP© †gvnv¤§`
Avjx wRbœvni mfvcwZ‡Z¡ gymwjg jx‡Mi Awa‡ek‡b dRjyj nK gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ fviZe‡l© GKvwaK
¯^Zš¿ ivóª MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib, hv HwZnvwmK Ôjv‡nvi cÖ¯ÍveÕ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cvq|
wPÎ: †k‡i evsjv G †K dRjyj nK

gymwjg jx‡Mi GB Awa‡ek‡b Ôjv‡nvi cÖ¯ÍveÕ M„nxZ nq Ges fvi‡Zi DËi-cwðg I c~e©vÂ‡j gymwjg
msL¨vMwiô GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z GKvwaK ¯^vaxb ivóª MV‡bi eë¯v ivLv nq| jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve M„nxZ nIqvi
d‡j fviZe‡l©i ivRbxwZ‡Z gymwjg jx‡Mi Ae¯vb Av‡iv kw³kvjx nq| gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx Zv‡ì Rb¨
c„_K Avevmf~wg ev ¯^Zš¿ ivóª cÖwZôvi ¯^cœ †`L‡Z _v‡K|
62
fviZ fvM I fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb c„_K ivóª, 1947 wLª.
RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv µgk weKwkZ n‡Z _vK‡j GKw`‡K mk¯¿ Afy¨Ìv‡bi gva¨‡g fviZ ¯^vaxb Kivi
bvbvb D‡`¨vM M„nxZ nq, Av‡iKw`‡K ivR‣bwZK msMÖvgI kw³kvjx n‡Z _v‡K| gv÷vi`v m~h© †mb
1930 mv‡j PÆMÖv‡g weªwUk‡ì A¯¿vMvi jyÉb K‡i fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| gv÷vi`v m~h©‡mb,
cÖxwZjZv Iqv‡Ï`vimn Av‡iv A‡bK wecøexi cÖvY`vb hye mgvR‡K Av‡jvwoZ K‡i| myfvlP›`ª emy
†`k‡K gy³ Ki‡Z fviZ †_‡K cvwj‡q Rvg©vwb I Rvcvb mdi K‡ib| A¶kw³i nv‡Z ew›` fviZxq
•mb¨‡ì wb‡q M‡o †Zv‡jb AvRv` wn›` †d․R|
wPÎ: †bZvRx myfvl P›`ª emy wPÎ: gv÷vi`v m~h©‡mb
wØZxq wek¦hy‡× weªwUk‡ì weRq m‡Ë¡I Gi ciciB fviZxq †b․‡mbv‡ì we‡`ªvn Ges Zvi mg_©‡b
me¸‡jv bM‡i jv‡Lv jv‡Lv gvby‡li Xj weªwUk kvmK‡ì AvZw¼Z K‡i| wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi gv‡S
†K․k‡j mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv wRB‡q †i‡L weªwUk kvmbbxwZ Avi wUK‡e bv Abygvb K‡i weªwUkiv fviZ Qvovi
wm×všÍ Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub fvi‡Zi Mfb©i wbhy³ nevi ci fviZ fv‡Mi cwiKíbv K‡ib,
hv BwZnv‡m ÔgvD›Ue¨v‡Ub cwiKíbvÕ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
63
wPÎ: jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub
gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub cwiKíbv Abyhvqx 1947 mv‡ji 18 RyjvB weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U Ôfvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZvÕ AvBb
cvm Kiv nq| G mg‡q weªwUkiv AveviI †K․k‡j bvbvb ai‡bi mv¤cÖ`vwqK D¯‥vwb m„wó K‡i,
¯vbxq‡ì A‡b‡K Zv‡ì ¯^v‡_© myweavRbK Kvq`vq fviZ wefw³‡K mywbwðZ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj| GiB
†Ri a‡i wn›`y I gymjgvb mv¤cÖ`vwqK kw³¸‡jv gv‡V bv‡g, KjKvZvmn fvi‡Zi bMi¸‡jv‡Z i³¶qx
`v½vq j¶ j¶ mvaviY gvbyl wbnZ nb| fviZ ¯^vaxb AvBb Abyhvqx 1947 mv‡ji 14 AvM÷ c~e©
evsjv I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi mgš^‡q ÔcvwK¯ÍvbÕ bvgK iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq| Avi 15 AvM÷ fviZ bvgK
¯^Zš¿ iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq| ÔwØ-RvwZ ZË¡Õ-Gi wfwË‡Z cvwK¯Ívb I fviZ bv‡g `ywU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª cÖwZôv Kiv
nq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi be¨ kvm‡bi wegvZvmyjf f~wgKv evsjvi gvby‡li g‡a¨ bZzb K‡i MYRvMiY m„wó K‡i
Ges c„_K ivóª MV‡bi Rb¨ bZzb K‡i RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq|
cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjbmg~n

1947 mv‡j 14 AvM÷ cvwK¯Ívb ivóªwU cÖwZôv cvq| †f․‡MvwjKfv‡e Gi KvVv‡gv wQj wew”Qbœ| G
iv‡óªi `yB As‡ki Ae¯vbMZ eëavb †hgb wQj cÖvq 1200 gvB‡ji (1800 wK‡jvwgUv‡ii AwaK)
†Zgwb G `yB As‡ki Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ fvlvMZ, mvs¯‥…wZK, ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK ‡ÿ‡Î
†Kvb mv`„k¨ wQj bv| Dfq As‡ki g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i GKgvÎ wfwË wQj ag©| G mgq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi
cvÄvwe Rb‡Mvôx cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmK‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z nq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi AevOvwj D”P‡kªwY Zv‡ì
¯^v_© wmw×i Rb¨ ivóªxq ¶gZv KvVv‡gv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges evOvwj‡ì Ici bvbv ai‡bi
wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kivi cÖwµqv ïiæ K‡i| mvgwiK kvm‡bi QÎ”Qvqvq kvmK‡Mvôx c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K
64
wb`©qfv‡e †kvlY Ki‡Z _v‡K| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi m¤ú` cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b cvPvi n‡Z _v‡K| cvwK¯Ívwb
kvmK‡Mvôx mycwiKwíZfv‡e evOvwji K…wó, ms¯‥…wZ, fvlv I mvwn‡Zï Ici AvNvZ nv‡b| c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK, cÖkvmwbK I mvgwiK w`K †_‡K Pig •el‡gï wkKvi n‡Z
_v‡K| †h ¯^cœ wb‡q c~e©e½ fviZel© n‡Z wef³ n‡q cvwK¯Ív‡bi AšÍf©y³ n‡qwQj †m ¯^cœ ivóªxq h‡š¿i
bvbv loh‡š¿i Kvi‡Y e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq| cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡ì wb‡®úlY n‡Z gy³ nIqvi Rb¨
RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb bZzb iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i|
fvlv Av‡›`vjb
1947 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m cvwK¯Ívb ivóª cÖwZôvi ciB c~e© evsjvq fvlv A‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvcU •Zwi
nq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi kZKiv 56 R‡bi gvZ…fvlv wQj evsjv| D`©y cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Kv‡bv AÂ‡jiB gvZ…fvlv
wQj bv| G fvlvq cvwK¯Ív‡bi gvÎ 7.2% †jvK K_v ejZ| mvaviYZ AwaKvsk bvMwi‡Ki gvZ„fvlvB
†h‡Kv‡bv ¯^vaxb †`‡k ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e M„nxZ nq| wKš‧ Zv bv K‡i cvwK¯Ívb miKvi m¤ú~Y© AMYZvwš¿K
Dcv‡q D`©y‡K ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e Pvwc‡q †Ìqvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq| c~e© evsjvi RbMY Gi weiæ‡× 1948
mv‡j Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡i| 1952 mv‡ji i³¶qx Aa¨v‡qi ga¨ w`‡q cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡i|
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg

1947 mv‡j KivwP‡Z AbywôZ GK wk¶v m‡¤§j‡b cÖ_g D`©y‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv Kivi cÖ¯Íve Kiv
nq| G wm×v‡šÍi weiæ‡× c~e© evsjvi mKj gn‡j Zxeª †¶v‡fi m„wó nq Ges evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi
D‡Ï‡k Ôivóª fvlv msMÖvg cwil`Õ MwVZ nq| evsjv fvlv‡K wk¶vi gva¨g I Awdm-Av`vj‡Zi fvlv
Kivi `vwe wQj G msMÖvg cwil‡ì cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| †mB mv‡_ evsjv I D`©y `ywU‡KB cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv
Kivi `vweI wQj| cwil‡ì m`m¨ ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë (gyw³hy‡× cvwK¯Ívb evwnbxi nv‡Z kwn`) 1948
mv‡ji 23 †deªæqvwi cvwK¯Ív‡bi MYcwil‡ì (AvBb mfv) cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b D`©y I Bs‡iwRi cvkvcvwk
evsjv‡KI MYcwil‡ì fvlv wn‡m‡e eënv‡ii `vwe †ck K‡ib| cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx
Lvb, LvRv bvwRg DwÏbmn gymwjg jxM †bZviv GB cÖ¯Ív‡ei we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| Gi cÖwZev‡` 1948
mv‡ji 26 †deªæqvwi XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, †gwWK¨vj K‡jR, BwÄwbqvwis K‡jRmn Ab¨vb¨ K‡jR I
wewfbœ ¯‥z‡ji QvÎ QvÎxiv ag©NU cvjb K‡i| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖv½‡Y cÖwZev` mgv‡ek K‡i evsjv
fvlv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv †NvlYvi `vwe Rvbv‡bv nq| evsjv fvlvi gh©v`vi `vwe‡Z Pj‡Z
65
_v‡K Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ Kg©m~wP| 1948 mv‡ji 11 gvP© mwPevj‡qi mvg‡b wc‡KwUs Kivi mgq cywjk †kL
gywReyi ingvbmn QvÎ‡bZv‡ì †MÖdZvi K‡i|
1948 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn XvKv Av‡mb| 21 gvP©
XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b GK Rbmfvq †NvlYv K‡ib, ÔD`©y Ges D`©yB n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ
ivóªfvlvÕ| 24 gvP© XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq mgveZ©‡bI wRbœvn ivóªfvlv cÖ‡kœ †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡bi cÖ`Ë
e³…Zvi cybive„wË Ki‡j Dcw¯Z QvÎiv Ôbv, bvÕ e‡j wRbœvni e³‡eï cÖwZev` Rvbv‡Z _v‡K| XvKvq
Ae¯vbKv‡j †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn QvÎ‡ì mv‡_ fvlv I Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨v wb‡q GKvwaKevi Av‡jvPbv
K‡ib| wKš‧ fvlvi cÖ‡kœ wZwb †Kv‡bv Av‡cvm Ki‡Z ivwR nbwb| d‡j evsjv fvlv‡K ivóª fvlv Kivi
Av‡›`vjb ax‡i ax‡i mviv c~e© evsjvq Qwo‡q c‡o|
GKBfv‡e 1950 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb D`©yB cvwK¯Ív‡bi
ivóªfvlv n‡e e‡j RvZxq cwil‡` †NvlYv K‡ib| c~e© evsjvi RbMY Gi cÖwZev‡` cÖPÐ †ÿv‡f †d‡U
c‡o| d‡j RvZxq cwil‡` fvlvi cÖkœ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv ¯wMZ n‡q hvq| 1951 mv‡ji 16 A‡±vei
cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb AvZZvqxi ¸wj‡Z cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivIqvjwcwÐ‡Z wbnZ nIqvi ci LvRv
bvwRg DwÏb cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x wbhy³ nb| 1952 mv‡ji 30 Rvbyqvwi wZwbI wRbœvni Abymi‡Y
†NvlYv K‡ib D`©y n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivóª fvlv| G †NvlYvq c~e© evsjvi QvÎ-RbZv Pig ¶zä nq
Ges ïiæ nq †`ke¨vcx niZvj, ag©NU I QvÎ we‡ÿvf| fvlv Av‡›`vjb‡K mvdj¨gwÐZ Kivi Rb¨
Ôme©`jxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil`Õ MwVZ nq| 4 †deªæqvwi XvKvi mKj wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b QvÎ ag©NU
cvwjZ nq| msMÖvg cwil` 21 †deªæqvwi mvaviY ag©NU I ivóªfvlv wèm cvj‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| G
D‡Ï‡k¨ 21 †deªæqvwi mviv †`‡k niZvj, mfv I †kvfvhvÎvi WvK †`qv nq| msMÖvg cwil‡ì
Kg©m~wP‡Z miKvi wePwjZ n‡q c‡o Ges XvKv kn‡i 144 aviv Rvwi K‡i| wgwQj I Rbmgv‡ek wbwl×
†NvlYv Kiv nq, d‡j cwiw¯wZ `ªæZ cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| 20 †deªæqvwi msMÖvg cwil‡ì mfvq 21
†deªæqvwi 144 aviv f‡½i wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| GKB w`‡b ÔXvKv wek¦we`¨vjq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil`Õ-
Gi •eV‡KI 144 aviv f‡½i wm×všÍ †bqv nq| 21 †deªæqvwi †fvi n‡ZB QvÎQvÎxiv XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
PZ¡‡i Rgv n‡Z _v‡K| XvKv kn‡ii wewfbœ GjvKv‡Z Zviv wgwQj K‡i| G mgq XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
Kjvfe‡b (XvKv †gwWK¨vj K‡jRmsjMœ) AmsL¨ cywjk †gvZv‡qb †`‡L QvÎ‡ì g‡a¨ D‡ËRbv e„w×
†c‡Z _v‡K| QvÎiv LÐ LÐ wgwQj wb‡q Ôivóªfvlv evsjv PvBÕ †¯øvMv‡b cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì mfv Awfgy‡L
AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| QvÎ I cywj‡ki g‡a¨ D‡ËRbvi GKch©v‡q cywjk QvÎ‡ì Ici Kuv`v‡bv M¨vm I
66
wgwQ‡j ¸wjel©Y K‡i| cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z iwdK, ReŸvi I eiKZ kwn` nb| AvnZ n‡q c‡i kwn` nb
mvjvg| 21 †deªæqvwi cywjwk wbh©vZ‡bi NUbvq c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY we‡¶v‡f †d‡U c‡o| 22
†deªæqvwi mKv‡j XvKv †gwWK¨vj K‡jR †nv‡÷j cÖv½‡Y kwn`‡ì Mv‡qwe RvbvRv AbywôZ nq| GB
RvbvRvq nvRvi nvRvi QvÎ-RbZv AskMÖnY K‡i| Dcw¯Z QvÎRbZv wgwQj K‡i kni cÖ`wÿ‡Yi †Póv
K‡i| G wgwQ‡j cywj‡ki ¸wjel©‡Y kwdDi ingvb kwn` nb|
QvÎiv NUbv¯‡j Ôkwn` wgbviÕ wbg©v‡Yi wm×všÍ †bq| 23 †deªæqvwi (1952) iv‡Z XvKv †gwWK¨vj
K‡jR †nv‡÷j cÖv½‡Y kwn`‡ì ¯§i‡Y cÖ_g ¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢ •Zwi Kiv nq| Gi Mv‡q mv`v KvM‡Ri dj‡K
kwn` Ô¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢Õ †jLv nq| hv cieZx©Kv‡j kwn` wgbvi bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| mvC` nvq`vi wQ‡jb
cÖ_g kwn` wgbv‡ii bKkvKvi| kwn` kwdD‡ii wcZv G kwn` wgbvi D‡Øvab K‡ib| ïay XvKv bq,
fvlv Av‡›`vjb Qwo‡q c‡o c~e© evsjvi me©Î| cieZx©‡Z wkíx nvwg`yi ingv‡bi bKkvq kwn` wgbvi
eZ©gv‡bi iƒc jvf K‡i|
67
wPÎ: cÖ_g kwn` wgbvi wPÎ: eZ©gvb kwn` wgbvi
Gfv‡e QvÎ-RbZvi cÖZ¨¶ AskMÖn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q fvlv Av‡›`vjb mvdj¨ jvf K‡i| hvi d‡j cvwK¯Ívb
miKvi eva¨ n‡q evsjv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ`v‡bi welqwU MYcwil‡`
DÌvc‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| 1954 mv‡j hy³d«›U miKvi 21 †deªæqvwi miKvwi QzwU †NvlYv K‡i|
1956 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi msweav‡b evsjv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlvi gh©v`v †`qv nq| Avãyj
Mvd&dvi †P․ayix iwPZ GKz‡ki Mvb ÔÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ iv½v‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwiÕÕ nq evOvwji †kvK
msMxZ I †cÖiYvi Drm| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ÔwØ-RvwZZË¡Õ-†K Amvi cÖgvY
K‡i fvlvwfwËK evOvwj RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai D‡b¥l N‡U|
ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY µgvMZfv‡e eyS‡Z cv‡i a‡g©i wfwË‡Z †h bZzb ivóª cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôv
†c‡q‡Q †mB ivóª Avcvgi Rb‡Mvôxi mvs¯‥…wZK, A_©‣bwZK I ivR‣bwZK ¶gZv Dbœq‡b Kvw•¶Z
f~wgKv cvj‡b e¨_©| eis fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU wkw¶Z evOvwj ga¨weË †kªwYi D‡b¥l
N‡UÑhviv g~jZ Amv¤cÖ`vwqK evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x wPšÍvi wbqvgK kw³ wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z nb Ges
evsjvi RbM‡Yi P~ovšÍ gyw³i Rb¨ `xN© msMÖv‡g AeZxY© nb| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j c~e© evsjvq
Amv¤úª`vwqK †PZbvi weKvk N‡U, wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î bvixi AskMÖnY e„w× cvq| evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨
weKvk Z¡ivwš^Z nq| wewfbœ AÂ‡j cÖwZwôZ kwn` wgbvi evOvwji †cÖiYv I evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x
Av‡›`vj‡bi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z cwiYZ nq| lv‡Ui `k‡K ¯^vqËkvmb Av‡›`vjb I 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡×i
g~j †cÖiYv wQj fvlv Av‡›`vjb| ¯^vaxbZvi ci ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlv gh©v`vi Avmb jvf K‡i|
68
wek¦e¨vcx wewfbœ †`‡k Zv‡ì Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ gvZ…fvlv‡K iÿv I cÖmv‡ii D‡Ï‡k 1999 mv‡j
RvwZmsN 21 †deªæqvwi‡K ÔAvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèmÕ †NvlYv K‡i| GQvov AvwdªKv gnv‡`‡ki
wm‡qivwjq‡b wØZxq ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`qv n‡q‡Q|
AvIqvgx jxM
cvwK¯Ívb ivóª cÖwZôvi ci †_‡KB cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôxi •elg¨g~jK AvPi‡Y c~e©e‡½i
Rbgvby‡li g‡b eÂbv, †¶vf `vbv †eu‡a DV‡Z _v‡K| ¶gZvmxb gymwjg jx‡Mi AMYZvwš¿K Kg©Kv‡Ûi
cÖwZev‡` 1949 mv‡ji 23 Ryb XvKvq Ôc~e© cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMÕ bv‡g GKwU bZzb
ivR‣bwZK `j MwVZ nq| GB `‡ji cÖwZôvZv mfvcwZ wQ‡jb gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx,
mvaviY m¤úv`K wQ‡jb kvgmyj nK, Kvivew›` Ae¯vq †kL gywReyi ingvb hyM¥ mvaviY m¤úv`‡Ki
`vwqZ¡ cvb| c~e©e‡½i Av‡›`vjb msMÖv‡gi NUbv cÖev‡n GB `‡ji bv‡gi cwieZ©b nq| 1955 mv‡ji
21-23 A‡±vei XvKvq AbywôZ Z„Zxq KvDwÝj Awa‡ek‡b `‡ji bZyb bvgKiY Kiv nq ÔAvIqvgx
jxMÕ| Gi ga¨ w`‡q G ivR‣bwZK `j cÖK…Zc‡¶ GKwU ag©wbi‡c¶ `‡j cwiYZ nq|
1954 mv‡ji wbe©vPb

1954 mv‡j c~e© evsjv cÖv‡`wkK AvBb cwil‡ì wbe©vPb nq| AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM, K…lK kÖwgK cvwU©,
†bRv‡g Bmjvgx, MYZš¿x `j wg‡j gymwjg jx‡Mi weiæ‡× hy³d«›U MVb K‡i| hy³d«‡›Ui wbe©vPbx cÖZxK
wQj Ô†b․KvÕ, gymwjg jx‡Mi Ôn¨vwi‡KbÕ| cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì 237wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 223wU hy³d«›U,
gvÎ 10 wU gymwjg jxM cvq| evOvwj RvwZ HKë×fv‡e gymwjg jxM‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| g~jZ Gi
gva¨‡g ag©wfwËK cvwK¯Ívwb RvZxqZvev‡ì e`‡j Amv¤cÖ`vwqK evOvwj RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai weRq N‡U|
G. †K. dRjyj nK‡K gyL¨gš¿x K‡i gwš¿mfv MwVZ nq| hwÌ AMYZvwš¿Kfv‡e gvÎ 56 w`‡bi g‡a¨ G
miKvi‡K eiLv¯Í K‡i cvwK¯Ívb miKvi cÖv‡`wkK kvmb‡K AKvh©Ki K‡i †Zv‡j| Zv m‡Ë¡I G wbe©vPb
c~e© evsjvi evOvwj‡ì HKë× K‡i| gymwjg jxM bq, hy³d«›UB c~e© evsjvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kivi
AwaKvixÑG g‡bvfve cÖwZôv K‡i| hv cieZ©x mg‡qi Av‡›`vj‡b †cÖiYv †RvMvq|
evlwÆi MYZvwš¿K msMÖvg
cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK kvmK †Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb Zvi ¯^wbhy³ GKwU KwgwUi gva¨‡g 1962 mv‡j
cvwK¯Ív‡bi msweavb •Zwi K‡ib| msweav‡bi †h Ask¸‡jv cQ›`g‡Zv wQj bv wZwb †m Ask¸‡jv
wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i cwieZ©b K‡ib| Gfv‡e Zvi wb‡`©‡k iwPZ msweavbwU wQj Zvi •¯îkvmb cvKv‡cv³
Kivi GKwU `wjj| †g․wjK MYZ‡ši Ici cÖwZwôZ G msweav‡bi gva¨‡g wZwb Zvi •¯îkvmb Av‡iv
69
cvKv‡cv³ K‡ib| wKš‧ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi we‡ivax `‡ji †bZ…e„›` Zv †g‡b †bqwb| †nv‡mb kwn`
†mvnivIqv`©x, gIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx, †kL gywReyi ingvb, QvÎ, eyw×Rxex I Ab¨vbïv
AvBqye Lv‡bi msweavb I †g․wjK MYZ‡š¿i weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb K‡ib| Zviv ÔRvZxq MYZvwš¿K d«›UÕ
bv‡g GKwU we‡ivax †RvU MVb K‡ib| †nv‡mb kwn` †mvnivIqv`©x Gi †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib| ïiæ nq
MYZvwš¿K msMÖvg| AvBqye miKvi d«‡›Ui †bZ…e„‡›ì weiæ‡× nqivwbg~jK eë¯v MÖnY K‡i| A‡bK‡K
†MÖdZvi Kiv nq| †mvnivIqv`©x‡K M„new›` Kiv nq| 1963 mv‡j †nv‡mb kwn` †mvnivIqv`©xi g„Zyï
ci AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mvaviY m¤úv`K †kL gywReyi ingvb `‡ji †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡i `j‡K bZzb iƒ‡c
web¨vm K‡ib|
QvÎ Av‡›`vjb
cvwK¯Ívb miKvi evOvwji Ici wewfbœ AMYZvwš¿K weavb Pvjy K‡i| wkÿv ms‡KvP‡bi wewfbœ c`‡ÿc
†bq| 1962 mv‡j QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g AvBqyewe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb Pv½v n‡q I‡V| G eQi QvÎ
Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ ivRbxwZwe` I wewfbœ msMVb †hvM †`q| w`b w`b ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b e¨vcK
QvÎ Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| miKvi †kl ch©šÍ kwid wkÿv Kwgkb wi‡cvU© ¯wMZ †NvlYv Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|
hwÌ GiciI QvÎiv †fvUvwaKvi, msweavb evwZ‡ji Rb¨ `ye©vi Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| G Av‡›`vj‡b
AbycÖvwYZ n‡q QvÎ mgvR lv‡Ui `k‡K wewfbœ Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ †`q hv gyw³hy× ch©šÍ Ae¨vnZ wQj|
Qq `dv Av‡›`vjb
AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Qq `dv wQj cÖK…Zc‡ÿ cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôxi `xN©w`‡bi Ab¨vq I •elg¨g~jK bxwZi
weiæ‡× GKwU ewjô c`‡ÿc| 1966 mv‡j AvIqvgx jxM Qq `dv Kg©m~wP w`‡q `ye©vi Av‡›`vjb M‡o
†Zv‡j| cwðg cvwK¯Ívb KZ…©K c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× Qq `dv Kg©m~wP wQj Zxeª cÖwZev` Avi
evOvwji ¯^vwaKvi Av`v‡qi mb` ev gyw³i mb`| wb‡P Qq `dvi `vwemg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1. HwZnvwmK jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei wfwË‡Z cvwK¯Ívb‡K GKwU mwZ¨Kv‡ii †dWv‡ikbiƒ‡c (hy³ivóªxq

kvmbZš¿) M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| G‡Z cvj©v‡g›Uvwi c×wZi miKvi _vK‡e †hLv‡b mKj wbe©vPb
me©Rbxb cÖvßeq¯‥‡ì mivmwi †fv‡U AbywôZ n‡e| AvBb mfvmg~‡ni mve©‡f․gZ¡ _vK‡e|
2. †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z ïaygvÎ `ywU welq _vK‡eÑcÖwZi¶v I ciivóªxq welq| Ab¨vb¨ mKj
wel‡q †÷Ummg~‡ni (cÖ‡`kmg~n) c~Y© ÿgZv _vK‡e|
3. †`‡ki `yB As‡ki Rb¨ `ywU c„_K I mn‡R wewbgq‡hvM¨ gy`ªv _vK‡e; Ges gy`ªvi cwiPvjbvi
¶gZv _vK‡e cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii Ici| A_ev GKB gy`ªv _vK‡e, Z‡e hv‡Z GK AÂ‡ji gy`ªv
70
Ab¨ AÂ‡j mn‡R cvPvi bv n‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ GKwU †dWv‡ij e¨vs‡Ki Aax‡b `yB AÂ‡ji
g‡a¨ `ywU Avjv`v AvÂwjK wiRvf© e¨vsK _vK‡e|
4. cÖv‡`wkK miKvi ivR¯^bxwZ cÖYqb, Ki avh© I Av`v‡qi ¶gZv cv‡e| Z‡e †`ki¶v I
cÖwZi¶v e¨q eve` wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© †K›`ªxq miKvi‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
5. `yB cÖ‡`‡ki AwR©Z •e‡`wkK gy`ªvi c„_K wnmve ivL‡Z n‡e Ges A‡_©i Ici ¯^ ¯^ AvÂwjK
miKv‡ii GLwZqvi _vK‡e| msweav‡b ewY©Z c×wZ Abymv‡i cÖv‡`wkK miKvi †K›`ªxq
miKvi‡K gy`ªv mieivn Ki‡e|
6. cÖ‡`k¸‡jv‡K wgwjwkqv ev c¨vivwgwjwkqv evwnbx M‡o †Zvjvi ¶gZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| (Drm
: evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvhy‡×i `wjjcÎ, (2q LÛ), nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb m¤úvw`Z,
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq, c„. 259)|
e½eÜzi Qq `dv G AÂ‡ji Rb‡Mvôxi wbKU Ôg¨vMbvKvU©vÕ ev gyw³i mb` iƒ‡c cwiMwYZ nq| Qq
`dvi Ab¨Zg j¶¨ wQj cÖ_gZ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b ¯^vqËkvmb wbwðZ Kiv; wØZxqZ, c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi
gvby‡li A_©‣bwZK gyw³ wbwðZ Kiv| Qq `dvi d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb‡Mvôx GKB QvZvi Z‡j
mg‡eZ nq Ges Av‡›`vj‡bi bZzb w`kv cvq| G Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q evOvwj RvwZmËvi ¯^Zš¿
•ewkó¨ iwPZ nq Ges RvZxqZvev`x wPšÍv I Av‡›`vj‡bi m„wó nq| 6 `dvi wfwË‡ZB cieZ©xKv‡j
1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM mvdj¨ jvf K‡i|
HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv
Qq `dv Kg©m~wPi d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Avcvgi Rb‡Mvôx msMÖvgx f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq| d‡j
cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmK‡Mvôx fxZmš¿¯Í n‡q c‡o Ges Zviv wewfbœ `gb-wbcxobg~jK eë¯v MÖn‡Y Zrci
nq| Qq `dvi Av‡›`vjb‡K miKvi ivóª‡`ªvwnZvi kvwgj e‡j we‡ePbv K‡i| 1968 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi
gv‡m e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K cÖavb Avmvgx K‡i Av‡iv 34 Rb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wmwfj mvwf©m I
mvgwiK Kg©KZ©vi weiæ‡× ivóª‡`ªvwnZvi Awf‡hvM G‡b Ôivóª ebvg †kL gywRe I Ab¨vb¨Õ bvgK GKwU
gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i| XvKv K¨v›Ub‡g‡›Ui Af¨šÍ‡i lohš¿g~jK GB ivóª‡`ªvwnZv gvgjvi mvgwiK
Av`vj‡Z wePviKvh© ïiæ nq| †kL gywRemn lohš¿g~jK GB wg_¨v gvgjvi ew›`‡ì gyw³i `vwe‡Z
XvKvmn mviv †`‡k Av‡›`vjb `vbv †eu‡a I‡V| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †kL gywReyi ingvb Ges 34 Rb evOvwj
71
Awdmvi‡K †`‡ki kÎæ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i Zuv‡ì‡K `„óvšÍg~jK kvw¯Í cÖ`vb K‡i c~ e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi
¯^v_©mswkøó Av‡›`vjb‡K wPiZ‡i ¯Íä K‡i †`qvB wQj G gvgjvi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨| miKv‡ii nqivwb I
wbh©vZbg~jK eë¯v MÖn‡Yi d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbM‡Yi g‡b Zxeª Am‡šÍvl m„wó nq| GKB mg‡q
K¨v›Ub‡g‡›Ui Af¨šÍ‡i Kvivew›` mv‡R©›U Rûiæj nK I d¬vBU mv‡R©›U dRjyj nK cvwK¯Ívwb †mbv‡ì
nv‡Z ¸wjwe× n‡q ¸iæZi AvnZ nb Ges cieZ©x‡Z mv‡R©›U Rûiæj nK nvmcvZv‡j kvnv`r eiY
K‡ib| d‡j Av‡›`vjb Zxeª †_‡K ZxeªZi n‡q I‡V Ges cieZ©x‡Z 1969 mv‡j MYAfy¨Ìv‡bi iƒc
†bq (Lvb, 1996)|
GMv‡iv `dv Av‡›`vjb

RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi QvÎ mgv‡Ri mwµq AskMÖnY Av‡›`vj‡bi PvwjKvkw³ wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ nq| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Zv‡ì †h KÉ¯î D”PvwiZ n‡qwQj 1969 mv‡j cÖYxZ
GMv‡iv `dvi g‡a¨ Zv‡ì mgwš^Z Kg©‡K․kj I bxwZi cÖwZdjb j¶ Kiv hvq| 1969 mv‡j XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †K›`ªxq QvÎ msm‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ Ôme©`jxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ (Student Action
CommitteeÑSAC) Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡i (Lvb, 1996)| G Ôme©`jxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ
1969 mv‡ji 6 Rvbyqvwi GMv‡iv `dvi Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡i, †hLv‡b e½eÜz cÖ`Ë Qq `dvI AšÍf©y³
Kiv nq|
GMv‡iv `dvi g~j e³e¨ wQjÑ
1. wk¶vi mgm¨vewji Avï mgvavb Ges e¨vcK cÖmvi NUv‡bv
2. cÖvßeq¯‥‡ì †fv‡U cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb I msm`xq MYZš¿ cÖwZôv
3. c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ c~Y© ¯^vqËkvmb
4. cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi ÿy`ª cÖ‡`k¸‡jvi Rb¨ ¯^vqËkvmb cÖ`vb I Zv‡ì‡K †dWv‡ij miKv‡ii
Aax‡b Avbv
5. e¨vsK, exgv I e„nr wk‡íi RvZxqKiY
6. K…lK‡ì LvRbv I U¨v‡·i nvi n«vm Kiv
7. kªwgK‡ì b¨vh¨ gRywi I †evbvm wbwðZ Kiv
8. c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi eb¨v wbqš¿Y I Rbm¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi;
72
9. wbh©vZbg~jK AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi;
10. wmqv‡Uv, †mb‡Uv I cvK-gvwK©b mvgwiK Pyw³ evwZj I wbi‡c¶ •e‡`wkK bxwZ MÖnY Ges
11. AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjvq †MÖdZviK…Z Avmvwgmn mKj ivRew›ì gyw³ cÖ`vb|
GMv‡iv `dv‡K †K›`ª K‡i e¨vcK QvÎ Av‡›`vjb msNwUZ nq| d‡j cywjwk wbh©vZb µgvMZfv‡e
evo‡Z _v‡K| QvÎ‡ì wgwQ‡j cywj‡ki wbwe©Pvi ¸wjel©‡Y XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ Avmv`y¾vgvb wbnZ
nq| µgvš^‡q QvÎ Av‡›`vjb GKwU MYAv‡›`vj‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| GMv‡iv `dv Av‡›`vjb `ªæZ cU
cwieZ©‡bi cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i| G ch©v‡q avivevwnK NUbvewj Av‡›`vjb‡K GKwU MYAfy¨Ìv‡bi w`‡K
avweZ K‡i| mKj miKvwi Awdm I ivRc_ QvÎ‡ì wbqš¿‡Y P‡j hvq Ges cÖv‡`wkK miKvi
AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o| G Av‡›`vjb RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb‡K P~ovšÍ ch©v‡q wb‡q †h‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
EbmË‡ii MYAfy¨Ìvb, 1969wLª.

QvÎ‡bZv Avmv` cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z wbnZ nIqvq Ô†K›`ªxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ GMv‡iv `dv `vwe Av`v‡qi
j‡¶¨ 24 Rvbyqvwi‡K ÔMYAfy¨Ìvb wèmÕ †NvlYv K‡i| 15 †deªæqvwi AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjvi Ab¨Zg
Avmvgx mv‡R©›U Rûiæj nK‡K mvgwiK nvR‡Z ew›` Ae¯vq ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K 18
†deªæqvwi ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K W. kvgmy‡¾vnv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖv½‡Y mvgwiK Awdmv‡ii
¸wj‡Z wbnZ nb| G mg¯Í NUbv Pjgvb Av‡›`vjb‡K †eMevb K‡i †Zv‡j| Av‡›`vjb‡K `gv‡bvi j‡¶¨
mvgwiK kvmK †Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb †mbvevwnbx‡K Zje K‡ib| wKš‧ RbM‡Yi `ye©vi Av‡›`vjb
kvmK‡Mvôxi ûgwKi gy‡L `‡g hvqwb| eis Pvwiw`‡K ÔRq evsjvÕ, Ô†Zvgvi Avgvi wVKvbv, cÙv-†gNbv-
hgybvÕ, ÔAvgvi †`k †Zvgvi †`k, evsjv‡`k evsjv‡`kÕ BZ¨vw` †¯øvMv‡b Av‡›`vjb gyLwiZ n‡q I‡V|
Gme †¯øvMvb g~jZ GKwU fvlvwfwËK I RvwZwfwËK Av‡›`vj‡bi ewntcÖKvk| Av‡›`vjb µgvMZ
kw³kvjx nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx cÖ_‡g kw³ cÖ‡qvM Kivi †K․kj wb‡jI cieZ©x‡Z
eva¨ n‡q MY`vwei Kv‡Q bwZ ¯^xKvi K‡i †ek K‡qKwU c`‡¶c †bqÑcÖ_gZ c~e© evsjvi Mfb©i
†gvbv‡qg Lvb‡K AcmviY K‡i c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi A_©gš¿x W. Gg.Gb. û`v‡K wb‡qvM; wØZxqZ kxNÖB
Riæwi Ae¯v cÖZ¨vnv‡ii †NvlYv; Z…ZxqZ cieZ©x wbe©vP‡b †Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lv‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U cÖv_©x bv
nIqv Ges me©‡kl AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi|
1969 mv‡ji 22 †deªæqvwi AvMiZjv lohš¿g~jK wg_¨v gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq Ges †kL gywReyi
ingvbmn Ab¨vb¨ ivRew›`‡ì gyw³ †`qv nq| 23 †deªæqvwi QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` KZ©„K †kL gywRemn
73
AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjvi mKj Avmvwg‡K †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gv‡b †mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb) GK
MYmsea©bv †`qv nq Ges QvÎ msMÖvg cwil‡ì mfvcwZ I XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †K›`ªxq QvÎ msm‡ì
mn-mfvcwZ †Zvdv‡qj Avn‡g‡ì mfvcwZ‡Z¡ AbywôZ mfvq †kL gywRe‡K Ôe½eÜzÕ †LZv‡e f~wlZ
Kiv nq (Lvb, 1996)|
Zxeª QvÎ I MY-Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L 1969 mv‡ji 10 gvP© mvgwiK kvmK †Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb
cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivIqvjwcwÐ‡Z ivR‣bwZK `j¸‡jvi †Mvj‡Uwej •eVK AvnŸvb K‡ib| e½eÜy †kL gywReyi
ingvb ÔQq `dvÕ I ÔGMv‡iv `dvÕi wfwË‡Z c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi c~Y© ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe DÌvcb K‡ib|
wKš‧ ¯^vqËkvm‡bi cÖ‡kœ mKj Av‡jvPbv e¨_© nq| djkÖæwZ‡Z MYAv‡›`vjb Av‡iv Zxeª AvKvi aviY
K‡i Ges 25 gvP© AvBqye Lvb miKv‡ii cZb N‡U| wZwb ZrKvjxb †mbvevwnbx cÖavb †Rbv‡ij AvMv
†gvnv¤§` Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi wbKU ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii †NvlYv K‡ib| d‡j Zuvi `k eQ‡ii GKbvqKZ‡š¿i
Aemvb nq|
1970-Gi wbe©vPb
Bqvwnqv Lvb ¶gZv MÖn‡Yi ci ciB mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi K‡ib| 1970 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m mvgwiK
AvB‡bi Aax‡b mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi Zdwmj †NvlYv Kiv nq| 1970-Gi 7 wW‡m¤î RvZxq cwil` Ges
17 wW‡m¤î cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| AvIqvgx jxM 6 `dvi wfwË‡Z wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY
K‡i| wbe©vP‡b e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †bZ…Z¡vaxb AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b
K‡i| wbe©vP‡b cvwK¯Ív‡bi 313 Avm‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ RvZxq cwil‡ì 169wU Avm‡bi
g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jxM 167wU Avmb jvf K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ RvZxq
cwil‡ì 144wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 88wU Avm‡b RyjwdKvi Avjx fy‡Ævi †bZ…Z¡vaxb cvwK¯Ívb wccjm cvwU©
weRq jvf K‡i| cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` 300wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jxM 288wU Avmb jvf K‡i
cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡Ì wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i| AvIqvgx jxM RvZxq cwil‡` 75.10% I
cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` 70.48% †fvU cvq| G wbe©vP‡bi djvdj c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K GKwU c„_K AÂj I
evOvwj RvwZ‡K GKwU ¯^vaxb RvwZ wn‡m‡e Afy¨`‡qi Aven m„wó K‡i|
74
¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`q
¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb 1971
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi BwZnv‡m gvP© gvm wQj AZ¨šÍ NUbveûj GKwU gvm| ZrKvjxb †cÖwm‡W›U
Bqvwnqv Lvb 3 gvP© 1971 Zvwi‡L XvKvq RvZxq cwil‡ì •eVK AvnŸvb K‡ib| Zvi c~‡e© wZwb XvKvq
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi mv‡_ •eVK K‡i mvsevw`K‡ì mv‡_ AvjvcKv‡j e½eÜz‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi
fvex cÖavbgš¿x wnmv‡e AwfwnZ K‡ib| wKš‧ RyjwdKvi Avjx fz‡Æv miKv‡ii G D‡`¨vM bv †g‡b
loh‡š¿i bZzb †Ljvq †g‡Z I‡Vb| wZwb XvKvq Avm‡Z Ges 3 gvP© Avn~Z RvZxq cwil‡ì Awa‡ek‡b
†hvM`vb Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb| 1 gvP© †cÖwm‡W›U BqvwnqvI fz‡Ævi loh‡š¿ †hvM`vb K‡i 3 gv‡P©i
RvZxq cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb ¯wMZ K‡ib|
G †NvlYv RbM‡Yi Pjgvb Av‡›`vjb‡K MYwe‡ùvi‡Yi w`‡K †V‡j †`q| mgMÖ †`‡ki RbMY cÖwZev‡`
†d‡U c‡o| e½eÜz GK mvsevw`K m‡¤§jb †W‡K G wm×v‡šÍi Zxeª wb›`v Rvbvb| AZtci wZwb G‡K
G‡K wewfbœ Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡i Av‡›`vjb‡K mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvb| 1971 mv‡ji 2 I 3
gvP© mviv‡`‡k niZvj AvnŸvb Kiv nq| GQvov wZwb 7 gvP© igbv †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb
†mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb) GK Rbmfv Abyôv‡bi †NvlYv †`b| cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK RvšÍv niZvj evbPvj
Kivi j‡ÿ¨ XvKvq KviwdD Rvwi K‡i wKš‧ ¯^vaxbZvi †bkvq we‡ùv‡ivb¥yL RbM‡Yi Av‡›`vjb Zv
GZUzKz w¯ÍwgZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| 2 gvP© XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kjvfe‡bi GK wekvj QvÎmfvq evsjv‡`k
¯^vaxb Kivi kc_ MÖnY Kiv nq Ges me©cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZvi cZvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq| 3 gvP© e½eÜz mviv
†`‡k Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK †`b|
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 7 gvP©, 1971 igbvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb †mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb) GK
HwZnvwmK wekvj Rbmfvq fvlY †`b|
75
wPÎ: e½eÜzi 7gv‡P©i fvlY
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi BwZnv‡m 7 gv‡Pi© (1971) Rbmfv Ges e½eÜzi fvlY GKwU AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
gvBjdjK wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nq| †h‡Kv‡bv wePv‡iB e½eÜzi 7 gv‡P©i fvlY c„w_exi ivR‣bwZK e³…Zvq
Ab¨Zg GKwU †kÖô fvlY wnmv‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q | D‡jøL¨ †h, 2017 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m
e½eÜzi G fvlYwU BD‡b‡¯‥vi ÔIqvì© WKz‡g›Uvwi †nwi‡URÕ (wek¦ cÖvgvY¨ HwZn¨) wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf
K‡i‡Q| †`k ZLb GK fqven ivR‣bwZK msK‡Ui ga¨ w`‡q AwZevwnZ nw”Qj| B‡Zvg‡a¨ QvÎ msMÖvg
cwil` cÖKv‡k¨ ¯^vaxbZvi `vwe Rvwb‡q‡Q Ges RbMYI gvbwmKfv‡e ¯^vaxbZvi cÖ¯‧wZ MÖnY Ki‡Q|
ZLb mK‡ji `„wó e½eÜzi w`‡KÑwZwb Kx e‡jb| 7 gvP© †im‡Kv‡m©i wekvj Rbmfvq e½eÜz †NvlYv
K‡ib ÔGev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡ì gyw³i msMÖvg, Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvgÕ| e½eÜzi AvnŸv‡b
mvov w`‡q Hw`b †_‡KB gyw³hy‡×i cÖ¯‧wZ Pj‡Z _v‡K| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjqmn mviv †`‡k msMÖvg KwgwU
MVb Kiv nq| mviv †`‡k Amn‡hvM I cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| G e³…Zvq evOvwji Avkv-
AvKv•¶v e¨³ nq| ¯^vaxbZvi †K․kjx †NvlYv w`‡q e½eÜz evOvwj RvwZ‡K hy‡×i Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍyZ nIqvi
wb‡`©k †`b| ZvB 7 gv‡P©i fvlY evOvwj RvwZi ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡b gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
Ab¨w`‡K 10 gvP© †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb msKU I APjve¯v wbim‡bi Rb¨ XvKvq †bZ…e„‡›ì GK
†Mvj‡Uwej •eVK AvnŸvb K‡ib| wKš‧ nZ¨vh‡Ái cÖwZev‡` AvIqvgx jxM G Avgš¿Y cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i|
76
15 gvP© e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb evsjv‡`‡k †emvgwiK cÖkvmb Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ 35wU wewa Rvwi
K‡ib| Kvh©Z †`k cwiPvwjZ n‡Z _v‡K DwjøwLZ wewa Øviv| G w`bB Bqvwnqv XvKvq Av‡mb Ges
Av‡jvPbvi bv‡g 10 w`b mgq AwZevwnZ K‡ib| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi weiæ‡× G loh‡š¿ hy³ nb RyjwdKvi
Avjx fy‡Æv| Av‡jvPbvi bv‡g cÖnm‡bi gva¨‡g g~jZ mvgwiK evwnbx‡K me©vZ¥Kfv‡e cÖ¯‧Z Kiv
n‡qwQj| Bqvwnqv I RyjwdKvi Avjxi GB Amr D‡Ïk¨ e½eÜz I RbMY eyS‡Z cv‡ib| Av‡jvPbv e¨_©
nq Ges Bqvwnqv 25
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×
cvwK¯Ívb evwnbxi nvgjv I e½eÜzi ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv
1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© iv‡Z evOvwj‡ì Ici †b‡g Av‡m BwZnv‡mi wbK„óZg ee©‡ivwPZ nZ¨vKvÐ|
ÔAcv‡ikb mvP© jvBUÕ-Gi bv‡g 25 gv‡Pi© gaïv‡Z nvRvi nvRvi cvwK¯Ívwb •mb¨ wbixn-wbi¯¿ NygšÍÍ
evOvwj‡ì Ici Svuwc‡q c‡o| U¨vsK, fvix Kvgvb I bvbvwea A¯¿-m¯¿ mnKv‡i wbôzi nZ¨vh‡Á †g‡Z
I‡V|
wPÎ: 25 gvP©, 1971 Gi wbg©g nZ¨vhÁ
Zviv cÖ_‡g XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ nj, cywjk I B.wc.Avi. e¨viv‡K AvµgY Pvjvq| GQvov
njmsjMMœ wk¶K‡ì evmM„‡n, Kg©Pvix‡ì evm¯v‡b, wewfbœ `jxq Kvhv©j‡q ee©‡ivwPZ nvgjv Pvjvq|
nZ¨v K‡i QvÎ, wk¶K, wkï, cwyjkmn AmsL¨ gvbyl‡K| Ab¨vb¨ ¯v‡bI Zviv wbgg© nZ¨vKvÐ Pvjvq|
77
evwoNi, †`vKvbcvU, msev`cÎ Awdm I eëmv cÖwZôvb cywo‡q †`q I jyUcvU K‡i| we‡`‡k msev`
‡cÖi‡Yi Ici KovKwo wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc K‡i| GK iv‡Zi g‡a¨ Zviv XvKv kni‡K ea¨fw~g I
aŸsm¯‧‡c cwiYZ K‡i| G Rb¨ MYnZ¨v ïiæ 25 gv‡Pi© ivZ‡K ejv nq KvjivZ|
25 gvP© ivZ n‡ZB gyw³hy‡×i cÖZ¨¶ msMÖvg ïiæ nq| Gw`bB cvwK¯Ívwb •mb¨‡ì Avµg‡Yi gy‡L wcjLvbvq
BwcAvi evwnbx I ivRvievM cywjk jvB‡bi cywjk evwnbxi evOvwj m`mïv mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j|
kn‡ii bvbv ¯v‡b gvbyl iv¯Ívi Ici e¨vwi‡KW †`q| wKš‧ cvwK¯Ívwb •mb¨‡ì mk¯¿ cÖej Avµg‡Yi gy‡L G
cÖwZ‡iva `xN© nqwb| 25 gv‡P©i Mfxi iv‡Z A_©vr 26 gv‡P©i cÖ_g cÖn‡i e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K
cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx †MÖdZvi K‡i I cieZ©x‡Z cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wb‡q hvq| †MÖdZv‡ii c~e© gyn~‡Z© A_©vr
26 gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i e½eÜz AvbyôvwbK fv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| GRb¨B 26 gvP© Avgv‡ì
gnvb ¯^vaxbZv wèm| †NvlYvwU wQj Bs‡iwR‡Z, hv‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK gnj †NvlYvwU eyS‡Z cv‡ib| ‡NvlYvwU
wb¤œiƒc:
ÒThis may be my last message, from today Bangladesh is independent. I call

upon the people of Bangladesh wherever you might be and with whatever you
have, to resist the army of occupation to the last. Your fight must go on until
the last soldier of the Pakistan occupation army is expelled from the soil of
Bangladesh and final victory is achieved.” (m~Î: BANGLAPEDIA, Asiatic
Society of Bangladesh)
¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi evsjv Abyev` : ÒBnvB nqZ Avgvi †kl evZ©v, AvR nB‡Z evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb| Avwg
evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY‡K AvnŸvb RvbvB‡ZwQ †h, †h †hLv‡b AvQ, hvnvi hvnv wKQz Av‡Q, ZvB wb‡q iæ‡L
ùvovI, me©kw³ w`‡q nvbv`vi evwnbx‡K cÖwZ‡iva K‡iv| cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vi evwnbxi †kl •mb¨wU‡K evsjvi
gvwU nB‡Z weZvwoZ bv Kiv ch©šÍ Ges P~ovšÍ weRq AR©b bv Kiv ch©šÍ jovB Pvwj‡q hvIÓ (m~Î:
evsjv‡`k †M‡RU, AwZwi³, RyjvB 3, 2011, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb, A‡±vei 2011, c„. 153)|
wZwb cvwK¯Ívb evwnbxi civR‡qi AvM ch©šÍ †`kevmx‡K msMÖvg Pvwj‡q hvIqvi wb‡`©k †`b| Zuvi G wb‡`©k
1971 mv‡ji 26 gvP© PÆMÖv‡gi KvjyiNvU¯ ¯^vaxb evsjv wecøex †eZvi †K›`ª n‡Z AvIqvgx jxM †bZv Gg.
G. nvbœvb I Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³ cÖPvi K‡ib| 27 gvP© mÜ¨vq †gRi wRqvDi ingvb GKB †eZvi‡K›`ª †_‡K
e½eÜzi c‡¶ cybivq ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv cvV K‡ib | (Drm : Gg. Avi. AvLZvi gyKyj m¤úvw`Z,
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy× , `wjjcÎ, GK L‡Û ms‡¶wcZ, 1988, c„. 141)|
78
gywRebMi miKvi MVb (evsjv‡`k miKvi), 1971
1971 mv‡ji 10 GwcÖj evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g A¯vqx miKvi MwVZ nq| 17 GwcÖj eZ©gvb †g‡nicyi
†Rjvi (ZrKvjxb Kzwóqv) •e`¨bv_Zjvi Avg evMv‡b (eZ©gv‡b gywRebMi) A¯vqx miKvi kc_ MÖnY
K‡i| G miKvi ÔgywRebMi miKviÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvbÑivóªcwZ, •mq` bRiæj
BmjvgÑ Dc-ivóªcwZ, ZvRDÏxb Avn‡g`ÑcÖavbgš¿x, L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g`Ñciivóªgš¿x, Gg.
gbmyi AvjxÑA_©gš¿x Ges G.GBP.Gg. Kvgiæ¾vgvbÑ¯îvóª, ÎvY I cybe©vmb gš¿x wn‡m‡e wbhy³ nb|
wKš‧ e½eÜz ZLb cvwK¯Ívb KvivMv‡i ew›`| d‡j Zuvi Abycw¯wZ‡Z Dc-ivóªcwZ •mq` bRiæj Bmjvg
A¯vqx ivóªcwZi `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY K‡ib|
wPÎ: •e`¨bv_Zjvq Rbmgv‡e‡k fvlY`vbiZ A¯vqx ivóªcwZ •mq` bRiæj Bmjvg
A¯vqx miKvi evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvcÎ MÖnY K‡i| ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ evsjv‡`‡ki
msweav‡bi cÖvK-mvsweavwbK `wjj wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| G mb‡` 1971 mv‡ji 26 gvP© †_‡K ¯^vaxbZv
Kvh©K‡ii K_v D‡jøL Kiv nq|
gyw³evwnbx MVb Ges gyw³hy‡× mvgwiK I †emvgwiK evwnbxi f~wgKv
gywRebMi miKvi gyw³hy× cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ gyw³evwnbx MV‡bi D‡`¨vM †bq| B÷ †e½j †iwR‡g›U,
BwcAvi Gi evOvwj m`m¨, cywjk, Avbmvi, QvÎ, hyeK, bvix, K…lK, kªwgK, †ckvRxex wb‡q M‡o I‡V
gyw³evwnbx| †Rbv‡ij gyn¤§` AvZvDj MwY Imgvbx‡K gyw³evwnbxi cÖavb †mbvcwZ wbhy³ Kiv nq|
79
gywRebMi miKv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY mk¯¿ hy‡× Suvwc‡q c‡o| `‡j `‡j gvbyl fvi‡Z wM‡q
hy‡×i cÖwk¶Y MÖnY K‡i| A‡b‡K †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i cÖwk¶Y MÖnY †k‡l hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i| Gfv‡eB
cÖv_wgK cÖwZ‡iva hy× mk¯¿ gyw³hy‡× cwiYZ nq|
D‡jøL¨ †h, gyw³hy‡× mvgwiK-†emvgwiK wbwe©‡k‡l †`‡ki Avcvgi RbmvaviY AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q| G‡ì
mgš^‡q hy× cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †ek wKQz evwnbx †hgbÑwbqwgZ †mbv e¨v‡Uwjqb, †m±i Uªycm, MYevwnbx,
†e½j wjev‡ikb d«›U I wewfbœ AvÂwjK evwnbx M‡o D‡VwQj| Zviv wewfbœfv‡e cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbxi
weiæ‡× AvµgY Pvjvq| gyw³hy× Kvh©Kifv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mviv evsjv‡`k‡K 11wU †m±i I wewfbœ
mve-†m±‡i fvM Kiv nq| MVb Kiv nq wZbwU weª‡MW †dvm©| G¸‡jv n‡jv Ô†RW †dvm©Õ, ÔGm †dvm©Õ
Ges Ô†K †dvm©Õ| †gRi wRqvDi ingvb Ô†RW †dvm©Õ, †gRi †K. Gg. kwdDjøvn ÔGm †dvm©Õ Ges
†gRi Lv‡j` †gvkviid Ô†K †dvm©ÕGi AwabvqK wQ‡jb| ZvQvov gyw³hy‡×i †kl w`‡K evsjv‡`k
wjev‡ikb †dvm© ev we. Gj. Gd. MwVZ nq| cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx‡Z Kg©iZ c~e© evsjvi Awdmvi,
•mwbK, cywjk, BwcAvi, †b․ I wegvb evwnbxi m`m¨MY Gme evwnbxi MVb I cwiPvjbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| GQvov †Mwijv I mvaviY †hv×viv G‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i| Giv mK‡j gyw³evwnbx
wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
†`‡ki K…lK, kÖwgK, QvÎ-RbZv wbR wbR D‡`¨v‡M †ek wKQz evwnbx M‡o †Zv‡jb| fvi‡Z cÖwk¶Y
†k‡l ZvivI †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i e¨vcKfv‡e Qwo‡q c‡ob| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³ evwnbx ¯j, Rj I AvKvk
c‡_ AvµgY K‡i cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbx‡K wech©¯Í K‡i †d‡jb| GQvov MÖvg I kn‡ii A‡b‡K
GKKfv‡e KwgwU MVb K‡i gyw³evwnbxi _vKv, LvIqv, wPwKrmv I hy× cwiPvjbvq mvnvh¨ K‡ib|
gyw³hy‡× †Mwijv evwnbxi we‡kl Ae`vb wQj| Zviv †Mvc‡b I AvKw¯§Kfv‡e kÎæi weiæ‡× hy×
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| Zviv c~e© cwiKíbvg‡Zv wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯vcbvq AZwK©Z Avµg‡Yi ci wbivc`
¯v‡b AvZ¥‡Mvcb Ki‡Zb| A‡bK mgq m¤§yL hy‡×I Zviv exi‡Z¡i mv‡_ jovB K‡i‡Qb| gyw³evwnbxi
†Mwijv AvµgY †k‡li w`‡K cÖej AvKvi aviY K‡i| d‡j Zv‡ì Avµg‡Y cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx w`‡knviv
n‡q c‡o| †`‡ki wfZ‡i I evwn‡i M‡o IVv Ab¨vb¨ evwnbxI gyw³hy‡× ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb|
80
wPÎ: hy×iZ gyw³‡hv×v
†`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ gyw³evwnbxi cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ AK…wÎg †`k‡cÖ‡gi bwRi †i‡L‡Qb| cvwK¯Ívwb
evwnbxi †`vmi ivRvKvi, Avj-eì, Avj-kvgm evwnbx Qvov †`k‡cÖwgK mKj gvbyl wQ‡jb ZLb
gyw³‡hv×v I gyw³hy‡×i mg_©K| MÖvg-M‡Äi cÖwZwU Rbc‡` gyw³Kvgx wbt¯^v_© mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv jvf
K‡i gyw³‡hv×viv iYv½‡b RxebevwR †i‡L hy× K‡i‡Qb| A‡b‡K kwn` n‡q‡Qb, A‡b‡K c½y n‡q‡Qb|
A‡bK gyw³‡hv×v GL‡bv †eu‡P Av‡Qb| Avgiv mKj gyw³‡hv×v‡K m‡e©v”P m¤§vb I kª×v Rvbve|
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× AvIqvgx jxM †bZ„Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| GQvov b¨vc (†gvRvd&di), b¨vc (fvmvbx),
KwgDwb÷ cvwU© BZ¨vw` msMVb Ges mvsevw`K, wk¶K, AvBbRxex, cÖ‡K․kjx, Wv³vi, kªwgKmn bvbv
†ckvi gvbylI gyw³hy‡× mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i| gyw³hy‡× mivmwi we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj Rvgvqv‡Z
Bmjvg, gymwjg jxM, †bRv‡g Bmjvg, Bmjvwg QvÎ msN BZ¨vw` msMVb| ZvQvov Zviv Avj-eì
81
evwnbx I Avj-kvgm evwnbx MVb K‡i cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i Ges gyw³‡hv×v I mvaviY
gvbyl‡K nZ¨v K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× fvi‡Zi f~wgKv wQj me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cÖvq 1 †KvwU gvbyl fvi‡Z kiYv_©x
wn‡m‡e Avkªq †bq| †m †`‡ki miKvi I RbMY Zv‡ì _vKvi eë¯v K‡i| fiY‡cvlYmn fviZ
miKvi gyw³‡hv×v‡ì cÖwk¶‡Yi eë¯v K‡i, GKch©v‡q mvgwiK kw³ w`‡qI mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
gyw³hy‡×i †kl w`‡K gyw³evwnbx I fviZxq wgÎevwnbx wb‡q †h․_ KgvÛ MwVZ nq| 1971 mv‡ji 3
wW‡m¤î cvwK¯Ívb fvi‡Zi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i| gyw³hy× PjvKvjxb fviZ 1971 mv‡ji 6 wW‡m¤î
evsjv‡`k‡K cÖ_g ¯^xK…wZ †`q| c‡ii w`b 7 wW‡m¤î (1971) cÖwZ‡ekx ivóª fyUvb evsjv‡`k‡K
¯^xK…wZ †`q| d‡j gyw³hy× bZzb gvÎv cvq| evsjv‡`k I fviZ †h․_ KgvÛ cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbxi
Ici kvwbZ AvµgY cwiPvjbv K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvšÍR©vwZK I AvÂwjK
civkw³mg~n `yB wkwe‡i wef³ n‡q c‡o| mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ ivwkqv, fviZmn we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k I
Rb‡Mvôx evsjv‡`‡ki †kvwlZ gyw³Kvgx gvby‡li cv‡k ùvov‡jI gvwK©b hy³ivóª, Pxbmn ga¨cÖv‡Pï A‡bK
†`kB evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i wec‡¶ Ae¯vb †bq| we‡kl K‡i fviZ A_©‣bwZK, mvgwiK I K‚U‣bwZK
mn‡hvwMZv †`q| evsjv‡`k miKvi MVb, ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª ¯vc‡bi my‡hvM w`‡q fviZ wewfbœfv‡e
mnvqZvi nvZ evwo‡q †`q| ÔAcv‡ikb mvP© jvBUÕGi bv‡g cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx 25 gvP© Kv‡jviv‡Z evOvwj
Rb‡Mvôxi Ici †h b„ksm MYnZ¨v msNwUZ K‡iwQj RvwZmsN Zvi Zxeª wb›`v Ávcb K‡i|
P~ovšÍ weRq
†h․_ Kgv‡Ûi mycwiKwíZ I cÖPÐ Avµg‡Y 1971 mv‡ji 7 wW‡m¤î me©cÖ_g h‡kvi †mbvwbev‡mi
cZb nq| ax‡i ax‡i evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶Y-cwðgvÂj gy³ n‡Z _v‡K| mvZ¶xiv gy³ K‡i †h․_ evwnbx
Lyjbv AÂ‡ji wbqš¿Y wb‡q †bq| Ab¨w`‡K †h․_ evwnbxi Ab¨ GKwU `j XvKvi cv‡ki †Rjvmg~n
we‡kl K‡i Rvgvjcyi, U½x, biwms`x, gyÝxMÄ I Kzwgjøv †mbvwbev‡mi cZb NwU‡q XvKvi w`‡K AMÖmi
n‡Z _v‡K| 14 wW‡m¤^‡ii g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk AÂj kÎægy³ nq| cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbx hLb
wbwðZ civR‡qi gy‡LvgywL †mB gyn~‡Z© ivRvKvi, Avj-eì, Avj-kvg‡mi mn‡hvwMZvq BwZnv‡mi
wbK…óZg nZ¨vKvÐ NUv‡bv nq| G †`‡ki eyw×e„wËK wPšÍvi †LvivK`vZv I RvwZi we‡eK eyw×Rxex‡ì
(wk¶K, mvsevw`K, †jLK, mvwnwZ¨K, AvBbRxex, wPwKrmK, cÖ‡K․kjx cÖf„wZ) nZ¨v Kiv nq| 10
†_‡K 14 wW‡m¤î GB ee©iZv I nZ¨vhÁ fqven iƒc aviY K‡i| cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôxi wb‡`©kbv I
g`‡` ivRvKvi, Avj-eì, Avj-kvgmmn G †`kxq `vjv‡jiv G nZ¨vhÁ Pvjvq| c‡i XvKvi wgicyi I
82
iv‡qi evRv‡ii ea¨f~wg‡Z Zuv‡ì A‡b‡Ki weK…Z jvk cvIqv hvq| kwn` eyw×Rxex‡ì ¯§i‡Y cÖwZ
eQi 14 wW‡m¤î Ôkwn` eyw×Rxex wèmÕ cvjb Kiv nq| hy‡× wbwðZ civRq †R‡bI cvwK¯Ívwb
kvmK‡Mvôx AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b bvbv Ac‡Póvq wjß nq| RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡` cvwK¯Í v‡bi
ZrKvjxb Dc-cÖavbgš¿x I ciivóªgš¿x RyjwdKvi Avjx fy‡Æv 12 wW‡m¤î hy× weiwZi cÖ¯Íve †`b|
cÖ¯Ív‡ei Ici Pvi w`b hver msNwUZ Av‡jvPbvq wbivcËv cwil‡ì m`mïv AskMÖnY K‡ib| wKš‧
cÖ¯Ívebv P~ovšÍ n‡jI †h․_ evwnbx 14 wW‡m¤î XvKv‡K cÖvq wN‡i †d‡j| Zv‡ì cÖPÐ Avµg‡Y
cvwK¯Ív‡bi †mbvbvqK †Rbv‡ij wbqvRx cÖvq 93 nvRvi •mb¨ I wecyj cwigvY A¯¿ -†Mvjveviæ`mn
†im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b 1971 mv‡j 16 wW‡m¤î †h․_ evwnbxi wbKU AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ib|
wPÎ: cvwK¯Ívbx •mb¨‡ì AvZ¥mgc©Y wPÎ: cvwK¯Ívb evwnbxi AvZ¥mgc©Y `wj‡j ¯^vÿi
c„w_exi ey‡K evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì Ici wfwË K‡i Rb¥ †bq bZzb ivóª Ôevsjv‡`kÕ|
RvwZms‡Ni AwaKvsk m`m¨ ivóªB G bZzb ivóª‡K R‡b¥i K‡qK gv‡mi g‡a¨ ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i|
c„w_exi ey‡K RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i bZzb G iv‡óªi Afy¨`q n‡q‡Q A‡bK i‡³i
wewbg‡q| gyw³hy‡×i bq gv‡m cvwK¯Ívwb •mbïv G †`‡ki gvbyl‡K nZ¨vmn bvbvfv‡e wbcxob K‡i‡Q|
Zv‡ì Ni-evwo R¡vwj‡q w`‡q‡Q| wbixn evOvwj‡K K¨v‡¤ú a‡i G‡b K‡i‡Q AgvbywlK wbh©vZb I nZ¨v|
cÖvq 30 j¶ gvbyl G hy‡× Rxeb DrmM© K‡i‡Q| cÖvq 4 j¶ bvix cvwK¯Ívb evwnbx I Zv‡ì †`vmi‡ì
nv‡Z wbcxo‡bi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb| j¶ j¶ gyw³‡hv×v c½yZ¡ eiY K‡ib| cÖvq 1 †KvwU evOvwj kiYv_©x
fvi‡Z AvkÖq wb‡q gvb‡eZi Rxebhvcb K‡i‡Q| Gfv‡e AMwYZ Z¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g AwR©Z n‡q‡Q
¯^vaxbZv| RvwZ-ag©-eY©-wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l K…lK-kªwgK, QvÎ-wk¶K, wPwKrmK, AvBbRxex, cÖ‡K․kjx,
†jLK, mvwnwZ¨K, wkíx, mKj †kªwY-†ckvi gvbyl cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i|
cÖev‡m Ae¯vbiZ evOvwjiv hy‡× wek¦evmxi mg_©b Av`v‡qi Rb¨ wbijm cwikªg K‡ib| we‡k¦i wewfbœ
83
†`‡ki MYZvwš¿K gvbyl cvwK¯Ívwb †Mvôxi Giƒc wbg©g I BwZnv‡mi RNb¨Zg nZ¨vh‡Ái weiæ‡×
evsjv‡`‡ki cv‡k G‡m ùvovq Ges bvbv ai‡bi mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡ib|
gyw³hy‡×i Zvrch©
†h RvZxqZvev‡ì ga¨ w`‡q evsjv‡`k bvgK iv‡óªi Afy¨`q n‡q‡Q Zvi wfwË wQj evOvwj RvwZi fvlv,
ms¯‥…wZ I ag©wbi‡c¶ †PZbv| mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi wfwË‡Z 1947 mv‡j fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb bvgK `y‡Uv
iv‡óªi Rb¥ †h P~ovšÍfv‡e fyj wQj †mUv fviZe‡l©i cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix ivR‣bwZK `jmg~n I weªwUk
Jcwb‡ewkK kvmK‡Mvôx bv eyS‡jI evOvwj RvwZ Zvi msMÖvgx g‡bvfve I †PZbv Øviv wek¦evmx‡K GUv
†evSv‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj †h civaxbZvi k„•L‡j _vKvi A_© n‡jv GKwU RvwZ‡Mvôxi ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ,
mgvRbxwZ I ms¯‥…wZ‡K wemR©b †`qv| d‡j weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmK‡ì weiæ‡× evOvwj RvwZ‡Mvôxi
†h RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb ïiæ n‡qwQj Zvi P~ovšÍ I b¨vqm½Z cwimgvwß n‡qwQj Ôevsjv‡`kÕ bvgK
bZzb iv‡óªi Afy¨`‡qi gva¨‡g|
gyw³‡hv×v‡ì ivóªxq Dcvwa

evsjv‡`k miKvi gyw³hy‡× exiZ¡ I mvnwmKZvi Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e KZK¸‡jv exiZ¡m~PK ivóªxq
Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| †hgbÑ
1. exi‡kªô : GwU m‡e©v”P exiZ¡m~PK ivóªxq Dcvwa| gyw³hy‡× Amxg mvnwmKZvi mv‡_ hy× Ki‡Z
wM‡q huviv kwn` n‡q‡Qb Zuv‡ì gv‡S mvZRb‡K G Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †LZv‡e
f~wlZiv n‡jbÑexi‡kªô kwn` j¨vÝ bv‡qK gywÝ Avãyi iDd, exi‡kªô kwn` wmcvwn †gv¯Ídv
Kvgvj, exi‡kªô kwn` d¬vBU †jd‡Ub¨v›U gwZDi ingvb, exi‡kªô kwn` j¨vÝ bv‡qK b~i
†gvnv¤§` †kL, exi‡kªô kwn` wmcvwn nvwg`yi ingvb, exi‡kªô kwn` BwÄbiæg AvwU©wdmvi iæûj
Avwgb Ges exi‡kªô kwn` K¨v‡Þb gwnDwÏb Rvnv½xi|
84
2. exiDËg : gyw³hy‡× mvnwmKZv I Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë GwU wØZxq exiZ¡m~PK ivóªxq Dcvwa| 68
Rb G Dcvwa jvf K‡ib|
3. exiweµg : gyw³hy‡× mvnwmKZv I Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨ †`qv GwU Z…Zxq exiZ¡m~PK ivóªxq Dcvwa| 175
Rb G Dcvwa jvf K‡ib
4. exicÖZxK : gyw³hy‡× mvnwmKZv I Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨ GwU PZz_© exiZ¡m~PK ivóªxq Dcvwa| 426 Rb
G Dcvwa jvf K‡ib|
RvZxq AR©b
gnvb gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g evOvwj RvwZ ïaygvÎ GKwU f~LÛB AR©b K‡iwb, eis AR©b K‡i‡Q Av‡iv
A‡bK wKQz| Avgiv †c‡qwQ ¯^vaxb †`‡ki bZzb cZvKv, evsjv fvlvq K_v ejv, †jLvi AwaKvi, GKwU
msweavb, RvZxq msMxZ, RvZxq cÖZxKmg~n, RvZxq g‡bvMÖvg, m¦vaxbZv wèm, gnvb weRq wèm|
Avgv‡ì fvlv we‡k¦i ìev‡i †c‡q‡Q h_vh_ gh©v`v| cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q †K›`ªxq kwn` wgbvi I RvZxq
¯§„wZ‡m․a| G me wKQz Avgv‡ì G‡b w`‡q‡Q RvZxq gyw³, A_©‣bwZK ¯^vaxbZv Ges m¤§vb| Gi d‡jB
we‡k¦i ey‡K Ôevsjv‡`kÕ bvgK ivóª µgvMZ GKwU kw³kvjx iv‡óª cwiYZ n‡”Q| hvu‡ì Z¨v‡Mi wewbg‡q
Avgiv Gme wKQz AR©b K‡iwQ Zvu‡ì Avgiv m‡e©v”P m¤§vb I kÖ×v Rvbve|
85
Avgv‡ì RvwZi RbK
e½eÜy ‡kL gywReyi ingvb (1920-1975 wLª.)
e½eÜy ‡kL gywReyi ingvb, 1920 mv‡ji 17 gvP© evsjv‡`‡ki, eZ©gvb ‡MvcvjMÄ ‡Rjvi Uy½xcvov
M«v‡g GK m¤£všÍ gymwjg cwiev‡i Rb¥M«nY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv ‡kL jyrdi ingvb Ges gvZv mv‡niv
LvZyb| 1942 mv‡j wZwb ‡MvcvjMÄ wgkbvix ¯‥yj ‡_‡K g¨vwU«K, 1944 mv‡j KjKvZvi Bmjvwgqv K‡jR
‡_‡K AvB.G Ges GKB K‡jR ‡_‡K 1947 mv‡j we.G cvk K‡ib| GB mgq ‡_‡KB wZwb wewfbœ
ivR‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ð hy³ wQ‡jb| fviZ wefv‡Mi (1947) ci wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q AvBb Aa¨q‡bi Rb¨
fwZ© n‡jI Zv †kl Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| KviY wek¦we`¨vj‡qi PZy_© ‡kÖwYi Kg©Pvix‡ì b¨vh¨ `vwe Av`v‡qi
j‡ÿ¨ Zv‡ì we‡ÿvf Kivi civgk© ‡`qvi Awf‡hv‡M Zuv‡K wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K ewn®‥vi Kiv nq|
1948 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ívb gymwjg QvÎjxM MV‡b cÖavb msMVK‡ì GKRb wQ‡jb ‡kL gywRe| e¯‧Z
‡R‡j AšÍixY _vKv Ae¯vq beMwVZ c~e© cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi (1949) hyM¥ m¤úv`K
wbe©vwPZ nIqvi ga¨ w`‡q ‡kL gywR‡ei mwµq ivR‣bwZK Rxeb ïiæ nq| 1963 mv‡j wZwb AvIqvgx
jx‡Mi ‡cÖwm‡W›U nb|
1948 mv‡j hLb fvlv Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq ZLb ‡_‡KB ‡kL gywRe G Av‡›`vj‡b mwµqfv‡e hy³
wQ‡jb| 1955 mv‡ji 21 ‡m‡Þ¤î cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil‡` evsjv fvlvi c«‡kœ Zvui c«`Ë fvlY wQj
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| gvZ…fvlvq e³e¨ ivLvi AwaKvi `vwe K‡i ‡kL gywReyi ingvb e‡jb,
86
ÔAvgiv GLv‡b evsjvq K_v ej‡Z PvB| Avgiv Ab¨ ‡Kv‡bv fvlv Rvwb wK Rvwb bv
Zv‡Z wKQyB hvq Av‡m bv| hw` g‡b nq Avgiv evsjv‡Z g‡bi fve c«Kvk Ki‡Z cvwi
Zvn‡j Bs‡iwR‡Z K_v ej‡Z cviv m‡Ë¡I Avgiv memgq evsjv‡ZB K_v eje| hw`
evsjvq K_v ej‡Z ‡Ìqv bv nq Zvn‡j Avgiv cwil` ‡_‡K ‡ewi‡q hv‡ev| wKš‘
cwil‡` evsjvq K_v ej‡Z w`‡Z n‡e| GUvB Avgv‡ì `vwe|Õ
wek kZ‡Ki lv‡Ui `k‡Ki c«_gw`‡K ‡kL gywReyi ingvb ivRbxwZ‡Z c«vavb¨ jvf K‡ib| 1966 mv‡j
wZwb Zvui weL¨vZ Qq `dv Kg©m~Px ‡NvlYv K‡ib Ges GB Qq `dv‡K AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib ÔAvgv‡ì
(evOvwj‡ì) gyw³ mb`Õ iƒ‡c| c«K…Zc‡¶ Qq-`dv Kg©m~Pxi A_© wQj Kvh©Z c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨
¯^vaxbZv| mKj ivR‣bwZK `‡ji i¶Ykxj m`mïv G Kg©m~Px‡K AvZ‡¼i ‡Pv‡L ‡`L‡jI GUv ZiæY
c«Rb¥ we‡klZ QvÎ, hyeK Ges k«gRxex gvby‡li g‡a¨ b~Zb RvMi‡Yi m…wó K‡i| gywRe KZ©…K Qq`dv
Kg©m~Pxi ‡NvlYv ‡Ìqvi ci AvBq~e miKvi AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i I Zvu‡K Kviviæ×
K‡i| G gvgjvi wePv‡ii mgq mgMÖ RvwZ Zv‡ì †bZvi wePv‡ii weiæ‡× iæ‡L ùvovq| 1969 mv‡ji
MYAv‡›`vjb Ggb GK ch©v‡q ‡c․u‡Q †h AvBq~e miKvi Ae¯v kvšÍ Ki‡Z AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjvwU
cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bq| ‡kL gywR‡ei gyw³i ci me©`jxq QvÎmsMÖvg cwil` GK MYm¤^©abvi Av‡qvRb K‡i,
cwil‡ì mfvcwZ †Zvdv‡qj Avn‡g` G Abyôv‡b ‡kL gywRe‡K Ôe½eÜÕy bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
1970 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡m AbywôZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi c«_g mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi ga¨ w`‡q e½eÜy ‡kL gywReyi
ingvb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbM‡Yi GKgvÎ gyLcvÎ wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z nb| Zvui ‡bZ…‡Z¡ AvIqvgx jxM
cvwK¯Ívb RvZxq cwil‡` c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ 169 wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 167wU Avm‡b (gwnjv‡ì
Rb¨ msiw¶Z mvZwU Avmb mn) Rqjvf K‡i|
1971 mv‡ji 7 gvP© e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb ‡im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b `k j¶ ‡jv‡Ki wekvj Rgv‡q‡Z
Zvui HwZnvwmK fvlY ‡`b hv evOvwj RvwZi BwZnv‡m hyM mwÜ¶Y wn‡m‡e wPwýZ _vK‡e| gywRe Zvui
fvl‡Y wbe©vwPZ c«wZwbwa‡ì Kv‡Q ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z e¨_© mvgwiK KZ©…c‡¶i weiæ‡× mywbw`©ó wKQy
Awf‡hvM Av‡bb| e³…Zvi ‡k‡l gywRe ‡NvlYv K‡ib : Ôc«‡Z¨K N‡i N‡i `yM© M‡o ‡Zvj| ‡Zvgv‡ì hv
wKQy Av‡Q ZvB wb‡q kÎyi ‡gvKvwejv Ki‡Z n‡e... g‡b ivLev, i³ hLb w`‡qwQ, i³ Av‡iv ‡è,
G‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K gy³ K‡i Qvo‡ev Bbkvn Avjøvn... Gev‡ii msM«vg Avgv‡ì gyw³i msM«vg, Gev‡ii
msM«vg ¯^vaxbZvi msM«vg|Õ
G mg‡q c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Ges jvMvZvi niZvj PjwQj| gv‡P© 2 ZvwiL ‡_‡K QvÎ
Ges wewfbœ ivR‣bwZK `‡ji ‡bZviv ¯^vaxbZv ‡NvlYv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb Ges G aviv Ae¨vnZfv‡e P‡j| G
87
cUf~wg‡Z cvwK¯Ívb ‡mbvevwnbx Acv‡ikb mvP©jvB‡Ui bv‡g 25 gvP© gaïv‡Z XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq mn
wewfbœ ¯v‡b ‣ckvwPK ZvÛe Pvwj‡q QvÎ-wk¶K Ges wbixn ‡jvK‡ì MYnv‡i nZ¨v K‡i| Gfv‡e
cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vi evwnbx `xN© bq gvm a‡i MYnZ¨v Pvwj‡q hvq| ‡kL gywRe‡K 25 gvP© iv‡Z ‡M«dZvi
K‡i XvKv ‡mbvwbev‡m AvUK ivLv nq Ges ivó«‡`«vwnZv I we‡`«v‡n D¯‥vwb ‡Ìqvi Awf‡hv‡M wePv‡ii
Rb¨ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wb‡q hvIqv nq|
wPÎ: AvUK Ae¯vq e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb
‡M«dZvi nIqvi c~‡e© e½eÜy evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv ‡NvlYv K‡i Zv m¤cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ BwcAvi
U«vÝwgUv‡ii gva¨‡g PÆM«v‡g GK Iq¨vi‡jm evZ©v cvVvb|
25 gvP© cvK evwnbxi nvgjvi ci ‡_‡K ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ hy× ïiæ nq, e½eÜy hwÌ ‡m mgq
cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì nv‡Z e›`x wQ‡jb Z_vwc Zvu‡K A¯vqx gywRebMi miKv‡ii ivó«cwZ I mk¯¿ evwnbxi
me©vwabvqK Kiv n‡qwQj| ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i ‡MvUv mgq ‡kL gywR‡ei Abb¨ mvaviY fveg~wZ©
gyw³‡hv×v‡ì Aby‡c«iYv Ges RvZxq HK¨ I kw³i Drm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤î
cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vix ‡_‡K evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci ‡kL gywRe‡K cvwK¯Ívwb KvivMvi n‡Z gyw³
‡Ìqv nq Ges 1972 mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi wZwb jÛb n‡q weRqxi ‡e‡k ¯^‡`k c«Z¨veZ©b K‡ib|
88
wPÎ: e½eÜzi ¯^‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©b
mviv ‡`‡k Avb›` I D”Q¡v‡mi eb¨v e‡q hvq| mgv‡Ri me¯Í‡ii jv‡Lv RbZv ‡ZRMvuI wegvbe›`‡i
Zvu‡K cÖvYXvjv Af¨_©bv Rvbvq|
e½eÜy ‡kL gywReyi ingvb ¯^vaxbZv DËi evsjv‡`‡k gvÎ mv‡o wZb eQi ‡bZ…Z¡ ‡`qvi my‡hvM
†c‡qwQ‡jb| k~b¨ ‡_‡K ïiæ K‡i Zvui miKvi‡K hy× weaŸ¯Í GKwU ‡`‡ki AMwYZ mgm¨vi ‡gvKvwejv
Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK loh‡š¿i Ask wn‡m‡e 1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ GK`j
wec_Mvgx ‡mbvm`m¨ Zvu‡K Ges Zuvi cwiev‡ii Ab¨ ‡hme m`m¨ Zvui evwo‡Z Ae¯vb KiwQ‡jb Zuv‡ì
mevB‡K nZ¨v K‡i| G N„Y¨ †kvK Muv_v NUbvi ga¨ w`‡q evOvjx RvwZi BwZnv‡mi GKwU Aa¨v‡qi
cwimgvwß N‡U|
89
Aa¨vq 7
evsjv‡`‡ki †f․‡MvwjK cwi‡ek
evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb, AvqZb I mxgvbv
gvbyl I Zvi cwi‡e‡ki m¤úK© Awe‡”Q`¨| †h cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯vi g‡a¨ gvbyl emevm K‡i, A_©vr
gv_vi Ic‡ii bxj AvKvk, we¯ÍxY© f~wg, wekvj mgy`ª-b`x, gvby‡li m‡½ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZwU e¯‧ I cÖvYxB
cwi‡e‡ki AšÍf©y³| cÖvK…wZK I gvbexq cwi‡ek GK‡Î †f․‡MvwjK cwi‡ek M‡o †Zv‡j| ¯vb‡f‡`
†f․‡MvwjK cwi‡e‡ki cv_©‡Kï mv‡_ mv‡_ ‡mLvbKvi gvby‡li mvgvwRK RxebhvÎv, A_©‣bwZK
Kvh©vewji cv_©K¨ n‡q _v‡K| †hgbÑ†Kv‡bv ¯vb K…wlKv‡R, grm¨ Pv‡l, cï cvj‡b A_ev wk‡í DbœZ
nIqvi wcQ‡b †mLvbKvi †f․‡MvwjK cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve i‡q‡Q| AÂj‡f‡` cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœZvi
cÖfv‡eB gvby‡li Lv`¨vfvm, †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, evm¯vb, RxebhvÎv cÖf„wZiI wewfbœZv n‡q _v‡K| De©i
cwjgvwUi evsjv‡`k, fviZ, wgqvbgvi cÖf…wZ †`‡ki cÖavb DcRxweKv K…wl| Ab¨w`‡K mvMi mvwbœ‡a¨
_vKv Rvcvb, biI‡q, hy³ivR¨ cÖf…wZ †`k grm¨ wk‡íi Rb¨ weL¨vZ| cÖPzi LwbR m¤ú` ev wk‡íi
KuvPvgv‡ji mieivn _vKvB hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, Rvg©vb, Rvcvb cÖf…wZ †`k wk‡í DbœZ| ïay ZvB bq,
†Kv‡bv †`‡ki †f․‡MvwjK Ae¯v‡bi Dci †m †`‡ki †f․‡MvwjK cwi‡ek wbf©ikxj| evsjv‡`k m¤ú‡K©
mg¨K aviYv jvf Ki‡Z n‡j evsjv‡`‡ki †f․‡MvwjK Ae¯vb I †f․‡MvwjK cwi‡ek m¤^‡Ü Avgv‡ì
Ávb _vKv ìKvi| wb‡P Gwkqvi gvbwP‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯vb †`‡Lv‡bv n‡jv|
KK©U µvwšÍ†iLv
Gwkqvi gvbwP‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯vb
evsjv‡`k Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k Aew¯Z| Dc‡ii gvbwP‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯vb j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq
evsjv‡`k e‡½vcmvM‡ii Zx‡i `w¶Y Gwkqvi GKwU †`k| evsjv‡`‡ki †f․‡MvwjK Ae¯vb cÖvq 20 °34©©
DËi A¶vsk †_‡K 26°38© DËi A¶vsk Ges 88°01© c~e© `ªvwNgvsk †_‡K cÖvq 92°41© c~e©
`ªvwNgvs‡ki g‡a¨ Aew¯Z| KK©UµvwšÍ ‡iLv evsjv‡`‡ki cªvq gvSvgvwS c~e©-cwð‡g we¯Í…Z| PgrKvi
90
GKwU ‡f․MwjK Ae¯v‡b Aew¯Z nIqvq †`kwUi RjevqyI g‡bvig, eû b`x G‡`kwUi Ici w`‡q
cÖevwnZ n‡q mvM‡i †gkvi Av‡M Zvi cwjgvwU w`‡q G AÂj†K K‡i‡Q mg„×| GKw`‡K wngvjq ‡hgb
cÖvwP‡ii g‡Zv ùvwo‡q †`kwU‡K wngkxZjZv †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Q Ab¨w`‡K cÖPÐ Mi‡g e‡½vcmvM‡ii
evZvm †`kwU‡K Ki‡Q kxZj, Avi ewn©we‡k¦i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ØviI w`‡”Q Ly‡j|
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki c~e© cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯Z evsjv‡`k wZb w`‡KB fviZ I `w¶Y-c~‡e© wgqvbgvi Ges
`w¶‡Y e‡½vcmvM‡ii Rjivwk Øviv †ewóZ| evsjv‡`‡ki DË‡i fvi‡Zi cwðge½, Avmvg I †gNvjq
ivR¨, c~e© w`‡K Avmvg I wÎcyiv ivR¨ Ges wgqvbgvi, cwðg w`‡K cwðge½ Aew¯Z|
91
evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ: mxgvbv I wefvMxq kni
92
evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU AvqZb 1,47,570 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| b`x I ebvÂj ev` w`‡q evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb
1,16, 508 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶Y DcK~j AÂ‡j wekvj GjvKv µgvš^‡q †R‡M DV‡Q|
fwel¨‡Z Gi cÖmvi NU‡j evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb Av‡iv e„w× cv‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx I wefvM
ivRavbx
XvKv evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx, GwU evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq gvSLv‡b Aew¯Z| GwU cÖvq 400 eQ‡ii GKwU
cyivZb kni| kniwU eywoM½v b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯Z| XvKvi †jvKmsL¨v cÖvq 16.6 wgwjqb| evsjv‡`‡ki
miKvi I RbcÖkvm‡bi mKj cÖavb Kvh©vjq ivRavbx kn‡i Aew¯Z|
wefvM
†`k cwiPvjbvi myweavi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k‡K AvUwU wefvMxq kn‡i fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| wefvM¸‡jv
n‡jvÑXvKv wefvM, PÆMÖvg wefvM, ivRkvnx wefvM, Lyjbv wefvM, ewikvj wefvM, iscyi wefvM, wm‡jU
wefvM I gqgbwmsn wefvM| AvqZ‡b me‡P‡q eo PÆMÖvg wefvM Ges me‡P‡q †QvU wm‡jU wefvM|
cÖwZwU wefv‡M GKwU K‡i wefvMxq kni Av‡Q, G kni¸‡jvi bvg Abyhvqx wefvM¸‡jvi bvgKiY
n‡q‡Q|
XvKv wefvM
mxgvbv: DË‡i gqgbwmsn, `wÿ‡Y ev‡Mi nvU, wc‡ivRcyi, ewikvj I Puv`cyi; c~‡e© mybvgMÄ, nweMÄ,
eªvþYevwoqv, Kzwgjøv; cwð‡g bovBj, gv¸ov, wSbvB`n, Kzwóqv, cvebv, wmivRMÄ|
AvqZb : 31051 eM© wKt wgt, †jvKmsL¨v : 4,67,29,000 , †Rjvi msL¨v : 13 wU, Dc‡Rjvi msL¨v
: 123wU, msm`xq Avmb: 70 wU|
PÆMÖvg wefvM
cvnvo mgy`« b`x mgZj †ewôZ Iqvì© †nwi‡UR we‡k¦i `xN©Zg mgy`« DcK~‡ji Abycg †m․›`‡h©i Avavi
PÆM«vg wefvM| wefv‡Mi `w¶‡Y w`MšÍ we¯Í…Z e‡½vcmvMi | evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwP‡Î c~e©-`w¶Y AÂ‡j
PÆM«vg wefv‡Mi Ae¯vb |
mxgvbv: DË‡i fvi‡Zi AvMiZjv, `wÿ‡Y e‡½vcmvMi, `wÿYc~‡e© gvqvbgvi, c~‡e© fvi‡Zi wg‡Rvivg,
cwð‡g †fvjv †Rjv, kixqZcyi †Rjv, gywÝMÄ †Rjv, bvivqYMÄ †Rjv, biwms`x †Rjv, wK‡kviMÄ
†Rjv, nweMÄ †Rjv|
আয়তন : ৩৩,৯০৪ বর্গ ককিঃ কমিঃ, ল঱াকসংখ্যা : ২,৯১,৪৫,০০০ (২০১১ সার঱র আদমশুমারী অনু যায়ী), লে঱ার
সংখ্যা : ১১টি, উপরে঱ার সংখ্যা : ১০৩টি, msm`xq Avmb: 58wU
93
Lyjbv wefvM
mxgvbv: খ্ু ঱না কবভার্ এর উত্তরর রােলাহী, bv‡Uvi, cvebv †Rjv, দকিরে কবখ্যাত মযানররাভ বন নারম পকরকিত
সু ন্দরবন সহ বরগাপসার্ররর উপর তটররখ্া; পূ রবগ ‡MvcvjMÄ, dwi`cyi, ivRevwo, wc‡ivRcyi, ei¸bv †Rjv,
পকিরম পকিমবগ রারেযর সীমানা ।
আয়তন : ২২,২৮৫ বর্গ ককিঃ কমিঃ , ল঱াকসংখ্যা : ১৫,৫৬৩,০০০ (২০১১ সার঱র আদমশুমারী অনু যায়ী), লে঱ার
সংখ্যা : ১০টি, উপরে঱ার সংখ্যা : ৫৯টি, msm`xq Avmb: 36wU
wm‡jU wefvM
কসর঱ট কবভারর্র উত্তর, পূ বগ ও দকিে কদরক উঁিু উঁিু পবগত লেেীর পাহাড়ী অঞ্চ঱। মূ ঱ত: লমঘা঱য়, খ্াকসয়া,
জেকিয়া, কিপু রার পাহারড়র মাঝামাকঝ কবস্তৃেগ এ঱াকাটিই হরে কসর঱ট কবভার্ বা প্রািীন শ্রীহট্ট । অভযিরীন সীমাভূকম
লবকলর ভার্ সমত঱ প্রাির । স্থারন স্থারন েগ঱ ও বা঱ু কাময় িুদ্র িুদ্র টি঱া ররয়রে ।
সীমানা : উত্তরর ভাররতর লমঘা঱য় রােয, দকিরে ভাররতর কিপু রা রােয ও বাং঱ারদরলর ব্রাহ্মেবাকড়য়া লে঱া, পূ রবগ
ভাররতর আসাম ও কিপু রা রােয, পকিরম লনিরকানা ও ককরলারর্ঞ্জ লে঱া ।
আয়তন : ১২,৫৫৮ বর্গ ককিঃ কমিঃ Rbmsa¨v : ৯৮,০৭,০০০ (২০১১ সার঱র আদমশুমারী অনু যায়ী), লে঱ার সংখ্যা :
4wU, Dc‡Rjvi msL¨v: msm`xq Avmb: 19 wU
ivRkvnx wefvM
mxgvbv: DË‡i MvBevÜv †Rjv, w`bvRcyi †Rjv I cwðge½(fviZ), `wÿ‡Y Kzwóqv †Rjv I ivRevwo
†Rjv, c~‡e© Rvgvjcyi †Rjv, Uv½vBj †Rjv, gvwbKMÄ †Rjv, cwð‡g cwðge½ (fviZ) |
AvqZb: 18154 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi, RbmsL¨v: 1,84,85,000, †Rjvi msL¨v: 8wU , Dc‡Rjv: 67wU,
msm`xq Avmb msL¨v: 39wU
iscyi wefvM
iscyi wefvM evsjv‡`‡ki DËi cwðg w`‡K Aew¯Z|
mxgvbv: DË‡i fvi‡Zi KzPwenvi I wkwj¸wo, `wÿ‡Y RqcyinvU †Rjv I e¸ov †Rjv, c~‡e© fvi‡Zi
Avmvg I †gNvjq, cwð‡g wenvi |
AvqZb: 1634.37 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi, RbmsL¨v: 1,55,37,676, †Rjvi msL¨v: 8wU, Dc‡Rjv: 58wU,
msm`xq Avmb msL¨v: 39 wU
ewikvj wefvM
94
mxgvbv: DË‡i †MvcvjMÄ †Rjv, gv`vixcyi †Rjv, kixqZcyi †Rjv, Pvu`cyi †Rjv, `wÿ‡Y we¯Í…Z
e‡½vcmvMi, c~‡e© j²xcyi †Rjv, cwð‡g ev‡MinvU †Rjv |
AvqZb: 13,295 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi, RbmsL¨v: 81,73,718, †Rjvi msL¨v: 6wU, Dc‡Rjv: 41wU,
gqgbwmsn wefvM
mxgvbv: DË‡i fvi‡Zi †gNvjq, `wÿ‡Y Uv½vBj †Rjv, MvRxcyi †Rjv, wK‡kviMÄ †Rjv, c~‡e© mybvgMÄ
†Rjv, cwð‡g MvBevÜv †Rjv, e¸ov †Rjv I wmivRMÄ †Rjv|
AvqZb: 10,485 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi, RbmsL¨v: 1,13,70,000, †Rjvi msL¨v: 4wU, Dc‡Rjv: 35wU,
f~-cÖK…wZ
†Kv‡bv ¯v‡bi f~wgi iƒc ev Ae¯v‡K †m ¯v‡bi f~-cÖK…wZ ejv nq| Avgv‡ì cÖZ¨‡Ki Zvi GjvKv ev
AÂ‡ji f~-cÖK…wZ †hgb Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb, †Zgwb wbR †`k A_©vr mgMÖ evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K©I
mK‡ji mg¨K aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
DËi-c~e© Ges `w¶Y-c~e© cvnvwo AÂj Qvov †`‡ki cÖvq mgMÖ AÂjB b`x evwnZ cwj Øviv MwVZ
mgf~wg| G †`‡ki Ici w`‡q AmsL¨ b`-b`x cÖevwnZ n‡q e‡½vcmvM‡i wM‡q wg‡k‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨
cÖavb cÖavb b`x n‡jv cÙv, †gNbv, hgybv, eªþcyÎ, kxZj¶¨v, KY©dzjx cÖf…wZ| Gme b`-b`x Ges Gi
Dcb`x I AmsL¨ kvLv-cÖkvLv DËi w`K †_‡K cÖevwnZ n‡q `w¶‡Y e‡½vcmvMi Awfgy‡L cÖevwnZ
n‡q‡Q| mvM‡i wg‡k hvIqvi Av‡M Gme b`x Zvi cwj w`‡q G AÂj‡K c„w_exi e„nËg eØxc wnmv‡e
M‡o Zz‡j‡Q|
f~wgi Ae¯v I MVb mgqvbyµwgK wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki f~wgiƒc‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v-(1)
cvnvwo AÂj (2) cyivZb cjj MwVZ mgf~wg AÂj I (3) mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji cøveb mgf~wg AÂj|
cvnvwo AÂj
evsjv‡`‡ki DËi-c~e© Ges `w¶Y-c~‡e© i‡q‡Q cvnvwo AÂj| ivOvgvwU, ev›ìevb, LvMovQwo, PÆMÖvg,
wm‡jU, †g․jfxevRvi Ges nweM‡Äi cvnvwo GjvKv¸‡jv wb‡q G AÂj MwVZ| m¤¢eZ Uviwkqvwi hy‡M
(2.5wgwjqb eQi Av‡M) wngvjq ce©Zgvjv m„wói mg‡q wgqvbgv‡ii w`K †_‡K Avmv av°vq fuvRMÖ¯Í
n‡q G AÂ‡ji cvnvo¸‡jvi m„wó n‡q‡Q| ZvB G‡ì Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvo ejv nq| G
cvnvo¸‡jv‡K Avmv‡gi jymvB Ges wgqvbgv‡ii AvivKvb cvnv‡oi mg‡MvÎxq e‡j aviYv Kiv nq
(†P․ayix, 2011:152)| DËi-c~e© A_©vr wm‡jU AÂ‡ji Zzjbvq `w¶Y-c~e© AÂ‡ji ivOvgvwU, ev›ìevb
I LvMovQwoi cvnvo¸‡jv †ek DuPz| G¸‡jvi Mo D”PZv 610 wgUvi| evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q DuPz cvnvo
P~ovi bvg ZvwRsWs (weRq)| Gi D”PZv 1231 wgUvi| wØZxq DuPz cvnvo P~ovi bvg †KIµvWs | Gi
D”PZv 1230 wgUvi| `ywU cvnvoB ev›ìevb †Rjvq Aew¯Z (gviydv, 2010, c„. 63)| `w¶Y-c~e© G
cvnvwo AÂ‡ji cÖavb b`x KY©dzjx, gvZvgyûix, mv½y, nvj`v I bvd| G AÂjwU wewfbœ cÖKvi e„‡¶
Ave„Z| e„¶ivwRi g‡a¨ kvj, †m¸b, KoB, MR©b, MRvwi, Pvcvwjk, †gnMwb, ivevi, Rviyj, Mvgvi,
AR©yb, Pv¤^j BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
95
DËi-c~e© w`‡Ki cvnvo¸‡jv †ewk DuPz bq| G‡ì‡K wUjv e‡j| wm‡jU-†g․jfxevRvi-nweM‡Äi Gme
†QvU †QvU cvnvo¸‡jv†Z evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk Pv evMvb Aew¯Z| G GjvKvi b`x¸‡jvi g‡a¨ myigv,
Kzwkqviv Ab¨Zg|
cyivZb cjj MwVZ mgf~wg AÂj

evsjv‡`‡ki DËi-cwðgvs‡ki w`bvRcyi, iscyi, e¸ov I ivRkvnx AÂ‡ji mywekvj e‡i›`ªf~wg,
ga¨fv‡Mi gqgbwmsn, Uv½vBj †Rjvi gaycyi, MvRxcyi †Rjvi fvIqv‡ji Mo Ges Kzwgjøv †Rjvi
jvjgvB D”Pf~wg G AÂ‡ji AšÍM©Z| cøvB‡÷vwmb hy‡Mi †k‡l eid Mjv cvwbi D”PZv e„w×i d‡j
cøveb m„wó n‡q Gme D”Pf~wg MwVZ nq e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| e‡i›`ªf~wgi AvqZb 9,288
eM©wK‡jvwgUvi, gaycyi I fvIqvj M‡oi AvqZb 4,105 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi Ges jvjgvB cvnv‡oi AvqZb
34 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| e‡i›`ªf~wgi D”PZv 6-12 wgUvi, gaycyi I fvIqvj M‡oi D”PZv 6-30 wgUvi Ges
jvjgvB cvnv‡oi Mo D”PZv 21 wgUvi (†P․ayix, 2011, c„ 155-156)| G AÂ‡ji gvwUi is jvj I
a~mi| gaycyi I fvIqvj M‡o MRvwi Ges kvj e„‡¶i eb i‡q‡Q|
96
mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji cøveb mgf~wg AÂj :
evsjv‡`‡ki cvnvwo AÂj Ges cøvB‡÷vwmb hy‡Mi †mvcvbmg~n Qvov †`‡ki cÖvq mgMÖ AÂj
mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji cjj mgf~wg| G mgf~wg µgk DËi †_‡K `w¶‡Y Xvjy| G AÂj cÙv, †gNbv, hgybv,
eªþcyÎ cÖf…wZ b`-b`x Ges G‡ì Dcb`x I kvLvb`x evwnZ cjj gvwU Øviv MwVZ| G mgf~wgi Mo
D”PZv 9 wgUvi (†P․ayix, 2011:156)| el©vi mgq b`x¸‡jv Kvbvq Kvbvq c~Y© n‡q hvq| cÖwZ eQiB
eb¨vi cvwb‡Z G AÂj cøvweZ nq, d‡j Rwg‡Z cÖwZwbqZ cwjgvwU c‡o bZyb f~wg MVb K‡i| GB
gvwU A‡bK De©i|
A_©‣bwZK Kvh©vewj, gvby‡li Rxebaviv, mvs¯‥…wZK Ges PvwiwÎK •ewk‡óï Ici f~-cÖK…wZi cÖfve
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Kvh©vewj, gvby‡li Rxebaviv, mvs¯‥…wZK Ges PvwiwÎK •ewk‡óï Ici f~-
cÖK…wZi e¨vcK cÖfve i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑevsjv‡`‡ki DËi-c~e© Ges `w¶Y-c~e© w`‡K cvnvo _vKvq
el©vKv‡j `w¶Y- cwðg †g․mywg evqy G mKj cvnv‡o evav †c‡q cÖPzi e„wócvZ NUvq, hv K…wlKv‡R
we‡kl K‡i Bwi Ges †ev‡iv avb Drcv`‡b e¨vcK mvnvh¨ K‡i| cvnvwo AÂ‡j i‡q‡Q wekvj ebf~wg,
Gme ebf~wg‡Z cÖPzi g~jëvb KvV Ges dj cvIqv hvq| kvj, †m¸b, KovB, MR©b, MRvwi, Pvcvwjk,
†gnMwb, ivevi cÖf„wZ g~jëvb Kv‡Vi MvQ G AÂ‡j i‡q‡Q| cve©Z¨ AÂ‡j euvk, †eZ Rb¥vq, †h¸‡jv
H AÂ‡ji KvMR wk‡íi cÖavb KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| Gme AÂ‡j LwbR m¤ú` we‡kl
K‡i M¨vm Ges †Zj cvIqv hvq| G AÂ‡ji cvnv‡oi Xvj I wUjv ¸‡jv Pv Pv‡li Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ
Dc‡hvMx|cvnvwo GjvKvi b`x ¸‡jv LyeB Li‡mªvZv nq| G GjvKvi GiKg GKwU b`x nj KY©dzjx| G
Li‡mªvZv b`x‡Z euva w`‡q Rjwe`y¨r Drcbœ Kiv n‡”Q| hvi djkÖywZ‡Z G mKj AÂ‡j eû wkí M‡o
D‡V‡Q| e‡i›`ªf~wg, gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji Mo Ges jvjgvB D”Pf~wg †_‡K cÖPzi g~jëvb KvV Ges dj
msMÖn Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki wekvj b`xevwnZ cjj g„wËKvi mgf~wg‡Z AwZ mn‡RB K…wl, wkí,
evwYR¨, †hvMv‡hvM eë¯vi DbœwZ n‡q‡Q| AbyK~j cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ G AÂ‡ji AwaKvsk
¯v‡bB Nb RbemwZI M‡o I‡V| mgZjf~wgi `w¶Y-cwð‡g wekvj my›ìeb M‡o D‡V‡Q| GLv‡b
cvIqv m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPyi KvV, gay, cï-cvwL we‡kl K‡i wek¦weL¨vZ i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| `w¶‡Yi me©e„nr mgy`ª •mKZ I my›ìebmn evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK I HwZnvwmK
¯vb I ¯vcbvmg~n †`L‡Z AmsL¨ †`wk-we‡`wk ch©UK GLv‡b wfo K‡i (†P․ayix,2011:159-160,
ingvb, 2010:263-264)|
cvnvwo AÂ‡ji AwaevmxMY mvaviYZ ewjô, ¯^v¯ëvb, Kg©V, cwikªgx, mvnmx, Drmvnx I Kómwnòz
n‡q _v‡K| cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek G‡ì •`wnK MVb, PwiÎ Ges emev‡mi Ici e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|
mgf~wgi b¨vq hvZvqvZ mnR bq e‡j Giv ewjô| cÖvqB eb¨ Rš‧i m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq e‡j Giv h‡_ó
mvnmxI n‡q _v‡K| K…wl Ges emevm mnR bq e‡j Giv cwikªgx I Kómwnòz nq| Ab¨w`‡K De©i
mgf~wg AÂj¸‡jv‡Z mn‡RB dmj Drcv`b m¤¢e e‡j gvbyl mn‡R K…wlKvR K‡i| GLvbKvi
hvZvqvZI mnR e‡j NbemwZ M‡o D‡V‡Q| Z‡e b`xfvOb GjvKv, eb¨vKewjZ GjvKv Ges
mvMicv‡oi AwaevmxMY cÖwZwbqZ cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡ki m¤§yLxb nq e‡j A‡c¶vK…Z Kómwnòz| G
AÂ‡ji AwaevmxMY mnR-mij Rxebhvc‡bi cvkvcvwk mvwnZ¨, Kjv, weÁvb BZ¨vw` wel‡q PP©v K‡i
97
_v‡K(†P․ayix, 2011:159-160)| myZivs †`Lv hvq f~-cÖK…wZ †Kv‡bv AÂ‡ji A_©‣bwZK Kvh©vewj,
gvby‡li Rxebaviv, mvs¯‥…wZK Ges PvwiwÎK •ewk‡óï Ici e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|
b`-b`x
evsjv‡`k b`xgvZ…K †`k| evsjv‡`‡ki b`-b`xi gvbwPÎ jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †`kRy‡o Rv‡ji g‡Zv
Qwo‡q Av‡Q AmsL¨ b`-b`x Ges Zvi kvLv-cÖkvLv| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÙv, hgybv, eªþcyÎ, †gNbv,
cyivZb eªþcyÎ KY©dzjx Ges wZ¯Ív me©v‡c¶v ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Gme b`xi kvLvb`x Ges Dcb`xi msL¨v cÖvq
700-Gi g‡Zv|
cÙv : Mv‡½q eØx‡ci Ab¨Zg b`x M½v| ga¨ wngvj‡qi M‡½vÎx wngevn †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q G b`x
fvi‡Zi `w¶Yc~e© w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| M½v b`xi GKwU kvLv cÙv bv‡g evsjv‡`‡ki PuvcvBbeveMÄ
†Rjvi `w¶Y-cwð‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q Ges †Mvqvj‡›ì Kv‡Q hgybv b`xi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| cÙv b`x
Av‡iv 104 wK‡jvwgUvi cÖevwnZ nIqvi ci Puv`cy‡ii Kv‡Q †gNbvi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q †gNbv bv‡g
e‡½vcmvM‡i cwZZ n‡q‡Q| cÙv b`xi cÖavb kvLv b`x¸‡jvi g‡a¨ •fie, gv_vfv½v, Kzgvi, MovB,
gaygZx, Avwoqvj Luv cÖf…wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Gi Dcb`x¸‡jv n‡jv cybf©ev, bvMi, cvMjv, gnvb›`v
(ingvb, 2010:272)|
eªþcyÎ : eªþcyÎ wngvj‡qi •Kjvm ce©‡Zi GKwU wngevn †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q wZeŸZ I Avmv‡gi ga¨
w`‡q KzwoMÖv‡gi Kv‡Q evsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡ek K‡i Rvgvjcyi †Rjvi †ÌqvbM‡Äi Kv‡Q `ywU kvLvq wef³
n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g kvLvwU hgybv bv‡g `w¶Y w`‡K 277 wK‡jvwgUvi cÖevwnZ n‡q †Mvqvj‡›ì Kv‡Q cÙv
b`xi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| wØZxq kvLvwU cyivZb eªþcyÎ bv‡g cÖevwnZ n‡q •fi‡ei Kv‡Q †gNbv b`xi
mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| eªþcy‡Îi cÖavb kvLv b`x eskx I kxZjÿv Ges cÖavb Dcb`x aijv I wZ¯Ív|
hgybv : Rvgvjcyi †Rjvi †ÌqvbM‡Äi Kv‡Q eªþcy‡Îi kvLv hgybv bv‡g `wÿ‡Y cÖevwnZ n‡q
†`․jZw`qvi Kv‡Q cÙvi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q‡Q | hgybv b`xi cÖavb kvLv b`x a‡jk¦ix Ges a‡jk¦ixi
kvLvb`x eywoM½v| Gi Dcb`x¸‡jv n‡jv aijv, Ki‡Zvqv, AvÎvB cÖf…wZ (ingvb, 2010:272)|
†gNbv : fvi‡Zi eivK b`x wm‡jU mxgv‡šÍ myigv Ges Kzwkqviv bv‡g `ywU kvLvq wef³ n‡q evsjv‡`‡k
cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q Ges AvRwgwiM‡Äi Kv‡Q wgwjZ n‡q Kvjbx bv‡g `w¶Y w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| c‡i
†gNbv bvg aviY K‡i Puv`cy‡ii Kv‡Q cÙvi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q †gNbv bv‡gB e‡½vcmvM‡i cwZZ
n‡q‡Q| †mv‡gk¦ix, Ksm, †MvgZx cÖf…wZ †gNbvi Dcb`x Gi kvLv b`x¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wZZvm I WvKvwZqv
we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨ (ingvb, 2010:274)|
98
KY©dzjx : KY©dzjx b`x jymvB cvnv‡o Drcbœ n‡q PÆMÖvg Ges cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi Ici w`‡q 27.4
wK‡jvwgUvi cÖevwnZ nIqvi ci e‡½vcmvM‡i wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| GwU PÆMÖvg I ivOvgvwUi cÖavb b`x|
Kvmvjs, nvj`v, gvBbx, †P½x cÖf…wZ KY©dzjx b`xi Dcb`x Ges kvBjL I †evqvjLvjx Gi cÖavb kvLv
b`x (ingvb, 2010:274)|
evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl, A_©‣bwZK Kvh©vewj, gvby‡li Rxebaviv, mvs¯‥…wZK Ges PvwiwÎK •ewk‡óï Ici b`-
b`xi cÖfve :
evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl, A_©‣bwZK Kvh©vewj, gvby‡li Rxebaviv, mvs¯‥…wZK Ges PvwiwÎK •ewk‡óï Ici b`-
b`xi e¨vcK cÖfve i‡q‡Q| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB M‡o D‡V‡Q evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ mf¨Zv I ms¯‥…wZ| Gi
Rb¨ b`-b`xi f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| evsjv‡`‡ki ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ AmsL¨ b`-b`x el©vKv‡j `yÕK‚j
cøvweZ n‡q cÖPzi cwjgvwU mwÂZ K‡i hv avb, cvU, Mg Pv‡l LyeB Dc‡hvMx| Ab¨w`‡K ïK‡bv †g․my‡g
K…wlKv‡R cÖPzi †m‡Pi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G mKj b`-b`x †_‡K †m‡Pi gva¨‡g K…wl Drcv`‡bi cwigvY e„w×
Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| M½v-K‡cvZv¶ (wR‡K) cÖKí, wZ¯Ív euva cÖKí, Puv`cyi †mP cÖKí, †gNbv-
†avbv‡Mv`v cÖKí cÖf„wZi gva¨‡g wecyj cwigvY Rwg †mP cÖK‡íi AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q
(ingvb,2010:274-275)|
evsjv‡`‡k moK c‡_i h‡_ó m¤úªmviY n‡jI GL‡bv AwaKvsk evwYR¨ b`xc‡_ cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K,
d‡j cÖavb b`x¸‡jv‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q wewfbœ b`xe›ì| ZvQvov G mKj b`-b`x wekvj
grm¨fvÐvi| cÙv, †gNbv, hgybv cÖf„wZ b`x †_‡K cÖPzi Bwjk, iyB, KvZjv, †evqvj, wPZj, wPswo cÖf„wZ
gvQ aiv c‡o| G¸‡jv ißvwb K‡i evsjv‡`k †hgb •e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b Ki‡Q †Zgwb G AÂ‡ji
gvby‡li Avwg‡li Afve c~iY Ki‡Q| wkíKviLvbvq I K…wlKv‡R cÖPyi cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb, b`x¸‡jv †m Pvwn`v
†gUv‡”Q| XvKv-bvivqYM‡Äi wkíKviLvbvq eywoM½v-kxZj¶¨v, PÆMÖvg wkíKviLvbvq KY©dzjx, ivRkvnx
wkíKviLvbvq cÙv, Lyjbv wkíKviLvbvq iƒcmv, wm‡jU wkíKviLvbvq myigv Ges ewikvj wkíKviLvbvq
99
KxË©b‡Lvjv b`x †_‡K cvwb mieivn Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki b`x †_‡K cvwbwe`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv n‡”Q|
KY©dzjx b`x‡Z euva w`‡q cÖvq 120 †gMvIqvU we`y¨r Drcbœ Kiv n‡”Q (ingvb, 2010:274-275)|
Rjevqy
evsjv‡`‡ki †f․‡MvwjK Ae¯vb G †`‡ki Rjevqyi Ici e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq
ga¨fvM w`‡q KK©UµvwšÍ †iLv P‡j †M‡Q| µvšÍxq AÂ‡j Aew¯Z nIqvq Ges `w¶‡Y wekvj Rjivwk
_vKvq G †`‡ki Rjevqy mgfvevcbœ| evsjv‡`‡ki DËi w`‡K Gwkqvi cÖvq ga¨fv‡M myD”P wngvjq
ce©Zgvjv DËi-c~e© w`K †_‡K Avmv wngkxZj evqycÖevn‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i, ZvB evsjv‡`†k Zxeª kxZ
Abyf~Z nq bv| Avevi `w¶‡Y e‡½vcmvMi _vKvq MÖx®§Kv‡j †g․mywg evqy cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Rjxqev®ú enb
K‡i Av‡b Ges cÖPzi e„wócvZ NUvq| Gi d‡j Mi‡gi ZxeªZvI n«vm cvq| eQi‡K QqwU FZz‡Z fvM
Ki‡jI Rjevqyi wfwË‡Z evsjv‡`‡k gvÎ wZbwU mywbw`©ó FZz j¶ Kiv hvq| G FZz¸‡jv n‡jvÑMÖx®§,
el©v I kxZ FZz (gviydv, 2010)|
gvP© †_‡K †g (dvêy‡bi gvSvgvwS †_‡K •R¨‡ôi gvSvgvwS) gvm ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k MÖx®§ FZz| MÖx®§
me‡P‡q DòZg FZz| G FZz‡Z mvaviYZ m‡e©v”P ZvcgvÎv 34 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm Ges me©wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv
21 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm n‡q _v‡K| GwcÖj DòZg gvm| GwcÖj-†g gv‡m cÖPÐ eRªcvZmn So-e„wó nq|
GB So-e„wó‡K Kvj‣ekvLx e‡j| A‡bK mgq Kvj‣ekvLx S‡oi mv‡_ wkjve„wóI n‡q _v‡K| S‡o
cÖPzi ¶wZ nq| Z‡e e„wócv‡Z K…wli DcKvi nq|
MÖx‡®§i ciB el©v FZz ïiy nq| evsjv‡`‡k Ryb †_‡K A‡±vei gvm ch©šÍ el©v FZy ¯vqx nq| G mgq m~h©
KK©UµvwšÍi wbK‡U _vKvq evqyPv‡ci ZviZg¨ N‡U, `w¶Y-cwðg †g․mywg evqy fviZ gnvmvMi Ges
e‡½vcmvM‡ii Ici w`‡q Avmvq cÖPzi Rjxqev®ú enb K‡i Ges evsjv‡`‡k cÖPzi e„wócvZ NUvq| G
mgq †`‡k mviv eQ‡ii †gvU e„wócv‡Zi cÖvq 80% msNwUZ nq| G mgq me©wb¤œ 119 †mw›UwgUvi Ges
m‡e©v”P 537 †mw›UwgUvi e„wócvZ nq| Mo e„wócvZ 340 †mw›UwgUvi| me‡P‡q †ewk e„wócvZ msNwUZ
nq wm‡j‡Ui jvjLv‡b (cÖvq 304 †mw›UwgUvi)| el©vKv‡j m‡e©v”P Mo ZvcgvÎv cÖvq 30 wWwMÖ
†mjwmqvm Ges me©wb¤œ Mo ZvcgvÎv 24.5 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm _v‡K| cÖwZ eQi b‡f¤î gvm †_‡K
†deªyqvwi gvm ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k kxZKvj _v‡K| G mgq m~h© `w¶Y †Mvjv‡a© _vKvq evsjv‡`‡k Gi iwk¥
Zxh©Kfv‡e c‡o Ges ZvcgvÎv h‡_ó K‡g hvq| GB mgq ga¨ Gwkqvi kxZj evZvm DËi-c~e© †g․mywg
evqy wnmv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki Dci w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq| Rvbyqvwi gvm me‡P‡q kxZjZg gvm| DcK~jxq
AÂ‡j kxZ GKUz Kg Ges DËi AÂ‡j A‡c¶vK…Z kxZ †ewk Abyf~Z nq| kxZKv‡j m‡e©v”P Mo
ZvcgvÎv cÖvq 26.50 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm Ges me©wbgœ Mo ZvcgvÎv cÖvq 12.50 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm| DËi-
c~‡e©i ï®‥ AÂj †_‡K Avmv kxZj evqy Rjxqev®ú k~b¨ _vKvq e„wó Lye Kg nq|
A_©‣bwZK Kvh©vewji Ici Rjevqyi cÖfve

evsjv‡`‡ki K…wlwfwËK A_©‣bwZK Kvh©vewj Rjevqyi Ici eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj| G †`‡ki AwaKvsk
†jvK cÖZ¨¶fv‡e K…wli Ici wbf©ikxj| RvZxq Av‡qi wmsnfvM Av‡m K…wl n‡Z| Avi K…wli Drcv`b
Avevi m¤ú~Y© Rjevqyi AvbyK~‡jï Ici wbf©i K‡i| wb‡¤œ evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Kvh©vewji Ici
Rjevqyi cÖfve Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
100
evsjv‡`‡ki K…wlKv‡Ri Ici Rjevqyi cÖfve me‡P‡q †ewk| †g․mywg Rjevqywewkó evsjv‡`‡ki
Rjevqy‡Z wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ FZzi Avwef©ve nq e‡j GK GK FZz‡Z GK GK ai‡bi dmj Drcbœ
n‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k MÖx®§Kv‡j AwaK DËvc I e„wó mn¨Kvix dmj †hgbÑavb, cvU, B¶z, Pv;
kxZKv‡j g„`y DËvc I g„`y kxZ mn¨Kvix dmj †hgbÑMg, fzÆv, Zzjv, he, Wvj, mwilv, kvK mewR,
wcuqvR, imyb, awbqv cÖf„wZ dmj Drcbœ n‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki Av`©ª Rjevqy G †`‡k Kvc©vm eqb I
cvU eqb wkí cÖmv‡ii mnvqK| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y c„w_exi Rjevqy cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy‡Z
G cwieZ©b¸‡jv wKQy wKQy †`Lv hv‡”Q| Rjevqyi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †`‡k wewfbœ FZzi AvMgb I cÖ¯vb,
wewfbœ FZzi ZvcgvÎv Ges e„wócv‡Zi g‡a¨ cwieZ©b †`Lv hv‡”Q| weMZ cÖvq GK hyM a‡i j¶ Kiv
hv‡”Q †h, gvN-dvêyb cvi nIqvi ciI •PÎ-•ekvL gv‡m †`‡ki DËivÂ‡j iv‡Z cÖPÐ kxZ Abyf~Z nq
Ges `ycyi ch©šÍ Nb Kzqvkv cwijw¶Z nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv eQi el©vKvj c~‡e©i †P‡q wKQyUv `xN© nq|
Gi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv evsjv‡`kmn c„w_exi evqygÐ‡ji ZvcgvÎv evo‡Q| e¨vcK nv‡i eb-R½j aŸsm
Kivi d‡j Ges hÎZÎ wkí-KjKviLvbv ¯vc‡bi d‡j evqygÐ‡ji Kve©b-WvB A·vB‡Wi cwigvY e„w×
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cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM
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evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eQi msNwUZ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM¸‡jv n‡jvÑ(1) eb¨v (2) Liv (3) N~wY©So (4) U‡b©‡Wv
(5) R‡jv”Q¡vm (6) Kvj‣ekvLx (7) b`xfvOb (8) f~wgK¤ú| cÖavbZ cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Y G¸‡jv msNwUZ
n‡q _v‡K| Z_vwc †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î gvby‡li Kvh©Kjvc G¸‡jvi ZxeªZv e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
†hgbÑgvbyl KZ©…K e¨vcK nv‡i e„¶ivwR KZ©b Ges b`x, Lvj-wej, cyKzi BZ¨vw` AcwiKwíZfv‡e
fivU Kiv, weªR I KvjfvU© wbg©vY BZ¨vwì Kvi‡Y †Kv_vI †Kv_vI AwaK eb¨v n‡q _v‡K| b`x‡Z euva
w`‡q cvwb cÖZ¨vnvi, AcwiKwíZ I gvÎvwZwi³ Pvlvev` Livi GKwU Ab¨Zg KviY| GQvov Gme
`y‡h©v‡Mi A‡bK¸‡jv we‡k¦i AvenvIqv Dòvq‡bi d‡j N‡U _v‡K, hv gvby‡li M„nxZ Kg©Kv‡Ði Kvi‡Y
n‡q _v‡K|
cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM A‡bK gvby‡li Rxeb †K‡o †bq| ¶wZMÖ¯Í K‡i K…wl, wkí, eëmv-evwYR¨ Ges gvby‡li
Nievwo I _vKvi cwi‡e‡ki| gvby‡li Rxeb‡K K‡i †Zv‡j wech©¯Í| G Ae¯v †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb Gi h_vh_ eë¯vcbv| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wZb ai‡bi Kvh©Kjvc, h_vÑ(1) cÖwZ‡ivag~jK eë¯v
(2) mZK©Zvg~jK eë¯v I (3) cybe©vmbg~jK eë¯v|
101
1| cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨ve¯’v
 Lvj Lbb I ms¯‥vi K‡i cvwb wb®‥vkb I PjvP‡ji myeë¯v Ki‡Z n‡e|
 ch©vß ebvq‡bi gva¨‡g cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ wdwi‡q Avb‡Z n‡e|
 eb wbab I MvQ KvUv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cÖ‡qvRbxq euva, W¨vg BZ¨vw` wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cwiKwíZfv‡e Ni-evwo I wkí-KviLvbv •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e I G j‡ÿ¨ M„nxZ wewfbœ wbqg
†g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
 cvwbi eënv‡i m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|
Gme Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖ‡Kvc I cÖfve wKQzUv wbqš¿‡Y ivLv m¤¢e|
2| mZK©Zvg~jK eë¯’v
 cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© AvMvg ms‡KZ w`‡Z n‡e Ges RbMY‡K †m Abyhvqx
mZK©Zvg~jK eë¯v wb‡Z n‡e|
 cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq RbMY‡K DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e|
 DuPz I wbivc` RvqMvq Ni-evwo •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 `y‡h©vMKvjxb eënv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨, cvbxq, Ilya BZ¨vw` gRyZ K‡i ivL‡Z
n‡e|
 `y‡h©v‡M cÖ‡qvR‡b Avkªq †K‡›`ª †h‡Z n‡e|
3| cybe©vmbg~jK eë¯’v
 `y‡h©vM eë¯vcbvi Kv‡R mKj‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
 `yM©Z‡ì Rb¨ `ªæZ Lv`¨ I evm¯v‡bi eë¯v Ki‡Z n‡e|
 `y‡h©v‡M ¶wZMÖ¯Í Ni-evwo, wk¶v cÖwZôvb, iv¯ÍvNvU, euva, cvwb wb®‥vk‡bi RvqMv BZ¨vw`
†givgZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 we`¨vj‡qi wk¶v_©xivI Gme Kv‡R m¤¢eg‡Zv Ask †b‡e| wk¶‡Ki `vwqZ¡ Gme Kv‡R
Zv‡ì DØy× Kiv I m¤¢eg‡Zv mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|
Dc‡iv³ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM Qvov Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖwZ eQi Av¸b †j‡M Rvb I gv‡ji cÖPzi ÿwZ n‡q
_v‡K| Av¸b jvMv gvby‡li m„ó GKwU `y‡h©vM| mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Rxebhvcb Ki‡j Av¸b jvMv A‡bKvs‡k
cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq| AZGe, G wel‡qI Avgv‡ì m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡ì wk¶v_©x‡ì‡KI m‡PZb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
102
Aa¨vq 8
gvbwPÎ : A¼b I eënvi
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡qi wewfbœ cvV cwiPvjbvq gvbwPÎ eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| GRb¨
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wkÿ‡Ki gvbwPÎ A¼b I eënv‡ii Ávb I `ÿZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
gvbwPÎ Kx
mvaviYZ gvbwPÎ ej‡Z eo AvKv‡ii †Kv‡bv GjvKv‡K wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z †QvU K‡i AuvKv cÖwZK…wZ‡K
eySvq| gvbwPÎ n‡jv KZK¸‡jv cÖPwjZ mvs‡KwZK wPý eënvi K‡i †Kv‡bv f~c„‡ôi e¯‧, GjvKv Ges
wel‡qi wPÎ cÖ`k©b Kiv‡K eySvq| g¨vc (Map) kãwU j¨vwUb kã Ôg¨vàvÕ (Mappa) †_‡K DrcwË
jvf K‡i‡Q| Ôg¨vàvÕ kã Øviv GKLÐ Kvco ev GKwU iygvj ev †Uwe‡ji Av”Qv`‡bi g‡Zv AveiYx
Kvco eySvq (iDd Ges gvngy`, 2010, c„. 287)|
GKwU gvbwPÎ mgMÖ c„w_ex ev Zvi †Kv‡bv Ask we‡kl‡K AšÍf©y³ K‡i Dc¯vcb K‡i| hLb †Kv‡bv
†QvU AvqZb †hgbÑNi, evwo, we`¨vjq cÖf„wZ‡K Dc¯vcb Kiv nq †mwU‡K bKkv (Sketch) e‡j|
gvbwPÎ A¼‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv f~c„‡ô Aew¯Z wewfbœ e¯‧i `~iZ¡ Abyhvqx mwVKfv‡e Dc¯vcb Kiv|
GK UzK‡iv KvM‡Ri Ici ûeû mgMÖ c„w_ex, †Kv‡bv gnv‡`k, †`k, †Rjv, BDwbqb ev †Kv‡bv MÖv‡gi
g‡Zv eo AvKv‡ii GjvKv Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq bv| we‡kl wKQy Kjv‡K․kj eënvi K‡i AvšÍR©vwZK
KZK¸‡jv mvs‡KwZK wPý eënvi K‡i GKwU KvM‡R (mgZj †¶Î) †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó GjvKv‡K wP‡Î
Dc¯vcb Kiv nq| iDd Ges gvngy` (2010)-Gi g‡Z, ÒmgMÖ c„w_ex A_ev Gi †Kv‡bv As‡ki
cÖwZK…wZ mwVK w`K Abymv‡i wbw`©ó †¯‥‡j mgZj KvM‡Ri Ici A¶‡iLv I `ªvwNgv †iLv Øviv m„ó
Q‡Ki wfZ‡i A¼b Kiv n‡j Zv‡K gvbwPÎ e‡j|Ó
gvbwP‡Îi cÖKvi‡f`
gvbwPÎ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| Kx D‡Ï‡k¨ gvbwPÎwU eëüZ n‡e Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i †h †h
gvbwPÎ nq Zvi wKQz cÖKvi wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
1| †g․Rv gvbwPÎ (Cadastral Map) : f~wg I wewìs Gi gvwjKvbvi mxgvbv wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ †h
gvbwPÎ •Zwi Kiv nq ZvB †g․Rv gvbwPÎ| G gvbwP‡Î wbLuyZfv‡e mxgvbv wba©vwiZ _v‡K|
2| f~¯vwbK gvbwPÎ (Topographic Map) : cÖK…Z RwicKv‡h©i gva¨‡g f~¯vwbK gvbwPÎ •Zwi Kiv
nq| G ai‡bi gvbwP‡Î mvaviYZ cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK Dcv`vb †`Lv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb: cvnvo,
mgf~wg, b` b`x, †ijc_, nvU evRvi BZ¨vw` wbLuyZfv‡e †`Lv‡bv nq|
103
3| †`qvj gvbwPÎ (Wall Map) : gvby‡li Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK hLb †Kvb GKwU gnv‡`k, †`k I
†`‡ki G‡KKwU Ask‡K Avjv`vfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K †`qvj gvbwPÎ e‡j| g~jZ †kÖwYK‡ÿ I
†`qv‡j cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ G ai‡bi gvbwPÎ eënvi Kiv nq|
4| g„wËKv welqK gvbwPÎ (Soil Map): gvwUi ai‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i G gvbwPÎ •Zwi Kiv nq|
5| cÖvK…wZK gvbwPÎ (Physical Map) : gvbwP‡Î hLb †Kvb †`k ev AÂ‡ji wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK
f~wgiƒc †hgbÑce©Z, giæf~wg, b`x, n«` BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ wjwce× _v‡K ZLb †m gvbwPÎB n‡jv
cÖvK…wZK gvbwPÎ|
6| f~ZvwË¡K gvbwPÎ (Geological Map) : f~Z¡K MVbKvix wkjvmg~‡ni Ae¯vb I MV‡bi Ici
wfwË K‡i †h gvbwPÎ •Zwi Kiv nq Zv‡K f~ZvwË¡K gvbwPÎ e‡j|
7| RjevqyMZ gvbwPÎ (Climatic Map): evqyi Zvc, evqyi Pvc, evqy cÖevn, e„wócvZ, Av`ª©Zv cÖf…wZi
Ici wfwË K‡i †h gvbwPÎ •Zwi Kiv nq Zv‡K RjevqyMZ gvbwPÎ e‡j|
8| Dw™¢¾ welqK gvbwPÎ (Vegetation Map) : we‡k¦i †Kv_vq †Kvb ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK Dw™¢¾ Av‡Q
Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i †h gvbwPÎ •Zwi Kiv nq Zv‡K Dw™¢¾ gvbwPÎ e‡j|
9| f~wPÎvewj ev GUjvm gvbwPÎ (Chorographical or Atlas Map) : gvbwP‡Îi mgwó‡K
f~wPÎvewj ev GUjvm gvbwPÎ e‡j| G‡Z cÖvK…wZK, mvs¯‥…wZK, A_©‣bwZK I K…wlwfwËK •ewk‡óï
wfwË‡Z gvbwPÎ •Zwi Kiv nq|
10| mvs¯‥…wZK gvbwPÎ (Cultural Map): wewfbœ ¯v‡bi A_©‣bwZK Ae¯v, wewfbœ †`k I iv‡óªi
mxgv, HwZnvwmK †Kvb ¯vb ev ¯vcZ¨, wewfbœ AÂ‡ji mgvReë¯vi we‡kl we‡kl •ewkó¨ BZ¨vw` wb‡q
†h gvbwPÎ •Zwi Kiv nq ZvB mvs¯‥…wZK gvbwPÎ| ivR‣bwZK gvbwPÎ, e›Ub gvbwPÎ, HwZnvwmK
gvbwPÎ, mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ BZ¨vw` mvs¯‥…wZK gvbwP‡Îi wewfbœ cÖKvi|
gvbwP‡Î Aÿvsk I `ªvwNgvsk
gvbwP‡Î †`k, gnv‡`k, gnvmvMi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wKQzi mwVK Ae¯vb wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ A¶‡iLv Ges
`ªvwNgv †iLvi we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| A¶‡iLv Ges `ªvwNgv †iLv AbymiY K‡i gvbwPÎ A¼b Ki‡j Zv
wbfyj© nq| g~j ga¨‡iLvi (hvi gvb 00 Ges wMÖwbP kn‡ii Dci w`‡q DËi †giæ †_‡K `w¶Y †giæ ch©šÍ
we¯Í…Z) c~‡e© Ges cwð‡g DËi-`w¶Y eivei †h †iLv A¼b Kiv nq Zv‡K `ªvwNgv †iLv e‡j| g~j
ga¨‡iLv I c„w_exi †K‡›`ªi mv‡_ †h †KvY m„wó K‡i Zv‡K `ªvwNgvsk e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K wbi¶xq e„‡Ëi
mgvšÍivj K‡i DË‡i Ges `w¶‡Y †h e„Ë A¼b Kiv nq Zv‡K A¶‡iLv e‡j| welye‡iLv I c„w_exi
†K‡›`ªi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv ¯vb †h †KvY m„wó K‡i Zv‡K A¶vsk e‡j|
104
gvbwP‡Îi Dcv`vb
GKwU gvbwPÎ •Zwi Ki‡Z hv wKQz cÖ‡qvRb nq †m¸‡jvB gvbwP‡Îi Dcv`vb| †Kv‡bv ¯v‡bi gvbwPÎ
•Zwi Ki‡Z n‡j (1) KvMR, (2) wbw`©ó †¯‥j, (3) w`Kwb‡`©k, (4) A¶‡iLv I `ªvwNgv †iLv, (6)
ewntmxgv‡iLv, (7) wk‡ivbvg, (8) m~wP, (9) gvbwP‡Îi wmU b¤î, (10) Rwi‡ci/A¼‡bi ZvwiL, (11)
cÖKvkbv I (12) wMÖW w`‡Z nq (iDd Ges gvngy`, 2010:288-290)| gvbwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨
DbœZgv‡bi KvMR nIqv evÃbxq| Zv bv n‡j wQ‡o hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| ZvB gvBji (Mylor)
†ccvi A_ev AvU© †ccv‡i gvbwPÎ A¼b Kiv DwPZ| KvM‡Ri AvKvi Abymv‡i gvbwPÎ‡K †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
Abycv‡Z †QvU ev eo K‡i AuvK‡Z nq| G Rb¨ gvbwP‡Î †¯‥j eënvi Kiv nq|
†¯‥j
gvbwP‡Î †h †Kvb `ywU ¯v‡bi gaëZ©x `~iZ¡ Ges f~fv‡Mi Dcwi¯ H `ywU ¯v‡bi gaëZ©x cÖK…Z `~i‡Z¡i
AbycvZB nj †¯‥j| gvbwPÎ A¼b Kivi Rb¨ mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi †¯‥j eënvi Kiv nq| h_vÑ (K)
eY©bvg~jK †¯‥j, (L) ‣iwLK †¯‥j Ges (M) cÖwZf~ AbycvZ †¯‥j|
K) eY©bvg~jK †¯‥j (Scale by Statement) : gvbwP‡Îi †¯‥j hLb wjwLZ wee„wZi gva¨‡g cÖKvk
Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K eY©bvg~jK †¯‥j e‡j| †hgbÑGK †mw›UwgUvi mgvb `k wK‡jvwgUvi| G †ÿ‡Î
gvbwP‡Îi 1 ‡mw›UwgUvi `~iZ¡ cÖK…Z f‚wgi 10 wK‡jvwgUvi `~i‡Z¡i mgvb|
L) •iwLK †¯‥j (Linear Scale) : •iwLK cwigv‡c GKwU mij †iLv A¼b K‡i Zv‡K myweavgZ
KZ¸‡jv As‡k wef³ K‡i f~wgi `~iZ¡ cÖKvk Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K •iwLK †¯‥j e‡j|
†hgbÑ1‡m.wg. = 10wK.wg.| G †¯‥j †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ gvbwP‡Îi †¯‥j ¯v‡b 6‡m.wg. j¤^v GKwU †iLv
†U‡b Zv‡K mgvb 6wU fv‡M fvM Ki‡j cÖwZwU fvM 10wK.wg. n‡e, hv f~wgi cÖK…Z `~iZ¡ wb‡`©k K‡i|
M) cÖwZf~ AbycvZ †¯‥j (Scale by Representative Fraction): †¯‥j‡K hLb fMœvs‡k ev
Abycv‡Z cÖKvk Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K cÖwZf~ AbycvZ †¯‥j e‡j| †hgbÑ1 †mw›UwgUv‡i 1 wK‡jvwgUvi
eY©bvq cÖKvwkZ †¯‥jwU‡Z cÖwZf~ Abycv‡Z cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡j wK‡jvwgUvi‡K †mw›UwgUv‡i Avb‡Z nq
Ges Dfq msL¨vi AbycvZ n‡e 1:100000| ( Lvb I AvKZvi, 2000, c„:413Ñ14)
105
gvbwPÎ A¼‡b we‡kl we‡eP¨ welqmg~n
gvbwP‡Î cvnvo-ce©Z, b`-b`x, kni-e›ì, iv¯Ív, †ijc_, mxgv‡iLv cÖf„wZi Ae¯vb †`Lv‡bv nq Ges
Gi Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv mvs‡KwZK wPý eënvi Kiv nq| c„w_exi me †`‡k GKB ai‡bi cÖZxK eënvi
Kiv nq| G wPý¸‡jv mvaviYZ gvbwP‡Îi wk‡ivbv‡gi wb‡P _v‡K| KvM‡Ri Dc‡ii As‡k Zxi wPý ev
Abyiƒc †Kv‡bv cÖZxKwPý eënvi K‡i gvbwP‡Îi w`K wb‡`©k Kiv nq|
gvbwPÎ A¼b Kivi ci Pvwiw`‡K miy I †gvUv †iLv w`‡q ewntmxgv‡iLv A¼b Kiv nq| ewntmxgv
Ggbfv‡e A¼b Ki‡Z n‡e †hb †Kv‡bv Ask gvbwP‡Îi evB‡i bv _v‡K Ges gvbwP‡Îi wk‡ivbvg, m~wP
cÖf„wZ mn‡R †`Lv‡bv hvq| wk‡ivbvg gvbwP‡Îi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| wk‡ivbvg bv _vK‡j mn‡R †evSv hvq
bv GwU wK‡mi gvbwPÎ| gvbwP‡Îi mKj eëüZ mvs‡KwZK wPý ev is e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ wk‡ivbv‡gi
wb‡P ev Kv‡Q GKwU m~wP Acwinvh©| Dc‡iv³ Dcv`vb QvovI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gvbwP‡Î wkU b¤î D‡jøL
Ki‡Z nq| gvbwP‡Îi cÖvK…wZK Aeqe¸‡jv mn‡R cwieZ©b nq bv, wKš‧ iv¯Ív-NvU, kni-e›ì cÖf„wZ
mg‡qi mv‡_ cwieZ©b nq| ZvB gvbwP‡Î Rwi‡ci ZvwiL ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z nq|
gvbwPÎ A¼b
†Kv‡bv gvbwPÎ A¼b Kivi Av‡M KZK¸‡jv welq wPšÍvfvebv K‡i gvbwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z nq| gvbwPÎ
A¼bwe`‡K Rvb‡Z n‡eÑgvbwPÎ eënviKvix †K ev Kviv ? Zv‡ì eqm KZ ? gvbwPÎwU Kx cÖ‡qvR‡b
eënvi Kiv n‡e ? gvbwPÎ KZUzKz mwVK nIqv cÖ‡qvRb ? †Kvb †Kvb ms‡KZ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e,
gvbwP‡Îi †¯‥j Kx n‡e ? BZ¨vw` (iDd Ges gvngy`, 2010:334)| gvbwPÎ A¼‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ
i‡q‡Q| gvbwPÎ A¼‡bi K‡qKwU c×wZ wb¤œiƒc (MÖv‡dvmg¨vb, 1996:73):
 †Uªwms I QKeM© c×wZ : c~‡e© Aw¼Z gvbwPÎ n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I myweavRbK †¯‥‡j cwieZ©b
K‡i bZzb gvbwPÎ A¼b Kiv nq| †Uªwms c×wZ Ges QKe‡M©i mvnv‡h¨ mn‡R gvbwPÎ A¼b Kiv
hvq|
 Rwic c×wZ: f~wg Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g bZzb gvbwPÎ A¼b Kiv nq| G‡Z †PBb, †Uc, †cøBb †Uej,
K¤úvm †j‡ewjs, wcÖR‡gwUK K¤úvm, w_‡qvwWjvBU cÖf„wZ hš¿ eënvi Kiv nq|
 Gwiqvj d‡UvMÖvd (Aerial Photograph) : AvKvk †_‡K wegvb ev f~-DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g Qwe
wb‡q G ai‡bi gvbwPÎ A¼b Kiv nq|
 wRAvBGm (Geogragic Information System) : ‡f․‡MvwjK Z_¨ msiÿY I we‡kølY
eë¯v‡K ms‡ÿ‡c wRAvBGm e‡j| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g Z_¨ msiÿY I we‡kølY eë¯v|
wRAvBGm Gi gva¨‡g GKwU gvbwP‡Îi g‡a¨ Z‡_ï we‡kølY K‡i gvbwP‡Îi Dc‡hvwMZv evwo‡q
†`qv nq|
†Uªwms c×wZ‡Z gvbwPÎ A¼b cÖYvjx

c~‡e© Aw¼Z gvbwPÎ n‡Z gvbwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ †Uªwms c×wZ (Qvc w`‡q AuvKv) Lye mnR GKwU
c×wZ| †Uªwms c×wZ‡Z gvbwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ †Uªwms †ccvi, †cwÝj/ej †cb, †Rgm wK¬c, B‡iRvi,
†Uªwms †Uwej Ges †¯‥j cÖ‡qvRb nq| †h gvbwPÎwU AuvK‡Z n‡e †m gvbwPÎwU‡K †Uªwms †Uwe‡j
†i‡L Zvi Ici mg-AvK…wZi †Uªwms †ccvi †i‡L Pvicvk Ggbfv‡e †Rgm wK¬c w`‡q AvUKv‡Z n‡e
†hb gvbwPÎ Ges †Uªwms †ccviwU bovPov bv Ki‡Z cv‡i| GLb †Uªwms †Uwe‡ji jvBU R¡vjv‡jB
106
wb‡Pi gvbwPÎwU ¯úó †`Lv hv‡e| gvbwPÎwU‡Z †h †iLv †hfv‡e Av‡Q †m †iLv¸‡jv †Uªwms †ccv‡ii
Ici †cwÝj/ej †cb w`‡q `vM †U‡b gvbwPÎwU AuvK‡Z n‡e| Zvici gvbwP‡Îi Pvicvk
ewntmxgv‡iLv Gu‡K gvbwP‡Îi wk‡ivbvg, w`K wPý Ges m~wP w`‡Z n‡e| gvbwPÎwU A¼b Kivi ci
†Rgm wK¬c mwi‡q wb‡jB gvbwPÎwU AuvKv †kl n‡e|
QKeM© c×wZ‡Z gvbwPÎ A¼b cªYvjx

c~‡e© Aw¼Z gvbwPÎ †_‡K QKe‡M©i mvnv‡h¨ mn‡R gvbwPÎ A¼b Kiv hvq| G †¶‡Î K‡qKwU ch©vq
AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
QKwP‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ gvbwPÎ AvKuvi Rb¨ QKeM©
cÖ_g ch©vq: †h gvbwPÎwU AuvK‡Z n‡e Zv wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici gvbwP‡Îi Ici †cwÝj w`‡q
mgvb `~iZ¡ eRvq †i‡L c~e©-cwðg Ges DËi-`w¶Y eivei K‡qKwU †iLv AuvK‡Z n‡e| †iLv¸‡jv
Ggbfv‡e AuvK‡Z n‡e †hb gvbwPÎwU cy‡ivcywi Q‡Ki wfZi _v‡K| GwU n‡e g~j gvbwPÎ| c~e©-cwðg
Ges DËi-`w¶Y eivei †iLv¸‡jv ci¯úi †Q` K‡i K‡qKwU QKeM© •Zwi n‡e| gvbwPÎ †QvU Ki‡Z
n‡j QKeM© †QvU Ki‡Z n‡e Ges gvbwPÎ eo Ki‡Z n‡j QKeM© eo Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e †m †¶‡Î
gvbwP‡Îi †¯‥j mgvbycvwZK nv‡i eo ev †QvU Ki‡Z n‡e|
wØZxq ch©vq: gvbwP‡Îi mg-AvK„wZi GKwU mv`v KvMR wb‡Z n‡e| mv`v KvM‡R QKeM© AvuK‡Z n‡e|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e cÖ_g gvbwPÎwU‡Z †h KqwU QKeM© A¼b Kiv n‡qwQj mv`v KvM‡R †mB KqwU QKeM©
107
A¼b Ki‡Z n‡e| gvbwPÎwU c~‡e©i gvbwPÎ A‡cÿv wØ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡j cÖwZwU QKe‡M©i `~iZ¡ wØ¸Y Ki‡Z
n‡e| Avi gvbwPÎwU c~‡e©i gvbwPÎ A‡cÿv A‡a©K Ki‡Z n‡j cÖwZwU QKe‡M©i `~iZ¡ A‡a©K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Z…Zxq ch©vq: c~‡e©i gvbwP‡Îi QKe‡M©i g‡a¨ gvbwP‡Îi mxgvbv †iLv Ges Ab¨vb¨ welqvw` †h †hfv‡e
AuvKv i‡q‡Q , AweKj GKBfv‡e mv`v KvM‡Ri QKe‡M© †mB mxgvbv †iLv Ges Ab¨vb¨ welqvw` AuvK‡Z
n‡e| Gfv‡e bZzb GKwU gvbwPÎ cvIqv hv‡e| Zvici gvbwP‡Îi Pvicvk ewntmxgv‡iLv Gu‡K gvbwP‡Îi
wk‡ivbvg w`‡Z n‡e| w`K wPý w`‡Z n‡e| gvbwP‡Î wewfbœ welq eySv‡bvi Rb¨ gvbwP‡Îi wk‡ivbv‡gi
wb‡P ev myweavRbK ¯v‡b mvs‡KwZK wPý w`‡Z n‡e| mvs‡KwZK wPý eënv‡ii †¶‡Î cÖPwjZ
mvs‡KwZK wPý AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| c~‡e©i gvbwP‡Î †hfv‡e †¯‥j A¼b Kiv Av‡Q bZzb gvbwP‡Î
†mBfv‡e †¯‥j A¼b Ki‡Z n‡e| bZzb gvbwP‡Îi Ae¯vb ¯úó Kivi Rb¨ cvk¦©eZ©x †`‡ki ev mvMi-
gnvmvMi, cvnvo-ce©‡Zi bvg wjL‡Z n‡e|
cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶‡Ki Rb¨ c~‡e© Aw¼Z gvbwPÎ n‡Z †Uªwms c×wZ Ges QKe‡M©i mvnv‡h¨ gvbwPÎ A¼‡bi
`¶Zv AR©b Kiv ìKvi|
f~wg Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g bZzb gvbwPÎ A¼b Kiv mgq mv‡c¶ e¨vcvi| Gwiqvj d‡UvMÖvd Ges eZ©gv‡b
Kw¤úDUv‡i wRAvBGm (Geogragic Information System) gva¨‡g mwVKfv‡e B‡j±ªwbK gvbwPÎ
A¼b Kiv hvq| Zvi Rb¨ `xN©‡gqvw` cÖwk¶Y cÖ‡qvRb nq|
gvbwPÎ eënv‡ii ¸iæZ¡
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ cÖK…wZ I mgv‡Ri bvbvwea w`‡Ki GKwU mgwš^Z welq| Gi AšÍ©f~³ i‡q‡Q
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb, BwZnvm, ms¯‥…wZ, A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, f~‡Mvj, RbmsL¨v BZ¨vw`|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡qi wewfbœ cv‡V gvbm¤§Z wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq gvbwPÎ
eënvi cÖ‡qvRb| gvbwPÎ eënv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
K) cÖvK…wZK gvbwP‡Îi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©iv c„w_exi cvnvo, ce©Z, b`-b`x, n«`, mvMi, gnvmvMi cÖf…wZi
Ae¯vb Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
L) mvs¯‥…wZK gvbwPÎ eënvi K‡i wkÿv_x©‡ì wewfbœ †`‡ki m¤ú`, RbwgwZK cwiw¯wZ, iv‡óªi mxgv,
cÖkvmwbK AÂj, HwZnvwmK ¯vb I ¯vcZ¨, wewfbœ AÂ‡ji mgvReë¯vi we‡kl we‡kl •ewkó¨ BZ¨vw`
m¤ú‡K© g~Z© aviYv I Ávb AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv hvq|
M) gvbwPÎ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g wbR †`k I Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki ¯j, Rj, AvKvk c‡_ †hvMv‡hvM eë¯v
m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K h_vh_fv‡e AewnZ Kiv hvq|
N) †Kvb †`‡ki wewfbœ e›ì, kni, evwYR¨ †K‡›`ªi Ae¯vb eySv‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki gvbwPÎ eënvi Kiv
ìKvi| gvbwPÎ eënvi K‡i cvV cwiPvjbv Kiv bvbv w`K †_‡K Acwimxg ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| d‡j
cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î gvbwPÎ mnKv‡i cvV cwiPvjbvq wkÿK‡K AvMÖnx I hZœevb n‡Z n‡e| GRb¨
wkÿK‡K bvbvwea gvbwPÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î wkÿK gvbwPÎ •Zwi Ki‡eb|
108
Aa¨vq 9
evsjv‡`‡ki m¤ú`, wkí I evwYR¨
Rxeb I RxweKv wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ cÖK…wZ †_‡K †h m¤ú` cvIqv hvq †m¸‡jv n‡jv cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`| GwU
cÖvK…wZK bvbvb cÖwµqvq m„ó n‡q‡Q, Aí wKQz e¨wZµg e¨vZxZ gvbyl G¸‡jv •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨ f~wg m¤ú`, b`-b`x, cvnvo-ce©Z, mvMi-gnvmvMi, K…wlR m¤ú`, ebR m¤ú`,
LwbR m¤ú` BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Gme m¤ú‡ì mywe‡ePbvcÖm~Z eënv‡ii Ici †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK
AMÖMwZ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î wKQz e¨wZµgI jÿ Kiv hvq| cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì myôz
eënvi Ki‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y †hgb eû †`k wecyj cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` _vKvi ciI A_©‣bwZKfv‡e
mg„×kvjx n‡Z cv‡iwb, †Zgwb h_vh_ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg m¤ú‡ì AwaKvix A‡bK
†`kI AMÖMwZ AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k weivRgvb cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì h_vh_ eënv‡ii
Ici Avgv‡ì A_©‣bwZK AMÖMwZ A‡bKUvB wbf©ikxj|
K…wlR m¤ú`
K…wl Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ f~-cÖK…wZ. Rjevqy, gvwU, cvwbi mnRjf¨Zv BZ¨vw` we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i _v‡K| D‡jøwLZ Dcv`vbmg~n AbyK~‡j _vKvi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k K…wlcÖavb †`‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
we¯ÍxY© mgf~wg, De©i gvwU I e„wóeûj Dò-Av`ª© Rjevqy G †`‡ki gvwU‡K DrK…ó K…wlf~wg‡Z cwiYZ
K‡i‡Q| †`‡ki †gvU f~wgi cÖvq 65-75 kZvsk Rwg Avev`‡hvM¨, hv Ab¨vb¨ K…wlwbf©i †`‡ki †P‡qI
†ewk| Lv`¨km¨ I A_©Kix dmj Dfq ai‡bi Avev`B evsjv‡`‡k D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gvÎvq n‡q _v‡K| m½Z
Kvi‡YB evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ g~jZ K…wlR m¤ú‡ì Ici wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q| G †`‡ki cÖvq
kZKiv 85 fvM †jvK cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e K…wli Ici wbf©ikxj| K…wlR m¤ú` RvZxq Av‡qi
Ab¨Zg cÖavb Drm| †gvU wRwWwc‡Z K…wlLv‡Zi Ae`vb n‡jv 14.74% Ges 41% kÖgkw³ K…wlLv‡Z
wb‡qvwRZ| (weweGm BKbwgK wiwfD 2017) evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU ißvwb Av‡qi kZKiv 15 fvMB n‡jv
K…wlR cY¨ I KuvPvgvj| wb‡¤œ evsjv‡`‡ki K‡qKwU K…wlR m¤ú‡ì eY©bv †`qv n‡jv|
1| Lv`¨km¨ : evsjv‡`‡ki Avev`‡hvM¨ Rwgi kZKiv 80 fvM Rwg‡Z Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b Kiv nq|
Lv`¨k‡mï g‡a¨ avb, Mg, fyÆv, he, †Rvqvi, Wvj, †ZjexR, kvKmewR, Avjy, wewfbœ cÖKvi gmjv I
djg~j cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| avb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb Lv`¨km¨| †`‡ki †gvU Avevw` Rwgi wmsnfvM
As‡k av‡bi Pvl nq| G‡`‡ki `w¶Y-c~e© Ges DËi-c~e© cvnvwo f~wg e¨ZxZ cÖvq me AÂ‡jB av‡bi
Pvl Kiv n‡q _v‡K| ‡`kxq av‡bi cÖavb wZbwU RvZ n‡jv AvDk, Avgb Ges †ev‡iv| evsjv‡`‡ki me
AÂ‡j av‡bi Pvl Kiv n‡jI Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e iscyi, w`bvRcyi, ivRkvnx, gqgbwmsn, wm‡jU, Kzwgjøv,
109
ewikvj, cUzqvLvjx, XvKv, wK‡kviMÄ, Lyjbv, h‡kvi I Kzwóqv †Rjvq AwaK avb Drcbœ nq| AZx‡Z
evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl Drcv`b A‡bKUv cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©ikxj wQj| eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡k AvaywbK K…wlKvR
ïiæ nIqvq K…wl Drcv`b A‡bK e„w× †c‡q‡Q| K…wlweÁvbxiv M‡elYvi gva¨‡g bZzb bZzb Rv‡Zi exR
D™¢veb K‡i Lv`¨k‡mï Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Qb| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k AvaywbK Bwi
av‡bi e¨vcK Avev` n‡”Q|
Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨k‡mï g‡a¨ Mg evsjv‡`‡ki DËivÂ‡ji cÖvq me †Rjv‡ZB Kg-†ewk Pvl nq|
gqgbwmsn, ivRkvnx, w`bvRcyi I XvKv AÂ‡j Wvj; Kzwóqv, dwi`cyi, Kzwgjøv AÂ‡j mwilv, wZj,
wZwm Ges dwi`cyi, Kzwóqv, gqgbwmsn I Kzwgjøvq cÖPzi ev`vg Drcbœ nq| GQvovI eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k
f~Ævi e¨vcK Avev` n‡”Q| 2016-17 A_©eQ‡i †gvU Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`‡bi cwigvY wQj 388.14 jÿ
†gwUªKUb| (weweGm BKbwgK wiwfD 2017)
2| A_©Kix dmj: †hme dmj evwYwR¨K D‡Ï‡k¨ Drcv`b Kiv nq †mB mg¯Í dmj‡K A_©Kix dmj
ejv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©Kix dm‡ji g‡a¨ cvU, Pv, ZvgvK, B¶z, Zzjv, †ikg, ivevi cÖf„wZ
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Gme dmj evRviRvZ K‡i cÖPzi •e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b Kiv nq|
cvU evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb A_©Kix dmj| GwU ißvwb K‡i cÖvq 9.8% •e‡`wkK gy`ªv AwR©Z nq (†P․ayix,
2011:196)| †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b cv‡Ui ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ cvU‡K Ô†mvbvwj AuvkÕejv nq
| evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy (20 wWwMÖ-25 wWwMÖ †m. DËvc Ges 200-250 †m.wg. e„wócvZ) I De©i †`v-
Auvk gvwU cvU Pv‡li Rb¨ Lye Dc‡hvMx| GQvov myjf kªwgK, cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab, mnR cwienb Ges
wbwðZ evRvi cÖf„wZ A_©‣bwZK Dcv`v‡bi Kvi‡Y G †`‡k wecyj cwigvY cvU Drcv`b nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki mgMÖ AÂjB cvU Pv‡li Dc‡hvMx| Z‡e iscyi, gqgbwmsn, dwi`cyi, Kzwgjøv, XvKv,
h‡kvi, Rvgvjcyi, Uv½vBj, cvebv I ivRkvnx AÂ‡j †ewk cvU Drcbœ nq|
Pv evsjv‡`‡ki wØZxq cÖavb A_©Kix dmj| G †`‡k Drcvw`Z Pv-Gi cÖvq 60% we‡`‡k ißvwb Kiv
nq| cvnvwo GjvKvq †hLv‡b cÖPzi e„wócvZ nq A_P e„wói cvwb R‡g _v‡K bv Ges kx‡Zi cÖ‡Kvc Kg
Giƒc ¯vb Pv Pv‡li Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx| Pv Pv‡li †ÿ‡Î gvwUi Ph gvbI AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 156wU Pv evMvb i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ †g․jfxevRvi †Rjvq me©vwaK 90wU, nweM‡Ä
23wU Ges wm‡jU †Rjvq 19wU Pv evMvb i‡q‡Q| †`‡ki †gvU Drcv`‡bi 80% Pv Gme evMv‡bB
Drcbœ n‡q _v‡K| GQvov PÆMÖvg †Rjvq 14wU, eªvþYevwoqv I iv½vgvwU †Rjvq 1wU K‡i 2wU Ges
cÂMo †Rjvq 7wU Pv evMvb i‡q‡Q (†P․ayix, 2011:196)|
110
Ab¨vb¨ A_©Kix dm‡ji g‡a¨ ZvgvK, Zzjv, ivevi I †ikg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| iscyi, w`bvRcyi, ivRkvnx,
cvebv Ges Kzwóqvq ZvgvK, h‡kvi, Kzwóqv, iscyi, w`bvRcyi, ivRkvnx cÖf„wZ †Rjvq Zzjv; e„nËi
PÆMÖvg I wm‡jU AÂ‡j ivevi Ges ivRkvnx I e¸ov AÂ‡j †ikg Drcvw`Z nq|
ebR m¤ú`
†Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ebR m¤ú‡ì f~wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GKwU †`‡ki e„wócvZ, AvenvIqv
†kvab, gvwUi ¶q‡iva, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iva I Ab¨vb¨ bvbvwea eënvwiK cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡Z †m
†`‡ki †gvU AvqZ‡bi kZKiv 20-25 fvM ebf~wg _vKv cÖ‡qvRb, wKš‧ eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki ebf~wgi
cwigvY cÖvq 25,974.94 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi; A_©vr †`‡ki AvqZ‡bi kZKiv cÖvq 17.60 fvM (†P․ayix,
2011:222)| myZivs cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq GwU †gv‡UB ch©vß bq| Z`ycwi RbmsL¨v `ªæZ e„w× cvIqvi
m‡½ gvby‡li Nievwo I AvmevecÎ wbg©v‡Y Gme ebf~wg †_‡K cÖvß KvV eënv‡ii d‡j ‡`‡ki ebf~wg
µgktB K‡g hv‡”Q|
Rjevqy, g„wËKv I Dw™¢‡ì Ici wfwË K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki ebf~wg‡K wZbwU cÖavb AÂ‡j wef³ Kiv hvq
(†P․ayix, 2011:c„-224), †hgb-
1| µvšÍxq wPimeyR (nwir) I cvZvSiv (cÎ cZbkxj) e„‡¶i ebf~wg;
2| µvšÍxq cÎ cZbkxj e„‡¶i ebf~wg;
3| †mªvZR (g¨vb‡MÖvf) ev Mivb ebf~wg
1| µvšÍxq wPimeyR (nwir) I cvZvSiv (cÎ cZbkxj) e„‡¶i ebf~wg : evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶Y-c~e© I
DËi-c~e© w`‡Ki cvnvwo GjvKvi we¯ÍxY© GjvKvRy‡o G ebf~wg we¯Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q| G ebf~wgi AvqZb
cÖvq 15,326 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| Zvi g‡a¨ ivOvgvwU, ev›ìevb I LvMovQwo †Rjv‡ZB ebf~wgi cwigvY
†ewk| Gi AvqZb 12,130 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| K·evRvi I PÆMÖvg †Rjvi ebf~wgi AvqZb cÖvq 2,141
eM©wK‡jvwgUvi Ges wm‡jU, mybvgMÄ, †g․jfxevRvi I nweMÄ †Rjv‡Z 796 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi ebf~wg
i‡q‡Q| GQvov †kicyi I gqgbwms‡ni DËi mxgvbvq mvgvb¨ ebf~wg i‡q‡Q (†P․ayix, 2011:226)|
evsjv‡`‡ki Gme ebf~wgi MvQ¸‡jv M‡o 24-30 wgUvi DuPz nq| cwiwgZ ZvcgvÎv Ges cÖPyi
e„wócv‡Zi d‡j ebf~wgi Mv‡Qi cvZv me mgq meyR †`Lvq, ZvB G‡K wPimeyR ev wPinwir ebf~wg
ejv nq| wPimeyR e„‡¶i g‡a¨ Pvcvwjk, †Zjmyi, †gnMwb, gqbv cÖf„wZ cÖavb| GQvov G ebf~wg‡Z
P¤úv, RjcvB, K`g, QvwZg, wcVvjx, Rviæj, MR©b, Mvgvi, †m¸b, KoB, wcZivR, Pv¤^j, KvÂb,
bv‡Mk¦i BZ¨vw` cvZvSiv e„¶I i‡q‡Q| G ebf~wg‡Z KvV Qvov Ab¨vb¨ ebR m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨ euvk, †eZ,
111
Ilywa MvQ, †gvg, gay, cïcvwL we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨| MR©be„ÿ AvmevecÎ I †ijI‡qi w¯øcvi •Zwi Ges
evwb©‡ki Kv‡R eënvi Kiv nq| †m¸b KvV AvmevecÎ wbg©v‡Y, Pvcvwjk KvVwm›`yK I †b․Kv •Zwi,
Mvgvi KvV ìRv I Rvbvjv •Zwi Ges Rviæj w¯øcvi I RvnvR wbg©v‡Y, euvk KvMR wk‡í eënvi Kiv
nq (†P․ayix, 2011:226-227)|
2| µvšÍxq cvZvSiv (cÎ cZbkxj) e„‡¶i ebf~wg (kvjeb) : G ebf~wg gqgbwmsn, Uv½vBj I
MvRxcyi †Rjvi gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji Mo (1,164 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi) Ges iscyi I w`bvRcyi †Rjvq (39
eM©wK‡jvwgUvi) Aew¯Z (ingvb, 2010:298)| Gme ebf~wgi MvQ¸‡jv M‡o 15-24 wgUvi DuPz nq|
eQ‡ii kxZKv‡j G ebf~wgi cvZv G‡Kev‡i S‡i hvq| G ebf~wg‡Z cÖavbZ kvjMvQ R‡b¥ weavq GwU
ÔkvjebÕ wn‡m‡eI cwiwPZ| Z‡e kvj ev MRvwi MvQ QvovI G ebf~wg‡Z QvwZg, KuvVvj, †KwjK`¤^,
nixZKx, e‡nov, wnRj, K…¤^x, wbg, wkwil, KoB cÖf„wZ eû g~jëvb MvQ R‡b¥| kvj ev MRvix
e¨vcKfv‡e N‡ii LuywU I R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e, QvwZg †U·UvBj I Ab¨vb¨ wg‡j gvo wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv
nq (gviædv, 2010:368)|
3| †mªvZR (g¨vb‡MÖvf) ev Mivb ebf~wg : mgy`ª DcK~‡ji jeYv³ I †Rvqvi-fuvUv cÖfvweZ Dw™¢`‡K
†mªvZR (g¨vb‡MÖvf) ev Mivbebf~wg ejv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶Y-cwðgvÂ‡ji mgMÖ DcK~jeZ©x
GjvKvq Aew¯Z my›ìeb (mvZÿxiv, Lyjbv, ev‡MinvU, ei¸bv I cUzqvLvjx †Rjvi AvswkK) Ges
†bvqvLvjx, PÆMÖvg I K·evRvi †Rjvi DcK~jeZ©x AÂ‡j G ebf~wg M‡o D‡V‡Q| my›ìeb
evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg Ges we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg cÖavb g¨vb‡MÖvf eb AÂj| Gi †gvU AvqZb cÖvq 6,786
e.wK.wg.| my›ìe‡bi †ewkifvM Ask (6,724 e.wK.wg.) mvZ¶xiv, Lyjbv I ev‡MinvU †Rjvi
`w¶Yvsk Ry‡o Aew¯Z| gvÎ 62 eM© wK.wg. ei¸bv I cUzqvLvjx †Rjvq Aew¯Z| b`xevwnZ De©i
cwjgvwU, †jvbv cvwb, cwiwgZ DËvc, cÖPzi e„wócvZ, weij RbemwZ, AbybœZ †hvMv‡hvM eë¯v cÖf„wZ
wbqvg‡Ki cÖfv‡e G ebf~wg M‡o D‡V‡Q| my›ìe‡b 334 cÖRvwZi Dw™¢`, ¸j¥ I ciMvQv cvIqv hvq|
G ebf~wgi e„‡¶i g‡a¨ my›ìx cÖavb| GQvov ‡KIov, †MIqv, Mivb, ay›`j, ev‡qb, cïi Ges
†MvjcvZv I †SvcRvZxq Dw™¢Ì i‡q‡Q| KvV Qvov Ab¨vb¨ ebR m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨ euvk, †eZ, Ilywa MvQ,
†gvg, gay cïcvwL we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G ebf~wg n‡Z cÖvß KvV AvmevecÎ, N‡ii LuywU, R¡vjvwb Ges
KvMR, w`qvkjvB I †cwÝj •Zwii KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| ZvQvov †MvjcvZv N‡ii QvDwb
wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| my›ìe‡b cÖvq 269 cÖRvwZi eb¨ RxeRš‧i evm| GLv‡b evN, nwiY, evbi,
112
Kzwgi Ges bvbv Rv‡Zi cvwL emevm K‡i| c„w_ex weL¨vZ i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi G ebf~wg‡ZB evm
K‡i| GQvov wewfbœ cÖRvwZi gvQ I gay G eb Ges Gi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ b`x †_‡K msMÖn Kiv nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ebR m¤ú‡ì MyiæZ¡

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ebR m¤ú‡ì ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î
ebR m¤ú‡ì Ae`vb kZKiv cÖvq 6 fvM (†P․ayix, 2011: 300)| gvby‡li emev‡mi Rb¨ Nievwo,
AvmevecÎ, LuywU I R¡vjvwb ebf~wg n‡Z msMÖn Kiv nq| GQvovI K…wlKv‡Ri IciI ebf~wgi h‡_ó
cÖfve i‡q‡Q| ebf~wg AvenvIqvi Av`ª©Zv i¶v K‡i, e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY e„w× K‡i, eb¨v I cøve‡bi nvZ
†_‡K g„wËKvi ¶q †iva K‡i, Ges e„‡ÿi cvZv gvwUi De©iZv e„w× K‡i| ebf~wg †_‡K cÖvß m¤ú`
G‡`‡ki wewfbœ wk‡íi (†hgbÑKvMR, wbDRwcÖ›U, †iqb, w`qvkjvB, nvW©‡evW©, †eZ, †cwÝj BZ¨vw`)
KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| ZvQvov ebf~wg evqygÐ‡ji Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY e„w× Ges Kve©b-WvB
A·vB‡Wi cwigvY n«vm Kivi gva¨‡g evqygÐ‡j Kve©b-WvB A·vB‡Wi cwigv‡Yi fvimvg¨ eRvq ivL‡Z
mnvqZv K‡i| ZvB cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ ebf~wg msiÿY Kiv we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb| †mB
mv‡_ †ewk cwigv‡Y MvQ jvMv‡bv Ges e„ÿ msiÿ‡Yi e¨vcv‡i †`‡ki RbMY‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e|
G‡Z wMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqv I giæKiY †iva Ges cwi‡ek msi¶Y Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| ZvQvov eb Ges eb¨
cÖvwY ch©UK‡ì‡K AvK„ó K‡i weavq ebR m¤ú` msiÿY I cwiPh©vi gva¨‡g ch©Ub wkí‡KI jvfevb
Kiv m¤¢e| Gfv‡e ebRm¤ú` RvZxq Rxe‡b GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b
mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K|
grm¨ m¤ú`
evsjv‡`k b`xgvZ…K †`k| G †`‡k AmsL¨ b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej, cyKzi, †Wvev, nvIo I Ab¨vb¨ ai‡bi
Rjvkq i‡q‡Q| Gme Rjvk‡q gvQmn Ab¨vb¨ grm¨ m¤ú` cvIqv hvq| †hgbÑiæB, KvZjv, †evqvj,
Bwjk, wPZj, wPswo, •K, gv¸i, wks, cuywU, wPswo, KuvKov BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`‡ki gr‡mï Drcv`b
†¶‡Îi Ae¯vb Abyhvqx grm¨ †¶Î¸‡jv‡K `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| †hgbÑ(K) Af¨šÍixY grm¨‡¶Î
Ges (L) mvgyw`ªK grm¨‡¶Î|
K) Af¨šÍixY gvrm¨‡¶Î : evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY Rjvk‡qi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej, cyKzi-
†Wvev, nvIo-euvIi, avb I cvU‡¶Z Ges b`xi †gvnbv BZ¨vw`| Gme †¶Î †_‡K msM„nxZ grm¨‡K
Af¨šÍixY ev wgVv cvwbi grm¨ ejv nq| G Af¨šÍixY gvrm¨ †¶‡Îi cwigvY cÖvq 1 †KvwU 30 j¶ 35
nvRvi 600 GKi| Af¨šÍixY wgVv cvwbi gr‡mï g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Bwjk, iæB, KvZjv, g„‡Mj, evDm, Kvwj
113
evDm, AvBo, †evqvj, cv½vm, wPZj, †kvj, MRvi, •K, wks, gv¸i, cve`v, cuywU, evUv, wPswo, KuvKov
cÖf„wZ| cÖK…wZ I Ae¯vb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY grm¨‡¶Î‡K cuvPwU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq;
†hgbÑ
1| b`-b`x ev cÖvK…wZK Rjvkqmg~n
2| e× Rjvkq, cyKzi, w`wN
3| K…wÎg Rjvkq
4| b`xi †gvnbv
5| RjgMœ km¨‡¶Îmg~n|
1| b`-b`x ev cÖvK…wZK Rjvkqmg~n : evsjv‡`‡ki b`-b`x, Lvj-wej, nvIo-euvIo cÖf„wZ

cÖvK…wZK Rjvk‡qi AšÍM©Z| mybvgMÄ, †bÎ‡Kvbv I wK‡kviM‡Äi nvIomg~n cÖvK…wZK
grmm¤ú‡ì GKwU cÖavb Drm| G†`‡ki cÖvq 7 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi `xN© b`x‡Z grm¨ aiv nq|
Z‡e †`‡ki `w¶YvÂ‡ji b`x¸‡jv‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk gvQ cvIqv hvq| b`x‡Z †hme gvQ cvIqv
hvq †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Bwjk, iæB, KvZjv, g„‡Mj, AvBo, †evqvj, cv½vm, wPZj, MRvi, wPswo
cÖf„wZ cÖavb|
2| e× Rjvkq, cyKzi, w`wN : evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËi ewikvj, wm‡jU, Lyjbv, Kywgjøv, †bvqvLvjx,
h‡kvi, cUzqvLvjx, gqgbwmsn, ivRkvnx, dwi`cyi, PÆMÖvg cÖf„wZ †Rjvq w`wN I cyKz‡ii msL¨v
†ewk| GmKj w`wN I cyKz‡i iæB, KvZjv, cv½vm, †kvj, MRvi, •K, wks, gv¸i, cve`v, cuywU
cÖf„wZ gvQ Pvl Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b gqgbwms‡ni fvjyKvq e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M evwYwR¨Kfv‡e
Kzwg‡ii Pvl ïiæ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ AÂ‡jI evwYwR¨Kfv‡e GwU Pv‡li e¨vcK
m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki grm¨m¤ú‡` bZzb gvÎv ms‡hvRb K‡i‡Q| G‡`‡ki e×
Rjvkq, cyKzi, w`wN BZ¨vw`‡Z KvwQg Pv‡liI e¨vcK m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|
3| K…wÎg Rjvkq : evsjv‡`‡ki ivOvgvwU †Rjvi KvßvB n«`wU Af¨šÍixY grm¨‡¶Î¸‡jvi g‡a¨
LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GwU †`‡ki GKgvÎ e„nr K…wÎg Rjvkq| KY©dzjx b`x‡Z KvßvB n«‡ì gy‡Li
wbK‡U cvwb we`y¨r-Gi Rjvavi •Zwi Ki‡Z wM‡q G n«`wU m„wó nq| GLv‡b eû g~jëvb gv‡Qi
Pvl Kiv nq| Gi g‡a¨ iæB, KvZjv, g„‡Mj, •K, wks, gv¸i, MRvi, †kvj cÖf„wZ cÖavb|
eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK GjvKvq evwbwR¨Kfv‡e gvQ Pvl Kiv n‡q _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i
mvZÿxiv, Lyjbv I ev‡MinvU AÂ‡ji wgVv cvwb‡Z Mj`v Ges †jvbv cvwb‡Z evM`v wPsoxi
114
e¨vcK Pvl n‡q _v‡K| GQvovI G AÂ‡j ‡Kvivj, dvBmv, †Usiv, evBjv, iæB, KvZjv BZ¨vw`
gv‡Qi Pvl Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G AÂ‡j ivRKuvKoviI Pvl n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b gqgbwmsn Ges
iscyi AÂ‡j K…wÎgfv‡e gvQ Pv‡li wbie wecøe N‡U‡Q| G AÂ‡ji gv‡Qi g‡a¨ cv½vm, •K,
cuywU, wks, gv¸i, †Usiv, †kvj, †evqvj, iæB, KvZjv I g„‡Mj D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
4| b`xi †gvnbv : b`xi †gvnbv I DcK~jeZ©x my›ìeb AÂ‡ji cÖvq 4,53,000 GKi GjvKv G
grm¨‡¶‡Îi AšÍM©Z| wgVv cvwb I jeYv³ cvwbi wgjb¯‡j G grm¨‡¶Î Aew¯Z| GLv‡b
¯^v`y I jeYv³ Dfq cÖKvi cvwbi grm¨B cvIqv hvq| G GjvKvq wPswo, Bwjk, AvBo, †fUwK
I Zc‡m gvQ cvIqv hvq| Z‡e G GjvKvq a„Z gr‡mï g‡a¨ wPswoi cwigvYB †ewk|
5| RjgMœ km¨‡¶Îmg~n : cøveb mgf~wgi avb I cvU‡¶Z¸‡jv el©vKv‡j cvwb‡Z c~Y© n‡q grm¨
wePi‡Yi †¶‡Î cwiYZ nq| ¯^í¯vqx Gme grm †¶Î¸‡jv gv‡Qi Lv`¨ I esk e„w×i Rb¨
AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx| G mgq avb I cvU‡¶‡Zi †cvKvgvKo, †Ku‡Pv, KxUcZ½ BZ¨vw` †L‡q
gvQ¸‡jv Lye `ªæZ cyó nq Ges wWg cÖme K‡i eske„w× K‡i| wewfbœ gv‡Qi g‡a¨ •K, wks,
gv¸i, †kvj, †Pjv, cuywU, micuywU cÖf„wZ cÖavb|
L) mvgyw`ªK grm¨‡¶Î : evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶‡Yi cÖvq 732 wK‡jvwgUvi DcK~j †iLv eivei cÖvq 22 j¶
64 nvRvi 132 GKi AÂje¨vcx G grm¨‡¶Î M‡o D‡V‡Q| G GjvKvq cÖvq 18wU cÖRvwZi wPswo gvQ
cvIqv hvq| ZvQvov †fUwK, •jÆv, †Pjv, †cvqv, iƒcPuv`v, fviZxq m¨vgb, QywigvQ BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK cÖRvwZi gvQ wejyß n‡q hv‡”Q| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jvÑb`x fivU, Lvj-
wej fivU, AwbqwgZ e„wócvZ, KxUbvkK Ily‡ai cÖwZwµqv, KjKviLvbvi e‡R©ï cÖfv‡e cvwb `~wlZ
nIqv, †QvU gvQ †hgb- RvU&Kv I †iYy aiv cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ZvB grm¨ m¤ú‡ì DbœwZi Rb¨ we‡kl
bRi †`qv cÖ‡qvRb|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z gvrm¨ m¤ú‡ì MyiæZ¡
grm¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A_©‣bwZK m¤ú`| †`‡ki wewfbœ Rjvk‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi gvQ I
gvQ RvZxq m¤ú‡` cwic~Y©| †`‡ki kZKiv 10 fvM †jvK cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e grm¨ m¤ú` AvniY,
evRviRvZKiY I eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i _v‡K| †`‡ki wRwWwci †¶‡Î grm¨ m¤ú‡ì
Ae`vb 3.61% (weweGm BKbwgK wiwfD 2017) Ges †gvU K…wlR Drcv`‡bi 24.43% fvM wQj
grm m¤ú`| (weweGm BKbwgK wiwfD 2017) ißvwb Av‡qi †¶‡Î grm¨ m¤ú‡ì Ae`vb kZKiv cÖvq
115
5.12 fvM| †`‡ki Pvwn`v wgwU‡q evsjv‡`k n‡Z cÖPzi grm¨ we‡`‡k ißvwb nq| ißvwbK…Z gv‡Qi g‡a¨
evM`v wPswo, Mj`v wPswo I Bwjk cÖavb| evsjv‡`k †_‡K †h cwigvY grm¨ I grm¨RvZ cY¨ ißvwb
nq, Zvi kZKiv 65 fvM n‡jv wPswo| ZvB wPswo evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i| Gfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z grm¨ m¤ú‡ì ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
LwbR m¤ú`
†h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b LwbR m¤ú‡ì ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| evsjv‡`‡k Avwe®‥…Z LwbR
m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨ cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, LwbR †Zj, Kqjv, wcU Kqjv, Pzbvcv_i, wmwjKv evwj, PxbvgvwU, KwVb
wkjv BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wb‡¤œ Gme LwbR m¤ú‡ì eY©bvv †Ìqv n‡jv|
wPÎ: gvbwP‡Î LwbR m¤ú‡ì Ae¯’vb
K) cÖvK…wZK M¨vm : cÖvK…wZK M¨vm evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb LwbR m¤ú`| 1955 mv‡j me©cÖ_g wm‡j‡U
M¨vm‡¶Î Avwe®K…Z nq| Gch©šÍ Avwe®K…Z M¨vm †¶‡Îi msL¨v 23wU| Gi AwaKvskB e„nËi wm‡jU
†Rjvq Aew¯Z| G‡`‡ki wewfbœ M¨vm †¶‡Î cÖvq 23 nvRvi wewjqb NbdzU M¨vm msiw¶Z Av‡Q, Zvi
116
g‡a¨ D‡Ëvjb‡hvM¨ gRy‡ì cwigvY cÖvq 14 nvRvi wewjqb NbdzU| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z
M¨vm m¤ú` e¨vcK Ae`vb ivL‡Q| eZ©gv‡b cÖvK…wZK M¨vmB †`‡ki cÖv_wgK evwYwR¨K R¡vjvwbi cÖavb
Drm (ingvb, 2010:290)|
L) LwbR †Zj : †c‡Uªvwjqv‡gi Zij Ae¯v n‡jv LwbR †Zj| 1986 mv‡j wm‡j‡Ui nwicy‡i cÖ_g
†Z‡ji Lwb Avwe®K…Z nq| 2020 †_‡K 2030 wgUvi MfxiZvq cÖvq 10 wgwjqb e¨v‡ij †Zj GLv‡b
gRy` Av‡Q, Z‡e D‡Ëvjb‡hvM¨ †Z‡ji cwigvY cÖvq 6 wgwjqb e¨v‡ij (ingvb, 2010:292)| GQvovI
wm‡j‡Ui †dÂzMÄ, •KjvmwUjv Ges eigPv‡j †Z‡ji mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q|
M) Kqjv : evsjv‡`k Kqjv m¤ú‡` ZZUv mg„× bq| Rqcyinv‡Ui RvgvjMÄ, iscyi †Rjvi Lvjvmcxi
Ges cxiMÄ, w`bvRcyi †Rjvi eocyKzwiqv Ges w`wNcvov, e¸ov †Rjvi KzPgv Ges bIMuv †Rjvi
wkeM‡Ä Kqjv Lwb i‡q‡Q| RvgvjMÄ KqjvLwb‡Z 105 †KvwU 30 j¶ †gwUªK Ub Kqjv, Lvjvmcxi
KqjvLwb‡Z 68 †KvwU 50 j¶ †gwUªK Ub Kqjv, eocyKzwiqv KqjvLwb‡Z 38 †KvwU 90 j¶ †gwUªK
Ub Kqjv mwÂZ i‡q‡Q (†P․ayix, 2011:250)| Dch©y³ Kqjv Lwb Qvov †MvcvjMÄ, Lyjbv, wm‡jU,
mybvgMÄ, †g․jfxevRvi, gqgbwmsn cÖf„wZ †Rjvq wcU Kqjvi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| †MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi
evwNqv I Pv›`vi we‡j cÖvq 12 †KvwU Ub, Lyjbv †Rjvi †Kvjv we‡j 80 j¶ Ub Ges wm‡jU, mybvgMÄ,
†g․jfxevRv‡i cÖvq 91 j¶ Ub Kqjv mwÂZ Av‡Q (†P․ayix, 2011:250)|
N) Pzbv cv_i : evsjv‡`‡k cÖPzi Pzbvcv_i mwÂZ Av‡Q| eZ©gv‡b mybvgMÄ †Rjvi †U‡KiNvU, jvjNvU
I eMwjevRvi; wm‡jU †Rjvi Rvdjs, RwKMÄ; RqcyinvU †Rjvi RqcyinvU I RvgvjMÄ; PÆMÖvg
†Rjvi mxZvKzÐ; K·evRvi †Rjvi †m›UgvwU©b Øxc Ges PuvcvBbeveMÄ †Rjvq Pzbvcv_i cvIqv hvq|
Pzbvcv_i wm‡g›U, Møvm, B¯úvZ, mvevb, KvMR, weøwPs cvDWvi cÖf„wZ cÖ¯‧Z Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
O) wmwjKv : GwU GKai‡bi evjy hv KuvP wbg©v‡Y eëüZ nq| GQvov wewfbœ ai‡bi ivmvqwbK `ªe¨, is,
AwMœPzwjøi BóK wbg©v‡Y Gi ìKvi nq| evsjv‡`‡ki †kicyi †Rjvi evwjRywi, †g․jfxevRvi †Rjvi
KzjvDov, nweMÄ †Rjvi kvnRxevRvi I bqvcvov, mybvgMÄ †Rjvi †U‡KiNvU, Kzwgjøv †Rjvi evZvwmqv
I w`bvRcyi †Rjvi cve©Zxcy‡i wmwjKv evjy cvIqv hvq|
P) PxbvgvwU : evsjv‡`‡ki ‡bÎ‡KvYv †Rjvi weRqcyi MÖv‡g, bIMuv †Rjvi cZœxZjv Ges w`bvRcyi
†Rjvi cve©Zxcy‡i PxbvgvwU cvIqv hvq| evmbcÎ, KvMR, ievi, e¯¿, •e`y¨wZK Bbmy¨‡jUi, m¨vwbUvwi
wRwbmcÎ cÖf„wZ wbg©v‡Y PxbvgvwU eëüZ nq|
117
Q) KwVb wkjv : evsjv‡`‡ki iscyi †Rjvi ivbxcyKzi Ges w`bvRcyi †Rjvi ga¨cvov bvgK ¯v‡b KwVb
wkjv cvIqv hvq| †ijjvBb, iv¯ÍvNvU, M„n wbg©vY, b`xi euva •Zwi cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î KwVb wkjvi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z LwbR m¤ú‡ì MyiæZ¡
GKwU †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b LwbR m¤ú‡ì ¸iæZ¡ AZ¨šÍ †ewk| c„w_exi A‡bK DbœZ †`‡ki
Dbœq‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q LwbR m¤ú‡ì Ae`vb| †h ‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki wkívqb LwbR m¤ú‡ì Ici A‡bKUvB
wbf©ikxj| LwbR m¤ú` wkí‡¶‡Î GKvav‡i eënvi‡hvM¨ KuvPvgvj I R¡vjvwb DfqB mieivn K‡i wk‡íi
mg„w× Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i Ges Kg©ms¯v‡bi m„wó K‡i (gviædv, 2010:482)| cÖvK…wZK M¨vmwfwËK we`y¨r
†K‡›`ªi cÖwZôv evsjv‡`‡ki wk‡íi weKvk‡K h‡_ó cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| d‡j R¡vjvwb Lv‡Z Avg`vwb e¨q
mxwgZ ivLv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k cÖvß cÖvK…wZK M¨vm 7wU BDwiqv mvi KviLvbvq KuvPvgvj
wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| ZvQvov eocyKzwiqvi KqjvLwb †_‡K D‡ËvwjZ Kqjvi Ici wfwË K‡i Zvc-we`y¨r
†K›`ª M‡o D‡V‡Q| wm‡g›U, KvMR, Kqjv, Pv, wmivwgK cÖwµqvRvZKiYmn †`‡ki eo I gvSvwi wkí
cÖwZôv‡b R¡vjvwb I Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b Kqjv, M¨vm, LwbR †Zj eënvi Kiv n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvß
cÖvK…wZK M¨vm M„n¯vwj‡Z R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| KwVb wkjv, bywocv_i cÖf„wZ iv¯ÍvNvU, cyj I
†ijc_ wbg©v‡Y eënvi Kiv nq (ingvb, 2010:296)| evsjv‡`‡k LwbR m¤ú‡` ZZUv mg„× bv n‡jI
cÖvß LwbR m¤ú`¸‡jv †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| ZvB miKvi‡K LwbR
m¤ú‡ì D‡Ëvjb Ges eënvi m¤ú‡K© ev¯ÍegyLx c`‡¶c wb‡Z n‡e|
wkí
evsjv‡`k wkí‡¶‡Î ax‡i ax‡i DbœwZ mvab Ki‡Q| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb wkí n‡jv †cvkvK wkí|
Ab¨vb¨ wk‡íi g‡a¨ cvU, wPwb, mvi, wm‡g›U, KvMR, w`qvkjvB D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ZvQvov †jvnv I B¯úvZ wkí,
RvnvR wbg©vY, Pvgov, Pv, KuvP, Ilya, wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY, grm¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY,
ivmvqwbK Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi KzwUi wkí i‡q‡Q| †`‡ki AwaKvsk wkí-KviLvbv XvKv, bvivqYMÄ, PÆMÖvg I
Lyjbvq Aew¯Z| KuvPvgvj, kÖ‡gi mnRjf¨Zv I evRvi m¤¢vebvi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i †`‡ki cÖZ¨šÍ AÂ‡jI
wKQy wKQy wkí-KviLvbv M‡o D‡V‡Q| GQvov evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ n¯Í I KzwUi wkí i‡q‡Q|
118
gvbwPÎ: evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb wkí
119
evsjv‡`‡ki wkívÂj I Gi Ae`vb
evsjv‡`‡k cÖavb cÖavb wk‡íi Ae¯vb Ges G¸‡jvi Ae`vb wb‡Pi Q‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
wkí AÂj
1952 mv‡j me©cÖ_g Av`gRx cvUKj wbwg©Z nq| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b we‡RGgwmi cvUKj msL¨v
27wU| evsjv‡`‡ki cvUwk‡íi cÖavb cÖavb AÂj n‡jv : bvivqYMÄ, PÆMÖvg, Lyjbv I XvKv|
cvU 2006-07 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k 122.09 Ub cvURvZ `ªe¨ ißvwb K‡i cÖvq 32 †KvwU 10 j¶
gvwK©b Wjvi AR©b K‡i (†P․ayix, 2011:282)| 2017-18 A_©eQ‡i cvU I cvURvZ`ªe¨
ißvwb K‡i evsjv‡`k AvqK‡i 1025.55 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi| (m~Î: Bwcwe)
1933-39 mv‡ji g‡a¨ eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki f~L‡Ð 5wU wPwb Kj M‡o I‡V| G ¸‡jv n‡jv :
DËie½ wPwbi Kj, †`keÜz wPwbi Kj, †mZveMÄ wPwbi Kj, †KiæA¨vÛ †Kv¤úvwb I b¨vkvbvj
wPwb
wPwb Kj| eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡k 18wU wPwbi Kj i‡q‡Q| Z‡e GLbI †`k wPwb Drcv`‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©
bq|
eZ©gv‡b †`‡k 156wU Pv evMvb i‡q‡Q| AwaKvsk Pv evMvb wm‡jU, †g․jfxevRvi I nweM‡Ä
Aew¯Z| ZvQvov PÆMÖvg, ivOvgvwU I cÂM‡o Pv evMvb i‡q‡Q| †`‡ki Pvwn`v wgwU‡q 2016-
Pv
17 A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k Pv ißvwb K‡i 44 jÿ 70 nvRvi gvwK©b Wjvi AR©b K‡i (m~Î:
Bwcwe)|
eZ©gv‡b 9wU mvi KviLvbv i‡q‡Q| wm‡jU †Rjvi †dÂzMÄ, biwms`x †Rjvi †Nvovkvj,
mvi AvïMÄ, PÆMÖvg, Lyjbv Ges Rvgvjcyi †Rjvi mwilvevox‡Z mvi KviLvbv M‡o D‡V‡Q| Z‡e
mvi Drcv`‡bI evsjv‡`k ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq|
†`‡k eZ©gv‡b 12wU wm‡g›U KviLvbv i‡q‡Q| mybvgMÄ †Rjvi QvZK, PÆMÖvg, bvivqYÄ,ewikvj
wm‡g›U
I gsjvq wm‡g›Uwkí M‡o D‡V‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Pvwn`vi A‡a©K wm‡g›U †`‡k Drcbœ nq|
22wU KvMR I †evW© Kj i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki KvMR wk‡íi cÖavb cÖavb †K›`ª¸‡jv
KvMR n‡jvÑXvKv, PÆMÖvg, Lyjbv, bvivqYMÄ, cvebv I QvZK| Gi c‡iI †`k KvMR Drcv`‡b
¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq|
†QvU-eo wgwj‡q 248wUiI AwaK Pvgov cÖwµqvRvZKiY KviLvbv i‡q‡Q| Gi AwaKvskB

Pvgov
XvKv Ges PÆMÖv‡g Aew¯Z| †`‡ki †gvU ißvwb Av‡qi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask Pvgov LvZ
120
wkí AÂj
†_‡K cvIqv hvq| 2017-18 A_©eQ‡i Pvgov I PvgovRvZ `ªe¨ ißvwbi gva¨‡g Avq nq
1085.51 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
eZ©gv‡b XvKv I PÆMÖv‡g cÖvq 3500-Gi †ewk Mv‡g©›Um-d¨v±wi i‡q‡Q| cÖvq 16 j¶ bvix-
cyiæl GLv‡b KvR K‡i, Zvi g‡a¨ 70%-GiI †ewk bvix kªwgK| 2016-17 A_©eQ‡i •Zwi
†cvkvK
†cvkvK Lv‡Zi Avq wQj 2 nvRvi 814 †KvwU 98 jÿ 40 nvRvi gvwK©b Wjvi hv †gvU ißvbx
Av‡qi 81.23 kZvsk|
evsjv‡`‡ki wkí, KuvPvgv‡ji Drm I wkíRvZ `ªe¨
wkíKviLvbvmg~‡n KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e mvaviYZ wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK I LwbR m¤ú` eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
Avgv‡ì †`kxq KuvPvgvj eënvi K‡i †h mg¯Í wkí M‡o D‡V‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv cvU wkí, Pv wkí,
Pvgov wkí, KvMR wkí, wewfbœ KzwUi wkí, grm¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY wkí, Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY wkí,
w`qvkjvB wkí, KuvP wkí BZ¨vw`| Avevi wKQy wKQy wk‡í evsjv‡`‡ki KuvPvgvjmn we‡`k †_‡K Avbv
KuvPvgvj eëüZ nq| Avevi Ggb wKQy wkí Av‡Q hv we‡`wk KuvPvgv‡ji Ici m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbf©ikxj|
†hgb-†jvnv I B¯úvZ wkí|
evsjv‡`‡k †Kvb †Kvb wk‡í Kx Kx KuvPvgvj eëüZ nq Ges Zv †_‡K Kx ai‡bi `ªe¨ cvIqv hvq Zv
GKwU ZvwjKvq †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
Wkí KuvPvgvj wkíRvZ `ªe¨
1. †cvkvK wkí _vbe¯¿ I Dj cÖavbZ evB‡i †_‡K
Av‡m wewfbœ ai‡bi †cvkvK I kxZe¯ª
2. mvi wkí cÖvK…wZK M¨vm ivmvqwbK mvi

Pzbvcv_i, Kv`v, wK¬¼vi, W‡jvgvBU
3. wm‡g›U wkí wm‡g›U
BZ¨vw`
euvk, Av‡Li †Qveov, Lo, KvV,
4. KvMR wkí wbDRwcÖ›U, wewfbœ ai‡bi †jLv I Qvcvi KvMR
cvUKvwV BZ¨vw`
5. w`qvkjvB wkí
big KvV w`qvkjvB
6. wPwb wkí AvL wPwb
cvURvZ `ªe¨ (PU, e¯Ív, cv‡Ui myZv, Kvco,

7. cvU wkí cvU
Kv‡c©U, `wo BZ¨vw`)
121
Wkí KuvPvgvj wkíRvZ `ªe¨
8. Pv Pv cvZv Pv
9. †jvnv I B¯úvZ
†jvnv †jvnv wbwg©Z wewfbœ `ªe¨
wkí
10. Pvgov wkí
Pvgov RyZv, e¨vM BZ¨vw`
11. KuvP wkí wmwjKv evwj, jeY, Pzbvcv_i _vjvevmb, ìRv Rvbvjvi KvP, †k․wLb `ªe¨vw`
BZ¨vw`
12.Lv`¨
Lv`¨km¨ I djg~j wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv`¨`ªe¨
cÖwµqvRvZ wkí
13.wPswo
wPswo wngvwqZ wPswo
cÖwµqvRvZ wkí
ZuvZ wk‡íi Rb¨ myZv, †ikg wk‡íi
Rb¨ †ikg myZv Ges mywZ e¯¿
14. wewfbœ KzwUi
wk‡íi Rb¨ Zzjv, KvV wk‡í KvV, mywZ I †ikg e¯¿, AvmevecÎ BZ¨vw`
wkí
euvk wbf©i KzwUi wk‡íi cÖavb
KuvPvgvj euvk|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z wkí m¤ú‡ì ¸iæZ¡
evsjv‡`‡ki gZ ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z wk‡íi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| AvaywbK hy‡M †Kv‡bv †`kB
A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ïay K…wli Ici wbf©ikxj n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| DbœZ we‡k¦i A_©‣bwZK
Dbœq‡bi AMÖhvÎv we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq Zv‡ì A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q `ªæZ wkívqb|
evsjv‡`k GKwU K…wlcÖavb †`k nIqv m‡Ë¡I G †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK fvimvg¨ i¶vi Rb¨ wk‡íi ¸iæZ¡
AZ¨šÍ †ewk| evsjv‡`k wb¤œga¨ Av‡qi †`‡k cwiYZ nevi †cQ‡bI G‡`‡k D`xqgvb wk‡íi h‡_ó
Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k wkíRvZ `ªe¨ ißvwbi gva¨‡g cÖPzi •e‡`wkK gy`ªv AwR©Z n‡”Q|
K…wli Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mvi I KxUbvkK Drcv`b, †eKvi mgm¨vi †¶‡Î mswkøó wkí ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Q| †cvkvK wk‡í eû gwnjv I cyiæl kªwg‡Ki Kg©ms¯vb n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki
•e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡bi cÖavb Drm n‡jv †cvlvKwkí| GQvovI cvU, Pv I wngvwqZwPswo ißvwb K‡i|
122
myZivs evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wkí ¯vc‡bi Ici MyiæZ¡ w`‡q ev¯ÍegyLx c`‡ÿc MÖnY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avg`vwb I ißvwb cY¨ evwYR¨
c„w_exi †Kv‡bv †`kB cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| †f․‡MvwjK Ae¯vb, AvqZb I
cwim‡ii Ici wfwË K‡i wewfbœ †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` Ges wk‡íi •ewPÎ¨ cwijw¶Z nq| d‡j DØ„Ë
Ges NvUwZ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Avg`vwb-ißvwbi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †Kv‡bv †`‡k †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ ev cY¨ Drcv`b bv
n‡j ev NvUwZ _vK‡j Zv we‡`k †_‡K Avbv nq| G ai‡bi cY¨‡K Avg`vwb cY¨ e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K †Kvb
†`k Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zyjbvq AwaK `ªe¨ evwYwR¨K Kvi‡Y Drcv`b K‡i Ab¨ †`‡ki wbKU wewµ Ki‡j
†m cY¨‡K ißvwb cY¨ e‡j| evsjv‡`k cÖavbZ Avg`vwbwbf©i †`k|
evsjv‡`‡k ißvwb c‡Yï g‡a¨ •Zwi †cvkvK Ges wPswo gvQ cÖavb| Gi ci i‡q‡Q Pv, Pvgov I
PvgovRvZ `ªe¨, cvU I cvURvZ `ªe¨,KwzUi wk‡íi †k․wLb `ªe¨, ZvgvK, Ilya BZ¨vw`| eZ©gv‡b Rbkw³
ißvwb K‡i evsjv‡`k cÖPyi •e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b K‡i _v‡K| c¶všÍ‡i, Avg`vwbK…Z c‡Yï g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
Lv`¨km¨, wewfbœ wk‡íi KuvPvgvj, ivmvqwbK `ªe¨, B‡j±ªwb· I B‡jKwUªK¨vj hš¿cvwZ, Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZ,
†j․n, B¯úvZ, R¡vjvwb, Mvwo, Ilya, Km‡gwU·, Kvco, wkï‡ì †Ljbv BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`k †hme †`k
†_‡K cY¨ Avg`vwb K‡i _v‡K Zv‡ì g‡a¨ hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, d«vÝ, Rvg©vbx, fviZ, Rvcvb, Pxb,
gvj‡qwkqv, `wÿY †Kvwiqv, wm½vcyi, ZvBIqvb cÖf„wZ †`k D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Avg`vwbi cwigvY ißvwbi
cwigvY A‡c¶v †ewk e‡j cÖwZ eQi evsjv‡`k evwYR¨ NvUwZi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki K‡qKwU cÖvK…wZK †m․›`h©c~Y© ¯’vb

evsjv‡`k cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h©i jxjvf~wg| GLv‡b i‡q‡Q A‡bK my›ì Ges HwZnvwmK ¯vb, hv ch©UK‡ì
`viæYfv‡e AvKl©Y K‡i| G¸‡jvI evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m¤ú`| GLv‡b G iKg K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
¯v‡bi eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
K·evRvi mgy`ª •mKZ: K·evRvi c„w_exi `xN©Zg mgy`ª •mKZ| Gi •`N©¨ cÖvq 120 wK‡jvwgUvi|
evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY-c~‡e© e‡½vcmvM‡ii †Kvj †Nu‡l G mgy`ª •mKZwU Aew¯Z| mgy`ªZx‡ii ¯^v¯¨Ki AvenvIqv,
•bmwM©K `„k¨vewj I my¯^v`y mvgyw`ªK gv‡Qi mnRjf¨Zv K·evRvi‡K evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q RbwcÖq ch©Ub
†K‡›`ª cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| K·evRvi mgy`ª •mK‡Zi RbwcÖq ¯vb¸‡jv n‡jv : jvebx •mKZ, wngQwo, Bbvwb
•mKZ I myMÜv •mKZ|
123
wPÎ: K·evRvi mgy`ª •mKZ
jvebx n‡jv K·evRv‡ii cÖavb mgy`ª •mKZ| wngQwo •mKZ K·evRvi mgy`ª •mKZ †_‡K 9 wK‡jvwgUvi
`wÿ‡Y Aew¯Z| wngQwo •mK‡Zi GKw`‡K i‡q‡Q meyR cvnvo Avi Ab¨w`‡K i‡q‡Q wekvj mgy`ª|
cvnv‡oi P~ovq e‡m mgy`ª †`Lvi gRvUvB Avjv`v| Z`ycwi GLv‡b i‡q‡Q GKwU bqbvwfivg cÖvK…wZK
Sibv| wngQwo cvnvwo Sibv Rb¨ weL¨vZ| Bbvbx ‣mKZ wngQwo •mK‡Zi `wÿ‡Y Aew¯Z| K·evRvi
mgy`ª •mKZ †_‡K GwUi `~iZ¡ 35 wK‡jvwgUvi| GwU †mvbvwj evjy Ges cwi®‥vi cvwbi Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
ZvQvov GLv‡b i‡q‡Q A‡bK †Kvivj cv_i hv G‡K wfbœ gvÎv `vb K‡i‡Q| cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h©i w`K †_‡K
‡m›U gvwU©b Øx‡ci mv‡_ G ¯vbwUi wgj cvIqv hvq| K·evRvi mgy`ª •mK‡Zi wbK‡U mgy‡`ªi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
g‡nkLvjx Øxc, †hwU cÖvK…wZK eb Avi Avw`bv_ gw›`‡ii Rb¨ weL¨vZ| GQvovI K·evRvi mgy`ª •mK‡Zi
me© `wÿ‡Y Aew¯Z †UKbvd †_‡K A`~‡i mgy‡`ªi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q weL¨vZ †Kvivj AvBj¨vÛ Ô‡m›UgvwU©bÕ|
ivOvgvwU
PÆMÖvg kni †_‡K moKc‡_ 77 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i ivOvgvwU Aew¯Z| cy‡iv GjvKvwU meyRcvnv‡o †Niv|
G kniwU KvßvB nª‡ì cwðg Zx‡i Aew¯Z| ivOvgvwU cvnvo, eb I †j‡K †Niv GKwU AZ¨šÍ PgrKvi
RvqMv I AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq AeKvk †K›`ª| cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h© ficyi G ¯vbwU‡Z wewfbœ cÖRvwZi MvQ I
cÖvYx i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b i‡q‡Q GKwU PgrKvi SzjšÍ weªR| ivOvgvwU PvKgv, gvigvmn Ab¨vb¨ ¶z`ª
RvwZmËvi evm¯vb|
124
wPÎ: ivOvgvwU KvßvB †j‡K SzjšÍ †mZz
GLv‡b ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi GKwU Rv`yNi i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b wewfbœ RvwZmËvi †jvK‡ì nv‡Z evbv‡bv bvbv
ai‡bi †cvkvK I nvwZi ùv‡Zi Mnbv cvIqv hvq| GLvbKvi Rb‡Mvôxi Rxebaviv, n«‡ì cvwb‡Z gvQ
aiv I w¯úW †ev‡U Ny‡i †eov‡bv, †Mvmj I w¯‥ Kiv ch©UK‡ì Kv‡Q AZ¨šÍ AvKl©Yxq| iv½vgvwU kni
†_‡K LvwbKUv `~‡i cvnvo †Niv cÖvK…wZK Sibvq †kvwfZ ïfjs Gi †m․›`h© AeY©bxq|
†m›UgvwU©b
GwU e‡½vcmvM‡ii GKwU †QvU Øxc| †UKbvd †_‡K cÖvq 48 wK‡jvwgUvi `w¶‡Y bvd b`xi †gvnbvq
Aew¯Z| Gi Pviw`K wN‡i Av‡Q e‡½vcmvMi| G ØxcwUi ¯vbxq bvg bvwi‡Kj wRwÄiv| Gi A_©
bvi‡K‡ji Øxc| GLv‡b Av‡Q cÖPzi bvwi‡Kj I Zvj Mv‡Qi mgv‡ivn| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cÖevj
Øxc|
wPÎ: †m›UgvwU©b
125
GLvbKvi AwaKvsk Awaevmxi †ckv gvQ aiv I gvQ ïuUwK K‡i wewµ Kiv| cÖavb km¨ avb Ges
bvwi‡Kj| GLv‡b Av‡iv Av‡Q ¯^”Q bxj cvwbi mgy`ª Zxi BZ¨vw`| eZ©gv‡b †m›UgvwU©b GKwU AZ¨šÍ
AvKl©Yxq ch©Ub †K‡›`ª cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
KzqvKvUv
KzqvKvUv evsjv‡`‡ki Av‡iKwU Ac~e© my›ì mgy`ª •mKZ| evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶‡Y cUzqvLvjx †Rjvq
e‡½vcmvM‡ii Zxi †Nu‡l GwU Aew¯Z| GwU XvKv †_‡K 320 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i Aew¯Z| GLvbKvi
cÖavb Awaevmx‡ì bvg ivLvBb| ejv n‡q _v‡K K‡qKkÕ eQi Av‡M ivLvBbiv wgwó cvwbi Rb¨ GLv‡b
Kzqv Lbb K‡iwQj| †m †_‡K Gi bvg n‡q‡Q KzqvKvUv| KzqvKvUvi cÖvK…wZK †m․›`h© Abb¨, GwU
evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ mgy`ª •mKZ †hLv‡b ùvwo‡q m~‡h©v`q I m~h©v¯Í †`Lv hvq| GLv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki
me‡P‡q eo †e․× gw›ì Aew¯Z, †hwU 100 eQ‡ii cyiv‡bv| G gw›`‡i Aew¯Z ey‡×i g~wZ©wUI
evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo ey× g~wZ©|
wPÎ: KzqvKvUv
GQvov KzqvKvUvi mgy`ª Zx‡i 200 eQ‡ii cyiv‡bv `ywU Kyqv Av‡Q| kx‡Z GLv‡b cÖPzi AwZw_ cvwL
Av‡m| Ac~e© cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h©i Kvi‡Y KzqvKvUv‡K ejv nq ÔmvMi Kb¨vÕ|
my›ìeb
my›ìeb evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿ‡Y e‡½vcmvM‡ii Zx‡i Aew¯Z †`‡ki e„nËg ebf~wg| GwU c„w_exi e„nËg
g¨vb‡MÖvf eb| GLvbKvi GKwU cÖavb Dw™¢` Ômy›ìx e„ÿÕ| G Rb¨ G ebf~wgi bvg n‡q‡Q my›ìeb|
GQvovI GLv‡b Av‡Q Av‡iv bvbv ai‡bi Mv‡Qi mgv‡ivn| my›ìeb c„w_ex weL¨vZ i‡qj †e½j
UvBMv‡ii Avevm¯j| GQvov Av‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi nwiY, cvwL, mvc, Kzwgi, ebweovj, ‡jcvW©, mRviæ,
eb¨k~Ki BZ¨vw`|
126
GLvbKvi wPÎv nwiY †`L‡Z Lye my›ì| e‡bi gv‡S w`‡q e‡q ‡M‡Q AmsL¨ Lvj I †QvU †QvU b`x|
Gme Lv‡j evm K‡i Kzwgimn wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖvYx| G ebf~wg †_‡K cÖPzi KvV, gay, †gvg I gvQ cvIqv
hvq| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y G ebf~wgi ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK †ewk| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY AÂj‡K So I R‡jv”Q¡vm
†_‡K iÿv K‡i|
wPÎ: my›ìeb
my›ìeb we‡k¦i GKwU Abb¨my›ì cÖvK…wZK wb`k©b| BD‡b‡¯‥v 1997 mv‡j G‡K GKwU Ôwek¦HwZn¨Õ
wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q, hv evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ M‡e©i welq|
ev›ìevb
evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶Y-c~e© w`‡K PÆMÖvg wefv‡M Aew¯Z GKwU cvnvwo †Rjv| GwU evsjv‡`k I `w¶Y
Gwkqvi GKwU Ab¨Zg my›ì ¯vb| ev›ìevb kãwUi A_© n‡jv evb‡ii euva| ev›ìevb cvnvo, cvnvwo
eb I mgf~wg‡Z †Niv cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h©i GK Ac~e© jxjvf~wg| GLv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P cvnvwo P~ov
Aew¯Z, hvi bvg ZvwRsWs (D”PZv cÖvq 1231 wgUvi)|
127
wPÎ: ev›ìevb
wØZxq m‡e©v”P k„½ †KIµvWs I (D”PZv 1230 wgUvi) GBLv‡b Aew¯Z| wP¤^yK cvnv‡oi P~ov, bxjwMwi
Ges eMv †jK ev›ìevb †Rjvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯vb|
wPÎ: ev›ìevb (bxjwMwi)

GLv‡b Av‡Q myD”P cvnvwo P~ov, cvnvwo Rjvf~wg, †jK, cvnvwo Sibv| mgMÖ cvnvo Ry‡o i‡q‡Q
bqbvwfivg meyR ebf~wg| evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo †e․× gw›ì GLv‡b Aew¯Z| GwU evsjv‡`k,
fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb I AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q my›ì †e․× gw›ì| GLv‡b ey‡×i wØZxq e„nËg g~wZ©
i‡q‡Q| GQvov mviv kni Ry‡o Av‡Q AmsL¨ †e․× gw›ì| G‡ì‡K ¯vbxq fvlvq ejv nq wKqvs|
ev›ìev‡bi wgjvbQwo‡Z GKwU cvnvwo Sibv Av‡Q| Gi bvg •kjcÖcvZ| GwU GKwU Ab¨Zg my›ì
RvqMv|
128
Rvdjs
Rvdjs cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h© †Niv GKwU AZ¨šÍ AvKl©Yxq ch©Ub †K›`ª| GwU wm‡j‡Ui †MvqvBbNvU Dc‡Rjvq
evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi mxgvbvq Lvwmqv •RšÍv cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k Aew¯Z| GLv‡b fvi‡Zi Lvwmqv cvnvo
†_‡K gvix b`x evsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| G b`xi cvwb‡Z e‡q Av‡m A‡bK cvnvwo cv_i|
wPÎ: Rvdjs
ZvB cv_i D‡Ëvjb GLvbKvi Awaevmx‡ì GKwU cÖavb RxweKv| Rvdjs Lvwmqv RvwZ‡Mvôxi
Avevm¯j| Rvdjs cy‡ivUvB cvnv‡o †Niv GK AK…wÎg cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h©i jxjvf~wg| G cvnvo meyR
e‡b XvKv| Gme e‡b i‡q‡Q wewfbœ eb¨cÖvYx| Rvdjs-Gi AwZ wbK‡U i‡q‡Q Zvgvwej ¯j e›ì|
GwUI åg‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU PgrKvi RvqMv|
ivZvi¸j RjReb
ivZvi¸j evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ wgVvcvwbi
RjReb ev †mvqv¤ú d‡i÷| GwU wm‡j‡Ui
†MvqvBbNv‡U Aew¯Z| e‡bi AvqZb
3,325.61 GKi, Avi Gi g‡a¨ 504 GKi
eb‡K 1973 mv‡j eb¨cÖvYx AfqviY¨ wn‡m‡e
†NvlYv Kiv nq| GwU c…w_exi gvÎ K‡qKwU
wPÎ: ivZvi¸j RjReb
129
RjRe‡bi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKwU| wPimeyR GB eb‡K evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ebwefv‡Mi Aax‡b msi¶Y
Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB eb ¸qvBb b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯Z Ges †Pw½i Lv‡ji mv‡_ G‡K mshy³ K‡i‡Q| GLv‡b
me‡P‡q †ewk Rb¥vq KiP MvQ (‣eÁvwbK bvg- Millettia pinnata)| el©vKv‡j GB eb 20 †_‡K 30
dyU cvwbi wb‡P wbgw¾Z _v‡K| evwK mviv eQi, cvwbi D”PZv 10 dy‡Ui g‡Zv _v‡K|
weQvbvKvw›`
weQvbvKvw›` wm‡jU †Rjvi †MvqvBbNvU

Dc‡Rjvi iæ¯Ígcyi BDwbq‡b evsjv‡`k-
fviZ mxgv‡šÍ Aew¯Z| GwU eb I cvnv‡oi
bRiKvov †m․›`‡h©i gv‡S Aciƒc jxjvf~wg|
el©vKv‡j GLv‡b Sibvi cvkvcvwk Kv‡jv
†gN cvnvo¸‡jv‡K Av”Qvw`Z K‡i †d‡j|
cvnvwo X‡ji mv‡_ e‡q Avmv wekvj wekvj
cv_iLÐ weQvbvKvw›`‡Z G‡m c‡o | wPÎ: weQvbvKvw›`
Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ ¯vb¸‡jv QvovI evsjv‡`‡k Av‡iv A‡bK my›ì my›ì RvqMv Av‡Q| G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì
m¤ú`, HwZn¨ I †M․ie| GMy‡jv msi¶‡Yi `vwqZ¡I Avgv‡ì| ZvB G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡ì Rvb‡Z n‡e|
130
Aa¨vq 10
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq welqvewj
c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ me †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡ki Av‡Q wewfb RvZxq cÖZxK| GMy‡jv RvZxq HwZn¨ I
msnwZi cÖZxK| 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Avgiv Gme AR©b K‡iwQ| RvZxq cÖZxKMy‡jv
GKw`‡K wek¦ ìev‡i wb‡Ri †`‡ki ¯^Zš¿ •ewkó¨ Zz‡j aivi gva¨‡g †`‡ki mve©‡f․gZ¡‡K cÖKvk K‡i
I †`k‡K gh©v`vi mv‡_ wek¦ ìev‡i cÖwZwôZ K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K bvMwiK‡ì †`k‡cÖg, RvZxq Av`k© I
msnwZ‡Z DØy× K‡i| ZvB Avgv‡ì mevi RvZxq welqvewj m¤ú‡K© fv‡jvfv‡e Rvbv DwPZ|
msweavb
1972 mv‡ji 4 b‡f¤î MYcwil‡` evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cvm nq Ges 1972 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤î
†_‡K Zv Kvh©Kix nq| GwU Avgv‡ì ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~j `wjj| RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, MYZš¿ I
ag©wbi‡cÿZvÑG PviwU g~jbxwZi Ici wfwË K‡i msweavb cÖYqb Kiv nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb
RvZxq g‡bvMÖvg
jvj i‡Oi e„‡Ëi gv‡S njy` i‡Oi evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ| e„‡Ëi Dc‡i †jLv ÔMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`kÕ
Ges wb‡P †jLv ÔmiKviÕ| e„‡Ëi `yB cv‡k `ywU K‡i †gvU PviwU ZviKv Av‡Q| PviwU ZviKv iv‡óªi
PviwU g~jbxwZ-RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, MYZš¿ I ag©wbi‡cÿZv‡K cÖKvk K‡i| miKvwi KvRK‡g© G
g‡bvMÖvg eëüZ nq|
RvZxq g‡bvMÖvg
131
ivóªxq cÖZxK
cvwb‡Z fvmgvb kvcjvi `yÕcv‡k `ywU av‡bi wkl| kvcjvi Dc‡i wZbwU mshy³ cvU cvZv Av‡Q|
cvZv¸‡jvi `ycv‡k `ywU K‡i †gvU PviwU ZviKv Av‡Q| PviwU ZviKv iv‡óªi PviwU g~jbxwZ-
RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, MYZš¿ I ag©wbi‡cÿZv‡K cÖKvk K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ I cÖavbgš¿ªx
GwU eënvi K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq cÖZx‡Ki i~cKvi wkíx Kvgiæj nvmvb |
ivóªxq cÖZxK
RvZxq cZvKv
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKvi
is meyR| gv‡S Mvp jvj e„Ë|
jvj i‡Oi e„ËwU i³ÿqx
msMÖv‡gi gva‡g AwR©Z
¯^vaxbZvi bZzb m~‡h©i cÖZxK|
D¾¡j Nb meyR AskwU we¯Í…Z
MÖvgevsjvi meyR cwi‡ek I
Zviæ‡Yï cÖZxK| Gi •`N©¨ I
cÖ‡¯i AbycvZ 10:6|
¯^vaxbZv wèm, weRq wèm I
miKvi KZ©…K †NvwlZ
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv
†h‡Kv‡bv wè‡m GwU D‡Ëvjb
Kiv nq| RvZxq †kvK wèm, ivóª KZ…©K †NvwlZ †Kv‡bv †kv‡Ki w`‡b RvZxq cZvKv Aa©bwgZ ivLv
nq| cZvKv `‡Ði Dc‡ii cÖv‡šÍ cZvKvi hZUzKz cÖ¯ (awi-2 dzU) ZZUzKz ev` †i‡L cZvKv Uvbv‡bvB n‡jv
cZvKv Aa©bwgZ ivLv| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKvi i~cKvi wkíx Kvgiyj nvmvb|
132
RvZxq msMxZ
Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm|
wPiw`b †Zvgvi AvKvk, †Zvgvi evZvm Avgvi cÖv‡Y evRvq euvwk||
Igv, dv¸‡b †Zvi Av‡gi e‡b Nªv‡Y cvMj K‡i,
gwi nvq, nvq †iÑ
Igv, ANªv‡b †Zvi fiv †ÿ‡Z Kx †`‡LwQ gayi nvwm||
Kx †kvfv, Kx Qvqv‡Mv, Kx †¯œn, Kx gvqv †MvÑ
Kx AvuPj weQv‡qQ e‡Ui g~‡j, b`xi K~‡j K~‡j|
gv, †Zvi gy‡Li evYx Avgvi Kv‡b jv‡M myavi g‡Zv
gwi nvq, nvq †iÑ
gv, †Zvi e`b Lvwb gwjb n‡j, Igv, Avwg bqb R‡j fvwm||
wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Avgv‡ì RvZxq msMx‡Zi iPwqZv| 1905 mv‡j e½f½ Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z
Zuvi iwPZ ÕAvgvi †mvbvi evsjvÕ KweZv †_‡K cÖ_g 10 jvBb RvZxq msMxZ wn‡m‡e †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
wPÎ: iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
1971 mv‡ji 3 gvP© Zvwi‡L QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` Av‡qvwRZ cëb gq`v‡bi Rbmfvq GwU Avgv‡ì
RvZxq msMxZ wn‡m‡e M„nxZ nq| 1971 mv‡ji 17 GwcÖj gywRebM‡i AbywôZ ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki
A¯vqx miKv‡ii kc_ Abyôv‡b G Mvb‡K RvZxq msMxZ wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv ivóªxq
Abyôv‡b Gi cÖ_g Pvi jvBb evRv‡bv nq| cÖwZw`b we`¨vj‡qi mgv‡e‡k wkÿv_©x‡ì RvZxq msMxZ
133
MvIqvi gva¨‡g w`‡bi wkÿv Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| GQvov †h‡Kv‡bv Abyôv‡bI GwU evRv‡bv nq| RvZxq
msMxZ hLb MvIqv ev evRv‡bv nq ZLb †mvRv n‡q ùvwo‡q m¤§vb †`Lv‡bv Avgv‡ì Aek¨ KZ©e¨|
RvZxq cvwL
†`v‡qj evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cvwL| †`v‡qj wgwó
K‡É wkm †`q| GwU †`L‡Z Kv‡jv| Z‡e †jR,
cvLv I cv‡qi Ic‡ii As‡k mv`v i‡Oi cvjK
Av‡Q| †`v‡qj cvwLi AvKvi gvSvwi|
evsjv‡`‡ki me©Î, we‡kl K‡i MÖvgvÂ‡j GwU
cvIqv hvq|
RvZxq dj wPÎ: †`v‡qj, evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cvwL
KuvVvj Avgv‡ì RvZxq dj| GwU AvKv‡i †ek eo nq| Gi ewnf©vM KuvUvq fiv| wfZ‡ii Ask njy`
i‡Oi| djwU imv‡jv Ges my¯v^ `y| KvuPv KuvVvj ZiKvwi wn‡m‡eI LvIqv nq| Gi exwP Dcv‡`q Lvevi|
KuvVv‡ji Dw”Qó Ask I †Lvmv Miæi wcÖq Lv`¨| evsjv‡`‡ki me RvqMvq Kg-†ewk KuvVvj R‡b¥| Z‡e
MvRxcyi, Uv½vBj I gqgbwms‡n †ewk KuvVvj R‡b¥|
wPÎ: KuvVvj, evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq dj
134
RvZxq dzj
cvwb‡Z fvmgvb mv`v i‡Oi kvcjv Avgv‡ì RvZxq dzj| dzjwU †`L‡Z Lye my›ì| Gi A‡bK¸‡jv
cvcwo _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki Lvjwej, cyKzi Z_v †h‡Kv‡bv e× cvwb‡Z kvcjv cÖPyi cwigv‡Y R‡b¥|
kvcjv dz‡ji WuvUv Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
wPÎ: kvcjv, evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq dzj
RvZxq Kwe
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg| wZwb

1899 mv‡ji 24 †g (1306, 11 •R¨ô) fvi‡Zi
ea©gvb †Rjvi Pziæwjqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges
1976 mv‡ji 29 AvM÷ XvKvq g„ZyëiY K‡ib| Zuvi
iwPZ ÕPj Pj PjÕ msMxZwU Avgv‡ì iY msMxZ|
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg GKRb we‡`ªvnx Kwe wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ| weªwUkwe‡ivax msMÖv‡g wZwb mwµq AskMÖnY
K‡i‡Qb| Zvui iwPZ we‡`ªvnx KweZv I Mvb ¯^vaxbZv
hy‡× Avgv‡ì Drmvn I †cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q|
wPÎ: KvRx bRiæj Dmjvg, evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe
135
RvZxq gvQ
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq gvQ Bwjk| mgy‡`ª evm n‡jI c~Y© eq¯‥ Bwjk wWg cvovi †g․my‡g SuvK †eu‡a
†gvnbv AwZµg K‡i b`xi DRv‡b G‡m wWg cv‡o| wgwó cvwb‡Z Rb¥ †bqv †cvbv Bwjk‡K ejv nq
RvUKv| Giv AveviI b`xi fvwUi c_ a‡i mgy‡`ª †cu․‡Q hvq| Bwjk Lye my¯v^ `y gvQ| iæcvwj i‡Oi
Bwj‡ki †`‡k-we‡`‡k cÖPzi Pvwn`v Av‡Q| cÖwZ eQi GB gvQ we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i evsjv‡`k cÖPzi
•e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ‡ZI Bwjk Lye D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU gvQ| cÙv b`xi
†gvnbvq I mgy‡`ª cÖPzi Bwjk aiv c‡o| mviv eQiB Bwjk gvQ cvIqv hvq| Z‡e el©vKv‡j gvQwU
me‡P‡q †ewk cwigv‡Y cvIqv hvq|
wPÎ: Bwjk, evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq gvQ

RvZxq cï
i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi Avgv‡ì RvZxq cï| evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿ‡Y Aew¯Z my›ìeb Gi Avevm¯j|
njy‡ì gv‡S Kv‡jv †Wviv KvUv evN AvKv‡i A‡bK eo I wns¯ª| my›ìe‡bi ev‡Ni ivRKxq fvefw½ I
†R․jym †`‡L gvbyl ¯Íw¤¢Z n‡q hvq| GKgvÎ wmsn Qvov Gi m‡½ †Kv‡bv cïi Zzjbv P‡j bv| GRb¨
mv‡neiv Gi bvg w`‡q‡Qb Ôi‡qj †e½j UvBMviÕ| my›ìeb cwi‡ekMZ ûgwKi gy‡L covi Kvi‡Y
eZ©gv‡b ev‡Ni msL¨v A‡bK K‡g hv‡”Q|
wPÎ: i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi, evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cï
136
RvZxq e„ÿ
Avgv‡ì RvZxq e„ÿ Avg MvQ| †`‡ki me AÂ‡jB Avg MvQ R‡b¥| Z‡e me‡P‡q fv‡jv I DbœZ
Rv‡Zi MvQ nq ivRkvnx‡Z| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂ‡ji cÖvq me evwo‡ZB Avg MvQ Av‡Q| Avg †L‡Z Lye
my¯v^ `y|
wPÎ: Avg cvQ, evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq e„ÿ

RvZxq †Ljv
KvevwW evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq †Ljv| Gi Av‡iK bvg nv-Wz-Wz| GwU MÖvgevsjvi GKwU HwZnëvnx †Ljv|
`kR‡bi `ywU `‡j GwU †Ljv nq| GKRb †idvwi †Ljv cwiPvjbv K‡ib| GB †Ljvq kixi gReyZ I
ewjô nq Ges k„•Ljv, wbqgvbyewZ©Zv cÖf…wZ ¸Y AR©b Kiv hvq| mvd †Mg‡m G †Ljv ¯vb †c‡q‡Q|
wPÎ: RvZxq †Ljv KvevwW ev nv-Wz-Wz

RvZxq gmwR`
XvKvq Aew¯Z evqZzj †gvKviig gmwR` Avgv‡ì RvZxq gmwR`| 1960 mv‡j Gi wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯vwcZ
nq| me©cÖ_g bvgvR AbywôZ nq 1963 mv‡ji 25 Rvbyqvwi| gmwR`wU AvUZjv wewkó| Z‡e gmwR`
wn‡m‡e D³ AvUZjvi ga¨ n‡Z QqwU Zjv eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|
137
wPÎ: RvZxq gmwR` evqZzj †gvKviig
RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡m․a
XvKvi mvfv‡ii bexbM‡i RvZxq
¯§„wZ‡m․a Aew¯Z| 1972 mv‡ji
16 wW‡m¤î Gi wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯vwcZ
nq| RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡m․‡ai i~cKvi
•mq` gvBbyj †nv‡mb| ¯^vaxbZv
hy‡× kwn`‡ì ¯§i‡Y GwU
cÖwZwôZ nq| ZvB cÖwZ eQi
¯^vaxbZv I weRq wè‡m GLv‡b
dzj cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g kwn`‡ì
cÖwZ kÖ×v cÖ`k©b Kiv nq| Gi
D”PZv 150 dzU| G‡Z mvZwU
djK Av‡Q, hv ¯^vaxbZv
Av‡›`vj‡bi mvZwU ch©vq‡K
wb‡`©k K‡i| h_vÑ1952-Gi
fvlv Av‡›`vjb, 1954-Gi
hy³d«›U wbe©vPb, 1956-Gi kvmbZš¿ wPÎ: RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡m․a
Av‡›`vjb, 1962-Gi QvÎ Av‡›`vjb,
1966 Gi Qq `dv Av‡›`vjb, 1969-Gi MYAfz¨Ìvb I 1971-Gi gyw³hy×| GwU ch©UK‡ì Rb¨
GKwU AvKl©Yxq ¯vb| we‡`k †_‡K AvMZ ivóªxq AwZw_e„›Ì GLv‡b dzj w`‡q kÖ×v cÖ`k©b K‡ib|
¯^vaxbZv wèm
26 gvP© Avgv‡ì gnvb ¯^vaxbZv wèm| 1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© iv‡Z cvwK¯Ívwb •mbïv Nyg šÍ I wbi¯¿
evOvwj‡ì Dci ee©‡ivwPZ nZ¨vhÁ Pvjvq| GK iv‡Zi g‡a¨ Zviv XvKv kni‡K ea¨f~wg I aŸsm¯Í~‡c
cwiYZ K‡i| cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx H iv‡Z e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K †MÖdZvi Kivi c~e© gyn~‡Z©
138
A_©vr 26 gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| ZvB 26 gvP© gnvb ¯^vaxbZv wèm
Ges evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wèm|
weRq wèm
`xN© bq gv‡mi i³¶qx hy‡×i gva¨‡g 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤î evsjv‡`‡ki weRq AwR©Z nq| GwU
evOvwj RvwZi BwZnv‡m me‡P‡q †M․iegq NUbv| ZvB cÖwZ eQi 16 wW‡m¤î Ôgnvb weRq wèmÕ cvjb
Kiv nq|
RvZxq †kvK wèm

evOvwj RvwZi Rxe‡b e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb wQ‡jb gyw³i cÖZxK, mKj †cÖiYvi Drm| evsjv‡`k
I evOvwji ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^cœ‡K wZwb ev¯Í‡e i~c w`‡q‡Qb| A_P †mbvevwnbxi wec_Mvgx wKQy mvgwiK
Awdmvi 1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ wbg©gfv‡e Zuv‡K nZ¨v K‡i| GRb¨ GB w`bwU‡K evsjv‡`‡ki
BwZnv‡m me‡P‡q ÔKv‡jv wèmÕ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| mgMÖ RvwZ GB w`bwU‡K e½eÜzi cÖwZ kÖ×v
Rvbv‡Z †kvK cvjb K‡i| ZvB 15 AvM÷ RvZxq †kvK wèm|
kwn` wèm
1952 mv‡ji fvlv kwn`‡ì ¯§i‡Y cÖwZ eQi 21 †deªyqvwi kwn` wèm cvjb Kiv nq| Gw`b evOvwj
Lvwj cv‡q kwn` wgbv‡i dzj w`‡q kwn`‡ì kÖ×v Rvbvq| Avãyj Mvd&dvi †P․ayix iwPZ I AvjZvd
gvngy‡ì myiv‡ivwcZ ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwiÕ MvbwU MvB‡Z MvB‡Z mevB
cÖfvZ‡dix‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i| fvlv kwn`‡ì ¯§i‡Y XvKvq †K›`ªxq kwn` wgbvi wbwg©Z nq| RvZxq
kwn` wgbv‡ii i~cKvi wkíx nvwg`yi ingvb| fvlvi Rb¨ Rxeb DrmM© c„w_exi BwZnv‡m weij| †m
Rb¨ RvwZms‡Ni A½ cÖwZôvb BD‡b‡¯‥v 1999 mv‡ji 17 b‡f¤î 21 †deªyqvwi‡K ÔAvšÍR©vwZK
gvZ…fvlv wèmÕ †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| 2000 mv‡ji 21 †deªæqvwi †_‡K RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ ivóª¸‡jv h_vh_
gh©v`vq G w`b AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm wn‡m‡e cvjb K‡i|
wPÎ:kwn` wgbvi
139
kwn` eyw×Rxex wèm
14 wW‡m¤î Avgv‡ì kwn` eyw×Rxex wèm| civRq Aek¨¤¢vex †R‡b evOvwj‡K †gavk~b¨ Kivi Rb¨
Gw`b cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbx Zv‡ì †`vmi ivRvKvi, Avj-eì, Avj-kvgm evwnbxi mnvqZvq G †`‡ki
eyw×Rxex‡ì ZvwjKv evwb‡q nZ¨v K‡i| G‡ì A‡b‡Ki jvk iv‡qievRvi ea¨f~wg‡Z cvIqv hvq|
RvZxq D`¨vb
†mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb‡K
Avgv‡ì RvZxq D`¨vb wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…wZ †`qv n‡q‡Q| c~‡e© Gi
bvg wQj †im‡Kvm© gq`vb|
GwU evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi
BwZnv‡mi mvÿx| GLv‡b
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
1971 mv‡ji 7 gvP©
HwZnvwmK fvlY w`‡qwQ‡jb|
Avevi GLv‡bB 1971 mv‡ji
16 wW‡m¤î Zvwi‡L cvwK¯Ívwb
evwnbx †h․_ evwnbxi Kv‡Q
AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡iwQj| Avgv‡ì RvZxq cÖZxK¸‡jv iÿvi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡ì mevi| ZvB wkïKvj †_‡K
G¸‡jvi cÖwZ h_vh_ kÖ×v‡eva RvMÖZ Kivi gva¨‡g G¸‡jv msiÿY, Dbœqb I h_vh_fv‡e cwiwPZKiY
Kiv Avgv‡ì cweÎ `vwqZ¡|
140
Aa¨vq 11
evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ I HwZn¨
evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ
evsjv‡`k wewfbœ RvwZ‡Mvôxi Avevm¯j| msL¨vMwiô evOvwj RvwZi cvkvcvwk wewfbœ ÿz`ª b„ -‡Mvôxi
emevm G †`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ I HwZn¨‡K K‡i‡Q mg„×| †m Rb¨ G †`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ I HwZn¨‡K eûgvwÎK
ms¯‥„wZ (fvb †m‡›`j, 1998) ejv nq| gymwjg,wn›`y, •eòe, evDj, †e․×, wLªóvb I wewfbœ ÿz`ª b„ -
‡Mvôxi fvlv, mvwnZ¨, m½xZ, wkíKjv, AvPvi-ixwZ, cÖ_v BZ¨vw` meB evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ I
HwZ‡nï Ask| G mg¯Í ms¯‥…wZ I HwZn¨ nvRvi nvRvi eQ‡ii cyivZb| wb‡P evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ I
HwZ‡nï eY©bv †`qv n‡jv|
fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I m½xZ

evsjv fvlv G †`‡ki msL¨vMwiô gvby‡li fvlv| G fvlvi mvay I PwjZ `ywU i~c i‡q‡Q| evsjv fvlv‡K
†K›`ª K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv mvwn‡Zï weKvk mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| `kg †_‡K Øv`k kZ‡K wjwLZ ÔPh©vc`Õ
evsjv mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg cyivZb mvwnZ¨ wb`k©b| †e․× wm×vPvh©MY GB fvlvq MxwZc`vewj iPbv
K‡iwQ‡jb| Ph©vc‡ì MxwZc`vewj evOvwj ms¯‥…wZi BwZnv‡m LyeB g~jëvb| GB c`vewji gva¨‡g
GKw`‡K †hgb cÖvPxb evsjvi fvlv I Zvi wVK c~‡e©i fvlvi bgybv cvIqv hvq †ZgbB Rvbv hvq cÖvPxb
evsjvi gvby‡li mgvR , mf¨Zv I Rxeb wPÎ| cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z eZ©gvb Kvj ch©šÍ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ wewfbœ
HwZnvwmK mvwnZ¨Kg© ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q| kªxK…òKxZ©b I •eòe mvwnZ¨ ga¨hyMxq mvwn‡Zï DrK…ó
wb`k©b| c‡bi kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K Ôg½jKve¨Õ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| Gi cvkvcvwk
ga¨hy‡M †jvKmvwn‡Zï cªmvi N‡U|
Dwbk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgq n‡Z AvaywbK evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï cÖmvi jvf K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Ck¦i
P›`ª we`¨vmvMi, gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
cÖgyL †g․wjK Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï GK we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K n‡jv m½xZ, hv
evsjv ms¯‥…wZ‡K K‡i‡Q Hk¦h©evb| iex›`ªmsMxZ, bRiæjmsMxZ, jvjbMxwZ, cjøxMxwZ evsjv ms¯‥…wZi
Ab¨Zg cÖavb avivq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| GQvov evsjvi †jvKm½xZ †hgbÑevDj Mvb, Rvwi Mvb, mvwi Mvb,
fvIqvBqv, fvwUqvwj, gywk©`x, M¤¢xiv, KweMvb, cvjvMvb, KxZ©bMvbÑmewKQzB evOvwj ms¯‥…wZi
Awe‡”Q`¨ As‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Kzwóqv AÂ‡j evDj m½xZ, `wÿY AÂ‡j fvwUqvwj, DËi AÂ‡j
fvIqvBqv ev gqgbwmsn AÂ‡j gqgbwmsn MxwZKvi DrcwË I weKvk N‡U|
evsjv mvwn‡Zï cvkvcvwk evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi mvwnZ¨PP©v evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ‡K mg„×
K‡i‡Q| PvKgv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb wb`k©b Ôivavgb abcyw` cvjvÕ, ÔPvw`Mvs Qviv cvjvÕ I Ôj²x cvjvÕ|
ga¨hy‡M Ômv‡`swMwii DcvL¨vbÕ, Ô†Mv‡Sb jvgvÕ I ÔevigvmxÕ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| AvaywbK hy‡Mi mvwn‡Zï
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q myMZ PvKgvi ÔivOvgvZ¨vÕ, `xcsKi kªxÁvb PvKgvi Ôcv`viO †KvPcvbvÕ I myü` PvKgvi
ÔevMxÕ Ab¨Zg (evsjv‡`k miKvi, 2011)|
141
ev`¨hš¿ I b„Z¨Kjv
evOvwj ms¯‥…wZ‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi ev`¨h‡š¿i eënvi evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‥…wZK HwZn¨‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q|
cÖvPxb evsjvi evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx †jvKm½x‡Zi mv‡_ wewfbœ †jvKR ev`¨h‡š¿i eënvi KiZ| Gi g‡a¨
GKZviv, †`vZviv, †Xvj, evuwk Ab¨Zg| AvaywbK evsjv m½x‡Z nvi‡gvwbqv‡gi e¨vcK eënvi jÿYxq|
D”P mgv‡R †mZvi, myievnvi, m‡iv`, †envjv eënvi A‡bK †ewk jÿYxq (gyiwk`, 2010)|
wPÎ: ev`¨hš¿ wPÎ: b„Z¨Kjv

AwZ cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z evsjv‡`‡k bvbv ai‡bi b„Z¨Kjvi cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ †jvKR I kv¯¿xq b„Z¨
Avengvb MÖvgevsjvi gvby‡li Avkv-Abyf~wZi P‚ovšÍ cÖKvk| gw›`‡ii Mv‡q †h mg¯Í †cvovgvwUi djK
Av‡Q Zv †_‡K GUv eySv hvq ‡h bvP A‡bK Av‡M n‡ZB G †`‡k e¨vcK RbwcÖq wQj| iex›`ªbv_
gwYcywi I K_K bvP‡K †ek RbwcÖq K‡i Zz‡jwQ‡jb (gyiwk`, 2010)| evOvwj Rb‡Mvôxi evB‡iI
wewfbœ ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi b„Z¨ evsjv‡`‡ki HwZnëvnx ms¯‥…wZi As‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ ÿz`ª b„ -
‡Mvôxi fvlv I ms¯‥…wZ evOvjxi fvlv I ms¯‥…wZ n‡Z wfbœ| PvKgv‡ì RbwcÖq b„Z¨ n‡”Q ÔRygb„Z¨Õ|
ÔMivBqv b„Z¨Õ wÎcyiv‡ì wcÖq b„Z¨| •emyK Drm‡e GwUi we‡kl Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| jymvB, eg I cv•L
m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ Ôeuvk b„Z¨Õ e¨vcK RbwcÖq|
agx©q I mvgvwRK Drme

evsjv‡`‡k AwaKvsk Awaevmx gymjgvb| GLv‡b Ab¨vb¨ ag© wek¦vmx †Mvôx †hgbÑwn›`y, †e․× I wLªóvb
agx©q Rb‡Mvôx emevm K‡ib| gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi Ab¨Zg cÖavb Drme n‡jv ÔC`-Dj-wdZiÕ I
ÔC`-Dj-AvRnvÕ| wn›`y m¤cÖ`vq Ô`yM©vc~RvÕ cÖavb Drme wn‡m‡e cvjb K‡i| †e․× I wLª÷vb m¤úª`vq
h_vµ‡g ey× c~wY©gv Ges Ôeow`bÕ cÖavb ag©xq Drme wn‡m‡e cvjb K‡i| Gme Drm‡e G‡K Ac‡ii
Dcw¯wZ G †`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| G Kvi‡Y mgvRRxe‡b Ôag©wbi‡cÿÕ g~j¨‡eva M‡o
D‡V‡Q|
142
wPÎ : wewfbœ ag©vej¤^x‡ì agx©q Abyôvb
mvgvwRK Drme wn‡m‡e evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx evsjv Ôbeel©Õ D`hvcb K‡i| evsjv m‡bi cÖ_g Zvwi‡L A_©vr
c‡njv •ekvL beel© cvjb Kiv nq| GwU evOvwji me©Rbxb Drme| cyivZb‡K we`vq K‡i bZzb‡K bvbv
Drm‡ei gva¨‡g eiY K‡i †bqv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki me©¯Í‡ii RbmvaviY G Drm‡e Avb‡›` †g‡Z D‡V|
ivRavbx XvKv‡Z ÔQvqvbUÕGi D‡`¨v‡M bZzb eQi‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡bv nq| mviv †`ke¨vcx miKvwi I
wewfbœ mvgvwRK-mvs¯‥…wZK msMVb el©eiY Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡i|
wPÎ: c‡njv ‣ekvL g½j †kvfvhvÎv
143
el©ei‡Y MÖvg I kn‡i •ekvLx †gjvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| beel© Dcj‡ÿN‡i N‡i HwZnëvnx wewfbœ
ai‡bi wgwó, wcVvI Lvev‡ii Av‡qvRb Kiv nq|G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvšÍv-Bwjk we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
MÖv‡g MÖv‡g wewfbœ µxov cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †hgbÑ†b․Kv evBP, jvwV †Ljvi eë¯v Kiv nq| GQvov bevbœ
Drme, †c․l-cve©Y BZ¨vw` †jvKR Drm‡ei cÖPjb i‡q‡Q (gyiwk`, 2010)| evsjv‡`‡k emevmiZ ÿz`ª
b„-‡Mvôxi gvby‡liv bvbvwea mvgvwRK Abyôvb cvjb K‡ib|
RvZxq wèm
cÖwZeQi evsjv‡`‡k h_vh_ gh©v`vq wewfbœ RvZxq wèm cvwjZ nq| gnvb fvlv kwn`‡ì ¯§i‡Y 21
†deªæqvwi kwn` wèm, 26 gvP© evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Ges 16 wW‡m¤î weRq wèm cvjb Kiv nq|
fvlv kwn`‡ì ¯§i‡Y XvKvq †K›`ªxq kwn` wgbvimn evsjv‡`‡ki mKj kwn` wgbv‡i Lvwj cv‡q ÔAvgvi
fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªyqvwiÕ Mvb †M‡q I dzj w`‡q me©¯‡Í ii RbMY kwn`‡ì cÖwZ kª×v
wb‡e`b K‡i| kwn` wè‡m RvZxq cZvKv Aa©bwgZ ivLv nq| eZ©gv‡b GKz‡k †deªæqvwi wek¦Ry‡o
AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wè‡mi iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q|
wPÎ: ¯§„wZ‡m․‡a dzj w`‡q kÖ×v wb‡e`b

Ô¯^vaxbZv I RvZxq wèmÕ Ges ÔweRq wèmÕ-G ivóª I RbM‡Yi cÿ †_‡K mvfv‡i RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡m․‡a
dzj w`‡q gyw³hy‡×i kwn`‡ì cÖwZ m¤§vb I kª×v Ávcb Kiv nq| †`ke¨vcx wewfbœ Abyôvb
Av‡qvR‡bi gva¨‡g wèm¸‡jv D`hvcb Kiv nq|
†cvkvK- cwi”Q`
AwZ cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z evOvwj‡ì wbR¯^ †cvkvK-cwi”Q` i‡q‡Q| HwZn¨MZfv‡e evOvwj bvix‡ì cÖavb
†cvkvK kvwo I eøvDR| ïay evsjvi bq , fviZe‡l©i wewfbœ AÂ‡ji bvix‡ì Ab¨Zg HwZnëvnx
†cvkvK nj kvwo| evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi kvwoi g‡a¨ Rvg`vwb, XvKvB †ebviwk, ivRkvnxi †ikgx
kvwo, Uv½vB‡ji Zuv‡Zi kvwo, KvZvb kvwo I cvebvi kvwo mycÖwm×| ga¨hy‡M ÔgmwjbÕ kvwo mviv
144
c„w_exi gvby‡li bRi †K‡owQj| kvwo QvovI †g‡qiv we‡klZ knivÂ‡ji †g‡qiv mv‡jvqvi KvwgR
cwiavb K‡ib| GQvov †g‡qiv †mvbv, i~cv I gvwUi •Zwi AjsKvi eënvi K‡i (gyiwk`, 2010)|
evOvwj cyiæliv cÖavb †cvkvK wn‡m‡e Ôjyw½Õ cwiavb K‡i| wewfbœ bKkv I myZvq †evbv jyw½ MÖvgxY
Rbc‡ì cyiæl‡ì wbZ¨ eënvh© cÖavb †cvkvK| jyw½ Qvov knivÂ‡ji cyiæ‡liv †cvkvK wn‡m‡e kvU©-
c¨v›U cwiavb K‡i| we‡kl Drme‡K †K›`ª K‡i aywZ I cvRvgv-cvÄvwei eënvi jÿYxq (gyiwk`,
2010)|
†cvkvK-cwi”Q` eënv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki ÿz`ª RvwZmËvi gbbkxjZvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| †cvkvK-
cwi”Q‡ì g‡a¨ PvKgv‡ì wcbb-Lvw`, gvigv‡ì jy½x-_vwg I wÎcyiv‡ì wibvB-wimv we‡klfv‡e
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ | bvixiv eënvi K‡ib euvk-KvV I iæcvi ‣Zwi AjsKvi | A‡b‡K cyuwZ wKsev gy`ªvi gvjv
c‡ib| AvaywbK mgv‡Ri mv‡_ Zvj †gjv‡Z wM‡q ÿz`ª RvwZmËvi bvixivI mv‡jvqvi-KvwgR, kvwo-
eøvDR Ges cyiæ‡livI kvU©-c¨v›U cwiavb K‡i _v‡K|
Lv`¨vf¨vm I iÜb cÖYvwj

evOvwj‡ì cÖavb Lvevi nj fvZ I gvQ | G Kvi‡Y ejv n‡q _v‡K Ôgv‡Q fv‡Z evOvwjÕ| GQvov wewfbœ
ai‡bi wgóvbœ`ªe¨ †hgbÑcv‡qm, Qvbv, im‡Mvjøv, `B, PgPg, imgvjvB G †`‡ki Lv`¨ ms¯‥…wZi Ab¨Zg
As‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q (gyiwk`, 2010)| Pv‡ji •Zwi wewfbœ ai‡bi wcVv †hgb- wPZB wcVv, cvwUmvcUv
wcVv, ayc wcVv RbwcÖq Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ| ZvQvov gyL‡ivPK Lvevi wn‡m‡e wewfbœ ai‡bi AvPvi I
Kvmyw›` LvIqvi †iIqvR i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k Bwjk, iæB, KvZjv, †evqvj, KvjevDm, wPswo, •K,
Li‡cvbv, cywU, †kvj, cve`v, wks, gv¸i, micywU, †Usiv, gjv, †Xjv, Pvu`v, MRvi, cv½vm BZ¨vw`
HwZnëvnx AmsL¨ †`kxq cÖRvwZi gvQ evOvwji Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq AšÍf©~³| GQvov wewfbœ AÂ‡j ïUwK
gvQ LvIqvi Af¨vm jÿYxq| gv‡Qi cvkvcvwk Lvwm, nvum, gyiwM I Miæi gvsm Lvevi wn‡m‡e e¨vcK
cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| GQvovI evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl wewfbœ ai‡bi djg~j , kvK-mewR I Wvj ‡L‡q _v‡K|
evOvwji iÜb cÖYvwj‡ZI i‡q‡Q wbR¯^ mvs¯‥…wZK HwZn¨| Svj gmjv, ‡Zj, wN w`‡q ivbœv wewfbœ
ai‡bi gyL‡ivPK Lvevi evOvwj mgv‡R RbwcÖq| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †cvjvI , †Kvg©v, wewiqvbx, ‡Kvßv
we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| bvbv Rv‡Zi mewR w`‡q ivbœv gvQ evOvwji Lvevi ms¯‥…wZi Ab¨Zg HwZn¨|
ZvQvov ÔwbivwglÕ A‡bK evOvwji we‡kl cQ‡›ì Lvevi|
¯’vcZ¨, PviæKjv I KviæKjv
evsjv‡`‡k nvRvi eQi a‡i ¯vcZ¨, PviyKjv I Kviywk‡íi weKvk mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| ¯vcZ¨ wk‡íi
cÖvPxbZg wb`k©b nj G‡`‡ki Avcvgi Rb‡Mvôxi emev‡mi Rb¨ ÔKzu‡oNiÕ ev ÔL‡oi NiÕ (gyiwk`,
2010)|
145
wPÎ : Kzu‡o Ni
w`‡b w`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vcZ¨wk‡í D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| cÖvPxbKv‡j ‡_‡KB evsjv‡`‡k
bMixi weKvk ïiæ n‡qwQj| G mg¯Í bMix¸‡jv eo eo cÖvPxi I cwiLv Øviv †ewóZ wQj | Gme
bMix‡Z wekvj wekvj AÆvwjKv wbg©vY Kiv n‡qwQj| gnv¯vbMo, cvnvocyi I gqbvgwZi †e․× wenv‡i
wewfbœ cyivKxwZ©i aŸsmve‡kl Gme AÆvwjKv evsjvi ¯vcZ¨Kjvi wb`k©b aviY K‡i Av‡Q ga¨hy‡Mi
¯vcZ¨wkí we‡kl we‡kl •ewk‡ó¨ Hk¦h©gwÛZ| G mgq wewfbœ gmwR`, gvRvi I LvbKvn M‡o I‡V| G
mg¯Í gymwjg ¯vcZ¨¸‡jv we‡kl MVb‣kjx Aej¤^b K‡i wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| GK ev GKvwaK M¤^yRwewkó
gmwR`¸‡jv wQj eM©vK…wZ ev AvqZKvi | gmwR` wbg©v‡Y cv_i I B‡Ui eënvi jÿYxq| gmwR‡ì
Mv‡q Kzjyw½ I †cvovgvwUi Aj¼v‡ii eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| G mg¯Í ¯vc‡ZÏ A‡bK¸‡jv‡Z ‡gvMj
¯vcZïxwZi aviv AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G me gmwR‡ì g‡a¨ evev Av`g gmwR`(1483wLª.), lvU
M¤^yR gmwR`(c‡bi kZK), evNv gmwR`(1523-24), Kzmy¤^v gmwR`(1558-59),AvwZqv gmwR`
(1610-11), jvjevM `yM© gmwR`( m‡Zi kZ‡Ki †klfvM) evsjvi gymwjg ¯vcZ¨Kjvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨
wb`k©b|
wPÎ: evev Av`g gmwR` wPÎ : AvwZqv gmwR`
146
evsjvi gw›ìmg~nI we‡kl we‡kl ¯vcZ¨ wk‡íi HwZn¨ enb K‡i P‡j‡Q| evs‡jv ai‡bi gw›ì ev
Kzu‡o N‡ii AvKv‡i wbwg©Z gw›`‡ii MVb wQj mv`vgvUv| G MVb‣kjx‡K aviY K‡i GK evsjv, †Rvo
evsjv, †`vPvjv, PviPvjv I AvUPvjv avivq gw›ì wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| †`vPvjv gw›ì ev †Rvo evsjv gw›ì
mvaviYZ GKwU GKK wfwËi Dci wbwg©Z PZz‡®‥vY N‡ii Dci PZzw`©‡K µgk Xvjy nIqv Qv‡ì m‡½
evuKv‡bv Kvwb©k wewkó gw›ì| G avivi gw›ì ¯vc‡Z¨ evsjvi ¯vbxq Kzu‡o Ni wbg©v‡Yi aviv‡K AbymiY
Kiv n‡qwQj(evsjvwcwWqv)| †hgb- h‡kv‡ii bjWvOvi †Mvcvj evwo gw›ì(1644wLª.), iscy‡ii
ea©bKzwUi gw›ì, Lyjbvi (eZ©gv‡b mvZÿxivi) k¨vgmy›ì gw›ì (1767wLª.), dwi`cy‡ii ivRv ivg
gw›ì(AvVv‡iv kZK) I w`bvRcy‡ii KvšÍRxi gw›ì we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
wPÎ: k¨vgmy›ì gw›ì
evsjvi cÖvPxb †e․× ¯vcZ¨mg~n we‡kl •ewkó¨gwÐZ wQj| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †mvgcyi wenvi I gqbvgwZi
kvjebwenvi we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cieZx©Kv‡ji †e․×‡ì c¨v‡MvWv¸‡jv AvKl©Yxq ¯vcZ¨‣kjxi
cwiPq enb K‡i|
Bs‡iR Avg‡j BD‡ivcxq cÖfv‡e XvKvq wewfbœ ¯vcZ¨ wk‡íi cÖmvi jvf K‡i| †nvmwb `vjvb, Avnmvb
gwÄj gyMj ÷vB‡j n‡jI cieZ©x‡Z BD‡ivcxq ÷vB‡ji mswgkªY N‡U| †gvMj I BD‡ivcxq ¯vc‡Zï
mgš^‡q KvR©b nj I b_©eªyK nj •Zwi Kiv nq (gyiwk`, 2010)|
wPÎ: KvR©b nj
147
G mg¯Í ¯vcZ¨ wk‡íi gva¨‡g evsjvq PviæKjv I KviæKjvi weKvk N‡U| evsjvi cÖwZw`‡bi eënvh©
wRwbmc‡ÎI PviyKjv I KviyKjvi eënvi jÿYxq| wewfbœ AvmevecÎ, gvwUi evmb-†Kvmb QvovI
†eªv‡Äi •Zwi Mqbv, evwZ, †cvovgvwUi •Zwi bKkv I g~wZ©, iæcvi gy`ªv I Aj¼vi Ges iZœvj¼vi G
†`‡ki ms¯‥…wZi Ab¨Zg HwZn¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| B‡Ui •Zwi cÖvPx‡i †cvov gvwUi djK ev
†Uiv‡KvUv I bvbv iK‡gi g~wZ©i †Lv`vB evsjv ms¯‥…wZi Ab¨Zg evnb| G mg¯Í dj‡K evsjvi gvby‡li
RxebhvÎv wjwce× n‡q‡Q (gyiwk`, 2010)|
wPÎKjv evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZi Ab¨Zg Ask| hvwgbx ivq, Rqbyj Av‡e`xb, Gm Gg myjZvb, Kvgiyj
nvmv‡bi g‡Zv weL¨vZ wPÎwkíxi Rb¥ G †`‡k n‡q‡Q| wkívPvh© Rqbyj Av‡ew`‡bi ÔwQqvË‡ii gš^šÍiÕ
wPÎKg©wU wek¦Ry‡o mybvg Kzwo‡qwQj| hvwgbx iv‡qi wPÎKjvq G †`‡ki muvIZvj‡ì †jvKwkí, ag©xq
Kvwnbx I cªvZ¨wnK Rxeb ¯vb †c‡q‡Q| Gm Gg myjZv‡bi wPÎKjvq evsjvi kÖgRxex gvby‡li mvgvwRK
Rxe‡bi cÖwZ”Qwe dz‡U D‡V‡Q| Kvgiyj nvmv‡bi wPÎKjvq evsjvi †jvKR HwZn¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
wPÎ: Rqbyj Av‡ew`‡bi AvuKv wPÎ:GmGg myjZv‡bi AvuKv wPÎ: Kvgiæj nvmv‡bi AvuKv
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eZ©gv‡b KvevwW AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡eI †Ljv nq| KvevwW †Ljv g~jZ cvjvcve©‡Y I wewfbœ Drm‡e
MÖvgevsjvq Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| GwU G †`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ I HwZ‡nï Ab¨Zg As‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
KvevwW †Ljv QvovI MÖvgxY Rbc‡` jvwV †Ljv A‡bK RbwcÖq| we‡kl Drme‡K †K›`ª K‡i GB jvwV
†Ljvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| mvaviYZ •ekvLx †gjv‡Z I ag©xq Drm‡e G †Ljvi Av‡qvRb †ewk nq|
GQvovI evsjv‡`‡k ‡MvjøvQzU, `vwoqvevÜv, †e․wP cÖf…wZ HwZnëvnx †Ljvi cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| b`xgvZ…K
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Ask (Avng`, 1974)| †gviM jovB, luv‡oi jovB, †Nvovi †`․o cÖf…wZ evsjv‡`‡ki HwZ‡nï we‡kl
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wµ‡K‡U AskMÖnY K‡i Avm‡Q |
HwZnvwmK ¯’vb I wb`k©b
148
HwZnvwmKfv‡e evOvwj HwZn¨ I ms¯‥…wZ‡Z fviZe‡l©i Ab¨vb¨ RvwZi Zyjbvq GwM‡q wQj| K…wó-
mf¨Zvi weKv‡ki d‡j GB AÂj c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ RvwZ‡Mvôx‡K `ªyZ AvK…ó K‡iwQj| Kv‡ji cwiµgvq
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n‡jv:
Dqvix-e‡Uk¦i
evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖZœ¯‡ji bvg Dqvix- e‡Uk¦i| biwms`x †Rjvi †ejve Dc‡Rjv ‡_‡K 3
wK‡jvwgUvi cwð‡g Dqvix I e‡Uk¦i MÖvg `ywU Aew¯Z|MÖvg `yÕwU Qvcvw¼Z †i․c¨gy`ªvi cÖvwß¯vb wn‡m‡e
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n‡q‡Q 600wg. x 600wg. AvqZ‡bi PviwU gvwUi `yM© cÖvPxi Avwe®‥…Z nq| GQvov `yM© cÖvPx‡ii
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K‡ib †h, Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡ii m‡½ `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqv Ges †ivgvb mv¤ªv‡Rï †hvMv‡hvM wQj| KviY GLv‡b
cÖvß g„rcvÎ, Kvu‡Pi cyuwZ, ¯^Y© Ave„Z Kvu‡Pi cyuwZ, wUb wgwkÖZ †eªvÄ BZ¨vw` G mZ¨Zvi cÖgvY †`q
(evsjv wcwWqv)| GLvb †_‡K cÖvß wb`k©b Kve©b-14 c×wZ‡Z cixÿv K‡i †h Z_¨ cvIqv hvq Zv
wLª‡ói R‡b¥i 450 eQi Av‡Mi mf¨Zvi wb`k©b| d‡j GwU †g․h© es‡ki mgmvgwqK mf¨Zvi Bw½Z
enb K‡i| (W.AvkdvK ‡nv‡mb, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡mi i~c‡iLv 2011) |
g„rcvÎ wPÎ: Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡i cÖvß aŸsmve‡kl bvbv ai‡bi cyuwZ
gnv¯’vbMo
gnv¯vbMo e¸ov †Rjvi wkeMÄ Dc‡Rjvi Ki‡Zvqv b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯Z| e¸ov kni n‡Z cÖvq 13
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ÔcyÛªbMiÕ wQj|
149
wPÎ: gnv¯’vbMo
GwU evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU Ab¨Zg cyivKxwZ©| HwZnvwmK‡ì g‡Z gnv¯vbMo Kgc‡ÿ AvovB nvRvi
eQ‡ii cÖvPxb mf¨Zv (hvKvwiqv, 2007)| fvmy wenvi, fx‡gi ev½vj, •eivMxi wfUv, †Mvwe›` wfUv,
Kvwj`n mvMi, wRqZ KzÛ, †MvKzj †ga ev wKse`wšÍi †eûjv-jÿx›`‡ii evmiNi, †Lv`vi cv_i wfUv,
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gqbvgwZ
gqbvgwZ evsjv‡`‡ki Kzwgjøv kni n‡Z 8 wK‡jvwgUvi cwð‡g Aew¯Z GKwU HwZnvwmK ¯vb Ges
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gqbvgwZ
wPÎ: gqbvgwZ
150
†gNbv †ewm‡bi fvwU‡Z †MvgZx b`xi Zxi¯ gqbvgwZ MÖvg †_‡K jvjgvB †ij‡÷k‡bi wbK‡U Pvw›`gyiv
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m‡ev©”P P‚ovwU 45 wgUvi DuPy| gqbvgwZ cÖvPxb e½ mgZ‡Ui (`wÿY-c~e© evsjv) ¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢, LbbK„Z
aŸsmve‡kl m¤^wjZ| GwU cÖvPxb evsjvi AZxZ †M․i‡ei wb`k©b| gqbvgwZi cÖZœ¯‡ji g‡a¨ †KvwUjv
gyov, BUv‡Lvjv gyov, iƒcevb gyov, PvicÎ gyov I kvjeb wenvi Ab¨Zg (hvKvwiqv, 2007)|
kvjeb wenvi
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wenviwU Aew¯Z| GwU GKwU †e․× wenvi| wenviwU Pviw`‡K kvj-MRvwii eb Øviv cwi‡ewóZ _vKvq
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kvjeb wenvi
wPÎ: kvjeb wenvi

kvjeb wenv‡ii cÖwZwU evû 167.7 wgUvi `xN© Ges wenv‡ii Pviw`‡Ki †`qvj cvuP wgUvi cyiy| Kÿ¸‡jv
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151
30.30 wgUvi DuPz‡Z cvnvo m`„k ¯vcbv wn‡m‡e GwU wU‡K Av‡Q|GB wenvi DuPz cÖvPxi w`‡q †Niv wQj|
Avi cÖvPx‡ii Mv †Nu‡l †fZ‡ii w`‡K wQj 177wU Kÿ, †hLv‡b Ae¯vb Ki‡Zb †e․× wfÿziv|
wPÎ: cvnvocyi
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152
wPÎ: †mvbviMvu
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wPÎ: lvUM¤^yR gmwR`
153
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BD‡b‡¯‥v 1983 mv‡j GwU‡K wek¦ HwZnëvnxi gh©v`v †`q (hvKvwiqv, 2007)|
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wPÎ: jvjevM †Kjøv
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154
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DËiv MYfeb
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wPÎ: DËiv MYfeb
155
KvšÍwRi gw›ì
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Ges †ZZzwjqv mo‡Ki cÖvq 2wK.wg. cwð‡g †Xcv b`xi cv‡o GK kvšÍ wbf…Z MÖvg KvšÍbM‡i G gw›ì
¯vwcZ| wkjvwjwci m~Îvbyhvqx w`bvRcy‡ii weL¨vZ Rwg`vi gnvivR cÖvYbv_ ivq 1722 mv‡j G gw›`‡ii
wbg©vY KvR ïiæ K‡ib| Zuvi `ËKcyÎ gnvivR ivgbv_ ivq 1752 mv‡j gw›ìwUi wbg©vY m¤úbœ K‡ib|
wek kZ‡Ki ïiæi w`‡K gnvivRv wMwiRvbv_ evnv`yi aŸsm n‡q hvIqv bqwU wkLi QvovB e¨vcK ms¯‥vi
K‡ib ( evsjvwcwWqv)| GwU †cvovgvwUi wPÎdjK wk‡íi ev †Uiv‡KvUvi GK AZzjbxq wb`k©b|
wPÎ: KvšÍwRi gw›ì

ivgvqY gnvfviZ I wewfbœ cyiv‡Y ewY©Z Kvwnbx GB wPÎdj‡K wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Aóv`k
kZvãxi ev½vwji mgvR Rxe‡bi wPÎI Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| GwU cÖvq 1 wgUvi DPz cv_‡ii wfwËi Dci
ùvov‡bv gw›ìwUi D”PZv 15 wgUv‡ii †ewk| gw›`‡ii Pviw`‡K ‡gvU PviwU AvqZvKvi eviv›`v i‡q‡Q|
wbPZjvi Pvi cÖ‡Kv‡ôi evB‡i †gvU 21wU wLjvb ìRv, wØZxq Zjvq 27wU I Z…Zxq Zjvq gvÎ wZbwU
cÖ‡ek ìRv Av‡Q| Z‡e gw›`‡ii g~j KÿwU †ek †QvU|
Avnmvb gwÄj
XvKvi KzgviUywj‡Z eywoM½v b`xi Zx‡i Avnmvb gwÄj Aew¯Z| GwU XvKvi bev‡ei cÖvmv` I KvPvwi
wQj| Kw_Z Av‡Q †gvMj Avg‡j GLv‡b Rvgvjcyi ciMYvi Rwg`vi †kL Gbv‡qZDjøvni iOgnj wQj|
c‡i Zuvi cyÎ gwZDjøvni wbKU †_‡K GwU divwmiv µq K‡i evwYR¨ KzwV ¯vcb K‡i| 1830 mv‡j
LvRv Avjxgyjøvn divwm‡ì wbKU †_‡K KzwVevwo wK‡b †bb| ciewZ©‡Z bIqve LvRv Avãyj Mwb
1859-1872 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GwU cÖwZôv K‡ib Ges Zuvi cyÎ LvRv Avnmvbyjøvn-Gi bv‡g bvgKiY
K‡ib|
156
wPÎ: Avnmvb gwÄj
Avnmvb gwÄj evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb ¯vcZ¨ wb`k©b| 1 wgUvi DuPz cøvUd‡g©i Dci GwU
wbwg©Z| `yB Zjvwewkó c¨v‡jmwU 125.4 wgUvi `xN© Ges 28.75 wgUvi cÖ¯| cÖ_gZjvi I
wØZxqZjvi D”PZv h_vµ‡g 5 wgUvi I 5.8 wgUvi| Avnmvb gwÄj‡K †K›`ª K‡iB beve LvRv
mwjgyjøvni ivR‣bwZK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| evsjv‡`k miKvi Avnmvb gwÄj‡K
HwZnvwmK ¯vb I wb`k©b wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q 1992 mv‡j cybtms¯‥vi K‡i RvZxq Rv`yN‡ii
wbqš¿‡Y Avbv nq Ges GLv‡b GKwU Rv`yNi ¯vcb Kiv nq| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
`k©bxq ¯v‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
gywRe bMi
gywRe bMi †g‡nicyi †Rjv‡Z Aew¯Z| Av‡M GB MÖvgwUi bvg •e`¨bv_Zjv wQj| 1971 mv‡ji 17
GwcÖj GB MÖv‡gi AvgªKvb‡b evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ cvV Kiv nq| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g
miKv‡ii ivóªcwZ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMv‡i e›`x _vKvi Kvi‡Y A¯vqx ivóªcwZ
•mq` bRiæj Bmjvg, cÖavbgš¿x ZvRDÏxb Avng`mn gwš¿mfvi Ab¨ gš¿xiv GLv‡b kc_ MÖnY K‡ib|
157
wPÎ: gywRe bMi ¯§„wZ‡m․a
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi bvgvbymv‡i GB MÖv‡gi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i ÔgywRebMiÕ ivLv nq| evsjv‡`k
miKvi cÖwZ eQ‡ii 17 GwcÖj HwZnvwmK gywRebMi wèm wn‡m‡e cvjb K‡i| d‡j GB w`bwU evOvwj
RvwZi Rb¨ GK Awe¯§iYxq w`b|
•e`¨bv_Zjvq †h RvqMvq gÂ •Zwi K‡i A¯vqx cÖevmx miKvi kc_ wb‡qwQj †mLv‡b ¯§„wZ‡m․a ¯vcb
Kiv n‡q‡Q hv ÔgywRe bMi ¯§„wZ‡m․aÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| 160dzU e¨v‡mi †MvjvKvi g~j †e`xi Dci 23wU
Kswµ‡Ui wÎ‡KvYvKvi ¯Í¤¢ mgš^‡q D`xqgvb m~‡h©i cÖK…wZ‡K cUf~wg K‡i gywRebMi ¯§„wZ‡m․a wbwg©Z|
¯§„wZ‡m․‡a †QvU †_‡K eo †gvU 23wU ¯Í¤¢ Av‡Q, hvi A_© 1947 †_‡K 1970 mvj ch©šÍ cvwK¯Ív‡bi 23
eQi kvm‡bi cÖZxK| GB 23 eQ‡i evOvwj RvwZ ax‡i ax‡i †h msMÖvg M‡o †Zv‡j ZviI cÖZxK|
¯§„wZ‡m․‡a 9wU wmuwo Av‡Q, hv 26 gvP© †_‡K 16 wW‡m¤î ch©šÍ 9 gvm hy× PjvKvjxb mgq‡K eySvq|
†e`xi GKwU As‡k AmsL¨ †MvjvKvi e„Ë Øviv ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× 30 jvL kwn`‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wZb dzU
‡e`xi Acivs‡k AmsL¨ bywo cv_‡i Ave„Z| GwU mv‡o mvZ †KvwU evOvwji HKë× msMÖv‡gi cÖZxK
(evsjvwcwWqv)| Avi 3 jvL eo cv_i Av‡Q hvi A_© †`‡ki 3 jvL gv-†ev‡bi m¤£‡gi wewbg‡q G‡m‡Q
†mB gnvN©¨ ¯^vaxbZv (B‡ËdvK, 2011)| gywRe bM‡i cÖ‡e‡ki c‡_ wekvj †MU Av‡Q hv ÔgywRe †MUÕ
wnmv‡e cwiwPZ| gywRebM‡i 6 `dvwfwËK 6 cÖRvwZi 22kÕ †Mvjvc Mv‡Qi evMvb, 13kÕ e„ÿ †kvwfZ
Avg evMvb e‡q‡Q| GLv‡b gyw³hy‡×i †m±iwfwËK evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ i‡q‡Q| G gvbwP‡Îi DËi w`‡K
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb, RvZxq 4 †bZv I wRqvDi ingvbmn 4kÕ fv¯‥h© i‡q‡Q| GQovI i‡q‡Q
e½eÜz †ZviY, gyw³hy‡×i ¯§„wZ‡K›`ª, ¯^vaxbZv K¬ve I cvVvMvi, †kL nvwmbv gÂ, cÖkvmwbK feb, †Uwbm
gvV, ch©Ub †gv‡Uj, wekªvgvMvi, wkïcjøx I Wi‡gUwi|
158
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evsjv‡`‡ki ¶z`ª b„-‡Mvôx
evsjv‡`‡k 45 wUiI †ewk ¶z`ª b„-‡Mvôxi emevm| †hgbÑMv‡iv, PvKgv, Lvwm, gwYcywi, muvIZvj,
gvigv, nvRs, ivLvBb, gyis, wÎcyiv, PvK, KzwK, jymvB, IivIu, Lygx, †¤ªv, ZÂ½¨v, e¨g, gM, wLqvs,
cvnvwoqv, cvs‡Lv, cvUªv, ivReskx BZ¨vw`| Giv mevB evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| Gme RvwZi i‡q‡Q
Avjv`v fvlv, ¯^Zš¿ Rxebaviv, •ewPÎ¨gq AvPvi-AvPiY, ixwZ-bxwZ hv evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ‡K
AwaKZi mg„× K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e Rvb‡Z n‡j Gme ¶z`ª b„-‡Mvôxi Rxebaviv
m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡ì Aa¨qb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
Mv‡iv
evsjv‡`‡k emevmKvix GKwU ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôx n‡jv Mv‡iv| G ‡MvôxwU Mv‡iv bv‡g en~j cwiwPZ n‡jI Giv
wb‡R‡ì‡K AvwPK& gv‡›` (cvnv‡oi gvbyl ) e‡j cwiPq w`‡Z cQ›` K‡i| Uv½vBj, gqgbwmsn,
†bÎ‡Kvbv, †kicyi, Rvgvjcyi, mybvgMÄ, wm‡jU, MvRxcyi †Rjvq Mv‡iv‡ì emevm| Z‡e gqgbwmsn
†Rjvi nvjyqvNvU, †avevDov, †bÎ‡Kvbv †Rjvi `~M©vcyi, KjgvKv›`v, †kicyi †Rjvi bvwjZvevwo,
wSbvBMvZx, Uv½vBj †Rjvi gaycyi Dc‡Rjvq AwaKvsk Mv‡iv‡ì evm| fvi‡Zi †gNvjq iv‡RÏ
Mv‡iv‡ì emevm i‡q‡Q|
wPÎ: HwZnëvnx †cvkvK cwiwnZ Mv‡iv igYx wPÎ:HwZnëvnx †cvkvK cwiwnZ Mv‡iv
cyiæl
b„weÁvbx‡ì g‡Z, 3-5 nvRvi eQi c~‡e© Mv‡iviv Px‡bi DËi cwðgvÂ‡ji wmb-wKqvs cÖ‡`‡ki
†Kv‡Kvbi n«‡ì DËi-c~e© Zx‡i emevm KiZ| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y H AÂj †_‡K m‡i G‡m wZeŸZI fzUvb
n‡q fvi‡Zi DËi c~e©vÂ‡ji cve©Z¨ GjvKvq Ges evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯v‡b emevm kyiæ K‡i| Z‡e
G‡ì g~j emwZ M‡o D‡V Mv‡iv cvnvo‡K wN‡iB| evsjv‡`‡k Mv‡iv‡ì msL¨v cÖvq 1,29,000
(joshuaproject.net)| Gi g‡a¨ cÖvq 40,000 evm K‡i gqgbwmsn AÂ‡j (1990, wewiwkwi
mvs¯‥…wZK GKv‡Wgx)|
159
b„-weÁvbx‡ì g‡Z Mv‡iviv g‡½vwjq Rb‡Mvôxi wZeŸZxeg©Y kvLvi †ev‡Wv (Bodo) DckvLvi
AšÍf~©³| Mv‡iv‡ì gyLgÛj †MvjvKvi | Pzj I †Pv‡Li is Kv‡jv| †Pv‡Li AvK…wZ †QvU, bvK P¨vÞv,
‡Pvqvj mvgvb¨ DuPz I Kcvj †PvL ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| g‡½vjxq Rb‡Mvôxi g‡ZvB Mv‡iv cyiæl‡ì nvjKv
`vwo-†Muvd †`Lv hvq| Zv‡ì Mv‡qi is dm©v wKsev †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î D¾¡j k¨vge‡Y©i| Mv‡iviv Lye
GKUv j¤^v bv n‡jI kvixwiKfv‡e LyeB kw³kvjx I Kg©V n‡q _v‡K|
Mv‡iv‡ì mgvR eë¯v gvZ…Zvwš¿K| gv cwiev‡ii cÖavb I mg¯Í m¤úwËi gvwjK| ¯¿xi evwo‡Z ¯^vgx
Ae¯vb K‡ib| cvwievwiK KvRKg© m¤úv`b Kivi `vwqZ¡ ¯^vgxi Ici| cwiev‡ii mšÍvbiv gv‡qi cèx
aviY K‡i| Kb¨vmšÍvb m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix| gvZv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kb¨v‡K DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ bv
Ki‡j, ixwZ Abyhvqx cwiev‡ii Kwbô Kb¨v m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix n‡q _v‡Kb | DËivwaKvix Kb¨v‡K
ejv nq ÔbK&bvÕ| Avi Ab¨ Kb¨viv ÔG‡MUÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ nb| bK&bv e„× evev-gv‡qi †`Lv‡kvbvi
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| cwiev‡ii †Q‡j m`mïv we‡qi ci evwo †Q‡o P‡j hvq| Mv‡iv we‡q‡Z †Kv‡bv
†h․Zz‡Ki cÖPjb †bB| Mv‡iv‡ì GKB †Mv‡Î weevn wbwl×| G mgv‡R GK weevn cÖ_vB †ewk j¶Yxq|
¯vbxqfv‡e Mv‡iv‡ì fvlv‡K ejv nq Ôgvw›`Õ ev AvwPK| Mv‡iv‡ì fvlvi †Kvb eY©gvjv †bB | wj‡L
g‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Mv‡iviv evsjv nid eënvi K‡i _v‡Kb| eZ©gv‡b A‡b‡KB bvbv
cÖ‡qvR‡b evsjv I Bs‡iwR fvlv eënvi K‡ib|
HwZn¨MZfv‡e Mv‡iv‡ì a‡g©i bvg Ômsmv‡iKÕ| A‡bK Mv‡iv me©cÖvYev‡` wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| wb‡R‡ì
myi¶vi Rb¨ wewfbœ ag©xq AvPvi-Abyôvb cvjb K‡ib| G‡ì me‡P‡q eo ag©xq Abyôvb n‡”Q IqvsMvjv
(Wangala)| mgMÖ Mv‡iv m¤úÖ`vq G Drm‡e gv‡Zvqviv nq| Drm‡e Mv‡iv hyeK-hyeZxiv we‡kl
†cvkvK cwiavb K‡i b„Z¨ cwi‡ekb K‡ib| bv‡Pi mv‡_ gwn‡li wk‡Oi euvwk I Wªvg evRv‡bv nq| w`‡b
w`‡b Zviv wLªó a‡g© `xwÿZ n‡Z _v‡Kb| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk Mv‡iv wLªó ag©vej¤^x|
evsjv‡`‡ki Mv‡iviv Av‡M Ryg Pvl Ki‡Zb| 1950 mv‡j miKv‡ii wb‡lavÁvi d‡j eZ©gv‡b nvj
K…wli cÖPjb †`Lv hvq| Zviv avb, wewfbœ cÖKvi mewR I Avbvim Drcv`b K‡i _v‡Kb| eZ©gv‡b
Mv‡iv‡ì A‡b‡K AvaywbK wk¶v MÖnY K‡i wewfbœ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Qb|
wPÎ: Mv‡iv‡ì Drme
160
Mv‡iv m¤úÖ`v‡q MÖv‡gi cÖavb‡K ejv nq ÔbKgvÕ ev abx †gvoj| bKgv MÖv‡gi Ab¨vb¨ MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³‡ì
mnvqZvq wePvi mvwjm cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Mv‡iv m¤úÖ`v‡q †Kv‡bv †K›`ªxq †bZ…Z¡ †bB| eZ©gv‡b Mv‡iv
AÂj evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vbxq miKvi eë¯vi AvIZvaxb|
Mv‡iviv wewfbœ HwZnëvnx †cvkvK eënvi K‡ib| wb‡R‡ì •Zwi Mv‡iv gwnjv‡ì HwZnëvnx
†cvkv‡Ki bvg Ô`K&gv›`vÕ| `K&gv›`vq wewfbœ wkíKg© wPwÎZ _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b Mv‡iviv AvaywbK †cvkvK-
cwi”Q‡` Af¨¯Í n‡q DV‡Qb| evOvwj‡ì g‡Zv cyiæ‡liv jyw½, ‡MwÄ, cvRvgv, kvU© Ges †g‡qiv kvwo,
eøvDR, †cwU‡KvU, mv‡jvqvi-KvwgR I Iobv eënvi K‡ib| Av‡MKvi w`‡b Mv‡iv gwnjviv Puvwìƒcvi
Mnbv †ewk eënvi Ki‡jI eZ©gv‡b Ae¯vcbœ gwnjviv †mvbvi Mnbv eënvi K‡ib|
Mv‡iv‡ì cÖavb Lv`¨ fvZ| fv‡Zi mv‡_ Zviv gvQ, gvsm, Wvj I kvKmewR †L‡q _v‡K| ïUwK gvQ,
ïK‡ii gvsm, K”Qc I Kuy‡P Zv‡ì cQ‡›ì Lvevi| euv‡ki KuwP Pviv I e¨v‡Oi QvZv Mv‡iv‡ì Ab¨Zg
wcÖq mewR| eZ©gv‡b Zviv evOvwj Lvev‡iI Af¨¯ n‡q D‡V‡Qb| AwZw_ Avc¨vq‡b I bvbv cvjvcve©‡Y
†a‡bvcPyuB g` Mv‡iv‡ì wbKU Acwinvh©| Avengvb Kvj †_‡K Mv‡iviv mij I mv`vwm‡a Rxebhvc‡b
Af¨¯Í| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b AvaywbK mgvR eë¯vi cÖfv‡e w`‡b w`‡b Mv‡iv mgvR cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q|
PvKgv
evsjv‡`‡ki ¶z`ª b„-‡Mvôx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ RbmsL¨vq e„nËg Rb‡Mvôx n‡”Q PvKgv | Giv cÖavbZ cve©Z¨
PÆMÖv‡gi ga¨vÂj I DËi c~e©vÂ‡j evm K‡i| 1991 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k PvKgv
RvwZ‡Mvôxi m`m¨msL¨v 2,53,000 Rb| G‡ì g‡a¨ 90%-Gi †ewk evm K‡i ivOvgvwU Ges
LvMovQwo †Rjvq|
PvKgviv fvlvMZ wbR¯^ •ewk‡óï Kvi‡Y ¯^vZ‡š¿ï `vwe`vi| PvKgviv GK ai‡bi wZeŸwZ-ewg© fvlvq
K_v ejZ| ciewZ©‡Z Zv‡ì fvlv B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq iƒc jvf K‡i| PvKgv fvlvi wbR¯^ wjwc _vK‡jI
G wjwc AvRKvj Avi eënvi Kiv nq bv| PvKgv fvlv GLb mvaviYZ evsjv wjwc‡ZB †jLv nq
(evsjvwcwWqv)| eZ©gv‡b PvKgv Rb‡Mvôxi A‡b‡K evsjvfvlv wk‡L‡Qb I bvbv cÖ‡qvR‡b eënvi
Ki‡Qb|
b„ZvwË¡K wePv‡i PvKgviv g‡½vjxq Rb‡Mvôxi AšÍf©y³| PvKgviv gvSvwi AvK…wZi Ges myMwVZ
¯^v‡¯ï AwaKvix| Zv‡ì Mv‡qi is dm©v, gyLgÛj †MvjvKvi, †VuvU cvZjv, Pzj †mvRv I Kv‡jv i‡Oi
Ges †Pv‡Li gwYi is Kv‡jv| G‡ì `vwo †Muvd Kg I †`n cÖvq †Kknxb nq|
PvKgv‡ì cwievi wcZ…Zvwš¿K| me ¶gZv I `vwqZ¡ cyiæ‡li nv‡Z b¨¯Í| †Q‡jiv m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi
cvq| wcZvi esk cwiP‡q mšÍv‡bi cwiPq| we‡qi ci ¯¿x ¯^vgxi †Mvôxi AšÍfy©³ nq|
AwaKvsk PvKgv †e․× ag©vej¤^x| wKQz PvKgv wn›`y ag© Abymvix| G‡ì g‡a¨ me©cÖvYevw`ZviI
Dcw¯wZ j¶ Kiv hvq| PvKgv‡ì cÖavb ag©xq Drme-Abyôvb¸‡jv n‡”Q •ekvLx c~wY©gv, cÖeviYv
c~wY©gv I gvNx c~wY©gv| Zv‡ì †KD †KD M½v c~Rv I j²xc~Rv K‡i _v‡Kb| PvKgv‡ì me‡P‡q eo
mvgvwRK Drme n‡”Q weRy Drme| GB Drme wZb w`b a‡i P‡j|
161
PvKgv‡ì wbR es‡k ev †Mv‡Î weevn wbwl×| eûweevn Aby‡gvw`Z, Z‡e Gi cÖPjb Kg †`Lv hvq|
weaev weevn cÖ_vI i‡q‡Q| PvKgv †Q‡j Ab¨ ¶z`ª b„-‡Mvôxi †g‡q‡KI we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e PvKgv
†g‡q‡ì we‡q PvKgv mgv‡RB n‡q _v‡K|
PvKgv we‡q‡Z ei K‡bi evwo‡Z hvb bv| eic‡¶i †jvKRb K‡bi evwo‡Z wM‡q K‡b wb‡q e‡ii
evwo‡Z Av‡mb| e‡ii evwo‡ZB we‡qi mvgvwRK Abyôvb n‡q _v‡K| we‡qi ci be`¤úwZ ¯^vgxi wcZvi
M„‡n A_ev ¯^vgxi wbR M„‡n Rxeb ïiy K‡ib| we‡q‡Z eic¶ Kb¨v‡K we‡qi †cvkvK I AjsKvivw`
w`‡q _v‡Kb| we‡q‡Z †h․ZzK cÖ_vi cÖPjb †bB|
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GjvKvi kvwšÍ I k„•Ljv i¶v Kiv, wePvi-mvwjm cwiPvjbv Kiv, LvRbv Av`vq Kiv| Kvievwi LvRbv
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wPÎ: HwZnëvnx †cvkv‡K PvKgv bvix I cyiæl

Ryg Pvl n‡jv RxweKvi cÖavb Drm| big gvwU‡Z avb, kmv, †Xuom, fyÆv, Zzjv BZ¨vw` dmj Zviv
Drcv`b K‡ib| GQvov A‡b‡KB †gviM-gyiwM I k~Ki cvjb K‡ib| GQvov eb †_‡K kvKcvZv I
mewRI msMÖn K‡ib| euvk I †eZ w`‡q KzwUi wkíRvZ mvgMÖx •Zwi K‡ib| PvKgv cyiæl‡ì †P‡q
bvixiv †ewk cwikÖgx| eZ©gv‡b A‡bK PvKgv cyiæl I gwnjv D”Pwk¶v MÖnY K‡i wewfbœ miKvwi I
†emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ Av‡Qb|
PvKgviv wb‡R‡ì Kvco wb‡RivB Zuv‡Z ey‡b †bb| PvKgv †g‡q‡ì wb¤œv‡½i ci‡Yi Kvc‡oi bvg
Ôwc‡bvbÕ I eÿeÜbxi bvg ÔLvw`Õ| cyiæ‡liv K‡evB Ges aywZ I MvgQv c‡ib| Avi gv_vq evu‡a ÔLesÕ
162
(cvMox)| eZ©gv‡b cyiæl‡ì g‡a¨ A‡b‡K kvU© - c¨v›U, jyw½ Ges gwnjv‡ì A‡b‡K kvwo-eøvDR
c‡ib|
PvKgv‡ì cÖavb Lv`¨ n‡jv fvZ | fv‡Zi mv‡_ gvQ,gvsm Ges kvK- mewR †L‡Z fvjev‡mb| Lv‡`ï
g‡a¨ gyiMx, k~Ki, KvuKov, e¨vO, nwi‡Yi gvsm Ges evuk †Kvo‡ji bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| evuk
†Kvoj w`‡q †ek K‡qK ai‡bi ivbœv I fvwR K‡ib| g` Zv‡ì cÖavb cvbxq| Zviv wb‡RivB g` •Zwi
K‡i †bb|
PvKgviv gvwU †_‡K DuPz‡Z gvPvi Ici Ni wbg©vY K‡ib| gB-Gi mvnv‡h¨ N‡i I‡Vb|
wPÎ: PvKgv‡ì evm¯vb

PvKgv mgv‡R e‡qv‡R¨ô‡ì kÖ×v I †QvU‡ì †mœn Kivi ixwZ Lye kw³kvjx| PvKgv mgv‡R mvaviYZ
g„Z‡`n †cvov‡bv nq, Z‡e ev”Pv‡ì g„Z‡`n mgvax¯ Kiv nq| cybR©‡b¥ wek¦vmx e‡j PvKgviv AvZ¥vi
Kj¨v‡Y g„Z e¨w³i evwo‡Z ag©xq Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡ib|
gwYcywi
wm‡jU wefv‡Mi wm‡jU kni I kniZwj, †g․jfxevRvi †Rjvi KgjMÄ, kÖxg½j, KyjvDov I eo‡jLv,
nweMÄ †Rjvi PzbviæNvU Ges mybvgMÄ †Rjvi QvZ‡K gwYcywi Rb‡Mvôxi gvbyl emevm K‡ib| 1991
mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k gwYcywi‡ì msL¨v cÖvq 25,000|
b„ZvwË¡K w`K †_‡K gwYcywiiv g‡½vjxq gvbe‡Mvôxi wZeŸwZ-ewg© cwiev‡ii KzwK-Pxb †MvÎfy³| Z‡e
gwYcyix‡ì g‡a¨ Avh© I Ab¨vb¨ i‡³i h‡_ó wgkªY N‡U‡Q| Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b Giv •eòe m¤úª`v‡q
iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
163
gwYcywi‡ì gvZ…fvlv Ô†gB‡ZB jb ev gwYcyix fvlvÕ| gwYcywi fvlv I mvwnZ¨ AwZ cÖvPxb| Gi GKwU
mg„× I eY©vX¨ BwZnvm Ges `xN© HwZn¨ i‡q‡Q| gwYcywi fvlvi wbR¯^ eY©gvjv i‡q‡Q| gvbe‡`‡ni
wewfbœ A½ cÖZ¨‡½i bv‡g gwYcywi fvlvi cÖwZwU e‡Y©i bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| eY©¸‡jvi Avw½K •ewkó¨
gvbe‡`‡ni A½ cÖZ¨‡½i Avw½K •ewkó¨‡K aviY K‡i Av‡Q| Aóv`k kZvãx †_‡K gwYcyix fvlv
µgvš^‡q evsjv eY©gvjv‡ZB wjwLZ n‡q Avm‡Q| Aek¨ eZ©gv‡b †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î wejyß gwYcyix wjwc
cybtcÖPj‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡”Q (G‡K ‡kivg 1996)|
K…wlKvR n‡”Q G‡ì cÖavb RxweKv| Z‡e knivÂ‡ji gwYcywi‡ì cÖavb †ckv n‡jv Ô¯^Y©Kvi I gUi
†gKvwb·Õ| gwYcywi cyiyl I bvix GK‡Î †¶‡Z KvR K‡ib| cyiyliv nvjPvl K‡i, Avi bvixiv K‡i km¨
ecb| gwYcywi m¤cÖ`vq dmj jvMv‡bv I dmj KvUvi KvRwU‡K Drme wn‡m‡e D`&hvcb K‡ib| bvixiv
wb‡R‡ì ci‡Yi Kvco Ôdv‡bKÕ, Iobv RvZxq Kvco ÔBbœvwdÕ Ges MvgQvmn wbZëënvh© Kvco-
‡Pvco wbR¯^ Zuv‡Z eyu‡b _v‡Kb| eZ©gv‡b gwYcywi e¯¿ evwYwR¨K eª¨vÛ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
gwYcywi ms¯‥…wZ AZ¨šÍ mg„×kvjx I HwZnëvnx| b„Z¨ I m½xZ gwYcywi ms¯‥…wZi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask|
KvwZ©K gv‡m ivm Drme gwYcywi‡ì me‡P‡q eo Drme| PvKwPK¨gq bv‡Pi †cvkvK c‡i gwYcywiiv GB
Abyôv‡b AskMÖnY K‡ib| Gme Drme Abyôv‡b Giv g` cvb K‡ib| eQ‡ii wewfbœ FZz‡K wN‡i Zv‡ì
ag©xq AvPvi-Abyôvb D`&hvwcZ nq| gwYcywi we‡qi mgq eY©vX¨ c¨v‡Ûj •Zwi Kiv nq | ei I K‡b G
c¨v‡Û‡ji PZzw`©K cÖ`w¶Y Ki‡Z _vK‡j e‡qv‡R¨ôiv Zv‡ì Ici avb-`~e©v wQwU‡q Avkxe©v` K‡ib|
we‡qi ci 5g w`b †g‡q evev gv‡qi evwo‡Z eimn Av‡mb Ges wbqg Abyhvqx LvIqv-`vIqv Drm‡e
Ask †bb| †Mv‡Îi mK‡j wbgwš¿Z n‡q ei-ea~‡K wewfbœ Dcnvi w`‡q _v‡Kb|
wPÎ: gwYcywi b„Z¨ wPÎ: gwYcywi Drme

gwYcywiiv f`ª, kvšÍwkó I AvZ¥wbf©ikxj m¤cÖ`vq wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| cyyiæliv cvnvwZ, aywZ, cvÄvwe Avi
†g‡qiv jvwns cwiavb K‡i| AjsKvi †g‡q‡ì LyeB cQ›`| gwYcywi‡ì ag© •eòe ag©| GK`v gwYcyi
AÂ‡j eªvZ¨ ag© cÖPwjZ wQj (wmsn, 2001, c„. 60)|
gwYcywi‡ì Nievwo QvDwb †`qv euv‡ki †eov w`‡q •Zwi| Z‡e weËevbiv `vjvbI •Zwi K‡ib|
gwYcywi‡ì wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi Ges †g‡q‡ì m¤úwËi AwaKvi wcZvi m¤§wZi Ici wbf©i K‡i| fvZ,
164
gvQ I kvKmewR gwYcywi‡ì cÖavb Lvevi| •eòe a‡g© gvsm LvIqv wbwl× e‡j Zviv gvsm Lvb bv|
ïuUwK fZ©v LyeB wcÖq Lv`¨| GQvov K‡qK iKg KuvPv mewRi KwPcvZv w`‡q Ôwm‡eBÕ (mvjv`) †L‡Z
cQ›` K‡ib| gwYcywi Lvev‡i Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †Zj I gmjv Kg eënvi Kiv nq (wmsn, 2001, c„.
60)|
gvigv
evsjv‡`‡ki wØZxq e„nËg ¶z`ª b„-‡Mvôx gvigv m¤cÖ`vq cÖavbZ ivOvgvwU, ev›ìevb I LvMovQwoÑG
wZbwU cve©Z¨ †Rjvq evm K‡ib| GQvov DcK‚jxq †Rjv¸‡jv‡ZI wKQymsL¨K gvigvi emevm i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k gvigv Awaevmxi msL¨v cÖvq 1,57,301 Rb (Av`gïgvwi-1991)| gvigviv g‡½vjxq
b„‡Mvôxi AšÍfy©³| Giv mvaviYZ Lv‡Uv AvK…wZi n‡q _v‡Kb| Mv‡ji nvo DuPz, Mv‡qi is Lye dimv,
Kv‡jv Pzj, †QvU †PvL Ges P¨vÞv bvK G‡ì mvaviY kvixwiK •ewkó¨|
gvigviv AvivKvwb D”Pvi‡Y K_v e‡jb, G‡ì fvlv evwg©R ni‡d wjwLZ nq| eZ©gv‡b kni Ges Gi
KvQvKvwQ AÂ‡j emevmiZ gvigviv PÆMÖv‡gi AvÂwjK fvlvq K_v e‡jb| gvigv b„‡Mvôx A‡bK¸‡jv
†Mv‡Î wef³| Avwèvmf~wgi bvgvbymv‡i †MvÎ¸‡jvi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ag©xq wek¦v‡mi w`K †_‡K AwaKvsk gvigv †e․× ag©vej¤^x| ‡KD †KD Avevi me©cÖvYev‡` wek¦vmx|
gvigv †e․×iv wbôvi mv‡_ wewfbœ †e․× Abyôvbvw` D`hvcb K‡ib| wewfbœ agx©q Kv‡R Zviv mva¨
Abyhvqx `vbI K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ †e․×‡ì gZ gvigv †e․×ivI •ekvLx c~wY©gv, Avwk¦bx c~wY©gv, KvwZ©Kx
c~wY©gv Ges gvNx c~wY©gv D`hvcb K‡ib|
gvigv‡ì evwo mvaviYZ gvwU †_‡K DuPz‡Z KvV A_ev euv‡ki cvUvZb ev gvPs-Gi Ici wbwg©Z nq|
Ni •Zwii KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e euvk, Lo I ey‡bv Nvm e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨KwU NiB GKB
mv‡_ †kvevi Rb¨ Ges fuvovi Ni wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| gvPs-Gi wb‡Pi †Lvjv RvqMvq mvaviYZ Miæ,
QvMj, nuvm, gyiwM BZ¨vw` ivLv, ivbœvi Rb¨ R¡vjvwb KvV msi¶Y Kiv nq| GKB mv‡_ †mLv‡b wb‡R‡ì
cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvco †evbvi Rb¨ ZuvZ emv‡bv nq| Z‡e †Kv_vI †Kv_vI gvPs e¨ZxZ mgZj RvqMvq
gvwUi NiI †`Lv hvq|
fvZ I wm× kvKmewR gvigv‡ì cÖavb Lvevi| Z‡e bvwà (Nappi) bvgK kyuUwK gv‡Qi gÛ gvigv‡ì
AwZ wcÖq| Zviv fvZ †_‡K •Zwi g` cvb K‡ib| PziyU ‡meb/cvb Zv‡ì wbKU wcÖq | ivbœvi Rb¨
gvigviv cÖavbZ gvwUi wRwbmcÎ eënvi K‡ib| GQvov •`bw›`b Rxe‡b euvk I Kv‡Vi •Zwi
wRwbmcÎI cÖPzi cwigv‡Y eënvi K‡ib|
165
wPÎ: gvigv ag©xq Abyôvb cvjb I c~Rv
gvigv cyiyliv gv_vq ÔMgesÕ (cvMox) ,Mv‡q Rvgv I wb¤œv‡½ jywÄ (jyw½) c‡ib| gwnjviv Mv‡q ÔAvwÄÕ (
eøvDR) I wb¤œv‡½ Ô_vgxÕ(¯‥vU©) cwiavb K‡ib| gvigviv n¯ÍPvwjZ ZuvZ I †Kvgi ZvuZ eënvi K‡i
wb‡R‡ì cwi‡aq e¯¿ wb‡RivB •Zwi K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b A‡bK‡K Aek¨ Ab¨ †cvkvKI eënvi Ki‡Z
†`Lv hvq|
gvigviv mvaviYZ dzwZ©evR, mij Ges nvwmLywk cÖK…wZi gvbyl| Zv‡ì gwnjviv †m․›`h©wcÖq Ges
†m‡R¸‡R _vK‡Z fvjev‡m| cyiæliv †ewk †K․ZzKwcÖq| AwZw_‡ì‡K Zviv mva¨gZ Lvbvwcbv w`‡q
Avc¨vqb K‡i| Ggwb‡ZI †h †Kvb AwZw_ evwo‡Z G‡j cvb-mycvwi w`‡q Avc¨vqb K‡i _v‡Kb|
wPÎ: R‡jvrme
gvigviv el© we`vq I el©eiY Dcj‡ÿ ÔmvsMÖvBÕ Drme D`hvcb K‡ib| G mgq Zv‡ì g‡a¨
Ôcvwb‡LjvÕ ev ÔR‡jvrmeÕ AbywôZ nq| G Drm‡e wbw`©ó ¯v‡b †b․Kv ev eo eo cv‡Î Rj ivLv nq|
mymw¾Z ZiæYx ev hyeZxiv `‡j `‡j R‡ji cvÎmn cvwb †Ljv ¯v‡b ZiæY ev hyeK‡ì †`‡n Rj
wQUvq| Zv‡ì cÖwZ mvov w`‡q ZiæY ev hyeKivI ZiæYx ev hyeZx‡ì cÖwZ Rj wQUvq| G Drme nvwm
166
Avb‡›` I KjKvKjx‡Z gyLwiZ n‡q D‡V| ev›ìevb I iv½vgvwU‡Z G Drme †ek Avb›` Drmv‡ni
mv‡_ D`hvwcZ n‡q _v‡K|
gvigv‡ì mvgvwRK Rxe‡b weevn LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© GKwU welq| G‡ì g‡a¨ eûweevn I cÖvKweevn
cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| Z‡e evj¨weevn wbwl×| mvaviYZ †Q‡ji cQ›` Kiv †g‡qi mv‡_ mvgvwRK Abyôvbvwì
gva¨‡g weevn m¤úbœ nq| gvigv ei‡K ÔjvsmvÕ Ges K‡b‡K ÔLv¤ªvmvÕ e‡j|
gvigv m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ GKK cwiev‡ii cÖPjb †`Lv hvq| ¯^vgxiv hwÌ cwiev‡ii cÖavb Z_vwc gvigv
bvix‡ì cwiev‡i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| weevn m¤^Üxq m¤úK© A_ev m‡MvÎxq m¤úK© hvB †nvK bv
†Kb, gvigv mgv‡R m¤ú‡K©i eÜb LyeB kw³kvjx| †Q‡j Ges †g‡q 2:1 Abycv‡Z wcZ„ m¤úwËi
DËivwaKvix nq| ÔAuroth’ A_©vr †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q wcÖq mšÍvbwU emZevwoi gvwjKvbv
jvf K‡i| wewbg‡q wZwb Avg„Zy¨ wcZv-gvZvi ZË¡veavb K‡ib|
K…wlKvR gvigv‡ì cÖavb †ckv, we‡kl K‡i Ryg Pvl| GQvov gvigviv wewfbœ Mv‡Qi cvZv, g~j I KvÛ
RvZxq Lvevi eb †_‡K msMÖn K‡i _v‡Kb| A_©‣bwZK Kvh©vewji g‡a¨ euvk I †e‡Zi Szwo eybb, g`
RvZxq cvbxq cÖ¯‧Z KivB cÖavb| gvigv bvixiv ZuvZ †evbvi KvRI K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b gvigviv eëmv-
evwY‡Rï w`‡KI SuzK‡Qb|
Lvwm
g‡½vjxq b„‡Mvôx †_‡K D™¢~Z evsjv‡`‡k emevmiZ Av‡iKwU ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôx n‡jv Lvwm| GwU evsjv‡`‡k
GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gvZ…Zvwš¿K Rb‡Mvôx| Avw` evmf~wg wZeŸZ †_‡K Zviv Avmvg I mwbœwnZ AÂ‡j
¯vbvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki mybvgM‡Äi wek¦¤¢icyi, Zvwnicyi Ges QvZK AÂ‡j G‡ì evm|
Zv‡ì bvK I gyLgÛj P¨vÞv, †Pvqvj DuPy, ‡PvL †QvU I Uvbv, ‡Pv‡Li gwb Kv‡jv Ges Mv‡qi is
njy`vf| Giv c~‡e© hvhvei Rxebhvcb Ki‡Zb| GL‡bv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Ny‡i †eov‡bvi cÖeYZv j¶ Kiv
hvq| ebR½j, cvnvo-wUjv, †SvcSvo Zv‡ì AwZcQ›`| 1991 m‡bi Av`gïgvix Abyhvqx 12,300
Lvwm evsjv‡`‡k evm K‡ib|
Zviv euvk ev Kv‡Vi gvPvi Ici evwo •Zwi K‡ib | evwoi mvg‡b wKQzUv RvqMv †Lvjv iv‡Lb, hv
•eVKLvbv wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| emZ N‡ii m‡½B _v‡K ivbœvi Ni| cÖvq cÖwZwU evwoi Kv‡QB _v‡K
cvwjZ k~K‡ii †Luvqvo|
167
wPÎ: Lvwm‡ì evm¯vb wPÎ:HwZnëvnx mv‡R Lvwm bvix I cyiæl
A‡bK¸‡jv Lvwm cwievi Zv‡ì cQ‡›ì RvqMvq emwZ M‡o Zz‡j| GwU‡K ÔcyÄxÕ ejv nq| cÖwZwU
Lvwm cywÄ Ab¨vb¨ m¤úª`vq †_‡K Avjv`v Ges wbR¯^ mxgvbv I mvs¯‥…wZK ej‡q MwVZ| Zviv cÖvqB GK
cyÄx †Q‡o bZzb AÂ‡j wM‡q bZzb cyÄx M‡o †Zv‡jb| cyÄxi cÖavb‡K Ôwm‡qgÕ (gš¿x) ejv nq| Zviv
cÖavbZ wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ msNwUZ Kjn-weev‡ì gxgvsmv K‡i _v‡Kb| GQvov ag©xq AbyôvbvwÌ Zv‡ì
ZË¡veav‡b AbywôZ n‡q _v‡K|
Lvwm ag© A‡bK cyivZb| HwZn¨MZ cÖ_v I wek¦vm Zv‡ì a‡g©i †K›`ªwe›`y| ag© wek¦v‡mi w`K †_‡K
Lvwmiv G‡Kk¦iev`x | Z‡e Giv me©cÖvYev`x I cÖK…wZ c~Rvix| G‡ì †Kv‡bv ag©MÖš †bB| AvaywbKKv‡j
Lvwm Rb‡Mvôx wewfbœ ag© Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b 80 kZvs‡ki g‡Zv Lvwm wLªóa‡g© wek¦vmx| cªvq
cÖwZwU cywÄ‡ZB wMR©v Av‡Q|
Lvwm‡ì †Kv‡bv eY©gvjv †bB| Giv wØfvlx| Zviv Lvwmqv Ges evsjv Dfq fvlvB ‣`bw›`b Rxe‡b
eënv‡i cvi`kx©| wkwÿZR‡biv Lvwmqv fvlv wjL‡Z evsjv eY©gvjvB eënvi K‡i| eZ©gv‡b AvaywbK
wk¶v, weÁvb, cÖhyw³ I ms¯‥…wZi cÖfv‡e Lvwmqv‡ì ag©xq Abyf‚wZ, ms¯‥…wZ, †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, AvPvi-
AvPi‡Y e¨vcK cwieZ©b †`Lv hvq| Z‡e G‡ì HwZnëvnx †cvkvK n‡”Q gv_vq P~oveuvav cvMwo civ|
wPÎ: M„nKv‡R Lvwm igYx wPÎ: HwZnëvnx mv‡R Lvwm igYx

Lvwm bvix I cyiy‡li Rb¨ we‡q eva¨Zvg~jK| Lvwm‡ì wbR¯^ †Mv‡Îi g‡a¨ we‡q wbwl×|G ai‡bi we‡q
n‡j mvgvwRK kvw¯Í wn‡m‡e m¤úwËi AwaKviPz¨Z K‡i GKN‡i Kiv nq Ges g„Zzï ci †Kv‡bv
A‡šÍ¨wówµqv Kiv nq bv| ‡Q‡j‡g‡qiv eo n‡j wcZv-gvZv we‡qi eë¯v K‡ib| AwaKvsk we‡qB
†g‡qi Zid †_‡K c~e© m¤ú‡K©i Ici wfwË K‡i n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ †g‡q ney ei‡K wb‡R‡ì
evwo‡Z Avmvi Rb¨ Avgš¿Y Rvbvq| Gfv‡e Zviv `yB-Pviw`b GKm‡½ emevm Kivi c‡i ‡Q‡j I
†g‡qi AbyK~j gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z AwffveKe„›` we‡qi w`b¶Y wba©viY K‡i _v‡Kb| G‡ì we‡q‡Z I
168
Ab¨vb¨ Drm‡e bvP I mw¤§wjZfv‡e Mvb MvIqvi mvaviY ixwZ i‡q‡Q| we‡qi ci ei K‡bi fvB-
†evb‡ì mv‡_ wb‡Ri fvB-†ev‡bi g‡Zv AvPiY K‡ib|
Lvwm cwiev‡i †g‡q‡ì KZ…©Z¡ I ¯^vaxbZv A‡bK †ewk| gv‡qi cwiP‡q mšÍv‡bi cwiPq wba©vwiZ nq|
Kwbôv Kb¨v ixwZ Abyhvqx gvZvi emZevwo I m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix nb| ¯¿x Avw_©K welqvw` cwiPvjbv
K‡ib| m½Z Kvi‡Y ¯¿xiv GKvwaK we‡q Ki‡Z cvi‡jI cyiæl‡ì eû weevn weij| G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ
N„Yv, Awek¦vm,¯^vgxi AÿgZv BZ¨vw` bvbv Ki‡Y ZvjvK cÖPwjZ| Z‡e AwaKvsk‡ÿ‡Î ¯¿xivB ZvjvK
w`‡q _v‡K|
Lvwm mgv‡R Pvlvev` I M„n¯vwji KvR ¯^vgx-¯¿xi cvi¯úwiK mnvqZv, mn‡hvwMZv I gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z
m¤úvw`Z nq| GB mgv‡R bvixi gh©v`v I m¤§vb A‡bK DuPy‡Z| gv‡qi g„Zzï ci e„× wcZv‡K
†`Lv‡kvbv Kiv mšÍvb‡ì Rb¨ ag©xq `vwqZ¡|
muvIZvj
evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¶z`ª b„-‡Mvôx n‡”Q muvIZvj| evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËi ivRkvnx, iscyi,
w`bvRcyi I e¸ov AÂ‡j muvIZvjiv emevm K‡ib| 1991 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k
muvIZvj RbmsL¨v `yB j‡ÿi AwaK|
wPÎ: mvuIZvj‡ì HwZnëvnx bvP wPÎ: mvuIZvj‡ì emZ evwo
b„ZvwË¡K wePv‡i mvuIZvjiv Avw`-A‡÷ªjxq ( †cÖv‡Uv- A÷ªvj‡qW) Rb‡Mvôxi eskai| muvIZvj‡ì

Mv‡qi is Kv‡jv, gvSvwi D”PZv, †KuvKov‡bv Kv‡jv Pzj, cyiy †VuvU, j¤^v Mjv I bvK cÖk¯Í|
mvuIZvj‡ì gvZ…fvlv ÔmuvIZvwjÕ| mvuIZvwj fvlv A‡÷ªv-Gkxq fvlv†Mvôxi cÖvP¨ kvLvi AšÍf~©³|
muvIZvj‡ì fvlv †jLvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv eY©gvjv †bB| eZ©gv‡b Zviv evsjv I muvIZvwj fvlvq K_v e‡j|
aŸwbMZ wg‡ji Kvi‡Y mvuIZvwjiv evsjv eY©gvjvq wjL‡Z mv”Q›`‡eva K‡i| muvIZvj‡ì †Kv‡bv wjwLZ
mvwnZ¨ †bB| Z‡e muvIZvj †jvKMvb I †jvKmvwnZ¨ mK‡ji Kv‡Q mgv`„Z|
mvuIZvj‡ì wbR¯^ ag© _vK‡jI †Kv‡bv ag©MÖš ‡bB| Giv ÔVvKziwRDÕ( Rxeb`vZv) ‡K m„wói †èZv
wn‡me gvb¨ K‡i| G‡ì ag© wek¦v‡m Ôwms †ev½vÕ( m~h© †èZv ) I Ôgvivs eyiæ (‡MÖU gvDb‡Ub))Õ †ek
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| muvIZvjiv AvZ¥vi AgiZ¡ ev Ô†ev½vÕq wek¦vm K‡i| AwZcÖvK…Z wel‡q muvIZvj‡ì AMva
wek¦vm|
169
muvIZvj mgv‡R †KD gviv †M‡j g„Z‡`n †Mvmj Kwi‡q c‡i `vn Kiv nq | †`nf®§ gvwU‡Z cyu‡Z ivLv
nq| eZ©gv‡b ke mgvwa¯ Ki‡ZI †`Lv hvq| g„Z e¨w³i AvZ¥vi kvwšÍi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖv_©bv Abyôv‡bi
Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| MÖv‡gi †KD gviv †M‡j MÖvg cÖavb‡K (gvbwS) me AvPvi-Abyôv‡b Dcw¯Z _vK‡Z
nq|
muvIZvjiv 12wU †Mv‡Î wef³| GKB †Mv‡Î weevn wbwl×| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b G wbqg ZZUv Kvh©Ki bq|
muvIZvj mgvR hwÌ cyiælkvwmZ, Z‡e bvix‡ì f‚wgKvI Kg bq| mvuIZvj mgv‡R gv‡S g‡a¨
eûweevn †`Lv †M‡jI GKK weevnB cÖPwjZ aviv|
muvIZvj‡ì Ni¸‡jv Lye †QvU n‡jI G‡ì AvwObv Lye cwi®‥vi-cwi”Qbœ †`Lv hvq| N‡ii gvwUi
†`qv‡j wPÎKg© muvIZvj †g‡q‡ì wkíxg‡bi cwiPq enb K‡i| G‡ì evwoNi mvaviYZ Qb I L‡oi
•Zwi| N‡i †Kv‡bv Rvbvjv _v‡K bv| euv‡ki PvUvB, LvwUqv I Kuvmvi evmb cÖavb AvmevecÎ wn‡m‡e
eënvi K‡ib|
muvIZvjiv big cÖK…wZi I kvwšÍwcÖq ,wKš‧ LyeB cwikÖgx| G‡ì Rxebhvcb AZ¨šÍ mv`vgvUv, †cvkvK-
AvkvKI LyeB mvaviY| bvixiv †gvUv ai‡bi iwOb kvwo Lv‡Uv K‡i cwiavb K‡ib, †Luvcvq P‚ov dzj
¸uR‡Z cQ›` K‡ib| cyiyl‡ì mvaviY †cvkvK n‡jv aywZ I MvgQv| muvIZvj m¤cÖ`v‡qi A‡b‡KB
AvaywbK †cvkvKI cwiavb K‡ib| muvIZvj cyiæl I bvixiv cÖ_vMZfv‡e Zv‡ì kix‡i Dwé Auv‡Kb|
fvZ, gvQ I mewR muvIZvj‡ì cÖavb Lv`¨| GQvov KuvKov, k~Ki, gyiwM, Miæ I KvVweov‡ji gvsm
G‡ì AwZwcÖq| cvU cvZv, nuvm-gyiwMi wWg, wewfbœ ai‡bi cvwL Ges K”Qc Zv‡ì Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq
we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ cvq| fvZ †_‡K †PvjvB Kiv ÔnuvwoqvÕ ev cPvB Ges gûqvi im †PvjvB Kiv g` Zv‡ì
Drm‡e Acwinvh©|
muvIZvjiv DrmewcÖq Rb‡Mvôx| GivI ev‡iv gv‡m †Z‡iv cve©Y D`hvcb K‡i _v‡K|| muvIZvj‡ì
eQi ïiæ nq dvêyb gvm †_‡K| RuvKRgKc~Y© bvP, Mvb I ev`¨h‡š¿i mgš^‡q cÖvq cÖwZ gv‡mB wewfbœ
iKg Drme cvwjZ nq| wkqvj‡mB (Shialsei) Drme dvêyb gv‡m Zviv beel© Drme wn‡m‡e D`hvcb
K‡i|GQvov ‡c․‡li †k‡l Ô†mvnivB (dmj †Zvjv)Õ, dv¸b gv‡m Ôevnv (dzj Drme)Õ, Avlvp gv‡m
ÔBiK wmg (exR ecb Drme)Õ Drme D`&hvwcZ nq| †mvnivB Drme km¨‡èxi cÖwZ K…ZÁZv¯îƒc
cvjb Kiv nq| GQvov gvLvwmg I emšÍ Drme D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
170
wPÎ: mvuIZvj‡ì evnv Drme
mvuIZvj‡ì cÖavb RxweKv K…wl| muvIZvj‡ì gva¨‡gB GB Dcgnv‡`‡k K…wleë¯v I K…wlwfwËK
ms¯‥…wZi m~ÎcvZ e‡j A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib| mvuIZvj †g‡qiv †LZ - Lvgv‡i K…wlKv‡R AMÖYx f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i| GKB mv‡_ Zviv RxweKv wbev©‡ni Ab¨vb¨ `vwqZ¡I cvjb K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b Giv bvbv †ckvq
wb‡qvwRZ| mK‡ji m‡½ wg‡jwg‡k Giv MÖv‡g emevm K‡i| eZ©gv‡b muvIZvjiv AvaywbK wk¶vq wkw¶Z
n‡”Q|
IivIu
evsjv‡`‡k Av‡bK¸‡jv ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ IivIu Ab¨Zg| G‡ì Avw` evm¯vb fvi‡Zi Dwol¨v,
†QvUbvMcyi, ivRgnj I wenv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki iscyi, w`bvRcyi, e¸ov I ivRkvnx †Rjvq Giv evm
K‡i| 1991 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k IivIu RbmsL¨v 11,296 (evsjv wcwWqv) |
b„ZvwË¡K wePv‡i Giv Avw`-A‡÷ªjxq (Proto-Australian) Rb‡Mvôxi DËi cyiyl| G‡ì Mv‡qi is
Kv‡jv, bvK P¨vÞv, Pzj Kv‡jv I †KuvKov, D”PZv gvSvwi|
IivIu‡ì fvlv ÔKziæLÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G fvlvi wbR¯^ †Kvb eY©gvjv †bB| G‡ì †jvKmvwnZ¨ mg„×|
evsjv ev Bs‡iwR e‡Y© Zv‡ì fvlv wj‡L _v‡K|
IivIuiv me©cÖvYev`x cÖK…wZi DcvmK| Ôa‡g©kÕ hvi Ae¯vb m~‡h© , Zv‡K Giv c„w_exi m„wóKZ©v wn‡m‡e
g‡b K‡i| ZvB Zv‡ì ag©xq Abyôv‡bi AwaKvskB m~h©‡K wN‡i D`&hvwcZ nq| GQvov IivIu mgvR bvbv
†èZvq wek¦vmx| HwZn¨MZfv‡e Rv`ykw³‡Z wek¦vm cÖej| eZ©gv‡b A‡b‡K wLªóvb ag© MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
IivIu‡ì g„Z‡`n wPZvi Av¸‡b f¯§xf~Z Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b mgvwnZ Kivi cÖPjb evo‡Q|
171
Ab¨vb¨ ¶z`ª b„-‡Mvôxi g‡Zv IivIuiv bvP-Mv‡bi AbyivMx Ges ev`¨hš¿ evRv‡Z Af¨¯Í| Szgyi Mvb G‡ì
HwZn¨ m½xZ| GQvovI IivIu mgv‡R cve©YwfwËK Drme †hgb- mviûj (‣PÎ), dvMyqv, fv`ªx (fv`ª)
D`hvwcZ n‡q _v‡K|
wPÎ: IuivI‡ì Drme wPÎ: IuivI igYx

IivIuiv wewfbœ †Mv‡Î wef³| Zv‡ì mgv‡R GKB †Mv‡Î weevn wbwl×|IivIu‡ì g‡a¨ †Q‡j‡g‡qi
gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z cvwievwiKfv‡e we‡qi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| AcÖvßeq¯‥‡ì we‡q Giv mg_©b K‡ib
bv| G‡ì g‡a¨ weaev weevn cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
G‡ì †cvkvK Abvo¤î| †g‡qiv †gvUv kvwo Ges cyiyliv aywZ I jyw½ c‡ib| IivIu †g‡qiv
AjsKviwcÖq| dzj Zv‡ì mvR I †kvfvea©‡bi A½| ¯¿x-cyiyl mevB kix‡i Dwé Auv‡Kb|
IivIu‡ì cÖavb Lv`¨ fvZ, kvKmewR, gvQ I gvsm| N‡i •Zwi ÔcPvBÕ G‡ì cÖavb cvbxq| mvaviYZ
fvZ cwP‡q GB cvbxq •Zwi Kiv nq| K…wlKvR IivIu‡ì RxweKvi cÖavb Dcvq| cyiyl m`mïv nvjPvl
K‡ib, Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R bvixivB †ewk f~wgKv iv‡Lb| cyiy‡li Zzjbvq bvixiv A‡bK †ewk Kg©V|
†¤ªv
‡¤ªv evsjv‡`‡ki Avi GKwU ¶z`ª b„-‡Mvôx| Giv gyis bv‡gI cwiwPZ| 1991 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx
gyis‡ì msL¨v 22,167| mß`k kZvãxi w`‡K ‡¤ªviv AvivKvb †_‡K m‡i G‡m AvjxK`‡gi wewfbœ
cvnvwo DcZ¨Kvq ¯vqxfv‡e emevm ïiæ K‡i| Dc‡Rjv mì †_‡K †ò wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i wPIbxcvov I
AvgZjx GjvKvq G m¤cÖ`v‡qi emevm| Zv Qvov cÖZ¨šÍ cvnvwo GjvKv •Zb †g․Rv, gvs¸ †g․Rv, •P¨s
†g․Rv, PvB¤cÖv †g․Rv, •bdv †g․Rv Ges •Zb Lvj GjvKv I gvZvgyûix mwbœwnZ cvnvwo GjvKvq Zv‡ì
emwZ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e gvZvgyûix b`xi ZxieZ©x cvnv‡o Zv‡ì emevm D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y †ewk|
wbR¯^ fvlv _vK‡jI c~‡e© †Kvb eY©gvjv wQj bv| eZ©gv‡b †¤ªv‡ì fvlvi eY©gvjv •Zwi n‡q‡Q| Zv‡ì
wbR¯^ fvlvq I eY©gvjvq cvV¨cy¯ÍK iwPZ n‡q‡Q|
172
‡¤ªv mgvR wewfbœ †MvÎ I Dc‡Mv‡Î wef³| ‡¤ªv m¤cÖ`v‡qi mgvReë¯v wcZ…Zvwš¿K| ‡¤ªviv Zv‡ì N‡i
RxeRš‧i gv_v Szwj‡q iv‡Lb| GKB †MvÎ I Dc‡Mv‡Îi g‡a¨ ag©xqfv‡e weevn wbwl×| ‡¤ªv `¤úwZi
g‡a¨ m½Z Kvi‡Y weevn we‡”Q` cÖPwjZ| Z‡e eû weevn wbwl×|
‡¤ªv m¤úª`vq g~jZ cÖK…wZ c~Rvix I me©cÖvYev`x| Zviv BnKvj‡KB me©Ávb K‡ib| Zv‡ì g‡Z ciKvj
ej‡Z wKQy †bB| ‡¤ªv‡ì †Kv‡bv ag©MÖš †bB| Zviv _yivB (Thurai, wek¦ m„wóKZ©v), mvsZys ( cvnvo
†èZv) I I‡is( b`x †èZv) G wek¦vmx I Zv‡ì c~Rv K‡i| ‡¤ªviv g„Z‡`n cywo‡q †d‡j|
‡¤ªv iv AZ¨šÍ ¯^íemb cwiavb K‡ib| ‡¤ªv cyiæliv †jswU Ges ‡g‡qiv IqvsjvB ( mU© ¯‥vU©) cwiavb
K‡ib| wb‡R‡ì †cvkvK wb‡RivB •Zwi K‡i _v‡K| †g‡qiv cv‡q b~cyi, †Kvg‡i weQv c‡i _v‡Kb| ‡¤ªv
bvix‡ì g‡Zv †Q‡jivI gv_vq j¤^v Pzj iv‡L| bvix-cyiæl‡ì gv_vq wPiæwb †Mu‡_ ivL‡Z †`Lv hvq| ‡¤ªv
†g‡qiv gv_vq, Kv‡b I †Luvcvq wewfbœ ai‡bi cvnvwo dzj ¸u‡R iv‡L| †Q‡jivI gv_vi Pzj‡K †Luvcv
AvKv‡i †eu‡a iv‡Lb| b„Z¨vbyôvb ‡¤ªv mgv‡R LyeB RbwcÖq| G Dcj‡¶ †Q‡j‡g‡qiv Mv‡j, †Vuv‡U I
Kcv‡j i‡Oi cÖ‡jc jvMvq| bv‡Pi Av‡M 15 †_‡K 20 Rb gyis hyeK-hyeZx gy‡LvgywL ùvwo‡q
Aa©P›`ªvK…wZ iPbv K‡i|
wPÎ: †¤ªv‡ì Abyôvb wPÎ: †¤ªv igYx

Gici Zv‡ì •Zwi euvwki myi I evRbvi Zv‡j Zv‡j b„Z¨ cwi‡ek K‡i _v‡K| bv‡P I Mv‡b weevwnZ
†g‡q‡ì Ask wb‡Z †`qv nq bv|
fvZ I N‡i •Zwi g` Zv‡ì cÖavb Lv`¨ I cvbxq| Zviv KzKzi, Miæ, QvMj, ïKi I Av‡iv wKQz eb¨
cÖvwYi gvsm †L‡Z Af¨¯Í| ÔbvwàÕ Zv‡ì HwZnëvnx Lvevi|
‡¤ªv bvix-cyiæl K‡Vvi cwikªgx| ‡¤ªv‡ì cÖavb RxweKv K…wl| ÔRygÕ Pvl I eb †_‡K KvV msMÖn Kiv
Zv‡ì cÖavb †ckv | dmj msMÖ‡ni c~‡e© Zviv gnv aygav‡gÔKzgyjs ( †Mv ea)Õ Drme cvjb K‡i| G
cÖavb Drm‡e hyeK- hyeZxiv ev`¨hš¿ mn‡hv‡M bvP, Mvb K‡i Ges N‡i •Zwi g` cvb K‡i _v‡K|
eZ©gv‡b AwaKvsk ‡¤ªvivB †e․×, Z‡e wKQzmsL¨K ‡¤ªv wLªóa‡g©i Abymvix|
173
wÎcyiv
wÎcyiv GKwU HwZnëvnx cÖvPxb ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôx| G‡ì Avw` evmf~wg fvi‡Zi wÎcyiv iv‡R¨| cieZ©x‡Z
evsjv‡`‡ki Kzwgjøv, wm‡jU Ges cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi wewfbœ cvnvwo GjvKvq G‡ì wKQz Ask emwZ ¯vcb
K‡i| wÎcyiviv wb‡R‡ì‡K ÔwUcivÕ evwZcvivÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib| PÆMÖv‡gi †gvU ÿz`ª RvwZmËv
Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ cÖvq 6.6% wÎcyiv Ges Zv‡ì msL¨v cÖvq 79,772 Rb ( Av`g ïgvwi-1991)|
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi ivgMo, LvMovQwo‡ZB cÖvq 80% wÎcyiv‡ì emevm|
wÎcyiviv m¤ú~Y© Abvh© RvwZ| gvSvwi Mob, D¾¡j is, †evPv bvK, †QvU I Zxÿœ †PvL Ges Kv‡jv Pzj
G‡ì kvixwiK •ewkó¨| wÎcyiviv KK&-eiK fvlvq K_v e‡j| G fvlv †ev‡Wv †kÖwYfz³ wZeŸZx-evwg©R
†MvÎfz³|
wPÎ : HwZnëvnx Mnbv I †cvkv‡K wÎcyiv bvix wPÎ: wÎcyiv `¤úwZ

ag© wek¦v‡m wÎcyiviv mbvZb a‡g©i Abymvix| wÎcyiviv †gvU 36wU `j ev `dvq wef³, evsjv‡`‡k 16wU
`‡ji emevm i‡q‡Q| wÎcyiv mgvR wcZ…Zvwš¿K| wcZvB cwiev‡ii cÖavb Ges †R¨ô cyÎ mKj
m¤úwËi DËivwaKix nq| G‡ì mKj †Mv‡Îi g‡a¨ weevn cÖPwjZ| G‡ì g‡a¨ weevn we‡”Q` ¯^xK…Z|
g„Zyï ci A‡šÍwówµqv wn‡m‡e Zviv ke`vnwµqv I kÖv×wµqv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
wÎcyiv cyiæliv ÔaywZÕ I ÔLebÕ c‡i| Avi gwnjv‡ì cÖPwjZ †cvkvK n‡jv Ô‡cwU‡KvUÕ I ÔeøvDRÕ|
gwnjviv †bK‡jm , †bvjK QvovI Mjvq, Pz‡ji Dci, evû‡Z, nv‡Z Aj¼vi eënvi K‡i|
Giv cvnv‡oi Xv‡j 5 †_‡K 15wU cwiev‡i `je× n‡q evm K‡ib| Zv‡ì evwoNi euv‡ki •Zwi|
Ni¸‡jv 5-6 dzU DuPz| wns¯ª RšÍzi AvµgY †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ Zviv Gfv‡e Ni •Zwi K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b
Aek¨ A‡b‡K mgZjf~wg‡Z emevm Ki‡Qb|
Ryg Pvl n‡jv wÎcyiv RvwZi dmj Drcv`b c×wZ| Ryg Pv‡li ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ Zviv m½xZ I
Drm‡ei Av‡qvRb K‡i| Ô•eïKÕ Zv‡ì cÖavb mvgvwRK Drme| wZb w`be¨vcx G Abyôvb P‡j|
eZ©gv‡b Ryg Pvl †Q‡o Zviv mvaviY Pvlvev‡Ì Af¨¯Í n‡”Qb|
174
Aa¨vq 13
AwaKvi, `vwqZ¡ I gvbevwaKvi
wkï AwaKvi
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi GKwU weivU Ask wkï| AvR‡Ki wkï fwel¨‡Zi mwµq bvMwiK n‡e| ZvB
cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡ì myôz mvgvwRK, gvbwmK I Ab¨vb¨ weKvk| Gme wKQzB wbf©i K‡i wkï‡ì Dchy³
cwiPh©v I †e‡o IVvi my‡hvM-myweavi Dci| Avi ZvB wek¦e¨vcx wkïi AwaKvi c~i‡Yi Dci ¸iæZ¡
†Ìqv n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡kI miKvwi I †emiKvwi ch©v‡q ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ welqwU we‡ewPZ n‡”Q|
wkïi Rxeb A‡bK e¨vcv‡i eo‡ì Ici wbf©ikxj| Zvi wb‡Ri Avq †bB| †QvU e‡j Zvi Mv‡q †Rvi
Kg| GKB Kvi‡Y Zvi ÁvbI Kg| wKš‧ ZvB e‡j Zv‡K Zvi AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv hv‡e bv| Zvi
Ici †Kv‡bv e¨vcv‡i †Rvi LvUv‡bv Pj‡e bv| wkïI KZ¸‡jv e¨vcv‡i ¯^vaxbZv †fv‡Mi AwaKvix| wkï
wn‡m‡e mgvR I iv‡óªi Kv‡Q ZviI wKQy AwaKvi Av‡Q| wkï‡ì AwaKv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ we‡ePbv K‡i
RvwZms‡N 1989 mv‡ji 20 b‡f¤î wek¦ wkï AwaKvi mb` M„nxZ nq| 1990 mv‡ji 2 †m‡Þ¤î
†_‡K Gi Kvh©KvwiZv ïiæ nq|
evsjv‡`k G mb‡ì GKwU ¯^vÿiKvix †`k| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bI wewfbœfv‡e wkï AwaKv‡ii
welqwU AšÍf©y³ Av‡Q| evsjv‡`k miKvi 1974 mv‡j cÖ_g wkï AvBb cÖeZ©b K‡i| GQvov GKwU
Dchy³ wkï bxwZI miKv‡ii we‡ePbvaxb i‡q‡Q| miKvwi bxwZ Abyhvqx 18 eQ‡ii Kg eq‡mi
mK‡jB wkï wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ n‡e|
175
wewfbœ WKz‡g›U Abyhvqx wkï‡ì AwaKvi¸‡jv n‡jv:
wkï‡ì AwaKvi
1) wkÿvi AwaKvi, 10) Aí eq‡m we‡q bv Kivi AwaKvi
2) †eu‡P _vKv I wbivcËv jv‡fi AwaKvi 11) †Ljvayjv I we‡bv`‡bi AwaKvi
3) Lv`¨, cywó I wPwKrmvi AwaKvi 12) †Q‡j-†g‡q, RvwZ, ag©, eY© BZ¨vw` wbwe©‡k‡l
4) m¤ú‡ì AwaKvi mevi mgvb my‡hvM-myweav cvIqvi AwaKvi
5) ¯^v¯¨m¤§Z I wbivc` cwi‡e‡k emevm I 13) AvB‡bi AvkÖq jv‡fi AwaKvi
Kv‡Ri AwaKvi 14) gv evevi mv‡_ GKmv‡_ emev‡mi AwaKvi
6) GKwU bvg cvIqvi I Rb¥ †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi 15) A‣eafv‡e we‡`‡k cvPvi bv nIqvi AwaKvi
AwaKvi 16) Z_¨ cvIqvi I gZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi
7) fv‡jv eënvi cvIqvi AwaKvi 17) Ae‡njv, †kvlY I wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi wkï‡ì
8) kvixwiKfv‡e wbh©vwZZ I †h․b nqivwb bv kvixwiK I gvbwmK wPwKrmv cvIqvi AwaKvi
nIqvi AwaKvi
9) wkkykÖ‡g RwoZ bv nIqvi AwaKvi
GB AwaKvi¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi R‡bÏ A‡bK¸‡jv weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q| G e¨vcv‡i miKv‡ii f~wgKv
cÖavb n‡jI evev-gvi `vwqZ¡I wKš‧ Kg bq| †gvU K_v wkïi RxebaviY, Zvi kvixwiK I gvbwmK
weKvk, wk¶v, wbivcËv, wPšÍv, we‡ePbv, gZ cÖKvk I ag©cvj‡bi ¯^vaxbZv BZ¨vw` Zvi hZ iKg
AwaKvi Av‡Q me i¶v Kivi `vwqZ¡ eo‡ì|
wkïi AwaKvi iÿvq miKvi wewfbœ AvBb cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb, hv f½ Ki‡j Acivaxi kvw¯Íi eë¯v
i‡q‡Q| GQvov 14 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx †Kv‡bv wkï‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB c~Y©Kvjxb Kv‡R wb‡qvM †Ìqv hv‡e
bv| (Drm : evsjvwcwWqv, Convention on the Rights of the Child, UNICEF, 1990)|
wKš‧ `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨ Avgv‡ì †`‡k Gme AwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi cwigvY LyeB Kg| G j‡ÿ¨ M„nxZ
AvBb¸‡jvi Kvh©KvwiZvI hrmvgvb¨| d‡j Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wkïiv cÖwZwbqZ Zv‡ì AwaKvi †_‡K
ewÂZ n‡”Q| GwU GKw`‡K †hgb wkïi wb‡Ri ÿwZ Ki‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K wkïi Av`k© I mwµq bvMwiK
nIqvi c‡_ cÖwZeÜKZv wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| G Ae¯vi DËiY cÖ‡qvRb| wkÿKe„›`‡K Aek¨B G
†ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
AwUw÷K I we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤cbœ wkï‡ì cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK AwaKvi
wkï AwaKvi GKwU mve©Rbxb welq| wkïi cÖwZwU AwaKvi cÖ‡Z¨K wkïi cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I
gvbweK gh©v`v Ges cwic~Y© mylg weKv‡ki Rb¨ Acwinvh©| welqwU AwUw÷K I Ab¨vb¨ we‡kl
176
Pvwn`vm¤cbœ wkï‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| AwUw÷K wkïi cÖavbZg •ewkó¨ n‡”Q GK ai‡bi
wbD‡iv †W‡fjc‡g›Uvj cÖwZewÜZv| AwUw÷K I Ab¨vb¨ we‡kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkïiv kvixwiK, gvbwmK
I mvgvwRKfv‡e mvaviY wkï‡ì Zzjbvq wcwQ‡q _v‡K| d‡j Zv‡ì AwaKvi Abyaveb I ev¯Íevqb
AZ¨šÍ Riæwi| cwievi †_‡K ïiy K‡i we`¨vjq, KwgDwbwU, mgvR Z_v iv‡óªi mKj m¤¢ve¨ RvqMvq
hv‡Z Gme wkï Zv‡ì mKj ai‡bi AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ ev •el‡gï wkKvi bv nq, ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i Zv
wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
wPÎ: †kÖwY K‡ÿ AwUw÷K wkï

Zviv hv‡Z gh©v`v mnKv‡i mgv‡R GKRb Drcv`bkxj bvMwiK wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡ì cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡i
GRb¨ Zv‡ì wkÿv I cÖ‡qvRbxq Ab¨vb¨ w`‡Ki cÖwZ Avgv‡ì AvšÍwiK I hZœkxj n‡Z n‡e|
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b mKj bvMwi‡Ki mgAwaKvi, gvbemË¡vi gh©v`v, †g․wjK gvbevwaKvi
I mvgvwRK mvg¨ cÖwZôvi A½xKvi e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB A½xKv‡ii Ask wn‡m‡e cieZ©x‡Z evsjv‡`k
miKvi cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i AwaKvi msµvšÍ RvwZmsN mb` ÔUnited Nations Convention on the
Rights of the Persons with Disabilities,2006Õ Abymg_©b K‡i| djkÖæwZ‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i
AwaKvi cÖwZôv I myi¶v wbwðZK‡í GZ`msµvšÍ we`¨gvb AvBb iwnZµ‡g cybtcÖYq‡bi j‡¶¨ weavb
Kiv mgxPxb I cÖ‡qvRbxq e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z 2013 mv‡j RvwZmsN mb‡ì Dci wfwË
K‡iB evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i AwaKvi I myi¶v AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| GB AvB‡b cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i
wk¶vmn me©‡¶‡Î mgvb my‡hvM Ges me ai‡bi •elg¨ n‡Z gyw³ jv‡fi AwaKvi wbwðZ n‡q‡Q|
G AvB‡bi 15 bs avivi 1 bs Dcavivq cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ †h mKj AvBbMZ AwaKvi jvf Ki‡eb Zv
D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ wKQz AwaKvi Zz‡j aiv nj:
177
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i AvBbMZ AwaKvimg~n
 c~Y©gvÎvq ‡eu‡P _vKv;
 wbcxob nB‡Z myi¶v Ges wbivc` I ¯^v¯¨Ki
 me©‡¶‡Î mgvb AvBbx ¯^xK…wZ Ges cwi‡e‡ki myweav cÖvwß;
wePviMg¨Zv;
 cÖvc¨Zv mv‡c‡ÿ me©vwaK gv‡bi ¯^v¯¨‡mev
 ¯^vaxb Awfe¨w³ I gZ cÖKvk Ges Z_¨cÖvwß; cÖvwß;
 cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv;  wk¶v I Kg©‡¶Î mn cÖ‡hvR¨ mKj †¶‡Î

ÔcÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^v”Q‡›`ï Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek
 mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK I ivóªxq BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î, I b¨vh¨ my‡hvMmyweavÕ (reasonable
cÖwZewÜZvi aib Abyhvqx, c~Y© I Kvh©Ki accommodation) cÖvwß;
fv‡e AskMÖnY;
 kÖeY cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ I evK cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i
 wk¶vi mKj ¯Í‡i, wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b Dchy³ wbR B”Qv Abyhvqx h_vm¤fe evsjv Bkviv
my‡hvM myweav cÖvwß mv‡c‡ÿ, GKxf‚Z ev fvlv‡K cÖ_g fvlv wn‡m‡e MÖnY;
mgwš^Z wk¶vq AskMÖnY;
 kvixwiK, gvbwmK I KvwiMix m¶gZv AR©b
 miKvwi-‡emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡b K‡g© wbhyw³ Kwiqv mgvR Rxe‡bi mKj †¶‡Î m¤ú~Y© fv‡e
GKxf‚Z nBevi j‡¶¨ mnvqK‡mev I cybe©vmb
GQvov Dcaviv (2) G ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡K Dc-aviv (1) G D‡jøwLZ AwaKvi msµvšÍ
 Kg©Rxe‡b cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi e¨w³ K‡g© myweav cÖvwß;
wel‡q †Kvb e¨w³, cÖwZôvb, KZ©…c¶ ev ms¯v †Kvb cÖKv‡ii •elg¨ cÖ`k©b ev •elg¨g~jK AvPiY Ki‡Z
wb‡qvwRZ _vwKevi, Ab¨_vq, h_vh_ cybe©vmb
cvi‡e bv|
ev ¶wZc~iY cÖvwß;
cÖwZeÜx wk¶v_©x‡ì we`¨vj‡q fwZ© Kivi e¨vcv‡i G AvB‡bi 32 bs avivi 1 bs Dcavivq ejv n‡q‡Q
†h, ÒcÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi cÖavb ev KZ©„c¶ D³ e¨w³i Ab¨vb¨ †hvM¨Zv _vKv
m‡Ë¡I fwZ©i Av‡e`b cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb bvÓ| GKB mv‡_ Dcaviv bs 2 G ‣el‡gï wkKvi
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ D³ wel‡q mswkøó KwgwUi wbKU Awf‡hvM `v‡qi Ki‡Z cvi‡e e‡j D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
cÖwZeÜx wk¶v_©x‡ì cÖwZ †Kvbiƒc •elg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ 35 bs avivq ejv nq‡Q †h, cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i
AwaKvi msµvšÍ wel‡q †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb ev KZ©„c¶ ev ms¯v †Kvb cÖKvi •elg¨ cÖ`k©b ev
•elg¨g~jK AvPiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
Aci w`‡K, wbD‡iv-†W‡fjc‡g›Uvj cÖwZeÜx myi¶v Uªv÷ AvBb, 2013 cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì kvixwiK,
gvbwmK I A_©‣bwZK mnvqZv, Zv‡ì †e‡o DVv, wbivcËv I cybe©vmb, mvgvwRKfv‡e m¶gZv e„w× Ges
Zv‡ì Rb¨ h_vh_ wk¶v eë¯vi Z_v g~javivi we`¨vjq ev Ae¯v‡f‡` we‡klvwqZ we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov
Kivi my‡hvM Dbœq‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ †`q|
ïaygvÎ Avgv‡ì †`‡kB bq eis AvšÍR©vwZK fv‡e evsjv‡`k †ek ¯^v_©KZvi mv‡_ ivR‣bwZK I
mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv e„w× K‡i Ges wewfbœ cÖwZKvig~jK eë¯v MÖnY Kivi gva¨‡g AwURg mn Ab¨vb¨
cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y D™¢~Z Ges e„w× cvIqv wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
178
AvR‡Ki wkï RvwZi †mvbvjx fwel¨‡Zi ¯cwZ| my›ì Kj¨vYKi RvwZ MV‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Ggb
my›ì cwi‡ek †hLv‡b RvwZi fwel¨r ¯cwZMY mKj m¤¢vebvmn my¯, ¯^vfvweK I ¯^vaxb gh©v`v wb‡q
kvixwiK, gvbwmK, •bwZK, Ava¨vwZ¥K Ges mvgvwRKfv‡e c~Y© weKvk jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wPÎ: we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï

AwUw÷K I we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤cbœ wkï‡ì Rb¨ Giƒc GKwU cwi‡ek MVb Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡ì‡K Kv‡iv
AbyMÖ‡ni Dci wbf©ikxj Kiv hv‡e bv| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb G ai‡bi wkï†ì AwaKvi c~i‡Y Dchy³ I
cÖ‡qvRbxq AviI AvBb cÖYqb Ges †m¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi mw¤§wjZ I Kvh©Ki D‡`¨vM|
evj¨ weevn I Avgv‡ì KiYxq

evj¨weevn AvšÍR©vwZK wkï AwaKvi mb‡ì cwicšx Ges AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKv‡ii we‡ivax| GwU
evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU RvZxq mgm¨v| evsj‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK †cÖÿvc‡U evj¨ weevn AvBb m¤ú‡K©
AÁvbZv I Am‡PZbZv Ges mvgvwRK `„wófw½ I agx©q Kzms¯‥v‡ii Kvi‡Y mgm¨vwU mgv‡R we`¨gvb|
G‡ÿ‡Î AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖPvi I cÖ‡qv‡Mi AfveI mgm¨vwUi Ab¨Zg KviY| evj¨weevn , Gi ÿwZKi
w`K I Gi AvBbMZ w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© mK‡ji Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k eZ©gvb weevn AvBb Abyhvqx we‡qi mgq hw` cv‡Îi eqm 21 eQ‡ii wb‡P Ges K‡bi
eqm hw` 18 eQ‡ii wb‡P nq, ZLb Zv‡ì weevn‡K evj¨weevn ejv nq| evsjv‡`‡k evj¨weevn
†eAvBbx|
evj¨weev‡ni ÿwZKi w`K
evj¨weev‡ni d‡j wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡ì wewfbœfv‡e gvbwmK, kvixwiK I mvgvwRK ÿwZ n‡q _v‡K|
G‡ÿ‡Î †Q‡j‡ì Zzjbvq †g‡qiv †ewk ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| ÿwZKi w`K¸‡jv n‡jv:
 G eq‡mi mnRvZ D”Q¡vm-e„w× I MwZkxjZv‡K _vwg‡q †`q|

 `ªæZ wkÿvRxeb †_‡K S‡i c‡o , d‡j wkÿvi Av‡jv ‡_‡K ewÂZ nq I wbR¯^ `„wófw½ M‡o
D‡V bv|
179
 AcÖvß eq‡m Mf© avi‡Yi d‡j †g‡q‡ì Acywó I Mf©Kvjxb wewfbœ RwUjZv †`Lv †`q| GgbwK
cÖmeKv‡j gv I wkïi SuzwK e„w× cvq|
 wkïi ¯^í IRb nq I Acywó‡Z fz‡M RwUj †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi Avk¼v †e‡o hvq|
 msmv‡ii `vq-`vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Acwic° nIqvq `v¤úZ¨ Kj‡ni m„wó nq I bvixiv AwaK gÎvq
wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nq|
 evj¨ weev‡ni d‡j Aí eqmx †g‡q ZvjvKcÖvß n‡j Zvi cwievi Avw_©K I gvbwmKfv‡e
ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq|
 AZ¨vPvwiZ n‡q A‡bK †g‡q wec‡_ P‡j hvq, GgbwK AvZ¥nZ¨vi gZ Aciv‡ai c_ †e‡Q
†bq|
evj¨weevn cÖwZ‡iv‡a Avgv‡ì KiYxq

evj¨weev‡ni gZ GKwU mvgvwRK mgm¨v‡K cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z Avgv‡ì‡K wb‡Pi welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡
cÖ`vb Kiv DwPZ|
 Rb¥ wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i we‡qi mgq Rb¥ mb` cÖ`k©b eva¨Zvg~jK Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wK‡kvix I bvix‡ì m‡PZbZvi cvkvcvwk cwievi-mgvR‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 KvRx I Bgvg‡ì evj¨weev‡ni ÿwZKi w`K I AvBbMZ wewaweavb m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
 cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î bvixi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 BDwbqb cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vb, †g¤^vi we‡kl K‡i wbe©vwPZ bvix †g¤^viMY mvgvwRK cÖwZ‡iva
M‡o Zzj‡Z mevB‡K m‡PZb Ki‡e|
 evj¨weevn AvBb m¤ú‡K© mgv‡Ri mKj‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wkÿvi cÖv_wgK ¯Íi †_‡KB evj¨weevn †iv‡a m‡PZbZvg~jK Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
G‡ÿ‡Î we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY‡K AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
evj¨weev‡ni AvBb
evj¨weevn nj Ac«vßeq¯‥ e¨w³i AvbyôvwbK A_ev AbvbyôvwbK weevn| AvBbZ we‡qi eqm 18 ermi,
we‡klZ †g‡q‡ì †¶‡Î| wKš‧ we‡kl †¶‡Î Awfeve‡Ki AbygwZ mv‡c‡¶ GB eq‡mi Av‡MI we‡qi
AbygwZ †`qv nq| hwÌ AvBb Abyhvqx we‡qi eqm 18 ermi, ZviciI wKQy wKQy †`‡ki wbR¯^
c«_v‡KB AvB‡bi †P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq| evj¨weev‡n †g‡q Ges †Q‡j Df‡qi DciB c«fve c‡o|
Z‡e †g‡qivB †ewk ¶wZM«¯Í nq, we‡klZ wbgœ Av_©mvgvwRK cwiw¯wZi Kvi‡Y| †ewkifvM evj¨weev‡n
`yR‡bi g‡a¨ ïay GKRb Ac«vßeq¯‥ n‡q _v‡K| we‡klZ †g‡qivB evj¨weev‡ni wkKvi †ewk nq|
Òevj¨weevn wb†iva AvBb 2017 Abyhvqx evj¨weevn A_© GBiƒc weevn hvnvi †Kvb GK c¶ ev Dfq
c¶ Ac«vß eq¯‥, Ac«vß eq¯‹ A_© weev‡ni †¶‡Î 21 (GKyk) ermi c~Y© K‡ib bvB Ggb †Kv‡bv cyiæl
Ges 18 (AvVv‡iv) ermi c~Y© K‡ib bvB Ggb †Kv‡bv bvixÓ |
180
evj¨weev‡ni kvw¯Í
evj¨weevn wb†iva AvBb 2017 Abyhvqx -
Ò7| evj¨weevn Kwievi kvw¯Í
(1) c«vß eq¯‥ †Kvb bvix ev cyiæl evj¨weevn Kwi‡j Dnv nB‡e GKwU Aciva Ges Z¾b¨ wZwb
AbwaK 2 (`yB) ermi Kviv`Ð ev AbwaK 1 (GK) j¶ UvKv A_©`Ð ev Dfq `‡Ð `Ðbxq nB‡eb Ges
A_©`Ð Abv`v‡q AbwaK 3 (wZb) gvm Kviv`‡Ð `Ðbxq nB‡eb|
(2) Ac«vß eq¯‥ †Kvb bvix ev cyiæl evj¨weevn Kwi‡j wZwb AbwaK 1 (GK) gv‡mi AvUKv‡`k ev
AbwaK 50,000 (cÂvk) nvRvi UvKv Rwigvbv ev Dfq ai‡bi kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ nB‡eb:
Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, aviv 8 Gi Aaxb †Kvb e¨w³i weiæ‡× gvgjv `v‡qi ev `Ð c«`vb Kiv nB‡j D³iƒc
Ac«vß eq¯‥ bvix ev cyiæl‡K kvw¯Í c«`vb Kiv hvB‡e bv|
(3) Dc-aviv (2) Gi Aaxb wePvi I kvw¯Í c«`v‡bi †¶‡Î wkï AvBb, 2013 (2013 m‡bi 24 bs
AvBb) Gi weavbvejx c«‡hvR¨ nB‡e|
8| evj¨weevn mswkøó wcZv-gvZvmn Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³i kvw¯Í
wcZv-gvZv, AwffveK A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³, AvBbMZfv‡e ev AvBb ewnf©~Zfv‡e †Kvb Ac«vß eq¯‥
e¨w³i Dci KZ©…Z¡ m¤úbœ nBqv evj¨weevn m¤úbœ Kwievi †¶‡Î †Kvb KvR Kwi‡j A_ev Kwievi
AbygwZ ev wb‡`©k c«`vb Kwi‡j A_ev ¯^xq Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y weevnwU eÜ Kwi‡Z e¨_© nB‡j Dnv nB‡e
GKwU Aciva Ges Z¾b¨ wZwb AbwaK 2 (`yB) ermi I Ab¨~b 6 (Qq) gvm Kviv`Ð ev AbwaK 50
(cÂvk) nvRvi UvKv A_©`Ð ev Dfq `‡Ð `Ðbxq nB‡eb Ges A_©`Ð Abv`v‡q AbwaK 3 (wZb) gvm
Kviv`‡Ð `Ðbxq nB‡eb|
9| evj¨weevn m¤úv`b ev cwiPvjbv Kwievi kvw¯Í
†Kvb e¨w³ evj¨weevn m¤úv`b ev cwiPvjbv Kwi‡j Dnv nB‡e GKwU Aciva Ges Z¾b¨ wZwb AbwaK
2 (`yB) ermi I Ab¨b~ 6 (Qq) gvm Kviv`Ð ev AbwaK 50 (cÂvk) nvRvi UvKv A_©`Ð ev Dfq `‡Ð
`Ðbxq nB‡eb Ges A_©`Ð Abv`v‡q AbwaK 3 (wZb) gvm Kviv`‡Ð `Ðbxq nB‡eb|
11| evj¨weevn wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ weevn wbeÜ‡bi kvw¯Í, jvB‡mÝ evwZj
†Kvb weevn wbeÜK evj¨weevn wbeÜb Kwi‡j Dnv nB‡e GKwU Aciva Ges Z¾b¨ wZwb AbwaK 2
(`yB) ermi I Ab¨~b 6 (Qq) gvm Kviv`Ð ev AbwaK 50 (cÂvk) nvRvi UvKv A_©`Ð ev Dfq `‡Ð
`Ðbxq nB‡eb Ges A_©`Ð Abv`v‡q AbwaK 3 (wZb) gvm Kviv`‡Ð `Ðbxq nB‡eb Ges Zvnvi jvB‡mÝ
ev wb‡qvM evwZj nB‡e|
e¨vL¨v: GB avivi D‡Ïk¨ c~iYK‡í, Òweevn wbeÜKÓ A_© Muslim Marriages and Divorces
(Registration) Act, 1974 (Act No. LII of 1974) Gi Aaxb jvB‡mÝc«vß wbKvn& †iwRó«vi
Ges Christian Marriage Act, 1872 (Act No. XV of 1872), Special Marriage Act,
1872 (Act No. III of 1872) I wn›`y weevn wbeÜb AvBb, 2012 (2012 m‡bi 40 bs AvBb) Gi
Aaxb wb‡qvMc«vß weevn wbeÜK|Ó
181
bvMwiK AwaKvi
AvaywbK iv‡óª bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| g~jZ GKwU iv‡óªi PwiÎ
†evSv m¤¢e nq H ivóª Zvi bvMwiK‡ì KZUzKz AwaKvi w`‡”Q Zvi gva¨‡g| ivóª KZUzKz RbKj¨vbKi
Zv wbf©i K‡i iv‡óªi bvMwi‡Kiv mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK I A_©‣bwZK AwaKvi Kx cwigvY †fvM K‡i Zvi
Dci| ivóªweÁvbx jvw¯‥i g‡Z, ÒcÖ‡Z¨K ivóªB cwiwPwZ cvq Zvi cÖ`Ë AwaKvi cwiPh©v I jvjb-cvjb
ØvivÓ (fyBqv, 1997)| cÖPwjZ A‡_© AwaKvi n‡jv gvby‡li B”Qv c~i‡Yi ÿgZv| wKš‧ ÿgZv I
AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| AwaKvi n‡jv ivóª KZ…©K ¯^xK…Z `vwe| ÿgZv ZLbB AwaKvi wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ n‡e hLb ivóª H ÿgZv‡K ¯^xK…wZ I Aby‡gv`b †`q| AwaKv‡ii welqwU me©Rbxb| g~jZ
mgv‡Ri DbœwZ, Kj¨vY mvab Ges avivevwnKZv iÿvq iv‡óªi D‡Ï‡k¨B ivóª mgv‡R emevmiZ
Rb‡Mvôxi AwaKvi cwiPh©v I msiÿY K‡i _v‡K|
bvMwiK AwaKv‡ii †kªwYwefvM

e„nr A‡_© bvMwiK AwaKvi‡K wZb fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv: K) mvgvwRK AwaKvi,
L) ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi I M) A_©‣bwZK AwaKvi| wb‡gœ wewfbœ AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ
mvgvwRK AwaKvi
mvgvwRK AwaKvi mgvR Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| mvgvwRK AwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g gvbyl mvgvwRK
Rxebhvcb I Rxeb msiÿY K‡i _v‡K| bvMwi‡Ki mvgvwRK AwaKvimg~n wbgœiƒc:
1. †eu‡P _vKvi AwaKvi : e¨w³i Rxeb iÿvi AwaKvi me AwaKv‡ii g~j| e¨w³ RxweZ bv _vK‡j
Ab¨ AwaKv‡ii †Kv‡bv A_© nq bv| G Kvi‡Y cÖ‡Z¨K iv‡óªi wbKU Zvi bvMwi‡Ki Rxeb iÿvi
AwaKvi GKwU †g․wjK mvgvwRK AwaKvi|
2. m¤úwËi AwaKvi : cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki e¨w³MZ m¤úwË AR©b I †fv‡Mi wbðqZv jv‡fi
AwaKvi Av‡Q| m¤úwËi AwaKvi e¨w³i e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i | G Kvi‡Y ivóª Zvi
bvMwi‡Ki m¤úwË msiÿ‡Yi AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
3. ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjv‡divi AwaKvi : cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjv‡divi
AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| ivóª hw` †Kv‡bvfv‡e bvMwi‡Ki ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjv‡div evavMÖ¯Í K‡i Zvn‡j GB
AwaKvi ÿzYœ n‡e|
4. msNe× nevi AwaKvi : bvMwi‡Ki msNe× nIqvi ¯^vaxbZv mvgvwRK AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨
Ab¨Zg| bvMwiK msNe×Zvi gva¨‡g wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q wewfbœ `vwe Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb
K‡i _v‡K|
5. gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv : g‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi bvMwi‡Ki †g․wjK AwaKvi| wewfbœfv‡e
bvMwiK gZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| gZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g bvMwiK eyw×e„wËK PP©v K‡i
_v‡K|
6. msev`c‡Îi AwaKvi : msev`c‡Îi AwaKvi MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯v‡K kw³kvjx K‡i|
msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g g~jZ bvMwi‡Ki gZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi‡K kw³kvjx Kiv
nq|
182
7. ms¯‥…wZ I fvlvi AwaKvi : ag©, eY©, wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki ms¯‥…wZ I fvlvi PP©v I
msiÿ‡Yi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| msL¨vjNy ev msL¨vMwiôZvi wfwË‡Z bq; eis iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡i
emevmiZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU bvMwiK‡K ms¯‥…wZ I fvlvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ivóª †Kv‡bviƒc evav m„wó Ki‡e
bv|
8. a‡g©i AwaKvi : cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki Zvi wbR ag© cvj‡bi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| ag© e¨w³i e¨w³MZ
welq| †m‡ÿ‡Î ivóª Ggb wKQz Ki‡e bv hv‡Z K‡i bvMwi‡Ki Abyf~wZ‡K AvNvZ K‡i|
ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi
ivR‣bwZK Kv‡h© AskMÖn‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ bvMwiKMY †h mg¯Í AwaKvi †fvM K‡i ZvB ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi|
wb‡P ivR‣bwZK AwaKvimg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
1. †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi : †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi ivR‣bwZK AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| GB AwaKvi
Abyhvqx cÖvßeq¯‥ cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK ¯^vaxbfv‡e †fvU cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g cQ›`g‡Zv miKvi MVb
Ki‡e|
2. wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi : GB AwaKvi Abyhvqx cÖvßeq¯‥ cÖ‡Z¨K bvix I cyiæl wbe©vPb Kivi
AwaKvi msiÿY K‡i| wbe©vwPZ nIqvi gva¨‡g ivóª cwiPvjbvq mivmwi AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM
cvq|
3. miKvwi PvKwi jv‡fi AwaKvi : wbw`©ó †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx bvMwi‡Ki PvKwi jv‡fi AwaKvi
i‡q‡Q| PvKwi jv‡fi gva¨‡g bvMwiK mivmwi kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM cvq|
4. we‡`‡k wbivcËvi my‡hvM : we‡`‡k Ae¯vbKv‡j bvMwi‡Ki wbR iv‡óªi wbKU †_‡K mvnv‡hï
`vwe Kivi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
A_©‣bwZK AwaKvi
AvaywbK ivóªeë¯vq bvMwi‡Ki A_©‣bwZK AwaKvi‡K ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Kiv nq| A‡b‡KB g‡b
K‡ib bvMwi‡Ki mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi‡K mywbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ A_©‣bwZK AwaKvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P A_©‣bwZK AwaKvimg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. K‡g©i AwaKvi : iv‡óªi g‡a¨ bvMwi‡Ki KvR cvIqvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| g~jZ K‡g©i gva¨‡g
e¨w³ RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i _v‡K|
2. ch©vß gRywii AwaKvi : bvMwiK Zvi †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx KvR Ki‡e Ges Kg© Abyhvqx ch©vß
gRywi cvIqvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| bvMwiK †hb †Kv‡bvfv‡e gRywi •el‡gï wkKvi bv nq †mw`‡K
ivóª‡K we‡kl eë¯v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. K‡g©i †h․w³K mg‡qi AwaKvi : bvMwi‡Ki w`‡bi GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ch©šÍ KvR Kivi AwaKvi
i‡q‡Q| c„w_exi cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡kB w`‡b 8 NÈv Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…Z eë¯v i‡q‡Q|
bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨
183
AwaKv‡ii cvkvcvwk cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡KiB iv‡óªi cÖwZ we‡kl `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| iv‡óªi
cÖwZ mywbw`©ó `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi gva¨‡g e¨w³ ivóªeë¯v Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| A‡bK KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv AvBb KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z Ges GB KZ©e¨mg~n cvjb bv Ki‡j kvw¯Íi
eë¯v Kiv nq| wb‡P bvMwi‡Ki cÖavb cÖavb `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
1. iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ : bvMwi‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ n‡jv iv‡óªi cÖwZ c~Y© AvbyMZ¨
cÖ`k©b Kiv| Gi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi msnwZ, mve©‡f․gZ¡ I wbivcËv iwÿZ nq| AvbyMZ¨ cÖKv‡ki
gva¨‡g bvMwiK Af¨šÍixY k„•Ljv iÿv I •e‡`wkK AvµgY n‡Z †`k‡K iÿvq mnvqZv K‡i
_v‡K|
2. AvBb gvb¨ Kiv : iv‡óªi AvBb gvbv bvMwi‡Ki Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨| AvBb Agvb¨ Ki‡j
bvMwiK‡K kvw¯Í †c‡Z nq| g~jZ iv‡óªi kvwšÍ I k„•Ljv iÿvi ¯^v‡_© wewfbœ AvBb cÖYqb Kiv
nq| †`‡ki AvBb gvb¨ Kiv‡K mgvR Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ© wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq |
3. Ki cÖ`vb : iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK‡K Avq Abyhvqx wbw`©ó nv‡i Ki
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| ZvB cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki DwPZ mgqgZ Ki cÖ`vb Kiv|
4. †fvU`vb Kiv : cÖvßeq¯‥ bvMwi‡Ki Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ n‡jv †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g
miKvi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Kiv| ÔmZZvÕ I ÔwbôviÕ mv‡_ mr I †hvM¨ cÖv_©x‡K
wbe©vwPZ Kivi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri mvwe©K Kj¨vY mva‡b bvMwi‡Ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|
5. AvBb-k„•Ljv iÿvq mnvqZv Kiv : †`‡ki AvBb-k„•Ljv iÿvq cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki DwPZ Dchy³
KZ©„cÿ‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx mvwe©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv| AvBb-k„•Ljv w¯wZkxj _vK‡j
bvMwiKMY mgv‡R kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e emevm Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
6. Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` Kiv : mgv‡Ri wewfbœ Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` KivI bvMwi‡Ki Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡ I
KZ©e¨| Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev‡ì gva¨‡g mgv‡R b¨vq cÖwZôvi c_ myMg nq|
7. mwnòzZv cÖ`k©b : bvMwi‡Ki Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cÖwZ cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mwnòzZv
cÖ`k©b Kiv| cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki gZvgZ‡K ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i †kvbv Ges †h․w³K gZvgZ‡K MÖn‡Yi
gvbwmKZv _vKv|
iv‡óªi mybvMwiK n‡Z n‡j bvMwiK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e| G¸‡jv Av`v‡q m‡Pó
n‡Z n‡e GKBfv‡e iv‡óªi cÖwZ `vwqZ-KZ©e¨mg~n h_vh_ fv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
gvbevwaKvi
gvbyl wn‡m‡e Avgv‡ì mevi my¯ I my›ìfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi AwaKvi Av‡Q| G Rb¨ Avgv‡ì wKQz
my‡hvM myweav ìKvi nq| †hgb-wkÿv MÖn‡Yi myweav, ¯^vaxbfv‡e PjvP‡ji my‡hvM| gvby‡li fv‡jvfv‡e
†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Gme my‡hvM-myweav cvIqvi AwaKvi¸‡jv‡K ejv nq gvbevwaKvi|
gvbevwaKvi n‡jv †mBme AwaKvi hv wb‡q gvbewkï Rb¥MÖnY K‡i Ges hv AwR©Z n‡j †m GKRb
c~Y©v½ gvbyl wn‡m‡e weKwkZ n‡Z cv‡i| GKRb gvbyl †m †h‡Kv‡bv mgv‡R-iv‡óª-cwiev‡i-†kªwY‡Z-
wj‡½-m¤cÖ`v‡q-a‡g©-RvwZ‡Mvôx‡Z Rb¥MÖnY KiyK bv †Kb, GB AwaKvi¸‡jv Zvi b¨vh¨ cvIbv| †KD
G¸‡jv †_‡K Zv‡K ewÂZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G¸‡jv cvIqvi e¨vcv‡i Kv‡iv Dci †Kv‡bv kZ© Av‡ivc
Kiv Pj‡e bv, Kv‡iv †ejvq G¸‡jv Kgv‡bv-evov‡bviI AeKvk †bB|
184
we‡k¦i gvby‡li KZ¸‡jv Awfbœ AwaKvi Av‡Q, hv‡K †g․wjK gvbevwaKvi e‡j| †hgbÑme gvbyl
Rb¥MZfv‡e ¯^vaxb, ¯^vaxbfv‡e PjvP‡ji AwaKvi, wkÿv MÖn‡Yi AwaKvi, wePvi cvIqvi AwaKvi, wbR
wbR ag© cvj‡bi AwaKvi, m¤úwËi AwaKvi, wbivcËv jv‡fi AwaKvi, wb‡Ri gZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi,
mgvb gRywi cvIqvi AwaKvi BZ¨vw`| gvbevwaKvi GKwU me©Rbxb AwaKvi| GwU gvby‡li Ggb wKQz
mnRvZ AwaKvi hv Qvov gvby‡li mwZ¨Kvi weKvk mvab nq bv| gvbevwaKvi‡K gvby‡li Rb¥MZ
AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`qv n‡q‡Q| ZvB RvwZ, ag©, eY©, wj½, AÂj wbwe©‡k‡l gvbevwaKvi mevi Rb¨
mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| gvby‡li kvixwiK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK, mvs¯‥…wZK, bvMwiK, ivR‣bwZK
BZ¨vw` AwaKvi gvbevwaKv‡ii AšÍM©Z| 1948 mv‡ji 10 wW‡m¤î RvwZmsN KZ©„K ‡NvwlZ
ÔgvbevwaKv‡ii me©Rbxb †NvlYvqÕ (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
ewY©Z AwaKvi¸‡jv eZ©gv‡b ÔgvbevwaKviÕ wn‡m‡e L¨vZ| 30wU Aby‡”Q‡` msewjZ GB †NvlYvq †gvU
25wU gvbevwaKvi ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ 19wU bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK Ges Ab¨ 6wU A_©‣bwZK,
mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK m¤úwK©Z AwaKvi| Gi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b 17wU bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK
AwaKvi‡K †g․wjK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ I AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q (gÐj I gÐj, 1999)| wb‡P cÖavb
cÖavb gvbevwaKvi eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :
bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi
wewfbœ gvbevwaKvi mb‡` bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi‡K gvbevwaKv‡ii Ab¨Zg Ask wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvq bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKv‡ii g~j e³e¨ n‡jvÑ RvwZ,
†MvÎ, eY©, wj½, fvlv, ag© wbwe©‡k‡l cÖ‡Z¨KwU gvby‡li †ek wKQz bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi
i‡q‡Q| gvby‡li bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wewfbœ AwaKvi n‡jv :
K) Rxeb iÿvi AwaKvi, V) †MvcbxqZv iÿvi AwaKvi,

L) wbh©vZb I AgvbweK AvPiY n‡Z gyw³, W) wPšÍv, we‡eK I ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv,
M) `vmZ¡ I eva¨Zvg~jK kªg n‡Z gyw³, X) gZvgZ `vb I gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv,
N) ¯^vaxbZv I wbivcËv cvIqvi AwaKvi, Y) †MvôxMZ ev ag©xq N„Yv D‡`ªKKvix cÖPviYvi
O) AvUK e¨w³i gvbweK AvPiY cvevi AwaKvi, Dci wewa-wb‡la,
P) F‡Yi `v‡q Kvivevm bv _vKvi ¯^vaxbZv, Z) mg‡eZ msMVb Kivi AwaKvi,
Q) PjvPj (ev ¯vbvšÍi) Ges wbevm cQ‡›ì _) msMVb Kivi ¯^vaxbZv,
¯^vaxbZv, `) weevn I cwievi MV‡bi AwaKvi,
R) iv‡óª Ae¯vbiZ we‡`wk‡ì Lvg‡Lqvwjfv‡e a) wkï‡ì AwaKvi,
ewn®‥…Z bv nevi ¯^vaxbZv, b) ivRbxwZ Kivi AwaKvi,
S) wbi‡cÿ wePvi cvevi ¯^vaxbZv, c) AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgvb,
T) c~e© †_‡K Kvh©Ki e‡j c‡i †NvwlZ †Kv‡bv e) msL¨vjNy‡ì AwaKvi
Aciva AvBb †_‡K iÿv cvevi AwaKvi,
U) AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z e¨w³ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cvevi
AwaKvi,
A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKvi
A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKvi g~jZ gvby‡li e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk I gh©v`vi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li gh©v`v cvevi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡
185
n‡jv Zvi bvMwi‡Ki gh©v`v iÿvq `vwqZ¡ †bqv| wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡b gvby‡li A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK
I mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKvi‡K me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`qv n‡q‡Q| GB gvbevwaKv‡ii g‡a¨
wewfbœ AwaKvi AšÍf©y³| †m¸‡jv n‡jv : Kv‡Ri AwaKvi, Kv‡Ri h_v_© I AbyK~j cwi‡ek cvIqvi
AwaKvi, †UªW BDwbqb MVb I G‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi, mvgvwRK wbivcËv cvIqvi AwaKvi, cwievi
msiÿY Ges gv I wkïi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv cvIqvi AwaKvi, RxebhvÎvi h_vh_ gvb Dc‡fv‡Mi
AwaKvi, gvbwmK I kvixwiK ¯^v‡¯ï Rb¨ cÖvc¨ m‡e©v”P gvb Dc‡fv‡Mi AwaKvi, wkÿvjv‡fi AwaKvi
Ges GB AwaKv‡ii Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖn‡Yi Ges •eÁvwbK Dbœq‡bi my‡hvMjv‡fi AwaKvi|
`jxq AwaKvi
wewfbœ `jxq AwaKvimg~n gvbevwaKv‡ii Ab¨Zg ¯Í¤¢ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq (AvBb-kvwjm †K›`ª,
1998)| GB mg¯Í `jxq AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ bvixi AwaKvi, ag©xq msL¨vjNyi AwaKvi, ÿz`ª RvwZmËvi
AwaKvi, msL¨vjNy fvwl‡Ki AwaKvi, kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi, Awfevmb kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi, cÖwZeÜxi
AwaKvi, msL¨vjNy †h․bKg©xi AwaKvi, Z…Zxq wj‡½i gvby‡li AwaKvi Ges ew›ì AwaKvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
g~jZ gvbevwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g GB mg¯Í `‡ji GKw`‡K †hgb gvbyl wn‡m‡e bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK
AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ †`qv n‡q‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K gvbyl wn‡m‡e mgv‡R Zv‡ì gh©v`v AÿzYœ I mg¯Í •elg¨
wbim‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q|
gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨

hwÌ gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y ivóª gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K, ZeyI gvbevwaKvi hv‡Z myiwÿZ _v‡K
†m Rb¨ bvMwiK GKw`‡K †hgb ivóª I miKvi‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Pvc cÖ‡qvM, †K․kj
cÖYqb I Zv ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ab¨w`‡K A‡bï gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y e¨w³ wb‡R †Kv‡bv
cÖwZeÜKZv bv m„wó K‡i †m e¨vcv‡iI m‡PZb †_‡K gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y mvwe©K f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| evsjv‡`k miKvi wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi mb`mg~n Aby‡gv`b I ¯^xK…wZ †`qvi gva¨‡g
gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y cÖwZÁve×| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bI gvbevwaKv‡ii wewfbœ AwaKvimg~n AšÍf©y³
Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvšÍR©vwZK Kb‡fbkb I BDGb c¨vwim bxwZmg~‡ni Dci wfwË K‡i 2009 mv‡j miKvi
RvZxq gvbevwaKvi Kwgkb MVb K‡ib (RvZxq gvbevwaKvi Kwgkb, 2010)| eZ©gv‡b GB Kwgkb
gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q|
Z‡e gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y bvMwiK mgv‡Ri Kvh©Ki f~wgKv Acwinvh©| hw` cÖwZwU bvMwiK A‡bï cÖwZ
I iv‡óªi cÖwZ †h `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q Zv h_vh_fv‡e cvjb K‡i Zvn‡j cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki †h
gvbevwaKvi i‡q‡Q Zv c~i‡Yi wbðqZv †`qv m¤¢e| wb‡P gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ I
KZ©e¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. gvbevwaKvi ms¯‥…wZ Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Kiv
bvMwi‡Ki gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y gvbevwaKvievÜe mgvR MVb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| mgv‡R hw` gvbevwaKvi
ms¯‥…wZ M‡o bv I‡V Zvn‡j ïay AvBb cÖYqb K‡i gvbevwaKvi msiÿY Kiv KwVb| gvbevwaKvi
ms¯‥…wZ M‡o IVvi Rb¨ bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ me©vwaK| GKwU †`‡ki cÖ‡Z¨KwU bvMwiK
gvbevwaKv‡ii Bmy¨mg~‡ni mv‡_ hw` cwiwPZ bv nq Zvn‡j gvbevwaKv‡ii ms¯‥…wZ M‡o I‡V bv|
186
2. miKvi, wewfbœ cÖwZôvb I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ WvqvjM I cvU©bviwk‡c AskMÖnY Kiv
gvbevwaKv‡ii welqwU GKwU †h․_ cÖ‡Póv| †Kv‡bv e¨w³, msMVb ev ivóª GKKfv‡e gvbevwaKvi
msiÿ‡Y gyL¨ fw~gKv ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖ‡Z¨KwU bvMwiK, msMVb, I miKv‡ii mgwš^Z Ges †h․_
cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g gvbevwaKvi msiÿY Kiv m¤¢e | GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wewfbœ WvqvjM I cvU©bviwk‡ci|
bvMwiK wn‡m‡e GKRb e¨w³i DwPZ GB WvqvjM Ges cvUb©viwkc MV‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY, Kg©cwiKíbv
cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡b mwµq fw~gKv ivLv|
3. gvbevwaKvi AvB‡bi cÖwZ kª×vkxj _vKv

gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y AvšÍR©vwZK I ivóªxq eë¯vq wewfbœ gvbevwaKvi welqK AvBb i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwU
bvMwi‡Ki Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ n‡jv H mg¯Í AvšÍR©vwZK I ivóªxq AvB‡bi cÖwZ kª×vkxj †_‡K
gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
4. gvbevwaKvi wel‡q m‡PZb nIqv
cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK hw` gvbevwaKvi wel‡q m‡PZb nq Zvn‡j gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y Zv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡e| we‡klZ gvbevwaKvi welqK m‡PZbZvg~jK Kvh©m~wP‡Z AskMÖn‡Y wb‡R‡K mwµq n‡Z
n‡e|
5. mgv‡R MYZvwš¿K PP©v I Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Kiv
gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y mgv‡Ri MYZvwš¿K PP©vi aviv Ae¨vnZ ivLv Riæwi| MYZš¿‡K gvbevwaKv‡ii
Ab¨Zg wfwË e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| †h mgvR hZUv MYZvwš¿K †m mgvR ZZUv mf¨| Ab¨w`‡K mf¨Zv
gvbevwaKv‡ii me‡P‡q eo m~PK|
6. gvbevwaKvi wW‡dÛv‡ii c‡ÿ I mwnsmZvi wec‡ÿ Ae¯’vb †bqv
cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki DwPZ gvbevwaKvi †hB j•Nb KiæK bv †Kb Zvi weiæ‡× Ae¯vb †bqv Ges Zvi
cÖwZev` Kiv Ges mwnsm AvPi‡Yi wkKvi I ÿwZMÖ¯Í e¨w³i cv‡k Ae¯vb wb‡q H e¨w³‡K mvnm
†hvMv‡bv I gvbevwaKvi Dbœqb I msiÿ‡Y mnvqZv Kiv |
7. gy³ I ¯^vaxb wgwWqv •Zwi‡Z mnvqZv Kiv

gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y gy³ I ¯^vaxb wgwWqvi f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh© | bvMwiK wn‡m‡e cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Ab¨Zg
`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ n‡jv gy³ I ¯^vaxb wgwWqv MV‡b Ae¨vnZ mnvqZv cÖ`vb|
8. ag©xq msL¨vjNyi AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vKv

cÖwZwU mgv‡R msL¨vMwiô Rb‡Mvôxi cvkvcvwk msL¨vjwNô Rb‡Mvôx evm K‡i| gymjgvb evsjv‡`‡k
cÖavb ag©xq †Mvôx n‡jI GLv‡b Ab¨vb¨ ag©xq msL¨vjNy †hgbÑwn›`y, †e․×, wLª÷vb BZ¨vwì emevm
i‡q‡Q| d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ n‡jv GB mg¯Í ag©xq msL¨vjNyi AwaKv‡ii
cÖwZ kª×vkxj nIqv Ges Zv‡ì gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y mnvqZv Kiv|
187
9. bvixi AwaKvi cÖwZôvq ewjô f~wgKv ivLv
cyiælZvwš¿K mgv‡R bvixiv me‡P‡q †ewk mwnsmZvi m¤§yLxb nq| cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki DwPZ bvixi cÖwZ
†h •elg¨g~jK AvPiY n‡”Q †m wel‡q m‡PZb n‡q •elg¨ wbim‡b D‡`¨vMx f~wgKv ivLv|
10. A‡bï gZvg‡Z kª×vkxj _vKv

cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK A‡bï gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ kª×vkxj _vK‡j Zviv gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
ivL‡e| e¨w³ hLb A‡bï gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ kª×vkxj n‡e Ges †h․w³Kfv‡e MÖnY Kivi gvbwmKZv M‡o
Zzj‡e ZLb mgv‡R mwnsmZv µgvš^‡q n«vm cv‡e|
11. ÿz`ª RvwZmËvi AwaKvi cÖwZôvq m‡Pó nIqv

evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ ÿz`ª RvwZmËvi emevm i‡q‡Q| G‡ì A‡b‡Ki gvbevwaKvi jw•NZ n‡”Q| bvMwi‡Ki
`vwqZ¡ n‡”Q G‡ì gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖwZ hZœkxj nIqv| Gi d‡j Zv‡ì gvbevwaKvi msiÿY Kiv m¤¢e|
188
Aa¨vq 14
AvšÍR©vwZK I AvÂwjK ms¯’v
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ 196wU †`k i‡q‡Q| GmKj †`k¸‡jv ivóªxqfv‡e ¯^vaxb I mve©‡f․g n‡jI bvbvg~wL
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKv Ges wb‡R‡ì Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZwU †`k‡K A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK,
ivR‣bwZK I mvs¯‥„wZK w`K w`‡q A‡bï mn‡hvwMZv †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e mK‡ji
mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb I GKwU kvwšÍgq wek¦ M‡o †Zvjvi j‡ÿ c„w_ex‡Z M‡o
D‡V‡Q wewfbœ AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯v| AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯vmg~‡ni g‡a¨ RvwZmsN, †RvUwbi‡cÿ
Av‡›`vjb, IAvBwm BZ¨vw` we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| †Zgwb AvÂwjK ms¯vmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mvK©,
Avwkqvb, BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb, Avwd«Kvb BDwbqb, G¨‡cK BZvw` we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| eZ©gvb
Aa¨v‡q RvwZmsN Ges mvK© m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡e|
RvwZmsN
RvwZ‡Z RvwZ‡Z msNvZ, ¯^v‡_©i Ø›Ø gvbemf¨Zvi AMÖhvÎv‡K evievi e¨vnZ K‡i‡Q| we‡kl K‡i MZ
kZvãx‡Z AbywôZ `y‡Uv wek¦hy‡×i fqvenZv, aŸs‡mi e¨vcKZv Ges fqven cwiYwZ †`‡L we‡k¦i gvbyl
hy‡×i cÖwZ exZkÖ× n‡q c‡owQj| wek¦evmx G aŸsmh‡Ái nvZ †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq LuyRwQj|
wek¦‡bZ…e„›` Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ †`‡ki ga¨Kvi we‡iva gxgvsmv Ges mK‡ji g‡a¨
mn‡hvwMZv m„wói j‡ÿ¨ 1920 mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi ÔwjM Ae †bkbmÕ MVb K‡ib| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y GB
ms¯vwU AKvh©Ki n‡q co‡j cybivq wØZxq wek¦hy× ïiæ nq|
wPÎ: RvwZms‡Ni mì `ßi
189
G hy‡×i fqven aŸsmjxjv gvby‡li we‡eK‡K cybivq bvov †`q Ges gvbemf¨Zv iÿvK‡í we‡k¦
¯vqx kvwšÍ cÖwZôv I wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ cvi®úvwiK m¤úªxwZ m„wói jÿ¨ wb‡q 1945 mv‡ji 24
A‡±vei 51wU iv‡óªi mgš^‡q GK mb` ev PvU©vi ¯^v¶‡ii gva¨‡g RvwZmsN cÖwZwôZ nq|
RvwZms‡Ni eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v 193 (m~Î : http://www.un.org/en/ga/)| hy³iv‡óªi
wbDBq‡K© RvwZms‡Ni mì `ßi Aew¯Z|
D‡jøL¨ †h evsjv‡`k 1974 mv‡ji 17 †m‡Þ¤î Zvwi‡L RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨c` jvf K‡i|
evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni 137Zg m`m¨|
RvwZmsN mb‡` D‡jøwLZ RvwZms‡Ni cÖavb 4wU †g․wjK D‡Ïk¨ n‡jvÑ
1. mviv we‡k¦i kvwšÍ eRvq ivLv;

2. mKj RvwZi g‡a¨ eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Kiv;
3. `wi`ª RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb, ¶zav, †ivM-e¨vwa I Awk¶v `~ixKiY Ges
ci¯ú‡ii ¯^vaxbZv I AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©‡bi wel‡q cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZ‡K GK‡Î
KvR Ki‡Z DØy× Kiv Ges
4. G mKj j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ RvwZmsN wewfbœ RvwZi Kvh©Kjv‡ci g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨
weav‡bi g~j †K›`ª wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv|
DcwiD³ D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ PvU©vi ev mb` Abyhvqx RvwZms‡Ni KZK¸‡jv bxwZ
i‡q‡Q| G bxwZ¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
• mKj m`m¨ ivóª‡K RvwZi gh©v`v w`‡Z n‡e;

• mb` Abyhvqx mKj m`m¨ ivóªB M„nxZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e;
• AvšÍR©vwZK weev`-wem¤^v`mg~n mswkøó mKj ivóª wg‡j kvwšÍc~Y© Dcv‡q mgvav‡bi Rb¨
cÖ¯‧Z _vK‡e;
• †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY e¨vcv‡i RvwZmsN n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡e bv;
• AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î †Kvb ivóªB ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e bv;
• eZ©gvb PvU©vi Abyhvqx RvwZmsN †h‡Kv‡bv `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b m‡Pó n‡j mKj ivóªB h_vixwZ
mvnvh¨ Ki‡e; Ges
• RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ bq Ggb mKj ivóªI hv‡Z RvwZms‡Ni wb‡`©k †g‡b P‡j Zv jÿ¨
ivL‡Z n‡e|
190
RvwZms‡Ni MVb
RvwZmsN cÖavbZ wbgœiƒc 6wU ms¯v ev wefvM wb‡q MwVZ | wb‡¤œi Q‡K †m¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
RvwZmsN
mvaviY cwil` wbivcËv A_©‣bwZK I AwQ cwil` AvšÍR©vwZK RvwZmsN

cwil` mvgvwRK Av`vjZ mwPevjq
RvwZms‡Ni A½xf~Z ms¯vmg~‡ni MVb, KvR Ges wek¦ gvbeZvi Kj¨v‡Y ms¯vmg~‡ni fzwgKv
m¤ú‡K© wb‡P msw¶ß weeiY †`qv n‡jvÑ
K) mvaviY cwil`
RvwZms‡Ni mKj m`m¨ ivóªB mvaviY cwil‡ì m`m¨| mKj m`m¨ ivóªB †Kv‡bv Bmy¨‡Z gvÎ 1wU K‡i
†fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi iv‡L| mvaviY cwil‡ì wbqwgZ mfv mvaviYZ cÖwZ eQi †m‡Þ¤î †_‡K wW‡m¤î
gv‡mi g‡a¨ AbywôZ nq| GQvovI we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i GKvwaK mfvI AbywôZ n‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZ
Awa‡ek‡bi ïiæ‡ZB m`m¨‡ì ga¨ †_‡K GKRb mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ n‡q mfvi KvR cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
†h‡Kv‡bv cÖ¯Íve cv‡ki Rb¨ `yB-Z…Zxqvsk †fv‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB cwil` cÖavbZ gnvmwPe wb‡qvM,
RvwZms‡Ni ev‡RU cvm, we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki kvwšÍ I wbivcËv weav‡b mnvqZv Kiv, m`m¨ ivóª KZ…©K
cÖ‡`q Puv`v wba©viY, wbivcËv cwil‡ì A¯vqx m`m¨ wbe©vPb, Ab¨vb¨ ms¯vi evwl©K wi‡cvU© ch©v‡jvPbv,
bZzb m`m¨ MÖnY Ges kZ© f‡½i Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv m`m¨ ivóª‡K ewn®‥vi I RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ ms¯vi
m`m¨ wbe©vP‡bi g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR¸‡jv G cwil` K‡i _v‡K|
L) wbivcËv cwil`
wbivcËv cwil` RvwZms‡Ni me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wefvM| GB wefvM 5wU ¯vqx m`m¨ I 10wU A¯vqx
m`m¨mn †gvU 15wU ivóª wb‡q MwVZ| 10wU A¯vqx m`m¨ ivóª mvaviY cwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì †fv‡U cÖwZ
`yB eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ nq| 5wU ¯vqx m`m¨ ivóª n‡jv, gvwK©b hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, ivwkqv, d«vÝ I
MYPxb| wbivcËv cwil‡` IVvi g‡Zv †h‡Kv‡bv cÖ¯Ív‡ei mv‡_ GB 5wU ivóª wØgZ †cvlY Ki‡j †mwU
Avi Aby‡gvw`Z nq bv| G ¶gZv‡K ejv nq †f‡Uv|
191
wek¦kvwšÍ, k„•Ljv I wbivcËv iÿvi `vwqZ¡ GB cwil‡ì Ici b¨¯Í| GB cwil` Ø‡›Ø iZ †`k¸‡jvi
mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv, mvwjmx, ga¨¯Zv ev Av‡cvm gxgvsmvi gva¨‡g AvšÍR©vwZK we‡iva wb®úwËi
†Póv K‡i| †Kv‡bv we‡iva wb®úwË‡Z e¨_© n‡j mvgwiK kw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i|
M) A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil`
GB cwil‡ì m`m¨ msL¨v 54 Rb cÖwZ 3 eQi AšÍi AšÍi GK-Z…Zxqvsk m`m¨ Aemi MÖnY K‡i|
cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ GKwU K‡i †fvU †`qvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| msL¨v Mwi‡ôi †fv‡U †h †Kvb wm×všÍ M„nxZ
nq| eQ‡i Kgc‡ÿ 2 evi wbDBqK© wKsev †R‡bfvq GB cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb e‡m| GB cwil‡ì cÖavb
KvR n‡jv m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb, †eKvi mgm¨vi mgvavb, wk¶vq cÖmvi
NUv‡bv, gvbevwaKvi Kvh©Ki Kivi gva¨‡g gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gvb-Dbœqb| GQvov wewfbœ
RbKj¨vYg~jK wel‡q mvaviY cwil‡ì Kv‡Q mycvwik †cÖiY KivI G cwil‡ì Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡|
N) AwQ cwil`
wbivcËv cwil‡ì ¯vqx m`m¨ Ges wbe©vwPZ Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡ì wb‡q GB cwil` MwVZ| GB cwil‡ì
gva¨‡g RvwZmsN we‡k¦i AbybœZ AÂj I kvmbKv‡h©i w`K †_‡K wek„•Lj †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi `vwqZ¡ †bq|
AwQfy³ AÂ‡ji DbœwZ Ges GjvKvi Awaevmx‡ì †`k kvm‡bi Dc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o †ZvjvB n‡”Q AwQ
cwil‡ì KvR|
O) AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vjZ
15 Rb m`m¨ mgš^‡q MwVZ AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vjZ n‡jv RvwZms‡Ni wePvivjq| wePvKi‡ì PvKwiKvj
9 eQi| †b`vij¨vÛ‡mi ivRavbx Ôw` †nMÕ kn‡i GwU Aew¯Z|
wPÎ: AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vjZ feb
192
RvwZms‡Ni †h ‡Kv‡bv m`m¨ ivóª †h ‡Kv‡bv AvšÍR©vwZK we‡iva gxgvsmvi Rb¨ GB Av`vj‡Z wePvicÖv_©x
n‡Z cv‡i| GB Av`vj‡Zi ivq wbivcËv cwil` KZ…©K Kvh©Kix Kiv nq|
P) RvwZmsN mwPevjq
RvwZmsN mwPevjq n‡jv RvwZms‡Ni cÖkvmwbK wefvM| gnvmwPe Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix‡ì
wb‡q GwU MwVZ | gnvmwPe wbivcËv cwil‡ì mycvwikµ‡g mvaviY cwil` KZ…©K 5 eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbhy³
nb| RvwZmsN mwPevjq Zvi AšÍf©y³ 9wU wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g mKj cÖkvmwbK KvR¸‡jv cwiPvjbv K‡i
_v‡K|
wek¦kvwšÍ cÖwZôvq RvwZms‡Ni f~wgKv
g~jZt wek¦kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi D‡Ï‡k¨B RvwZmsN cÖwZôv jvf K‡iwQj| cÖwZôvjv‡fi ci †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq
ch©šÍ we‡k¦ weivRgvb bvbv mgm¨v mgvav‡b G cÖwZôvbwU ¸iæZ¡cyY© fzwgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| Gme
mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi e¨vcv‡i RvwZms‡Ni M„nxZ c`‡¶cmg~n AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB cÖmswkZ n‡q‡Q| Avevi
KL‡bv KL‡bv RvwZms‡Ni wKQz c`‡ÿc c¶cvwZ‡Z¡i Awf‡hv‡M mgv‡jvwPZI n‡q‡Q| wek¦evmx‡K
hy×fq †_‡K gy³ ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv i¶v Kiv, wee`gvb †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨
eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© ¯vcb, AKvh©Ki Pzw³i cwieZ©b, wek¦kvwšÍi j‡¶¨ AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi cwieZ©b K‡i
AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î DbœwZ, cÖMwZ Ges msnwZ cÖwZôvi e¨vcv‡i RvwZmsN cÖksmbxq f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i
hv‡”Q| GQvov RvwZmsN Zvi kvwšÍ i¶xevwnbxi gva¨‡g wewfbœ †`‡k hy× wbim‡b Kvh©Kix f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i hv‡”Q| evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbx I cywjkevwnbxi m`m¨MY RvwZms‡Ni wek¦ kvwšÍ i¶xevwnbxi m`m¨
wn‡m‡e wek¦kvwšÍ cÖwZôvq exiZ¡ I cÖksmvi mv‡_ KvR K‡i hv‡”Q|
RvwZmsN A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil‡ì gva¨‡g AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^v_©, wk¶v, kÖg, gvbevwaKvi msi¶Y
cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î wbijm KvR K‡i Avm‡Q hv cÖksmvi `vwe`vi| wek¦ †_‡K ÿzav, `vwi`ª¨ I wbiÿiZv
`~ixKiY, gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôv, cwi‡ek `~lYRwbZ mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejv, RbmsL¨v we‡ùviY †iva, bvix I
wkï AwaKvi cÖwZôv BZ¨vw` wewfbœg~Lx Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g RvwZmsN gvbeKj¨v‡Y
kw³kvjx fzwgKv †i‡L P‡j‡Q| †gvU K_v wek¦e¨vcx mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK, evwYwR¨K, mvs¯‥…wZK Dbœqb
mvab Ki‡Z `xN©‡gqvw` cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i Z…Zxq we‡k¦i `wi`ª Ges `ye©j †`k¸‡jvi RbM‡Yi
RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœq‡b RvwZmsN Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
RvwZmsN Zvi A½xf~Z wewfbœ ms¯vi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k wkïKj¨vY, bvixKj¨vY, RbM‡Yi Rxebgv‡bi
Dbœqb, gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevqb, wkÿv, ¯^v¯¨, RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb, cÖwZ‡ekx ivóªmg~‡ni mv‡_
we`¨gvb mgm¨v mgvavb BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fzwgKv cvjb K‡i P‡j‡Q|
193
RvwZms‡Ni A½xf~Z K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms¯’v
we‡k¦i kvwšÍ, k„•Ljv, ¯^w¯Í, w¯wZkxjZv I wbivcËv weav‡bi †h A½xKvi wb‡q RvwZmsN hvÎv ïiæ
K‡iwQj †mB hvÎv‡K †eMevb Ki‡Z RvwZmsN wKQz we‡klvwqZ ms¯v MVb K‡i‡Q| wb‡gœ RvwZms‡Ni
K‡qKwU A½xf~Z ms¯vi Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
RvwZmsN AvšÍR©vwZK wkï Znwej (United Nations Internationa Children’s
Emergency Fund, UNICEF)
GB ms¯v wek¦‡K wkï‡ì Rb¨ wbivc` I Avb›`gq Avevm wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z wewfbœ †`‡ki miKvi,
m¤úÖ`vq I cwievi‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i| 1946 mv‡j GwU cÖwZwôZ nq| RvwZms‡Ni GKgvÎ ms¯v
BDwb‡md hv wkï I bvix AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z GKvZ¥fv‡e wb‡ew`Z| BDwb‡m‡di wkï AwaKvi
Kb‡fbkb Abyhvqx 18 eQ‡ii Kg eq¯‥ mK‡jB wkï wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
wPÎ: BDwb‡md mì `ßi
BDwb‡md 161wU †`‡k KvR K‡i| my›ì Rxebhvc‡b DrmvwnZ Kiv, wkï‡ì †ivM cÖwZ‡iva I
g„Zz¨SuzwK Kgv‡Z mnvqZv, Mf©aviY I wkïRb¥ wbivc` Kiv, wj½ •elg¨ cÖwZnZ Kiv, †g‡q‡ì wk¶vi
AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z mgvR‡K m‡PZb Kiv, wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡ì‡K mgv‡R †hvM¨ bvMwiK wn‡m‡e
wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ `¶Zv AR©‡bi mnvqZv Kiv I Zv‡ì wewfbœ mvgvwRK Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM K‡i
†`qv| Riæwi Ae¯vq mvov cÖ`vb †hgb `y‡h©vM-cieZ©x cwiw¯wZ †gvKv‡ejvq mvnvh¨ w`‡q wkÿvqZb
cybivq Pvjy I wkï‡ì Rb¨ wbivc` AÂj wbwðZ KivI BDwb‡m‡di KvR| BDwb‡md gvbe‡mevg~jK
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ 1965 mv‡j †bv‡ej kvwšÍ cyi¯‥vi †c‡q‡Q| Gi mì `ßi hy³iv‡óªi wbDBq‡K©|
194
RvwZmsN wk¶v, weÁvb I ms¯‥…wZ ms¯’v (United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization, UNESCO)
gvbeRvwZi gvbeZv, wePvi-eyw×, wPšÍv I •bwZK msnwZi Ici wfwË K‡i we‡k¦ `xN©¯vqx kvwšÍ M‡o
†Zvjvi Rb¨ 1946 mv‡j RvwZmsN wk¶v, weÁvb I ms¯‥…wZ ms¯v cÖwZwôZ nq| d«v‡Ýi ivRavbx
c¨vwi‡m Gi mì `ßi Aew¯Z|
wPÎ:BD‡b‡¯‥v mì `ßi
eZ©gv‡b Gi m`m¨ msL¨v 189| GB ms¯v we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki wk¶v, weÁvb, ms¯‥…wZ I †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³i Dbœqb G 4wU ‡ÿ‡Î KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| BD‡b‡¯‥vi Kg©m~wPi g~j j¶¨ n‡jv kvwšÍ I gvbe
ms¯‥…wZi weKvkmvab Ges Dbœq‡bi c_ cÖk¯Í Kiv| mK‡ji Rb¨ wk¶vi j¶¨ AR©b, AvšÍR©vwZK
•eÁvwbK Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g cwi‡ek-M‡elYvi Dbœqb, mvs¯‥…wZK •ewkó¨ jvj‡b mnvqZv, we‡k¦i cÖvK…wZK
I mvs¯‥…wZK HwZn¨ msi¶Y, msev` gva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖmvi, Z‡_ï Aeva cÖevn Ges Dbœqbkxj
we‡k¦i gvby‡li †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ GB ms¯v we‡klfv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K| `yB eQi ci ci
BD‡b‡¯‥vi cwiPvjbv mfvq mKj m`m¨ iv‡óªi cÖwZwbwaiv mvaviY m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ Kg©m~wP¸‡jvi
AMÖMwZ Z`viK K‡i|
evsjv‡`k 1972 mv‡ji 27 A‡±vei G ms¯vq †hvM`vb K‡i| 1973 mv‡j evsjv‡`k miKvi evsjv‡`k
BD‡b‡¯‥v Kwgkb MVb K‡i| GwU evsjv‡`‡k BD‡b‡¯‥vi Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
BD‡b‡¯‥v evsjv‡`k †_‡K wbiÿiZv `~ixKiYmn eq¯‥ wkÿv I weÁvb wkÿvi Dbœqb, †hvMv‡hvM
eë¯vi DbœwZ, Ges mvs¯‥…wZK HwZn¨ msiÿ‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i P‡j‡Q| BD‡b‡¯‥vi
D‡`¨v‡MB evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv knx` wèm 21 †deªæqvwi‡K ÔAvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèmÕ wn‡m‡e mviv
we‡k¦ ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| GQvovI evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK HwZn¨ my›ìebmn wewfbœ mvs¯‥…wZK HwZn¨
(†hgb ev‡Minv‡Ui lvUM¤^yR gmwR` I cvnvocy‡ii †e․× wenvi) msiÿ‡YI BD‡b‡¯‥vi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
fzwgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
195
wek¦¯^v¯¨ ms¯’v (World Health Organization, WHO)
1948 mv‡ji 7 GwcÖj wek¦¯^v¯¨ ms¯v MwVZ nq| myBRvij¨v‡Ûi †R‡bfv kn‡i G ms¯vwUi mì `ßi
Aew¯Z|
wPÎ: wek¦ ¯^v¯¨ ms¯vi mì `ßi

191wU ivó Gi m`m¨| eQ‡i GKevi Gi mfv e‡m| Gi cÖavb‡K ejv nq gnvcwiPvjK| G ms¯vwU
we‡k¦i wewfbœ RvwZmg~‡ni ¯^v¯¨ myi¶vq KvwiMwi mn‡hvwMZvi †¶Î cÖmvwiZ K‡i †ivM cÖwZ‡iva,
wbqš¿Y I wbg~©‡ji wewfbœ iKg Kg©m~wP MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g gvby‡li Rxebgvb DbœZ Kivi †Póv Pvjvq|
we‡k¦i mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ m‡e©v”P ¯^v¯¨ myweav wbwðZ KivB G ms¯vwUi cÖavb jÿ¨| GB D‡Ïk¨
Kvh©Kix Kivi Rb¨ WHO wbgœwjwLZ KvR¸‡jv K‡i _v‡K|
• `wi`ª I wbgœ Av‡qi Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ AwZwi³ g„Zz¨nvi, ¯^v¯¨nxbZv, cÖwZewÜZ¡ n«vm Kiv|
• my¯ Rxeb weKv‡ki c‡_ ¯^v‡¯ï Ici cwi‡ekMZ, A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I AvPiYMZ †h ûgwKi m„wó
nq Zv Kwg‡q Avbv|
• Ggb ¯^v¯¨ eë¯vi weKvk NUv‡bv hv mylg I Kvh©Ki, Avw_©K we‡ePbvq b¨vh¨ I mnRcÖvc¨|
• h_vh_ ¯^v¯¨ bxwZ MÖnY I Gi ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cwi‡ek •Zwi Ges mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK, cwi‡ekMZ I
Dbœqb bxwZ‡Z ¯^v¯¨‡K ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb|
WHO evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¯^v¯¨ Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fzwgKv cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q| G‡`k †_‡K msµvgK e¨vwa
`~ixKi‡Y ms¯vwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fzwgKv ivL‡Q| G‡`‡ki wkï‡ì 6wU g~j †ivM (h_v wWc‡_wiqv, nvg,
wU‡Ubvm, h²v, †cvwjI, ûwcs Kvwk) `~ixKi‡Y I cÖwZ‡iv‡a WHO we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q|
GQvov G‡`k †_‡K g¨v‡jwiqv `~ixKiY, weï× cvwbi eë¯v, cqtwb®‥vkb eë¯vi DbœwZ, gvZ… I
wkïg„Zÿ Kgv‡bvi RbÏ ms¯vwU KvR Ki‡Q|
196
RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg©mywP ( United Nations Development Program, UNDP)
G ms¯vwU we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv Ges RvwZms‡Ni mKj Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ði g‡a¨
mgš^qmvab K‡i _v‡K| ms¯vwU c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ eQ‡i †gvU 230 †KvwU gvwK©b
Wjvi g~‡jï m¤ú` w`‡q _v‡K| GwU RvwZms‡Ni me‡P‡q e„nr Dbœqb mnvqZvKvix ms¯v|
wPÎ: BDGbwWwc mì `ßi, wbDBqK©
wek¦vq‡bi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq GB ms¯v m¤ú` I mn‡hvwMZvi m‡e©vËg mØënv‡ii Rb¨ mKj
Askx`vi‡ì wb‡q GK‡hv‡M KvR K‡i _v‡K| ivóª I mgvR cwiPvjbvq Revew`wnZvg~jK cÖkvmb I
†UKmB gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb wb‡q GB ms¯v eûgvwÎK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i| hy³iv‡óªi wbDBqK©
kn‡i BDGbwWwci mì `ßi Aew¯Z|
AvšÍR©vwZK kÖg ms¯’v ((International Labour Organization, ILO)
AvšÍR©vwZK kÖg ms¯v RvwZms‡Ni †mB we‡klvwqZ ms¯v hv mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi Ges AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e
¯^xK…Z gvbevwaKvi I kÖwgK-AwaKv‡ii DËi‡Yi cÖ‡Póvq KvR K‡i|
wPÎ: AvBGjI mì `ßi
197
AvBGjI AvšÍR©vwZK bxwZgvjv •Zwi I Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g Kg©‡¶‡Î I RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b GKwU
AvšÍR©vwZK kÖggvb M‡o †Zv‡j, hv Gme bxwZ Kvh©Ki Kivi †¶‡Î wb‡`©wkKv wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e| Gme
bxwZ‡K Kvh©Ki K‡i †Zvjvi j‡¶¨ wewfbœ †`‡ki miKvi‡K KvwiMwi mn‡hvwMZvi wewfbœ Kg©m~wP MÖn‡Y
mnvqZv Ges Gme Kg©m~wPi mv_©K ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y, wk¶v, M‡elYv cÖf…wZ Kv‡R AvBGjI
mnvqZv K‡i|
&AvBGjI kªg cÖm‡½ †h‡Kv‡bv bxwZ wba©viY I cÖYq‡b miKv‡ii mv‡_ kÖwgK-Kg©Pvix cÖwZwbwa†ì
ga¨¯Zvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Gi mì `ßi †R‡bfvq Aew¯Z|
wek¦ e¨vsK (World Bank, WB)
wek¦ e¨vsK n‡”Q 5wU cÖwZôv‡bi GKwU †Mvôx| `wi`ª †`kmg~‡ni A_©bxwZ‡K kw³kvjx Kivi gva¨‡g
wek¦e¨vcx `vwi`ª¨ n«vm KivB n‡”Q Gme cÖwZôv‡bi mvaviY j¶¨| Gi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv A_©‣bwZK
cÖe„w× AR©b I gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k‡K mnvqZv `vb|
wPÎ: wek¦e¨vsK mì `ßi
cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ †`‡ki cÖwZwbwa mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU cwiPvjbv cwil` KZ…©K wek¦ e¨vsK cwiPvwjZ nq|
Gi cÖavb‡K ejv nq †cÖwm‡W›U Ges mì `ßi IqvwksU‡b Aew¯Z|
`w¶Y Gkxq AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’v (South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation, SAARC)
198
mvK© `w¶Y Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi GKwU AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZvg~jK msMVb| Gi cy‡iv bvg South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation| 1985 mv‡ji 8 wW‡m¤¦i Zvwi‡L XvKvq
`wÿY Gkxq mvZwU †`‡ki m‡¤§jb Abyôv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q mvK© MwVZ nq| †`k¸‡jv n‡jvÑevsjv‡`k,
fyUvb, gvjØxc, †bcvj, fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb I kªxj¼v| cieZ©x‡Z 2007 mv‡j AvdMvwb¯Ívb Gi m`m¨c`
jvf K‡i| eZ©gv‡b Gi m`m¨ msL¨v n‡jv 8| GQvovI mv‡K©i mvZ ch©‡eÿK ivóª n‡jv-Pxb, Rvcvb,
BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb, †Kvwiqv cÖRvZš¿, hy³ivóª I Bivb|
mvK© MV‡bi cUf~wg
`w¶Y Gwkqvq c„w_exi K‡qKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k Aew¯Z| †`k¸‡jv wewfbœ mgm¨vq RR©wiZ| `vwi`ª¨,
wbi¶iZv, Acywó, RbmsL¨vi AvwaK¨, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, Abybœqb BZ¨vw` Gme †`‡ki `xN© w`‡bi
mgm¨v| AÂjfy³ †`k¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g Gme mgm¨v `~ixKiY I cvi¯úwiK
Kj¨v‡Yi gva¨‡g †`k¸‡jvi Dbœq‡bi j¶¨ wb‡q mvK© MwVZ nq|
mvK© MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi welqwU me©cÖ_g Abyf~Z nq 1980 mv‡j| cieZ©x‡Z 1981 mv‡j kªxjsKvi
ivRavbx Kj‡¤^v‡Z `wÿY Gkxq mvZwU †`‡ki ciivóª mwPeM‡Yi •eVK AbywôZ nq| GiB
avivevwnKZvq K‡qK gvm c‡i G †`k¸‡jvi mgš^‡q MwVZ KwgwUi mfv AbywôZ nq, †hLv‡b AvÂwjK
mn‡hvwMZvi cuvPwU e„nËi †ÿÎ mbv³ Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z 1983 mv‡ji AvMó gv‡m fvi‡Zi ivRavbx
bqvw`jøx‡Z G mvZwU †`‡ki ciivóª gš¿x‡ì cÖ_g ‣eV‡Ki mgq mvK© MV‡bi AvbyôvwbK †NvlYv †`qv
nq Ges AvbyôvwbKfv‡e 5wU †ÿ‡Î mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ Integrated Plan of Action (IPA) MÖnY
Kiv nq| G cuvPwU †ÿÎ n‡jv- K…wl, cjøx Dbœqb, †Uwj-†hvMv‡hvM, Rjevqy Ges ¯^v¯¨ I RbmsL¨v
welqK Kvh©µg| cieZ©x‡Z IPA Gi mv‡_ AviI K‡qKwU welq hy³ Kiv nq| h_v- cwienb, WvK
†hvMv‡hvM, weÁvb I cÖhyw³ †mev, µxov, wkíKg© I ms¯‥…wZ|
199
mvK© †`kmg~‡ni gvbwPÎ
mv‡K©i MVb
mv‡K©i cÖwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv‡Z cuvPwU ¯Íi| G¸‡jv n‡jv - (1) ivóª I miKvi cÖavb‡ì kxl© m‡¤§jb
(2) ciivóªgš¿x‡ì m‡¤§jb (3) ÷¨vwÛs KwgwU (4) ‡UKwbK¨vj KwgwU Ges (5) mvK© mwPevjq|
G¸‡jvi gva¨‡g mv‡K©i wewfbœ Kg©KvÛ m¤úv`b Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
mvK© mwPevjq †bcv‡ji ivRavbx KvVgvÛy‡Z Aew¯Z| ms¯vi cÖavb‡K ejv nq †m‡µUvwi †Rbv‡ij|
cÖwZ eQi mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi cÖavb‡ì wb‡q mvK© kxl© m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| mvK© `w¶Y Gwkqvi
†`k¸‡jvi cÖvq 150 †KvwU RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•¶vi cÖZxK|
200
wPÎ: mvK© mwPevjq
mv‡K©i g~jbxwZ
mv‡K©i g~jbxwZ¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc-
• G ms¯vi †h‡Kv‡bv wm×všÍ me©m¤§Zfv‡e M„nxZ n‡e;
• `ywU †`‡ki ga¨Kvi we‡iva msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv mgm¨v G ms¯vq Av‡jvPbv Kiv hv‡e bv;
• mvK©fy³ ivóª¸‡jvi AvÂwjK ALÐZv, mve©‡f․gZ¡ I ivR‣bwZK wel‡q n¯Í‡¶c bv Kiv Ges cvi¯úwiK
Kj¨vY‡K mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË wn‡m‡e †`Lv n‡e Ges
• G AÂ‡ji †`k¸‡jvi Avkv-AvKv•¶vi cÖwZ j¶ †i‡L mvK© f~wgKv MÖnY Ki‡e|
mvK© MV‡bi D‡Ïk¨

1| mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb Kiv;
2| G AÂ‡ji A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb, mvgvwRK Dbœqb I ms¯‥„wZi weKvk wbwðZ Kiv;
3| `w¶Y Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jv‡K RvZxqfv‡e AvZ¥wbf©ikxj K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c MÖnY;
4| G AÂ‡ji ivóª¸‡jvi mvaviY ¯^v‡_© mnvbyf~wZ I mn‡hvwMZv e„w× Kiv;
5| wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯vi mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK© ¯vcb;
6| Ab¨vb¨ AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯vi mv‡_ m¤úK© Dbœqb K‡i mv‡K©i j¶¨ ev¯Íevq‡b D‡`¨vMx nIqv;
7| mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ weivRgvb we‡iva I mgm¨v `~i K‡i cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZv m„wó Kiv;
8| †`k¸‡jvi mve©‡f․gZ¡ I †f․‡MvwjK ALÐZvi bxwZ †g‡b Pjv Ges
9| Ab¨ †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY wel‡q n¯Í‡¶c bv Kiv|
201
mv‡K©i mn‡hvwMZvi †¶Î
mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jv wb‡¤œv³ †¶‡Î mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`v‡b A½xKvive×Ñ
(1) K…wl; (2) wk¶v I ms¯‥„wZ; (3) †Ljvayjv; (4) ¯^v¯¨; (5) RbmsL¨v msµvšÍ Kg©ZrciZv I wkï
Kj¨vY, (6) cwi‡ek I AvenvIqv; (7) cjøx Dbœqb; (8) Uy¨wiRg ev ch©Ub; (9) cwienb; (10) weÁvb
I cÖhyw³ Ges (11) †hvMv‡hvM|
Gme cÖwZwU †¶‡Î mn‡hvwMZvi Dcvq wPwýZ I ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ mvZwU †`‡ki we‡klÁ‡ì wb‡q
Kvh©Ki `j MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zviv wewfbœ †¶‡Î mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ wewfbœ Kg©m~wP MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb K‡i
_v‡K|
mv‡K©i K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kg©ZrciZv
DcwiwjøwLZ mn‡hvwMZvi †¶Î¸‡jvi AvIZvq †ek wKQy Kg©KvÐ m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| wb‡P Gi K‡qKwU
D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
1| mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Aeva evwYR¨ I A_©‣bwZK mn‡hvwMZv e„w×i Rb¨ 1993 mv‡j mvcUv Pyw³
¯^v¶wiZ n‡q‡Q|
2| wk¶v I M‡elYv †¶‡Î mvK©fy³ ivóª¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv evo‡Q| d‡j GK †`‡ki †jvK mvK©
¯‥jviwkc I wk¶v my‡hv‡Mi AvIZvq Ab¨ †`‡k †jLvcov I M‡elYvi my‡hvM cv‡”Q|
3| mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi RbM‡Yi Rb¨ D”PZi I ¸YMZgvbm¤úbœ wk¶vi my‡hvM m„wói Rb¨ w`wjø‡Z
mvK© wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| GwU mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b f~wgKv ivL‡e|
4| mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi AskMÖn‡Y wbqwgZ mvd †MBgm Av‡qvRb Kiv nq|
5| mvK© KZ„©K M„nxZ wewfbœ Kg©KvÐ ev¯Íevq‡b mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU mvK© Znwej MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
6| mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi hyemgv‡Ri †gav I wewfbœ †¶‡Î Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqvi Rb¨ SAARC
Youth Award Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZ eQi G cyi¯‥vi †Ìqv nq|
7| mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi gwnjv‡ì ¯^v_© i¶v‡_© wewfbœ Kg©m~wP MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
8| GQvov gvbecvPvi †iva, mš¿vm `gb, cwi‡ek msi¶Y, †hvMv‡hvM I cÖhyw³ BZ¨vw` wewfbœ †¶‡Î
cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi bvbv ai‡bi †h․_ Kg©m~wP MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mvK©fz³ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZvi ¸iæZ¡
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g A‡bK ivóª Zv‡ì ¯^xq ¯^v_© wmw× Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q e‡jB bZyb
bZzb AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯v Rb¥ jvf Ki‡Q| AvÂwjK ivóªmg~‡ni cvi®úvwiK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g
mK‡ji Dbœqb wbwðZ Kivi jÿ¨ wb‡q mvK© MwVZ n‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB mv‡K©i m`m¨ †`kmg~n
AvšÍwiKfv‡e wPwýZ †ÿÎmg~‡n mn‡hvwMZvi nvZ evov‡j Zv G AÂ‡ji gvby‡li Rb¨ Kj¨vY e‡q
Avb‡e| mvK© wewfbœfv‡e AÂjfy³ †`k¸‡jvi Dbœq‡b KvR Ki‡Z A½xKvive×| mvK© AšÍfy©³
†`k¸‡jvi Awfbœ ¯^v_© wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q| †hgbÑwbi¶iZv, `vwi`ª¨, cwi‡ek `~lY, mš¿vm, wkï I bvix
cvPvi, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, Awfbœ b`xi cvwb eÈb, we`y¨r I Ab¨vb¨ kw³i msKU, Lv`¨ mgm¨v BZ¨vw`|
mvK© Gme mgm¨v mgvav‡b D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g G AÂ‡ji Dbœq‡b mwµq f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e GUvB
mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨vkv|
202
Aa¨vq 15
RbmsL¨v m‡PZbZv
c„w_ex I evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v cwiw¯’wZ
RbmsL¨v †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki GKwU g~j m¤ú`| Z‡e ‡`‡ki mvwe©K m¤ú` I RbmsL¨vi g‡a¨ GKwU
fvimvg¨ eRvq _vKvUv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †Kv‡bv †`‡k RbmsL¨v hw` cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q †ewk nq Z‡e †`Lv
†`q eûwea mgm¨v| eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z RbmsL¨v mgm¨v GKwU wekvj mgm¨v wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q|
DbœZ †`‡ki Zzjbvq Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z G mgm¨vwU Zxeª AvKvi aviY K‡i‡Q| GmKj †`k¸‡jv‡Z
RbmsL¨v A‡bK `ªyZ e„w× cv‡”Q| RvwZms‡Ni GK wn‡me Abyhvqx 50 wLª÷v‡ã c„w_exi RbmsL¨v cÖvq
25 †KvwU †_‡K 30 †KvwUi g‡a¨ wQj| c„w_exi eZ©gvb RbmsL¨v cÖvq mv‡o mvZ kZ †KvwU| G wecyj
RbùxwZ‡K RbmsL¨v we‡ùviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
1950 mv‡ji Av‡M D”P g„Zy¨nv‡ii cÖfv‡e (we‡kl K‡i wkï g„Zÿ) c„w_ex‡Z RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi A‡bK
Kg wQj| wesk kZvãx‡Z wPwKrmv, ¯^v¯¨ eë¯v Ges Lv`¨ I cywó †ÿ‡Îi Dbœq‡bi d‡j g„Zy¨nvi K‡g
hvIqvq RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi ‡e‡o hvq| c„w_exi RbmsL¨v e„w×i G aviv wb‡¤œi mviYx‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
mviYx: c„w_exi RbmsL¨v e„w×i aviv

eQi/mvj RbmsL¨v
1 200 wgwjqb
1000 275 wgwjqb
1500 450 wgwjqb
1804 1 wewjqb
1927 2 wewjqb
1975 4 wewjqb
2025 8 wewjqb
Source :
http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopulationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm
May 11,2011, æWorld Economic Outlook Database, October 2010”.
IMF.ORG.(Partially modified)
1 mv‡j c„w_exi RbmsL¨v wQj 200 wgwjqb| 1000 mv‡j Zv †e‡o n‡q‡Q 275 wgwjqb| 1500 mv‡j
(cieZ©x 500 eQ‡i) D³ RbmsL¨v †e‡o D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e„w× †c‡q‡Q| 1804 mv‡j c„w_exi †gvU
RbmsL¨v wQj 1 wewjqb ev 100 †KvwU| hv †e‡o 1927 mv‡j †e‡o wØ¸Y n‡q‡Q| A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î
RbmsL¨v wØ¸Y n‡Z mgq †j‡M‡Q 123 eQi| 1927 mv‡ji D‡jøwLZ 2 wewjqb RbmsL¨v †e‡o
4wewjqb n‡q‡Q 1975 mv‡j| A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î c„w_exi RbmsL¨v wØ¸Y n‡Z mgq †j‡M‡Q gvÎ 48 eQi|
1975 mv‡ji 4 wewjqb RbmsL¨v †e‡o 8 wewjqb n‡Z jvM‡e 50 eQi (2025 mvj)| Dc‡ii
cwimsL¨vb †_‡K GwU ®úó †h, c„w_exi RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi c~‡e©i †P‡q eZ©gv‡b A‡bK †ewk| World
Economic Database Gi wnmve Abyhvqx c„w_ex‡Z cÖwZ wgwb‡U 140 R‡biI †ewk gvbyl †e‡o
203
P‡j‡Q| †m wn‡m‡e cªwZ eQi RbmsL¨v e„w×i cwigvY 70 wgwjq‡bi Dci| d‡j wewfbœ †`‡k †`Lv
w`‡q‡Q e¨vcK cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK mgm¨v, †hgbÑgiæKiY, eb¨v, Rjve×Zv, my‡cq cvwbi Ach©vßZv,
wewfbœ cÖRvwZi wejywß, wewfbœ cÖKvi eR©¨, cvwb`~lY, Uª¨vwdK R¨vg, DMÖZv, ivR‣bwZK Aw¯iZv,
¯^vaxbZv Le© BZ¨vw`| wewfbœ Acivg~jK AvPiY µgvMZ cwiw¯wZ‡K Av‡iv fqven K‡i Zzj‡Q|
eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z `yB wewjqb †jvK `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P emevm Ki‡Q| GQvov A‡bK gvbyl bvbv iKg
`ytL-`y`©kv I Abvnv‡i w`b KvUv‡”Q|
mviYx: RbmsL¨v wfwËK c„w_exi 20 wU †`k (D”P †_‡K wb¤œµg Abymv‡i)
µwgK †`k RbmsL¨v cÖwZ c„w_exi bMi

bs eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i RbmsL¨vi % RbmsL¨v %
RbmsL¨vi
NbZ¡
1. Pxb 141 †KvwU 50 jÿ 45 nvRvi 928 151 18.5 58
2. fviZ 135 †KvwU 40 jÿ 51 nvRvi 854 455 17.7 32
3. hy³ivóª 32 †KvwU 67 jÿ 66 nvRvi 748 36 4.3 83
4. B‡›`v‡bwkqv 26 †KvwU 67 jÿ 94 nvRvi 980 147 3.5 54
5. eªvwRj 21 †KvwU 08 jÿ 67 nvRvi 954 25 2.8 84
6. cvwK¯Ívb 20 †KvwU 08 jÿ 13 nvRvi 818 260 2.6 38
7. bvB‡Rwiqv 19 †KvwU 58 jÿ 75 nvRvi 237 215 2.6 49
8. evsjv‡`k 16 †KvwU 63 jÿ 68 nvRvi 149 1278 2.2 35
9. ivwkqv 14 †KvwU 39 jÿ 64 nvRvi 709 09 1.9 73
10. †gw·‡Kv 13 †KvwU 07 jÿ 59 nvRvi 074 67 1.7 78
11. Rvcvb 12 †KvwU 71 jÿ 85 nvRvi 332 349 1.7 94
12. B‡_vwcqv 10 †KvwU 75 jÿ 34 nvRvi 882 108 1.4 20
13. wdwjcvBbm 10 †KvwU 65 jÿ 12 nvRvi 074 357 1.4 44
14. wgki 09 †KvwU 93 jÿ 75 nvRvi 741 100 1.3 38
15. wf‡qZbvg 09 †KvwU 64 jÿ 91 nvRvi 146 311 1.3 34
16. wW Avi 08 †KvwU 40 jÿ 04 nvRvi 989 37 1.1
39
Ks‡Mv
17. Rvg©vwb 8 †KvwU 22 jÿ 93 nvRvi 457 236 1.1 76
18. Bivb 08 †KwU 20 jÿ 11 nvRvi 735 50 1.1 74
19. Zzi¯‥ 08 †KvwU 19 jÿ 16 nvRvi 871 106 1.1 71
20. _vBj¨vÛ 06 †KvwU 91 jÿ 82 nvRvi 173 135 0.9 52
204
Source : http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-
country/, http://www.worldometers.info/population/most-populous-
countries/#past
mviYx : RbmsL¨vi wfwË‡Z mvK©fy³ †`kmg~n (D”P †_‡K wb¤œµg) Abymv‡i
µwgK †`k RbmsL¨v cÖwZ c„w_exi bMi gv_vwcQz

bs eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i RbmsL¨v wRGbAvB
RbmsL¨vi
% (wcwcwc)
RbmsL¨vi %
BDGm
NbZ¡
Wjvi
(2015)
1. fviZ 135 †KvwU 40 jÿ 51 nvRvi 455 17.7 5,663

32
854
2. cvwK¯Ívb 20 †KvwU 08 jÿ 13 nvRvi 260 2.6 5,031

38
818
3. evsjv‡`k 16 †KvwU 63 jÿ 68 nvRvi 149 1278 2.2 35 3,341
4. AvdMvwb¯Ívb 3 †KvwU 63 jÿ 73 nvRvi 176 56 0.48 25 1,871
5. †bcvj 2 †KvwU 96 jÿ 24 nvRvi 035 207 0.39 19 2,337
6. kÖxj¼v 2 †KvwU 09 jÿ 50 nvRvi 041 334 0.27 19 10,789
7. fzUvb 8 jÿ 17 nvRvi 54 21 0.01 39 7,081
8. gvjØxc 4 jÿ 44 nvRvi 259 1481 0.01 40 10,383
205
mviYx: gvbe Dbœqb Ae¯vb (D”P †_‡K wb¤œµg) wfwË‡Z RbmsL¨v I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨
µwgK †`k RbmsL¨v cÖwZ bMi gv_vwcQz

bs eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i RbmsL¨v wRGbAvB
RbmsL¨vi % (wcwcwc)
NbZ¡ BDGm
Wjvi
(2015)
1. biI‡q 15 79 67,614
53 jÿ 53 nvRvi 363
2. A‡÷ªwjqv 3 89 42,822
2 †KvwU 47 jÿ 72 nvRvi 247
3. myBRvij¨Ð 85 jÿ 44 nvRvi 034 216 73 56,364
4. Rvg©vbx 236 76 45,000

5. †WbgvK© 136 87 44,519
57 jÿ 54 nvRvi 357
6. wm½vcyi 8274 100 78,162
57 jÿ 91 nvRvi 901
7. †b`vj¨vÐm 507 91 46,326
8. Avqvij¨vÐ 48 jÿ 03 nvRvi 748 70 64 43,798
9. AvBmj¨vÐ 3 96 37,065
3 jÿ 37 nvRvi 780
10. KvbvWv 3 ‡KvwU 69 jÿ 53 nvRvi 765 4 81 42,582
10. hy³ivóª 36 83 53,245

Source : http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-
country/, http://www.worldometers.info/population/most-populous-
countries/#past, http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v cwiw¯’wZ

evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb 1,47,570 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi (55,600 eM©gvBj)| G wn‡m‡e AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K
c„w_exi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯vb 90Zg| Ab¨w`‡K me©‡kl Av`gïgvix (2011) Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki
RbmsL¨v 14 †KvwU 97 jÿ 72 nvRvi 364 Rb| G wn‡m‡e ‡gvU RbmsL¨vi w`K w`‡q GwU we‡k¦i 9g
206
e„nËg ivóª wQj| 2011 m‡bi Av`gïgxi wnmve g‡Z evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eM© wK‡jvwgUv‡i 1015 Rb
†jvK evm K‡i| RbmsL¨vi Nb‡Z¡i w`K †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯vb we‡k¦ GMviZg (evsjv‡`k I
wek¦cwiPq 3q †kÖwY: c„t66)| nv‡Z †Mvbv K‡qKwU ÿy`ª ivóª e¨ZxZ evsjv‡`kB n‡”Q c„w_exi me‡P‡q
RbNbZ¡c~Y© †`k|
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v µgvš^‡q e„w× †c‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Av`gïgvwi 1974 mv‡j AbywôZ nq
Ges ZLb RbmsL¨v wQj 7 †KvwU 64 jÿ| cieZ©x‡Z 1981 mvj †_‡K wbqwgZ Av`gïgvwi AbywôZ
n‡q Avm‡Q| wewfbœ mg‡q AbywôZ Av`gïgvwi Z_¨ Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi wPÎ wb¤œiƒc|
Av`g ïgvwii mvj ‡gvU RbmsL¨v

1974 7 †KvwU 64 jÿ
1981 8 †KvwU 99 jÿ
1991 11 †KvwU 14 jÿ
2001 12 †KvwU 93 jÿ
2011 14 †KvwU 97 jÿ
Dc‡ii QKwU jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v 37 eQ‡i cÖvq wØ¸Y n‡q‡Q| 2011 mv‡ji
Z_¨ Abyhvqx G‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi 1.2%| mv¤úªwZK GK wnmve Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki
RbmsL¨vi MYbvK…Z e„w×i nvi n‡”Q 1.566% Ges eZ©gvb aviv hw` AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K Z‡e cieZx©
45 erm‡ii g‡a¨ RbmsL¨v n‡e cÖvq wØ¸Y| wesk-GKwesk kZvãx‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i
cwigvY wb‡¤œi wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
(Source : CIA World Factbook, July 12, 2011)
eQi †gvU RbmsL¨v RbmsL¨v e„w×i %

(†KvwU) nvi
1901 2.89 0.90
1911 3.16 0.94
1921 3.33 0.60
1934 3.56 0.74
1941 4.20 1.70
1951 4.19 0.50
1961 5.52 2.26
1974 7.64 2.48
1981 8.99 2.35
1991 11.15 2.04
2001 12.93 1.48
2011 14.23 1.2
m~Î : gva¨wgK mvgvwRK weÁvb, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv, c„ôv 243
207
RvwZms‡Ni RbmsL¨v wefv‡Mi wnmve Abyhvqx eZ©gv‡b (AvM÷ 2018) evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v 16
†KvwU 63 jÿ 68 nvRvi 149| G wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k RbmsL¨vi w`K †_‡K eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z 8g ¯v‡b
i‡q‡Q| RbmsL¨v e„w×i djvdj wn‡m‡e eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i RbmsL¨v 1278 Rb|
G w`K †_‡K evsjv‡`k c„w_ex‡Z Ab¨Zg Rbeûj ivóª|
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY

evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi `ªæZ †e‡o hvIqvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q bvbvwea KviY| †hgbÑ
1. mvgvwRK KviY : evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK KviY RbmsL¨v `ªyZ e„w×‡Z we‡kl f~wgKv
ivL‡Q| †hgb: wkïweevn, eûweevn, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y bvixi AskMÖn‡Y Kg my‡hvM , bvixi
ÿgZvq‡bi Afve, cyÎ mšÍv‡bi cÖZ¨vkvq evievi mšÍvb Rb¥`vb BZ¨vw`|
2. A_©‣bwZK KviY : `vwi`ª¨ I wb¤œ Rxebgv‡bi Kvi‡Y ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ Rxeb m¤ú‡K©
Am‡PZbZv, K…wl I Ab¨vb¨ AbvbyôvwbK †ckvi Ici †ewkifvM gvby‡li wbf©ikxjZv, wkïkÖ‡gi
Kvi‡Y Kg DcvR©‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nIqv cÖf…wZ †`‡k `ªæZ nv‡i RbmsL¨v e„w×i Ici cÖfve
we¯vi Ki‡Q|
3. wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi DbœwZ : wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi DbœwZi d‡j msµvgK I gnvgvix †iv‡Mi
cÖwZ‡iva, cÖwZ‡laK Avwe®‥vi, cywóKi Lvevi, ¯^v¯¨Ki cwi‡ek, wbivc` cvwbi eënvi ¯^v¯¨‡mev
I ¯^v¯¨m‡PZbZv e„w×i Kvi‡Y RbM‡Yi Mo Avqy e„w× †c‡q‡Q| cÿvšÍ‡i wkï I cÖm~wZ gv‡qi
g„Zz¨nvi n«vm †c‡q‡Q| djkÖæwZ‡Z RbmsL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q|
4. Kzms¯‥vi : Avgv‡ì †`‡ki gvbyl RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kzd‡ji wel‡q Am‡PZb weavq mn‡RB
Kzms¯‥viv”Qbœ n‡q c‡o| d‡j †KD †KD AwaK mšÍvb‡K Avkxe©v` g‡b K‡i| A‡b‡K Avevi Rb¥
wbqš¿Y‡K cvc g‡b K‡i| ZvB Kzms¯‥viv”Qbœ g‡bvfve †`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w×i Av‡iKwU eo KviY|
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i cÖfve

RbmsL¨v †h †Kvb †`‡ki Rb¨ GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m¤ú`| wKšyÍ †`‡ki m¤ú‡ì Zyjbvq RbmsL¨v
AwZwi³ n‡q †M‡j Ges G AwZwi³ RbmsL¨v‡K h_vh_fv‡e eënvi Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j †mwU †h-‡Kvb
†`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b †bwZevPK cÖfve m„wó K‡i| d‡j RvZxq Dbœqb e¨vnZ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki
RbmsL¨vi AvwaK¨ G‡`‡ki ivóªxq I mgvRRxe‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î weiƒc cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i P‡j‡Q|
miKv‡ii mKj Dbœqb cÖ‡Póv AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Kvi‡Y evavMÖ¯Í n‡”Q weavq MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k
miKvi RbmsL¨v‡K †`‡ki GK b¤î mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i‡Q|
208
Dc‡ii wPÎ¸‡jv jÿ Kwi Ges welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Kwi
wb‡Pi †Km ÷¨vwWwU co–b
kvIb‡ì cwievi XvKvq _v‡K| cwiev‡ii †gvU m`m¨ msL¨v 4 Rb| A_©‣bwZKfv‡e ga¨weË ‡kÖwYi G
cwieviwU Av‡qi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L 4Kÿwewkó GKwU evwo‡Z fvov _v‡K| 3wU †eoiæg Ges GKwU
WªBs Kvg WvBwbs iæg| kvI‡bi gv-evev GK K‡ÿ _v‡K| Avi evKx 2wU K‡ÿ 2 fvB‡evb _v‡K|
evwo‡Z `ywU ev_iæg GKwU gv evevi K‡ÿi mv‡_ Ges Ab¨wU `yB fvB‡evb eënvi K‡i| kvI‡bi gv-
evev PvKwiRxwe| hvZvqv‡Zi myweav‡_© Zviv GKwU †QvU MvwoI wK‡b‡Q| kvI‡bi evev Mvwo Pvjv‡Z
cv‡i| ZvB Zviv PviRb †Kv_vI GK‡Î evB‡i †h‡Z PvB‡j GKB Mvwo‡Z †h‡Z cv‡i| cwiev‡ii Avq
w`‡q ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Zv‡ì gvm P‡j hvq| kvI‡bi gvgvZ †evb XvKvi GKwU K‡j‡R fwZ© n‡q
kvIb‡ì evmvq D‡V‡Q| kvI‡bi PvPvZ fvB ‡gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R fwZ©i †KvwPs Kivi Rb¨ XvKvq G‡m
kvIb‡ì evmvq emevm ïiæ K‡i‡Q| eZ©gv‡b kvIb‡ì evmvi wbqwgZ †jvKmsL¨v 6 Rb| Z`ycwi
gv‡S gv‡S MÖvg †_‡K AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb XvKvq G‡m wKQzw`b kvIb‡ì evmvq Ae¯vb K‡i| G‡Z kvIb‡ì
RxebhvÎvi Dci Kxiæc cÖfve co‡e ?
m¤¢ve¨ mgm¨v¸‡jv n‡jv

 Avw_©K AbUb ïiæ n‡e|
 GKB K‡ÿ Mv`vMvw` K‡i 2/3 Rb‡K _vK‡Z n‡e|
 †jLvcovi cwi‡ek bó n‡e| ev_iæ‡g fxo †j‡M hv‡e|
 mK‡j GK‡Î WvBwbs †Uwe‡j e‡m †L‡Z cvi‡ebv|
 evB‡i †h‡Z PvB‡j Mvwo‡Z mevB Po‡Z cvi‡ebv|
209
kvIb‡ì cwiev‡ii gZB GKwU ‡`‡ki ¯^vfvwe‡Ki Z~jbvq †jvKmsL¨v AwZwi³ n‡q †M‡j †m‡`‡ki
ÔKx Kx mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡iÕ welqwU wPšÍv Kiæb|
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v mgm¨v
RbmsL¨vwaK¨ Ges AcwiKwíZfv‡e RbmsL¨v e„w× ‡h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki `vwi‡`ªï Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY|
evsjv‡`‡k m¤ú‡ì Zzjbvq RbmsL¨v †ewk nIqvq Ges G‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v AwZ `ªæZ nv‡i e„w× cvIqvq
RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQz Avq Avkvbyiƒc e„w× cv‡”Q bv| A‡b‡Ki c‡ÿ Rxebavi‡Yi b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb
†gUv‡bvI m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| Ab¨w`‡K RbM‡Yi `wi`ªZvi Kvi‡Y ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi cwigvY Kg nIqvq
miKv‡ii c‡ÿ Dbœqbg~jK Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv Kiv e¨vnZ nq| Gfv‡e RbmsL¨vi AwaK Pvc Avgv‡ì
†`‡ki Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µg‡K evavMÖ¯ Ki‡Q|
wb‡¤œ RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y m„ó K‡qKwU mgm¨v eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
1| Lv`¨ mgm¨v
AZx‡Z GKmg‡q evsjv‡`k Lv`¨ DØ„†Ëi †`k wQj| mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ AvaywbK K…wl KvR
cÖeZ©‡bi d‡j Lv`¨ Drcv`b e„w× †c‡jI RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi Zvi †P‡q AwaK nIqvq evsjv‡`‡k
eiveiB Lv`¨ NvUwZ i‡q hv‡”Q| m¤úªwZ K…wl‡Z wecø‡ei Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©‡b
mÿg n‡jI ‡Kvb cÖvK„wZK Kvi‡Y dmj webó n‡j wecyj Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ we‡`k
†_‡K Lv`¨ Avg`vbx Ki‡Z nq| ch©vß mylg Lv‡`ï Afv‡e G‡`‡ki A‡bK gvbyl cywónxbZvq fzM‡Q|
2| wkÿv mgm¨v
RbmsL¨vi `ªæZ e„w×i Rb¨ wkÿv †ÿ‡Î AMÖMwZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I mvÿiZvi nvi Avkvbyiƒc evo‡Q bv| wkÿv
Lv‡Z cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx A_© eiv‡Ïi Afv‡e evowZ RbmsL¨vi wkÿvi Rb¨ ch©vß I cÖ‡qvRbxqmsL¨K
wkÿv cÖwZôvb, wkÿK I Avbylw½K cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vwì mvwe©K eë¯v Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| GQvov
cywónxbZvi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li •`wnK I gvbwmK ¯^v¯¨ bó nq| d‡j wkïiv `ye©j, Amy¯, †gavnxb I
Kg©wegyL n‡q c‡o| ¯‥z‡ji covïbvq Ag‡bv‡hvMx n‡q c‡o Ges cixÿvq Lvivc djvd‡ji ìæb ¯‥zj
Qvo‡Z eva¨ nq|
evsjv‡`‡k 15 eQ‡ii D‡aŸ©i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K gvbyl (GK Z…Zxqvsk) GLbI AÿiÁvbnxb|
wkÿvi mydj m¤ú‡K© Zviv m‡PZb bq| wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä Ki‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y mšÍvb‡K
we`¨vj‡q cvVv‡bvi cwie‡Z© wkïkÖ‡g wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z Zviv mv”Q›`¨ †eva K‡i| bvbvwea Kvi‡Y
evsjv‡`‡ki wecyj cwigvY RbmsL¨v‡K cÖv_wgK wkÿvPµ m¤úbœ Kiv GKwU P¨v‡j‡Äi e¨vcvi|
Ab¨w`‡K D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K eq¯‥ wbiÿi‡ì wkÿvi Rb¨ ch©vß I cÖ‡qvRbxqmsL¨K wkÿv cÖwZôvb,
wkÿK I Avbylw½K cÖ‡qvRbxq myweavwì mvwe©K eë¯v Kiv GKwU weivU P¨v‡j‡Äi e¨vcvi|
cywónxbZvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK wkï `ye©j, Amy¯, †gavnxb I Kg©wegyL n‡q c‡o| G‡ì A‡b‡K we`¨vjq
†_‡K S‡oI c‡o|
210
3| K…wl Rwg n«vm I f~wgnxb‡ì msL¨v e„w×
RbmsL¨v ùxwZi d‡j DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cÖvß Rwg µgvMZ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª L‡Û wef³ n‡”Q, hv K…wl Dbœq‡bi
cÖwZeÜK| Avevi evowZ RbmsL¨vi Nievwo BZ¨vwì cÖ‡qvR‡b K…wl Rwgi cwigvY Kg‡Z Kg‡Z Ggb
ch©v‡q DcbxZ n‡q‡Q hv GKRb †jv‡Ki Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb h‡_ó bq| evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨vi Pv‡c
f‚wgnxb‡ì msL¨v w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q|
4| †eKviZ¡
RbmsL¨vi `ªæZ e„w×i d‡j †eKviZ¡ cÖKU AvKvi aviY K‡i‡Q| 1985 mv‡j †`‡ki Kg©ÿg Rbkw³i
†gvU 38% †eKvi wQj| 1982 mv‡j †hLv‡b GKwU c‡ì Rb¨ Av‡e`bKvixi msL¨v wQj 20 Rb
†mLv‡b 1988 mv‡j GB msL¨v `vwo‡q‡Q 126 R‡b| eZ©gv‡b 15 eQ‡ii D‡aŸ© eqmx RbmsL¨vi cÖvq
6 †KvwU gvbyl A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖn‡Yi †hvM¨ (Rbkw³) G‡ì g‡a¨ cÖvq 30 jÿ K‡g©
Awb‡qvwRZ (Unemployed) i‡q‡Q| Zv‡ì Kg©ms¯vb Avï cÖ‡qvRb †hwU evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ eo
ai‡bi P¨v‡jÄ| (m~Î: weweGm. cwimsL¨vb I Z_¨ wefvM, cwiKíbv gš¿Yvjq 2016)
5| ¯^v¯’¨nxbZv I cywónxbZv
evsjv‡`‡k cywó I Rb¯^v‡¯ï Dci RbmsL¨v ùxwZi e¨vcK cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq| m¤ú‡ì AcÖZ~jZvi
Kvi‡Y miKv‡ii c‡ÿ µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx ¯^v¯¨‡mev evov‡bv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq A‡a©K gvbyl wPwKrmv †mev †_‡K ewÂZ| cÖwZ 4043 Rb gvby‡li Rb¨ gvÎ 1Rb
cÖwkÿYcÖvß wPwKrmK i‡q‡Qb| nvmcvZvj¸‡jv‡Z ‡ivMxi Pvc cÖPÛ n‡jI A‡b‡KB bÿbZg ¯^v¯¨‡mev
cv‡”Q bv| GKRb fvj wPwKrm‡Ki e¨w³MZ mvÿvr †c‡Z gv‡mi ci gvm †j‡M hvq| Aciw`‡K
cywóÁvb I cywóKi Lv`¨ µ‡qi mvg‡_©i Afv‡e AmsL¨ gvbyl cywónxbZvq fz‡M bvbv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡q
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6| evm¯’vb mgm¨v
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hv‡”Q|
211
7| cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ webó I cwi‡ek `~lY
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8| mvgvwRK Aw¯’iZv I AcivacÖeYZv

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9| wkívqb I Dbœqb cÖwµqv e¨vnZ
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evsjv‡`‡ki wkívqb I Dbœqb cÖwµqv fxlYfv‡e evavMÖ¯Í n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î mvgvwRK
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RbmsL¨v mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq

evsjv‡`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi cÖavb evav n‡jv AwZwi³ RbmsL¨v| ‡m Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœqb
Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡j RbmsL¨v mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †Kvb weKí †bB| ZvB GKw`‡K †hgb cÖ‡qvRb
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(2) RbmsL¨v‡K gvbe m¤ú‡` iƒcvšÍi| wb‡¤œ G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv-
1) Rb¥ wbqš¿Y: RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi cÖavb Dcvq n‡jv Rb¥ wbqš¿Y| evsjv‡`‡k miKvix I
†emiKvix D‡`¨v‡M Rb¥ wbqš¿Y‡K we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q bvbv ai‡bi Kg©m~Px MªnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Rb¥ wbqš¿‡Yi wewfbœ Dcvq¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc n‡Z cv‡i|
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212
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gva¨‡g RbmsL¨v mgm¨v I Gi mgvav‡b e¨w³ ch©v‡q Kibxq m¤ú‡K© (bvixi ¯^v¯¨ I cwiev‡ii
Av‡qi w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L mšÍvb MÖnY Kiv) m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e|
L) Rb¥ wbqš¿Y †mev I mvgMÖx mnRjf¨ Kiv: miKvix I †emiKvix I AvšÍR©vwZK †mevg~jK
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Kiv|
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ivLvi Rb¨ ¯^v¯¨ I cwievi Kj¨vY Kvh©µg Pvjy i‡q‡Q|
N. wkïweevn Z_v evj¨weevn eÜ I eûweevn n«v‡mi Rb¨ weevn I ZvjvK wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK
K‡i‡Q|
O. Avq e„w×g~jK Kg©m~wP‡Z bvix‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi Dci miKvi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q|
P. wkï g„Zy¨nvi n«v‡mi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k miKvi 2010 mv‡j RvwZmsN cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡i‡Q|
Q. Rbm‡PZbZv e„w×i Rb¨ cÖwZ eQi 2iv †deªæqvwi Zvwi‡L evsjv‡`‡k ÔRvZxq RbmsL¨v wèmÕ
cvjb Kiv nq|
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cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| D`vniY¯îƒc Px‡bi K_v ejv hvq| Avgv‡ì cÖwZ‡ewk ivóª fviZ Ges kÖxjsKvI
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 `ÿZve„w×i Rb¨ cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg m¤úªmviY
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AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv
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bq, Avgv‡ì mevi G wel‡q `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
214
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Avjg, Lyiwk` (1996), mgvRweÁv‡bi AvaywbK ZË¡, wgbvf©v cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv
Bmjvg, •mq` wmivRyj. mœvZK ivóªweÁvb, nvmvb eyK nvDm, XvKv|
Bmjvg, wmivRyj (m¤úvw`Z) (2003), evsjvwcwWqv-evsjv‡`k RvZxq Ávb‡Kvl, 5g LÛ, XvKv : evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU,
c„. 239-254|
Bmjvg, †gv. byiyj (2010), evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm ms¯‥…wZ I HwZn¨, Zvmwgqv cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv|
Bmjvg, wmivRyj (1998), ivóªweÁvb, nvmvb eyK nvDR, XvKv
Bmjvg, •mq` wmivRyj (1998), mœvZK ivóªweÁvb (1g, 2q I 3q cÎ), nvmvb eyK nvDR, XvKv
Bmjvg, gwdRyj (1977), ivóªZË¡, BDwbfvwm©wU eyK wW‡cv, XvKv
Gg. Avi. AvLZvi gyKzj m¤úvw`Z (1988)| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy×, `wjjcÎ, GK L‡Ê ms‡¶wcZ|
Gb wm wU we, gva¨wgK mvgvwRK weÁvb, Gb wm wU we, XvKv|
Kvgvj, †gv¯Ídv (1987), fvlv Av‡›`vjb : mvZPwjøk †_‡K evqvbœ : XvKv : evsjv‡`k †Kv-Acv‡iwUf eyK †mvmvBwU wj.
Kwig, Avãyj (1977), evsjvi BwZnvm gymwjg weRq †_‡K wmcvwn wecøe ch©šÍ (1200-1857 wLª.), XvKv : eovj cÖKvkbx|
Kwig, bvRgyj (1999), mgvRweÁvb mgx¶Y, bI‡ivR wKZvwe¯Ívb, XvKv|
Kvwì, †gvnv¤§` b~iyj (1997), `y‡kv †QlwÆ w`‡b ¯^vaxbZv, wmwU cvewjwks nvDR wj. XvKv|
Lvb, †K. Gg. ivBRDÏxb (1996), evsjv‡`k BwZnvm cwiKªgv. XvKv, Lvb eªv`vm© A¨vÛ †Kv¤úvwb|
Lvb, AveŸvm Avjx (1996), evsjv‡`‡k gymjgvb‡ì BwZnvm, XvKv : evsjv‡`k BmjvwgK †m›Uvi|
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, MYcÖRvZšx¿ evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb, A‡±vei, c„. 153|

†Nvl, wbg©j KvwšÍ (1992), AvaywbK ivóªZË¡, iex›`ª jvB‡eªix, KjKvZv
218
PK&ªeZx, wngvPj (Abyev`, g~j : Ug e‡Uv‡gi), (1995), mgvRwe`¨v ZË¡ I mgm¨vi iƒc‡iLv, †K wc evMPx A¨vÛ †Kv¤úvwb,
KjKvZv
†P․ayix, Avãyj gwgb, ingvb, †gvKv‡Ïmyi, I Avjg, AvKmv`yj (2001), Dcgnv‡`k I evsjvi BwZnvm (A_© mf¨Zv †_‡K
1526), MvRxcyi, XvKv, ¯‥zj Ae †mvk¨vj mv‡qÝ, wnDg¨vwbwUR A¨vÛ j¨vs¸‡qR, cÖKvkbv, gy`ªY I weZiY wefvM, evsjv‡`k Db¥y³
wek¦we`¨vjq|
†P․ayix, Av‡bvqvi Djøvn (1985), mgvRweÁvb kã‡kl, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv|
†P․ayix, †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb (2011), D”P gva¨wgK f~‡Mvj, wØZxq cÎ| XvKv : evsjv‡`k eyK Ki‡cv‡ikb wj.|
†P․ayix, †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb, Avjx, gyn¤§` Avbmvi, ingvb, jyrdi I †eMg, bvRbxb (2010), mvgvwRK weÁvb (mßg †kªwY), XvKv
: RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©|
RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, gva¨wgK mvgvwRK weÁvb, RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|
†Rvqvi`vi, my‡ek P›`ª (2006), evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ, wg‡jwbqvg cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv †`, g‡bviÄb, RbweÁvb I RbmsL¨v
we‡kølY, †dgvm cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv| f~uBqv, †gvnv¤§` Avãyj Iqv`y` (1997), AvaywbK ivóªweÁvb, †Mvø e jvB‡eªix (cÖv.) wj., XvKv|
jwZd, Avey nvwg`; nK, †gv. †gvRv‡¤§j; AvKb, Av. mvjvg; †nv‡mb, †gvKv‡Ïm (2000), wm-Bb-GW cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì Rb¨ cwi‡ek
cwiwPwZ (mgvR), cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awa`ßi, XvKv| gÛj, †iev I gÛj, kvnRvnvb (1999), gvbevwaKvi AvBb, msweavb, Bmjvg I
GbwRI, XvKv : Avjg eyK nvDm| gw`bv, KvRx, gv‡jK, Avãyj, Av³vi, †mwjbv, gwiqg, †g‡ni I ReŸvi, gynv¤§` Avãyj
(2003), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR, XvKv : RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©| gw`bv, KvRx; gv‡jK, Avãyj; Av³vi, †mwjbv;
gwiqg, †g‡ni Ges Revevi, gynv¤§` Avãyj (2008), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR-Z…Zxq †kªwY, RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©,
XvKv|
gw`bv, KvRx; gv‡jK, Avãyj; †gv. myRv-D`-†`․jv Ges gwiqg, †g‡ni (2008), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvRPZz_© †kªwY, RvZxq
wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|
gw`bv, KvRx, gv‡jK, Avãyj, myRv-D`-†`․jv, †gv. I gwiqg, †g‡ni (2004), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR, XvKv : RvZxq wk¶vµg I
cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©|
gw`bv, KvRx; gv‡jK, Avãyj; †gv. myRv-D`-†`․jv Ges gwiqg, †g‡ni (2008), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvRPZz_© †kªwY, RvZxq
wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv| gw`bv, KvRx; gv‡jK, Avãyj; Av³vi, †mwjbv; gwiqg, †g‡ni Ges Revevi, gynv¤§` Avãyj
(2008), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR-Z…Zxq †kªwY, RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv| gv‡jK, Avãyj (2000), mvgvwRK
wk¶Y, gva¨wgK wk¶v Dbœqb cÖKí, gva¨wgK I D”P wk¶v Awa`ßi, XvKv| gviydv, KvRx (2010), evsjv‡`k GKwU †f․‡MvwjK
mgx¶v, XvKv : myR‡bly cÖKvkbx| gvngy` •mq` Avjg (2006), evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ, eB weZvb, XvKv| evsjv‡`k †M‡RU,
AwZwi³, RyjvB 3, 2011|
†eMg, iIkb Aviv, wkK`vi, Avãyj nvB I `vm, ¶Y`v †gvnb (2009), gva¨wgK mvgvwRK weÁvb. XvKv : RvZxq wk¶vµg I
cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©| iDd, KvRx Ave`yi I gvngy`, KvRx Aveyj (2010), dwjZ I eënvwiK f~‡Mvj| XvKv : myR‡bly cÖKvkbx|
ingvb, gynv¤§` nvweeyi (2010), mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ, XvKv : nvmvb eyK nvDm| ingvb, †gvnv¤§` Avwidzi (2010), A_©‣bwZK
f~‡Mvj| XvKv : cvi‡d± cvewj‡KkÝ| ingvb, gynv¤§v` nvweeyi (2002), mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ, nvmvb eyK nvDR, XvKv| iwk`,
†gv. nviyb Ai; PµeZ©x, kyfvkxl; ai, DËg Kzgvi Ges gyLvR©x, wb‡ik P›`ª, (nd), eûgyLx g~j¨vqb wk¶K mnvwqKv, GbwmwUwe,
XvKv| iwng, Gg.G. (1976), evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì BwZnvm, XvKv : B÷vb© wcÖw›Us cvewjwks A¨vÛ c¨v‡K‡Rm wjwg‡UW
(b~iRvnvb iwng KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ)|
iwng, †gvnv¤§`, †P․ayix, Avãyj gwgb, †gvnv¤§`, G we Gg, Bmjvg, wmivRyj (1998), evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, XvKv : bI‡ivR
wKZvwe¯Ívb| iwng, Gg. G. (1994), evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì BwZnvm (1757-1947), Avng` cvewjwks nvDm, XvKv| wk¶v gš¿Yvjq
(2011), cÖv_wgK wk¶vµg 2011, wk¶v gš¿Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, XvKv : RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©|
219
wk¶v gš¿Yvjq (2011), RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ 2010, wk¶v gš¿Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, XvKv : RvZxq wk¶vµg I
cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©| myjZvbv, mvwenv; wRbœvn, †gvnv¤§` Avjx; Av³vi, †mwjbv Ges ingvb, jyrdzi (2008), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR-
cÂg †kªwY, RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|
†mb, i½jvj (1997), mgvRKvVv‡gv : cyuwRev` I mgvRZš¿, wbD A¨vÛ cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv
†mb¸ß, cÖ‡gvèÜz, gy‡Lvcva¨vq, gwZjvj I emy g„b¥q, (1997), mgvR `k©b, e¨vbvR©x cvewj‡KkÝ, KjKvZv|
†mb, i½jvj, bv_, wek¦¤¢i Kzgvi (2003), cÖviw¤¢K mgvRweÁvb, wbD A¨vÛ cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv| †mb, i½jvj I bv_, wek¦¤¢i
Kzgvi (2007), cÖviw¤¢K mgvRweÁvb, XvKv : wbD GR cvewj‡KkÝ| myjZvbv, mvwenv; wRbœvn, †gvnv¤§` Avjx; Av³vi, †mwjbv
Ges ingvb, jyrdzi (2011), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR-cÂg †kªwY, RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv| wmsn, ivgKvšÍ
(2001), evsjv‡`‡ki b„ZvwË¡K Rb‡Mvôx| mvMi, Lyiwk` Avjg (2006), evsjv‡`‡ki Avwèvmx‡ì K_v| myjZvbv, †i‡eKv;
†eMg, gvKmy`v Ges DwÏb, BgwZqvR (2009), evsjv‡`‡ki mgvRweÁvb, IqvBW cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv|
nK, †gvnv¤§` jyrdzjI ingvb, †gv¯ÍvwdRyi (1997), evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ, evsjv‡`k eyK Ki‡cv‡ikb wj., XvKv| nK, †gvnv¤§`
jyrdyj I ingvb, †gv¯ÍvwdRyi (1998), AvaywbK A_©bxwZ (e¨wóK I mgwóK A_©bxwZ), evsjv‡`k eyK Ki‡cv‡ikb wj., XvKv|
Lvb, ‡gv: Avãyj AvIqvj I AvKZvi, Lyikx` (2000), f~‡Mvj wkÿY, gva¨wgK wkÿv Dbœqb cÖKí, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq ,XvKv
Bmjvg, •mq` wmivRyj (2013), ivóª weÁvb, nvmvb eyK nvDR, XvKv
gv‡jK, Avãyj I Lvb, †gv: jyrdi ingvb (2000), mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿY, gva¨wgK wkÿv Dbœqb cÖKí, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq ,XvKv
iwng, gynv¤§` Avãyi I Ab¨vb¨ ( 1998), evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, bI‡ivR wKZvwe¯Ívb, XvKv
‡nv‡mb, AvkdvK (2012), evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡mi iƒc‡iLv, †R.‡K.‡cÖm GÛ cvweø‡KkÝ, XvKv
220
Aa¨vq 1
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wk¶Y
f~wgKv
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK wk¶v ¯Í‡i wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ mvaviYZ
iv‡óªi RvZxq Av`k©, a¨vb-aviYv Ges j¶¨ I D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K| wk¶vi
wewfbœ ¯Í‡i wba©vwiZ wel‡qi wkLb-†kLv‡bvi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì Gme j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©b
Ki‡Z mnvqZv †`qv nq| †m Abymv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK wk¶v ¯Í‡i
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ welqwUi wkLb-†kLv‡bvi †¶‡ÎI mywbw`©ó KZK¸‡jv j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨
i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ-2010 Ges Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wkÿv

RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ 2010-Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q, ÒgvbeZvi weKvk Ges RbgyLx Dbœqb I
cÖMwZ‡Z †bZ…Z¡`v‡bi Dc‡hvMx gbbkxj, hyw³ev`x, bxwZevb, wb‡Ri Ges Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ
kª×vkxj, Kzms¯‥vigy³, cigZmwnòz, Amv¤cÖ`vwqK, †`k‡cÖwgK Ges Kg©Kzkj bvMwiK M‡o
†Zvjv| cvkvcvwk wk¶vi gva¨‡gB RvwZ‡K `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj we‡k¦i mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pjvi
•ewkó¨ I `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó(RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010,c„:1)
Dch©y³ g~j D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K wk¶vbxwZ‡Z wk¶vi j¶¨, 30wU wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZMZ ZvwM`
wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q| wk¶vbxwZi GB wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AšÍZ 12wU‡Z mivmwifv‡e
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wk¶vi Dcv`vb ¯vb †c‡q‡Q| G mKj j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ we‡kølY K‡i
Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi †h, wk¶v_©x‡ì mvgvwRK Áv‡bi weKvk Ges mvgvwRK I bvMwiK Kv‡R
AskMÖn‡Yi `¶Zv, mgm¨v-mgvavb `¶Zv, MYZvwš¿K wek¦vm, `„wófw½i weKvk I eûwea
g~j¨‡eva Dbœq‡b evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wk¶vi Zvrch© ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wkÿvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZMZ ZvwM`mg~n wb‡P D‡jøL
Kiv n‡jv:
 wkÿvi me©¯Í‡i mvsweavwbK wbðqZvi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bv Ges evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv, mve©‡f․gZ¡ I
ALÛZv i¶vi cÖwZ wk¶v_©x‡ì m‡PZb Kiv|
 e¨w³ I RvZxq Rxe‡b •bwZK, gvbweK, mvs¯‥…wZK, weÁvbwfwËK I mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva
cÖwZôvK‡í wkÿv_x©‡ì gb‡b, K‡g© I eënvwiK Rxe‡b DÏxcbv m„wó Kiv|
 gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq wk¶v_©x‡ì AbycÖvwYZ K‡i †Zvjv I Zv‡ì wPšÍv-‡PZbvq †`kvZ¥‡eva,
RvZxqZv‡eva Ges Zv‡ì Pwi‡Î mybvMwi‡Ki MyYvewji (†hgb: b¨vq‡eva, Amv¤úÖ`vwqK-
†PZbv‡eva, KZ©e¨‡eva, gvbevwaKvi m‡PZbZv, gy³eyw×i PP©v, k„•Ljv, mrRxebhvc‡bi
gvbwmKZv, †m․nv`¨©, Aaëmvq BZ¨vw`) weKvk NUv‡bv|
 RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‥…wZi aviv weKwkZ K‡i cÖRb¥ ci¤úivq mÂvj‡bi eë¯v Kiv|
1
 †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ wk¶v‡K m„Rbagx©, cÖ‡qvMgyLx I Drcv`b
mnvqK K‡i †Zvjv; wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K •eÁvwbK `„wófw½m¤úbœ e¨w³Z¡ wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv Ges
Zv‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡i MyYvewji weKv‡k mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
 RvwZ, ag©, †MvÎ wbwe©‡k‡l Av_-©mvgvwRK †kªwY-‣elg¨ I bvix-cyiæl •elg¨ `~i Kiv,
Amv¤cÖ`vwqKZv, wek¦-åvZ…Z¡, †m․nv`©¨ I gvby‡l gvby‡l mngwg©Zv‡eva M‡o †Zvjv Ges
gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖwZ kª×vkxj K‡i ‡Zvjv|
 MYZvwš¿K †PZbv‡ev‡ai weKv‡ki Rb¨ cvi¯úwiK gZv`‡k©i cÖwZ mnbkxj nIqv Ges RxebgyLx
e¯‧wbô I BwZevPK `„wófw½ weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv|
 wek¦cwigÐ‡j wewfbœ †¶‡Î mdj AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨ wk¶vi wewfbœ ch©v‡q I wel‡q
D”Pgv‡bi `¶Zv m„wó Kiv|
 wk¶v‡K e¨vcKwfwËK Kivi j‡¶¨ cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶vi Dci †Rvi †Ìqv, kª‡gi cÖwZ
wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K kª×vkxj I AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv Ges wk¶vi ¯Íi wbwe©‡k‡l AvZ¥Kg©ms¯v‡b
wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi Rb¨ e„wËg~jK wk¶vq `¶Zv AR©‡b mg_© Kiv|
 wkÿv_x©‡ì g‡a¨ Rjevqy cwieZ©bmn cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek-m‡PZbZv Ges
GZ`msµvšÍ wel‡q `¶ Rbkw³ m„wó Kiv|
 me ai‡bi cÖwZeÜxi wk¶vi AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv|
 gv`KRvZxq †bkv`ª‡eï wec` m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡ì mZK© I m‡PZb Kiv|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ Ges c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki Õ†mvk¨vj ÷vwWRÕGi
cÖK…wZ •ewkó¨MZfv‡e cÖvq GKB ai‡bi| †`‡k †`‡k welqwUi bvgKi‡Y cv_©K¨ †`Lv †M‡jI
GwU wkLb-†kLv‡bvi cÖvq Awfbœ wKQz j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q| †mvk¨vj ÷vwWR wb‡q KvR K‡ib
Ggb cwÛZ‡ì GKwU GKv‡WwgK msMVb n‡”Q gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Ô`¨ b¨vkbvj KvDwÝj di `¨
†mvm¨vj ÷vwWRÕ(The National Council for the Social Studies, NCSS)| GB msMVbwU Ges
wewfbœ wk¶vwe` I mvgvwRK weÁvbx (†hgb, gwi‡mU Ges nvÕm 1982) †mvk¨vj ÷vwWR wkLb-
‡kLv‡bvi D‡Ïk¨ wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GB D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wkLb-
†kLv‡bvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQz j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wb‡P Dc¯vcb Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. aviYv msMVb : evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq-Gi †g․wjK welqe¯‧i aviYv msMVb I Dcjwäi weKvk
Ges Zv cÖ‡qv‡M wk¶v_©x‡ì mnvqZv Kiv| †hgbÑcwiev‡ii aviYv ev cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi
e¨vcv‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì Abyaveb I Abykxjb mvg‡_©ï weKvkmva‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
2. mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZvi ÁvbwfwËK aviYv Dbœqb : mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZv m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡ì aviYvi
Dbœqb Ges wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K gvbyl I Zv‡ì AvPiY ch©‡eÿY, g~j¨vqb I cÖksmv Kivi
2
mvg‡_¨©i Dbœqb mvab Kiv| D`vniY¯îƒc: cwievi, we`¨vjq, GjvKv, mgvR, ivóª I we‡k¦
Zv‡ì Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvj‡bi Dcjwä we¯Í…Z Kiv|
3. mvgvwRK I bvMwiK `¶Zv Ges mvg‡_©ï Dbœqb : evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq-Gi Z_¨vewj Dcjwä
I eënvi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `¶Zv I mvg‡_©ï Dbœq‡b wk¶v_©x‡ì mnvqZv Kiv| e¨vcK
A‡_©, GKwU Kvh©Ki mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi Rb¨ h_vh_ Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½i weKvk NUv‡bv|
D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq- AvenvIqv I Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq BwZevPK f~wgKv
MÖn‡Y DØy× Kiv Ges •bwZK I mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj wk¶v_©x‡ì ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Kivi `¶Zv
I mvg‡_©ï Dbœqb NUv‡bv|
4. g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvkmvab : GKwU MYZvwš¿K mgv‡R emevm Ges Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvj‡bi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ g~j¨‡eva AR©‡b wk¶v_©x‡ì mnvqZv Kiv| †hgbÑgyw³hy‡×i †PZbv, b¨vq‡eva,
•elg¨nxbZv, Amv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbv, MYZvwš¿K †PZbv, cigZmwnòzZv, KZ©e¨‡eva, gvbevwaKvi
m‡PZbZv, gy³eyw×i PP©v BZ¨vw`| GKB mv‡_ •ewk¦K †cÖ¶vc‡U f~wgKv cvj‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡ì
Avek¨Kxq g~j¨‡ev‡ai D‡b¥l I weKvk mvab Kiv| †hgbÑAvšÍR©vwZK mg‡SvZv ev
mngwg©Zv‡eva, wek¦åvZ…Z¡‡eva BZ¨vw`|
5. ‣ewPÎ¨c~Y© mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK •ewk‡óï cÖwZ BwZevPK `„wófw½ M‡o †Zvjv: GKwU mvgvwRK
I mvs¯‥…wZKfv‡e •ewPÎ¨c~Y© ev eû-mvs¯‥…wZK •ewkó¨m¤úbœ mgv‡R emev‡mi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
¯^”Q `„wófw½ M‡o †Zvjvq mnvqZv Kiv| mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wnmv‡e gvby‡li e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨‡eva, agx©q
wek¦vm, kvixwiK cÖwZeÜKZv •ewPÎ¨c~Y© cÖ_v Ges AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi cÖwZ Zv‡ì mnvbyf~wZkxj,
cÖksmvg~jK I kÖ×vkxj g‡bvfve I `„wófw½i weKvkmvab Kiv|
6 .•ewk¦K bvMwiK g‡bvfve MVb: we‡k¦i GK Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wnmv‡e wb‡R‡ì‡K M‡o †Zvjv|
wk¶v_©x‡ì Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri Ges A‡bï Ici †mB Kv‡Ri cÖfv‡ei `vwqZ¡kxjZvi †PZbv AR©‡b
mnvqZv Kiv|
7. cwieZ©bkxjZv I cÖwZK~jZv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi mvg‡_©ï Dbœqb : wk¶v_©x‡ì we‡k¦i

cwieZ©bkxjZvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ weavb I †h‡Kv‡bv cÖwZK~j cwiw¯wZ †gvKv‡ejvq mÿg Ki‡Z
mnvqZv Kiv| G welqwU wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì BwZevPK `„wófw½i Dbœq‡b
¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv|
8. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯v‡bi †hvM¨Zv AR©b : wk¶v_©x‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb I `¶Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯v‡bi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv| KvwqK kÖgmn †h‡Kv‡bv mr †ckvi cÖwZ kÖ×vc~Y©
g‡bvfve m„wó I Zv MÖnY Kivi gva¨‡g AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv AR©‡b DØy× Kiv| †hgbÑebvqb
Kvh©µg, grm¨ Pvl, cïcvjb , KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK KvR, Z_¨-cÖhyw³wfwËK KvR BZ¨vw`|
3
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLb-†kLv‡bvi •ewkó¨
cÖwZwU wel‡qi wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi wbR¯^ KZ¸‡jv we‡klZ¡ _v‡K, hv D³ wel‡qi welqe¯‧ Dcjwä
Ki‡Z mnvqZv `vb K‡i| †Zgwb evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq welqwUi wkLb-‡kLv‡bviI KZ¸‡jv
•ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q , hv wb¤œiƒc:
1. welqe¯‧MZ •ewkó¨: Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ Gi GK GKwU cv‡Vi •ewkó¨ Ab¨ cv‡Vi •ewkó¨
†_‡K ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Avjv`v nq| Z‡e welqwU mgwš^Z nIqvq ‡Kvb †Kvb cv‡Vi welqe¯‧‡Z
wewfbœ wel‡qi Dcv`vb mshy³ _v‡K| Kv‡RB, wkÿK welqe¯‧i Gi~c •ewkó¨vewj mg¨Kfv‡e
Dcjwä Ki‡eb| Zvi Av‡jv‡K mvgwMÖK wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cwiKíbv cÖYqb I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb|
2. h_vh_ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kjv‡K․kj cÖ‡qvM: evjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi we‡kl
¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K n‡jv G wel‡qi wkÿ‡Ki gvbm¤§Z †cWv‡MvwRK¨vj K‡›U›U b‡jR (Pedagogical
Content Knowledge) | Gi gva¨‡gB wbw`©ó cv‡Vi cÖK…wZ I •ewkó¨ Dcjwä K‡i evsjv‡`k I
wek¦cwiPq wk¶K h_vh_ wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kjv‡K․kj wbe©vPb K‡i cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb|
3. wb‡`©kbv mvgMÖxi cÖK…wZ: evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi mdjZv wb‡`©kbv
mvgMÖxi cÖK…wZi Ici eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| cvV¨cy¯K Í , wk¶K mnvwqKv, wkÿK ms¯‥iY I
wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv n‡jv cÖavb cÖavb wb‡`©kbv mvgMÖx| wewfbœ †idv‡iÝ eB, Rxebx MÖš, msev`cÎ
BZ¨vw` evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡Z mnvqK mvgMÖx wnmv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| GQvovI B‡j±ªwbK wgwWqv, B›Uvi‡bU, wewfbœ I‡qemvBU cÖf„wZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Z_¨m~Î n‡Z cv‡i| GbwmwUwe KZ…©K cÖYxZ wbw`©ó †kªwYi evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq cvV¨cy¯K Í
wkLb-†kLv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖavb wb‡`©kbv mvgMÖx wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| m½Z Kvi‡YB cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki
cwimi GKwU wbw`©ó AvKv‡ii g‡a¨ mxgve× ivL‡Z nq| d‡j G‡Z Dc¯vwcZ Z_¨, Bjv‡÷ªkb
BZ¨vwÌ cwiwgZ nq| Avevi, PjwZ NUbvewji eû ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ cÖwZ eQi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K Av‡m
bv| A_P Zvi A‡bK wKQzB wk¶v_©x‡ì AewnZ bv Ki‡j Zv‡ì wkL‡b Am¤ú~Y©Zv †_‡K †h‡Z
cv‡i| ZvB evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLb-‡kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z Ávb wkÿv_x©i wkLb Pvwn`vi
Av‡jv‡K wewfbœ cÖK…wZi wkLb mvgMªxi Kvh©Ki eënv‡ii `ÿZvi Dbœqb NUvq|
4. wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb cvi`wk©Zv: wk¶v_©x‡ì djcÖm~ wkL‡bi †¶‡Î Zv‡ì wkLb cvi`wk©Zv Z_v
mvg_©¨, AvMÖn, aviY ev MÖnY ¶gZv, Pvwn`v BZ¨vwì Zvrch©c~Y© cÖfve Av‡Q| ZvB wk¶‡Ki
wkLb-†kLv‡bv cwiKíbv I Abykxj‡b Zv‡ì Gme •ewkó¨ ev ¸Yvewj we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ cv‡e|
GQvov Zv‡ì eqm, wj½, Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK †cÖ¶vcU BZ¨vw`‡KI ¸iyZ ¡w`‡Z n‡e|
5. cwiKíbvi wb‡`©kbv: †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cwiKíbvi wb‡`©kbv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wkÿv_x©i aib, cv‡Vi welqe¯‧, wkÿvµ‡g wb‡`©wkZ wkLbdj
BZ¨vwì Dci wfwË K‡i wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z nq| GKRb
wkÿ‡Ki mwVK cwiKíbvi DciB wbf©i K‡i †kÖwYK‡ÿ KZUzKz Kvh©Kifv‡e wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
Kvh©vewj ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e| GRb¨ cwiKíbvi wb‡`©kbv evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi
GKwU we‡kl •ewkó¨|
4
6. g~j¨vqb: evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi Av‡iKwU w`K n‡jv Gi g~j¨vqb| wkÿv_x©‡ì
wkLb AMÖMwZ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e avivevwnK I mvgwóK g~j¨vqb Kiv
nq| wkÿv_x©i g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wkL‡bi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx Kx ai‡bi Uzjm& Kxfv‡e eëüZ n‡e Zvi
wb‡`©kbv evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi AšÍf~©³ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|
Ôevsj‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wkLb-†kLv‡bvi Zvrch©
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLb-†kLv‡bvi jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨ I •ewkó¨ we‡kølY Ki‡jB Gi Zvrch©

Abyaveb Kiv hvq| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i wkï‡ì mvgvwRK mËvi weKvk mvab, bvMwiK `¶Zv I
†hvM¨Zv AR©b Kiv‡bv Ges •bwZK g~j¨‡eva MV‡b evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq welqwU Ab¨Zg
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡ì
bvMwiK `¶Zv Z_v Ávb, eyw×e„wËK cÖwµqvmg~n Ges MYZvwš¿K ¯^fve Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb
iv‡Lb| cwiYZ mvgvwRK I bvMwiK Rxe‡b mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì G Ávb, `¶Zv,
`„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq| wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K wbR wbR mgvR I iv‡óªi cªwZ
cÖwZkÖwy Ze×Ki‡Y evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq welqwU wkLb †kLv‡bvi Zvrch© Acwimxg| m‡e©vcwi
wkÿv_x©‡ì •ewk¦K mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z Ges mwµq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z G welqwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| G wel‡qi wkÿKMY‡K welqwUi wkLb †kLv‡bvi ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä
Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wk¶‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxq •ewkó¨

evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq GKwU mgwš^Z welq nIqvq GwU wkLb-†kLv‡bvi Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki
KZK¸‡jv we‡kl •ewkó¨ _vKv Avek¨K| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †mvk¨vj ÷vwWR wk¶K‡ì
†ckvwfwËK cÖwZôvb National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS)†mvk¨vj ÷vwWR
wkÿvµ‡gi †h iƒc‡iLv w`‡q‡Q Zv‡Z G welqwU wkLb-†kLv‡bvi Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxq
•ewkó¨vewj cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| Gme •ewkó¨ Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wk¶‡Ki RbÏ
cÖ‡qvRbxq| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLb-†kLv‡bvq wk¶‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxq Gme •ewkó¨vewj
ms‡¶‡c eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕwkLb-‡kLv‡bv kw³kvjx Z_v gvbm¤§Z nIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb -
১. A_©c~Y© wkLb-‡kLv‡bv: wk¶v_©xiv welqe¯‧ mswkøó Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva
my¯úófv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡e I Zv ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z mg_© n‡e| ZvB evsjv‡`k I
wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi GKRb mdj wkÿ‡Ki G welqwUi cÖavb cÖavb cÖZ¨q I aviYvmg~‡ni Mfxi
Ávb _vKv evÃbxq | wkÿK‡K welqe¯‧MZ cÖwZwU aviYvB A_©c~Y©fv‡e wkÿv_x©i mvg‡b Zz‡j
ai‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î welqe¯‧MZ we¯Í…wZ ‡hgb MyiæZ¡c~Y©, ‡Zgwb wk¶v_©x‡ì GKzk kZ‡Ki
Bmy¨mg~n m¤ú‡K© cÖ¯‧Z K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ wk¶K‡K Mfxi I wPšÍvkxj Abyave‡bi AwaKvix n‡Z
n‡e|
5
২. mgwš^Z wkLb-†kLv‡bv: welqe¯‧‡K mswkøó mKj †cÖ¶vc‡Ui Av‡jv‡K wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q
Dc¯vcb I e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY Kiv, hv‡Z H wel‡q Zv‡ì mvgwMÖK wkLb nq| Zv bv n‡j
wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb n‡Z cv‡i LwÛZ ev AvswkK| welqe¯‧i G mgwš^Z Dc¯vcb mswkøó w_g
(Theme) ev aviYvmg~‡ni †hvMm~Î‡K MwZkxj K‡i, AwaKZi A_©c~Y© K‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc-
BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‧ cov‡Z wM‡q †Kvb mg‡q †Kvb ¯v‡b †Kvb Ae¯vq NUbvwU N‡U‡Q, H ¯v‡bi
†f․‡MvwjK cwi‡ek †mB NUbvi Ici Kx cÖfve †d‡jwQj, ZLbKvi Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK
†cÖ¶vcU †Kgb wQj, mvaviY gvbyl NUbvwU‡K Kxfv‡e †`‡LwQj BZ¨vw` mvgwMÖK †cÖw¶‡Zi
AeZviYv wk¶v_©x‡ì wkL‡b mgMÖZv cÖ`v‡b mnvqK nq| Avevi, ms¯‥…wZ welqwU Dcjwä Kivi
†¶‡Î wk¶v_©x‡ì mgq, avivevwnKZv I cwieZ©bkxjZv; gvbyl, ¯vb I cwi‡ek; bvMwiK
Av`k©vewj I Abykxjb cÖf„wZ aviYvi DcjwäI cÖ‡qvRb| myZivs wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb‡K m¤ú~Y©Zv
`v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU mgwš^Z welq wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiP‡qi welqe¯‧ mgwš^Zfv‡e wkLb-
†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡Z eënv‡ii `¶Zv wk¶‡Ki _vKv evÃbxq|
৩. g~j¨‡evawfwËK wkLb-†kLv‡bv : evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLb-†kLv‡bvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K n‡jv

wk¶v_©x‡ì gyw³hy×, †`k‡cÖg, MYZvwš¿K Av`k© I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZ h_vh_fv‡e cÖwZkÖæwZkxj
K‡i M‡o †Zvjv| GQvovI mZëvw`Zv, mvg¨‡eva, b¨vq‡eva, cigZmwnòzZv, cvi¯úwiK
kÖ×v‡eva, mngwg©Zv, gvbevwaKvi, gZvg‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv, kÖ‡gi cÖwZ kÖ×v‡eva I †m․Rb¨‡eva
AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv| wk¶v_©x‡ì GmKj g~j¨‡eva weKv‡ki D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cwievi, we`¨vjq,
GjvKv, ivóª I AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b m‡PZb I mwµqfv‡e mvgvwRK I bvMwiK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi
Dc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o †Zvjv| myZivs, wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ GmKj cÖ‡qvRbxq g~j¨‡eva weKv‡k
mnvqZv Kivi Ávb,`¶Zv I `„wófw½ evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq welq wk¶‡Ki Aek¨B _vK‡Z
n‡e| Zvn‡jB evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLb-†kLv‡bv h_v_© I Kvh©Ki n‡e|
৪. MYZvwš¿K wkLb-†kLv‡bv : wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡ì mvs¯‥…wZK, ag©xq, fvlvZvwË¡K Ges wkLb

•ewPÎ¨ eRvq †i‡LB †kªwYK‡¶ Zv‡ì GKxf~ZKi‡Yi Ici A_©vr Ô•ewP‡Îï g‡a¨ H‡KïÕ Ici
†Rvi †`‡eb| mvaviYZ wk¶v_©x‡ì †MvÎ, RvwZmËv, fvlv, ag©, wj½, we‡kl wkLb Pvwn`v Ges
Acivci wk¶vg~jK I e¨w³MZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© •ewkó¨vewji wfwË‡Z •ewPÎ¨ m„wó nq| wk¶v_©x‡ì
ga¨Kvi •ewPÎ¨ I eûZ¡‡K PP©v Kivi MYZvwš¿K j¶¨ g~Z©iƒ‡c cÖKvk cv‡e hw` wk¶K evsjv‡`k
I wek¦cwiPq †kªwYK¶‡K MYZ‡š¿i M‡elYvMvi wn‡m‡e •Zwi Ki‡Z mg_© nb|
৫. cÖwZK~jZv †gvKv‡ejv mnvqK Dbœqbg~jK wkLb-‡kLv‡bv: GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k wnmv‡e

evsjv‡`k Av_©-mvgvwRK,ivR‣bwZK, cwi‡ek, weÁvb I cÖhyw³ BZ¨vw` bvbv †¶‡Î AMMªwZ
mva‡b bvbvwea P¨v‡j‡Äi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q| GQvovI Avgv‡ì cÖwZwbqZ bvbv AcÖZ¨vwkZ
cÖwZKj~Zv †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡”Q| GKwU DbœZ I AvZ¥ghv©`vkxj RvwZ wn‡m‡e wek¦ ìev‡i
Avgv‡ì অবস্থান মজবু ত Ki‡Z n‡j wkï‡ì g‡a¨ GB cªwZK~jZv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi দৃঢ় g‡bvfve
6
M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| wkï‡ì GB g‡bvfve M‡o Zyj‡Z †kªwYK‡¶ I †kÖwYK‡¶i evB‡i bvbv ai‡bi
Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wk¶K‡K h_vh_ fw~gKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡ব।
৬. mwµqZvwfwËK wkLb-‡kLv‡bv: wk¶v_©x‡ì evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq mswkøó ÁvbvR©b, `¶Zv

AR©b, g~j¨‡eva mÂvi I P¨v‡jwÄs g‡bvfve M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ mKj †¶‡ÎB wkL‡b Zv‡ì
mwµqZv AZ¨vek¨K| G Rb¨ wkLb-†kLv‡bv‡Z Ggb me wk¶vg~jK KvR wk¶K‡K AšÍf©y³
Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z mKj wk¶v_©x cÖ‡qvRbxq AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM cvq| wk¶K hZ †ewk Kv‡R
Zv‡ì AskMÖnY Kwi‡q †kLv‡eb, Zv‡ì wkLb ZZ †ewk †UKmB n‡e|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi wkLb ‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡K wkÿv_x©‡ì wbKU mnR‡eva¨ I

AvKl©Yxq Ki‡Z D³ wel‡qi wkÿKMY‡K Dch©y³ •ewkó¨vewj aviY K‡i †m Abyhvqx ‡kÖwYK‡ÿ
Zv Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
7
Aa¨vq 2
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkÿvµg
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿv
evsjv‡`‡k AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi cÖviw¤¢K avc n‡jv cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿv| wkïi e¨w³‡Ë¡i c~Y©
weKvk I AvRxeb wkL‡bi wfwË •Zwii cÖ¯‧wZ MÖn‡Yi cÖv_wgK †mvcvb cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿv | G
¯Í‡ii wkÿvi jÿ¨ n‡jv- ÔAvb›`gq I wkïevÜe cwi‡e‡k cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wk¶vi eqmx wkï‡ì
(5+ eQi) eqm I mvg_¨© Abyhvqx kvixwiK, gvbwmK, Av‡ewMK, mvgvwRK, bv›`wbK, eyw×e„Ëxq
I fvlve„Ëxq Z_v mvwe©K weKv‡k mnvqZv w`‡q AvRxeb wkL‡bi wfwË iPbv Kiv Ges cÖv_wgK
wk¶vi A½‡b Zv‡ì mvb›` I ¯^Ztù~Z© Awf‡lK NUv‡bv|ÕG j‡ÿ¨ evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq
mswkøó Dcv`vb cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿvq ¯vb †c‡q‡Q|
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿvµ‡gi D‡Ïk¨, g~jbxwZ I wkLb †ÿ‡Î

evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq welqe¯‧i AšÍf©yw³
cªvK- cÖv_wgK wkÿvµ‡gi g~jbxwZ‡Z evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq-
K.cwiev‡ii m¤ú„³Zv,
L.¯‥zj mwµq mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb,
M. ‡`kxq ms¯‥…wZ, K…wó I HwZn¨wbf©i wkLb,
N.GKxf~ZZv,
O. cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡ek,
P. cwi‡ek evÜeZv I
Q. m¤úK©
wkÿvµ‡gi g~jbxwZ¸‡jvi mv‡_ cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e m¤úK©hy³| G ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ †h 8wU wkLb‡ÿÎ
wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ K) mvgvwRK I Av‡ewMK, L) cwi‡ek cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e Ges M) ¯^v¯¨ I
wbivcËv welqK †ÿÎ c‡ivÿfv‡e evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó| G mswkøóZvi
cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿvµ‡g wba©vwiZ AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv I wkLbd‡j|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨vewj
K) Avb›`gq I wkïevÜe cwi‡e‡k wewfbœ †Ljv I Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkïi mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM
m„wó Kiv|
L) †kLvi cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve m„wó Kiv|
M) wkï‡K cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kiv|
N) wbR¯^ mvs¯‥…wZK AvPvi, K…wó, gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv I HwZ‡nï m‡½ cwiP‡qi cvkvcvwk Gi PP©vq
DrmvwnZ Kiv|
8
O) •bwZKZv, g~j¨‡eva I mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv|
P) ¯^v¯¨m‡PZbZv I wbivcËv weav‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
Q) wkïi AvZ¥wek¦vm I AvZ¥gh©v`v weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv Ges wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R Ki‡Z DØy× Kiv|
R) Av‡eM eyS‡Z cviv I Zvi h_vh_ cÖKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv|
S) wkï‡K cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZv, mn‡hvwMZv, mngwg©Zv I fvMvfvwM Ki‡Z mnvqZv I DØy× Kiv |
T) wkï‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv I gZvgZ cÖKv‡k DrmvwnZ Kiv|
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿvµ‡g Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ mswkøó AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv I wkLbdj
AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv wkLbdj
2.1 mvgvwRK ixwZ 2.1.1 eo‡ì mvjvg-Av`ve †Ìqvi Af¨vm MVb Ki‡e|
†g‡b eo‡ì mv‡_ 2.1.2 ï‡f”Qv wewbgq Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
†hvMv‡hvM I AvPiY 2.1.3 wkÿK I eo‡ì mv‡_ fve wewbgq (K_v ejv, Abyf~wZ cÖKvk Kiv) Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
Ki‡Z cviv|
2.2 eÜz I mgeqmx‡ì mv‡_ 2.2.1 mncvVx I mgeqmx‡ì mv‡_ wg‡jwg‡k †Lj‡Z cvi‡e|
†gjv‡gkv Ki‡Z cviv| 2.2.2 mncvVx I mgeqmx‡ì cÖwZ mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.2.3 wewfbœ ch©v‡q eÜz •Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡e (evwo‡Z, ¯‥z‡j, †Ljvi gv‡V) Ges `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK eÜzi
m‡½ m¤úK© ivL‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3.1 †bZ…Z¡ †g‡b Pj‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3.2 †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj AR©b I cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3 mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj 2.3.3 †QvULvU Ø›Ø wbimb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
AR©‡bi gva¨‡g wg‡jwg‡k 2.3.4 g‡Zi wfbœZv †g‡b †bIqvi g‡bvfve †`Lv‡e|
_vK‡Z cviv| 2.3.5 mncvVx‡ì wewfbœZv I •ewPÎ¨ †g‡b †bIqvi gvbwmKZv AR©b Ki‡e|
2.3.6 cQ›` I AcQ›` cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3.7 mn‡hvwMZv I fvMvfvwMi (†kqvwis) gva¨‡g wewfbœ KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3.8 evwo, †kÖwY, we`¨vjq I Ab¨vb¨ cwi‡e‡k wb‡R‡K Lvc LvIqv‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3.9 Ac‡ii cÖwZ mnvbzf~wZ I mngwg©Zv cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3.10 cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z I A‡bï mn‡hvwMZv PvB‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3.11 RvZxq m¤ú‡ì cÖwZ hZœkxj n‡e|
2.4.1 wb‡Ri Av‡eM Abyf~wZ (†hgb : D”Q¡vm, D‡ØM, fq, fv‡jv jvMv, g›` jvMv, fv‡jvevmv BZ¨vw`)
¯^vfvweKfv‡e A‡bï Kv‡Q cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.4 AvZ¥m‡PZb nIqv, AvZ¥ 2.4.2 wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© Ab¨‡K ej‡Z cvi‡e|
wbqš¿Y Kiv I Av‡eM cÖKvk 2.4.3 wb‡Ri aviYv I gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
Ki‡Z cviv| 2.4.4 `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z AvMÖnx n‡e Ges Zv cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.4.5 AvZ¥m¤§vb‡eva AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.4.6 †h‡Kv‡bv cwiw¯wZ‡Z wb‡R‡K mshZfv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e |
2.4.7 †Kv‡bv KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© g‡bv‡hvM I •ah© mnKv‡i cy‡iv wb‡`©kbv ïb‡e|
2.5 •bwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva 2.5.1 fzj Ki‡j ev KvD‡K Kó w`‡j `ytL cÖKvk Ki‡e|
m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nIqv| 2.5.2 fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5.3 fv‡jv Kv‡Ri cÖksmv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.6 evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ I 2.6.1 gyw³hy× m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡e Ges RvwZi Rb‡Ki cÖwZ kª×v I m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|
HwZ‡nï PP©v Kiv| 2.6.2 RvZxq cZvKvi cÖwZ m¤§vb I fv‡jvevmv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|
2.6.3 RvZxq msMx‡Zi cÖwZ kª×v I fv‡jvevmv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|
2.6.4 RvZxq wèmmg~n D`hvc‡b mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡e|
2.6.5 mvgvwRK I †jvKR wewfbœ Drm‡e mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡e|
2.6.6 RvZxq I ¯vbxq †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, Lvevi-`vevi, dj-g~j wPb‡e I G m¤ú‡K© AvMÖn cÖKvk
Ki‡e|
2.6.7 ¯vbxq †Ljvq Drmv‡ni m‡½ AskMÖnY Ki‡e|
9
AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv wkLbdj
6.1 cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ 6.1.1 Pvicv‡ki cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb (†hgb: dzj, dj, gvQ, cvwL, cï,
e¯‧ I NUbv m¤ú‡K© m~h©, Puv`, MvQ, hvbevnb, gvwU, cvwb BZ¨vw`) wPb‡Z I bvg ej‡Z cvi‡e|
Rvb‡Z cviv| 6.1.2 dm‡ji †ÿZ, b`x, cvnvo, eb, mgy`ª wPb‡Z cvi‡e|
6.1.3 cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ NUbv †hgb e„wó, So, eb¨v, f~wgK¤ú BZ¨vw`
m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡e|
6.1.4 wb‡Ri, evwoi Ges we`¨vj‡qi wRwbmcÎ wPb‡e Ges G¸‡jvi cÖwZ
hZœkxj n‡e|
6.1.5 cwiev‡ii m`m¨ I wbKU AvZ¥xq‡ì (gv-evev, fvB-†evb, `v`v-`vw`,
bvbv-bvwb, gvgv-gvwg, PvPv-PvwP, Lvjv-Lvjy, dzcy-dzcv) m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡e|
6.1.6 wbKU cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ cÖvYxi (3wU) mvaviY •ewkó¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|
6.1.7 •ewk‡óï Av‡jv‡K MÖx®§, el©v Ges kxZKv‡ji cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
6.1.8 w`‡bi wewfbœ Ask (mKvj, `ycyi, weKvj, mÜ¨v, ivZ) Avjv`vfv‡e
wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
6.2 cwi‡ek msiÿY 6.2.1 evwo I we`¨vj‡qi cwi‡ek cwi”Qbœ ivL‡e|
Ki‡Z cviv 6.2.2 cwi‡ek msiÿY Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY Ki‡e|
6.2.3 MvQ-cvjv I cï-cvwLi cÖwZ hZœkxj n‡e|
8.2 wbivc` I SuywKgy³ 8.2.1 wec¾bK e¯‧ ev wec‡ì Drm wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e, †hgb, Av¸b,
_vKvi Af¨vm M‡o •e`y¨wZK miÄvg, Jla, KxUbvkK, fv½v Møvm, Qzwi, KuvwP, `v, †`qvkjvB, †Wvev,
Zzj‡Z cviv| cyKzi, b`x-bvjv, Mv‡Q DVv BZ¨vw`|
8.2.2 wbqgKvbyb †R‡b wbivc‡` muvZvi KvU‡Z DrmvwnZ n‡e|
8.2.3 wbivcËvRwbZ mvaviY wbqg-Kvbyb AbymiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges iv¯Ív, Mvwo
ev evB‡i PjvP‡ji mgq Zv †g‡b Pj‡Z cvi‡e|
8.2.4 wec¾bK cwiw¯wZ‡Z Kvi KvQ †_‡K mnvqZv PvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv kbv³
Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges mnvqZv PvB‡Z cvi‡e|
8.2.5 AcwiwPZ Kv‡iv KvQ †_‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz (PK‡jU, †Ljbv, UvKv BZ¨vw`)
MÖnY Ki‡e bv I AcwiwPZ Kv‡iv mv‡_ hv‡e bv|
8.2.6 cÖwZK~j cwiw¯wZ ey‡S †m Abyhvqx mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡e|
8.2.7 nqivwb I wbh©vZbg~jK AvPiY eyS‡Z cvi‡e Ges gv-evev/ AwffveK/
wkÿK‡K Rvbv‡Z cvi‡e|
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿvi wba©vwiZ wkLbdjmg~n AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ wewfbœ Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv
Ki‡eb| eQie¨vwc cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kªwYK‡ÿ ev¯ÍevwqZe¨ wewfbœ KvRmg~n‡K Zv‡ì ai‡bi Dci wfwË
K‡i †gvU 8wU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| KvRmg~n n‡jv;
1. cwiwPwZ I ‣`wbK mgv‡ek
2. e¨vqvg
3. m„Rbkxj KvR (Qov, Mvb, Mí, Awfbq, Pviæ KvR I Kviæ KvR)
4. fvlvi KvR (‡kvbv-ejv, cov : cÖvK-cVb, †jLv: cÖvK-wjLb)
5. MwY‡Zi KvR ( cÖvK-MvwbwZK aviYv, msL¨vi aviYv, ‡hvM I we‡qv‡Mi aviYv)
6. ‡Ljv (B‡”QgZ †Ljv I wb‡`©kbvi †Ljv)
7. Ab¨vb¨ KvR (cwi‡ek, weÁvb, cÖhyw³, ¯^v¯¨ I wbivcËv I cÖ‡R± IqvK©)
8. mgvcbx KvR |
(cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿK mnvwqKvq KvRmg~‡ni we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY i‡q‡Q|)
10
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿv †h‡nZz welqwfwËK bq, KvRwfwËK ZvB wWwcGW wkÿvµ‡g ‡ckvMZ wkÿv cÖ_g LÛ,
evsjv, MwYZ, cÖv_wgK weÁvb Ges evsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPq welqÁvb I wkÿY weÁvb Z_¨ cyw¯ÍKvq cÖvK-
cÖv_wgK wkÿvmswkøó welqvewj AšÍf©~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri weei‡Y evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi
mswkøóZv we`¨gvb|
Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri weeiY:

cwi‡ek weÁvb cÖhyw³ ¯^v¯¨ wbivcËv mgvcbx cÖ‡R± IqvK©
KvR
- hv wb‡q Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek - wK n‡”Q -mvaviY -Avgvi kixi -wbivcËv - -D‡jøL‡hvM¨ -cwi®‥vi
- Avgvi wcÖq wRwbm¸‡jv -†Kb n‡”Q miÄvgvw` I -•`bw›`b ¯^v¯¨ muvZvi KvR wb‡q cwi”Qbœ
- dm‡ji gvV, b`x, cvnvo,eb, -†i․`ª Qvqvi †Ljv hš¿cvwZ welqK K_KZv -c_ Pwj Av‡jvPbv mßvn
mvMi - fvmv †Wvevi †Ljv -Ny‡i †eovB -n‡iK iKg wbqg g‡b -wkï‡ì -ex‡Ri
- Avgvi Kv‡Qi gvbyl¸‡jv - evZv‡m cvZv b‡o hvbevn‡b Lvevi `vevi -iv¯Ív †_‡K Rvbv A¼z‡iv`Mg
- Avgvi wcÖq cÖvYx Ges †gN †_‡K -cÖPwjZ I -wbivc` cvwb cvivcv‡ii -wkï‡ì cÖwµqv
- Avgvi mviv w`b : w`‡bi wewfbœ e„wó nq cwiwPZ cÖhyw³ -Lvevi Av‡M I †Ljv nvwRiv -Avgv‡ì
Ask - myBP wUc‡j evwZ -Avgiv mevB c‡i wekªvg -wec‡` -†kªwYKÿ cQ‡›ì
- MÖx®§, el©v Ges kxZKvj R¡‡j KvQvKvwQ -Amy¯Zv Avwg fq ¸wQ‡q ivLv dzj, dj,
- e„wó, So, eb¨v, f~wgK¤ú - Ro I Rxe Kwi bv -nvZ †avqv mewR I
- evwo I we`¨vjq ivL‡ev cwi”Qbœ - Dw™¢` I -nqivwb I -we`vq gvQ
- MvQcvjv I cïcvwL Avgvi eÜz cÖvYx wbh©vZbg~jK Rvbv‡bv
AvPiY
11
wb‡¤œ cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î GKwU K‡i bgybv wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZi weeiY †`qv n‡jv|
cwi‡ek
bgybv KvR : (K) hv wb‡q Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek
DcKiY : Avgvi eB, wd¬c PvU©|
wkLb -†kLv‡bv c×wZ :
 wkï‡ì †Mvj n‡q em‡Z ej‡eb| AZtci Zv‡ì ej‡eb Ò AvR Avgiv Avgv‡ì we`¨vj‡qi
Av‡kcv‡k Kx Kx wRwbm Av‡Q Zv ‡`L‡evÓ|
 G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wkï‡ì mevB‡K evB‡i wb‡q hv‡eb| †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e wkïiv †hb Lye †ewk
`~‡i bv hvq Ges QzUvQzwU bv K‡i| wkïiv cÖ‡Z¨‡K Av‡kcv‡k hv wKQz †`‡L‡Q Zv g‡b ivL‡Z
ej‡eb| †`Lv †kl n‡j †kÖwYK‡ÿ wdwi‡q wb‡q Avm‡eb|
 Gevi wkï‡ì ej‡eb †Zvgiv hv wKQz †`‡LQ Zv GKRb GKRb K‡i e‡jv| wkï‡ì DËi
†ev‡W© wj‡L GKwU ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki‡eb| ZvwjKvwU wkï‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ c‡o †kvbv‡eb|
 Gevi cÖ_‡g Avgvi eB‡qi 83 c„ôvi wPÎ Avgvi cwi‡ek, MÖvg I kni Ges c‡i PvU© Gi c„ôv
1, 2, 3 I 7 cÖ`k©b K‡i Av‡kcv‡ki MvQcvjvi cvkvcvwk gvQ, cïcvwL, m~h©, Pvu` hvbevnb,
†`vKvbcvU, Nievwo, gvwU, cvwb I evZvm †h Av‡Q Zv gy‡L ej‡Z ej‡eb|
 we`¨vj‡qi wkïiv hv †`‡K‡Q Zvi GKwU K‡i Qwe AvuK‡Z ej‡eb| AvuKv †k‡l Qwe †`qv‡j
jvMv‡bv KvM‡R AvVv w`‡q jvMv‡Z ej‡eb| Gfv‡e GKwU eo †cv÷vi •Zwi Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
†cv÷viwU †`qv‡j Szwj‡q w`‡eb|
cÖhyw³
bgybv KvR bs: (L) Ny‡i †eovB hvbevn‡b
DcKiY : wd¬c PvU©, d¬vm KvW©|
wkLb- †kLv‡bv c×wZ :
 wkÿK cÖ‡Z¨K wkïi bvg a‡i wR‡Ám Ki‡eb- wkï‡ì bvbv/`v`v/gvgvi evwo †Kv_vq?
†mLv‡b Zviv wK‡m P‡o †eov‡Z hvq? wkï‡ì DËi¸‡jv ïbyb Ges †ev‡W© wjLyb|
 wkÿK ej‡eb- Gevi Avgiv GKUv gRvi Awfbq Kie| wkÿK hLb ej‡eb †ijMvwo P‡o
gvgvievwo hvB, ZLb wkïiv ej‡e ûB‡m‡ji kã w`‡q Awfbq K‡i GKRvqMv †_‡K Ab¨
RvqMvq hv‡e| Gfv‡e †gvUi mvB‡K‡j bvbvevwo hvB, †b․Kvq K‡i `v`vevwo hvB, wiKkvq P‡o
PvPvevwo, mvB‡K‡j P‡o dzdzevwo, †cø‡b P‡o Lvjvevwo hvB ej‡e Ges wkïiv Awfbq Ki‡e|
mevi Awfb‡qi ci wkÿK nvZ Zvwj w`‡q †kl Ki‡eb|
 wd¬c Pv‡U©i c„ôv 7 (hvbevnb) wkï‡ì wbKU Dc¯vcb Ki‡eb I Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
 wkï‡ì K‡qKwU `‡j fvM Ki‡eb| wewfbœ hvbevn‡bi KvW©¸‡jv Av‡M †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i
ivL‡eb| `‡j e‡m ¯j, Rj I AvKvk c‡_i hvbevnb¸‡jv Avjv`v Ki‡Z w`‡eb| `‡ji Kv‡R
mn‡hvwMZv I cÖksmv Ki‡eb|
 wkï‡ì‡K 4/5 wU `‡j fvM Ki‡eb| wkÿK wkï‡ì `j‡bZv‡K KvMR Ges †cwÝj weZiY
Ki‡Z ej‡eb| wkï‡ì me‡P‡q cQ‡›ì hvbevn‡bi Qwe AuvK‡Z ej‡eb Ges is K‡i
Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
12
wbivcËv
bgybvKvR bs: (N) iv¯Ív cvivcv‡ii †Ljv
DcKiY : Avgvi eB Ges d¬vm KvW© (UªvwdK wmMbvj)|
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ :
 wkï‡ì 4wU `‡j fvM Ki‡eb| 4wU `‡ji bvgKiY Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g `‡ji bvg jvj, wØZxq
`‡ji bvg meyR, Z…Zxq `‡ji bvg mv`v Ges †kl `‡ji bvg njy` Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 wkï‡ì mn‡hvwMZv wb‡q mshy³ wPÎ (c„.15) Abyhvqx PK w`‡q †kªwYK‡ÿi †g‡S‡Z iv¯Ívi wPÎ
AuvK‡eb|
 wewfbœ `‡ji Rb¨ wP‡Î wba©vwiZ ¯v‡b wkï‡ì mvwie×fv‡e ùvo Kiv‡eb|
 `j¸‡jv‡K wb‡Pi MšÍe¨¯j Rvwb‡q w`‡eb|
♦ jvj `j - nvmcvZvj
♦ meyR `j - evm ÷vÛ
♦ mv`v `j-evRvi
♦ njy` `j - we`¨vjq
 wkïiv mvwie×fv‡e iv¯Ívi wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b Zv‡ì Rb¨ wba©vwiZ ¯vb †_‡K MšÍe¨¯‡j hv‡e|
cÖ_gevi wkÿK UªvwdK cywj‡ki Awfbq Ki‡eb| cieZ©x‡Z wkï‡ì w`‡q UªvwdK cywj‡ki
Awfbq Kiv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 GKK, †Rvovq ev `‡j †LjvwU †Ljv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| `‡ji MšÍe¨¯j cwieZ©b K‡i †LjvwU
GKvwaKevi †Ljv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
13
wPÎ : iv¯Ív cvivcv‡ii †Ljv
cÖ‡R± IqvK©
cÖ‡R‡±i bvg: cwi®‥vi-cwi”QbœZv mßvn
c×wZ:
 `j MVb: wkï‡ì 4wU `‡j fvM Ki‡Z n‡e| 4wU `j‡K bvgKiY Ki‡eb- cÙv, †gNbv, hgybv I myigv|
 cwiKíbv cÖYqb: wkïiv `jMZ cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡e| cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b †h welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡e Zv
n‡jv-
 cÖwZwU `‡ji GKRb `j‡bZv wbe©vPb
 `‡ji Rb¨ wba©vwiZ ¯vb cwi®‥vi-cwi”Qbœ ivLvi c×wZ wba©viY
 `‡j wkï‡ì wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡ eÈb
 cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY wbe©vPb ( †hgb-Svo–, †ejPv, Szwo BZ¨vw`) Ges DcKiY msMÖ‡ni Dcvq I
Drm wba©viY
14
 cÖ‡R± ev¯Íevqb
*1g w`b: cÖ‡Z¨K `j wba©vwiZ ¯vb cwi®‥vi Ki‡e| cwi®‥vi Kivi KvRwU Avb‡›Ì mv‡_ Kivi Rb¨ wkï‡ì
Drmvn w`‡Z n‡e| cwi®‥vi Kivi mgq mK‡j my‡i my‡i wb‡Pi MvbwU MvB‡e|
Ô KvM‡Ri UzKiv, KvM‡Ri UzKiv
c‡o Av‡Q IB, c‡o Av‡Q IB
RvqMv K‡i †bvsiv, RvqMv K‡i †bvsiv
Zz‡j wbB, we‡b †d‡j w`B| Õ
hLb †h AveR©bv mvg‡b co‡e †mB AveR©bvi bvg ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb cvZv n‡j .........
ÒMv‡Qi cvZv, Mv‡Qi cvZv, c‡o Av‡Q IB........Ó
A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb ai‡bi †bvsiv n‡j........
Ògqjv AveR©bv, gqjv AveR©bv, c‡o Av‡Q IB, c‡o Av‡Q IB........Ó
†hme we`¨vj‡q GKvwaK †kÖwY i‡q‡Q †mme we`¨vj‡q wewfbœ `j wfbœ wfbœ †kÖwYK‡ÿ hv‡e| Ab¨vb¨ †kÖwYi
wkÿv_x©‡ì we`¨vjq cwi®‥vi cwi”Qbœ ivLvi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ web‡qi mv‡_ Aby‡iva Ki‡e| KvMRmn Ab¨vb¨
AveR©bv Szwo ev we‡b †djvi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Ki‡e|
*2q †_‡K 7g w`b: cÖwZwU `j Zv‡ì Rb¨ wba©vwiZ ¯vb cwi®‥vi cwi”Qbœ ivL‡e| K¬vm kyiæi cÖ_‡g, gvSvgvwS
mgq I †k‡l wkïiv cwi®‥vi cwi”Qbœ Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| cwi®‥vi cwi”Qbœ Awfhvb Pjvi mgq mK‡j
my‡i my‡i Mvb MvB‡e|
 cÖ‡R± ch©‡jvPbv: cÖwZwU `j cÖ‡R± wb‡q Avjv`v Av‡jvPbv Ki‡e| mK‡ji mv‡_ `jxq AwfÁZv wewbgq
Ki‡e| KvRwU Kxfv‡e AviI my›ì Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i Zv wb‡q mK‡ji mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡e|
cÖ‡R±wU †_‡K wkïiv bZzb Kx Kx wk‡L‡Q?
cwi®‥vi-cwi”Qbœ Ki‡Z wM‡q †Kvb welq¸‡jv wkï‡ì fvj †j‡M‡Q Ges †Kvb KvR¸‡jv Zv‡ì Kv‡Q fvj
jv‡Mwb? welq¸‡jvi Dci wkÿK Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡eb| we`¨vjq, wbR evwo I Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek memgq
cwi®‥vi-cwi”Qbœ ivLvi Rb¨ wkï‡ì DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wk¶vµg

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯K Í †evW© me©cÖ_g 1992 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i †hvM¨ZvwfwËK wk¶vµg
cªeZ©b K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z 2002 mv‡j G wk¶vµg cwigvR©b Kiv nq| wkïi mvwe©K weKv‡ki AšÍwb©wnZ
Zvrch©‡K mvg‡b †i‡L 2011 mv‡j cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµ‡g cÖv_wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ cybtwba©vwiZ nq|
wkÿv_x©i mvwe©K weKv‡ki †ÿÎ¸‡jv‡K we‡ePbv K‡iB cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµ‡g cªv_wgK wkÿvi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv,
welqwfwËK cÖvwšÍK ‡hvM¨Zv, cÖwZwU wel‡qi †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv I wkLbdj wba©viY Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cwigvwR©Z G wk¶vµ‡gi Av‡jv‡K 2013 mvj †_‡K cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii mKj wel‡qi bZzb cvV¨cy¯K Í Pvjy
Kiv n‡q‡Q| G wk¶vµ‡g Ôcwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvRÕ Gi ¯‡j Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ bv‡g welqwU cÖeZ©b
Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b Pjgvb wkÿvµg cwigvR©‡bi KvR Pj‡Q|
15
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµ‡g wba©vwiZ welqvewji g‡a¨ Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
welq| wkï hv‡Z mgv‡Ri µgcwieZ©bkxj cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q Pjvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb, `¶Zv,
`„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i †mw`‡K j¶ †i‡L evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wk¶vµg cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
G wk¶vµ‡gi g~j j¶¨ n‡jv wkïi mvgvwRK weKvkmvab Kiv| wkï hv‡Z fwel¨‡Z mgv‡Ri GKRb `vwqZ¡kxj
bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i †m g‡Zv K‡i M‡o †ZvjvB evsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPq wk¶vµ‡gi
cÖavb D‡Ïk¨|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wk¶vµ‡gi mdj ev¯Íevqb A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i wk¶‡Ki wk¶v`v‡bi `¶Zvi Ici|
ZvB evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wk¶K‡ì wewfbœ †kªwY‡Z djcÖm~ wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡j
welqwUi wk¶vµg m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ávb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
cÖv_wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨

evsjv‡`‡ki mgv‡Ri wewfbœ Pvwn`v ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Ges wk¶vi RvZxq j‡¶ï mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L GbwmwUwe
2011 mv‡j cÖv_wgK wk¶vi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ cybtwba©viY K‡i‡Q| †m Abyhvqx cÖv_wgK wk¶vi j¶¨ n‡jvÑ
Òwkïi kvixwiK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, •bwZK, gvbweK, bv›`wbK, Ava¨vwZ¥K I Av‡ewMK weKvkmvab Ges
Zv‡ì †`kvZ¥‡ev‡a, weÁvbgb¯‥Zvq, m„RbkxjZvq I DbœZ Rxe‡bi ¯^cœ`k©‡b DØy× Kiv|Ó
cÖv_wgK wkÿvµ‡gi D‡Ïk¨ Ges Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡qi mv‡_ Gi mswkøóZv

cwigvwR©Z wk¶vµ‡g cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ 13wU D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| (cwiwkó : 4-G cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii
D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv D‡jøL Av‡Q|) Gi g‡a¨ 9wU evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq mswkøó| G¸‡jv n‡jv-1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12 I 13| wb‡P evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiP‡qi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv cwo I AšÍwb©wnZ A_© †evSvi †Póv Kwi|
wkÿvµ‡gi evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq mswkøó D‡Ïk¨

D‡Ïk¨
b¤î
(1) Avjøvn&Zvqvjv/m„wóKZ©vi cÖwZ wek¦vm I wkïi g‡a¨ •bwZK I gvbweK g~j¨‡eva m„wó Kiv
Ges mKj ag© I ag©vej¤^x‡ì cÖwZ kª×vkxj nIqv|
(6) mvgvwRK I mybvMwiK nIqvi ¸Yvewj Ges wek¦Rbxb `„wófw½ AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
(7) fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©K¨ Abyave‡bi gva¨‡g mwVK c‡_ Pj‡Z DØy× Kiv |
(8) Ab¨‡K AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqv, cigZmwnòzZv, Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve I wg‡jwg‡k evm Kivi
gvbwmKZv m„wó Kiv |
(9) cÖwZK~jZv †gvKv‡ejvi gva¨‡g wkïi AvZ¥wek¦vm m„wó Kiv|
16
(10) wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R Kivi gva¨‡g kª‡gi gh©v`v Dcjwä I AvZ¥gh©v`v weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv|
(11) cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I wek¦RMr m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z I fv‡jvevm‡Z mnvqZv Kiv Ges cwi‡ek
msi¶‡Y DØy× Kiv|
(12) wbivc` I ¯^v¯¨m¤§Z Rxebhvc‡b m‡Pó Kiv|
(13) RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms¯‥…wZ, †`k‡cÖg I gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq DØy&× Kivi gva¨‡g
evsjv‡`k‡K fv‡jvevm‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|
cÖv_wgK wkÿvi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv Ges Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡qi mswkøóZv

cuvP eQi ‡gqvw` cÖv_wgK wk¶v †k‡l wk¶v_©xiv †h wPwýZ †hvM¨Zv (Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½) AR©b Ki‡e e‡j
Avkv Kiv hvq, †m¸‡jv‡K cÖv_wgK wk¶vi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv ejv nq| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkï‡ì Rb¨ 29wU cÖvwšÍK
†hvM¨Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q (cwiwkó : 11 †`Lyb)| Gi g‡a¨ 15wU (13-24 I 27-29) evsjv‡`k I
wek¦cwiP‡qi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| wk¶‡Ki `vwqZ¡ n‡jv cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i G cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv wkLb-†kLv‡bv
Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g wkï‡ì AR©b Kiv‡bv| wk¶K‡K G cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© fv‡jvfv‡e Rvb‡Z n‡e I
Dchy³ cvV`vb c×wZ AvqË Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq mswkøó 15wU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc-
cÖvwšÍK
†hvM¨Zvi
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq mswkøó cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv
b¤î
(13) gvbevwaKvi, AvšÍR©vwZKZv‡eva, wek¦åvZ…Z¡ I wek¦ms¯‥…wZi cÖwZ AvMÖnx I kª×vkxj
nIqv|
(14) ¯^vaxb I gy³wPšÍvq DrmvwnZ nIqv Ges MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ Abykxjb Kiv|
(15) •bwZK I mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi gva¨‡g fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ges Zv ev¯Íe
Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Kiv|
(16) e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi I msi¶‡Y hZœkxj nIqv|
(17) we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkïmn bvix-cyiyl, RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji m‡½ m¤cÖxwZ I
kvwšÍc~Y© mn-Ae¯v‡bi gvbwmKZv AR©b Kiv|
(18) Ab¨‡K AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqvi gva¨‡g Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve AR©b I cigZmwnòzZv cÖ`k©b Ges
gvbweK ¸Yvewj AR©b Kiv|
(19) mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Û mwµq AskMÖnY Ges wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡ I AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nIqv|
(20) cÖwZK‚jZv I `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges Zv †gvKv‡ejvq `¶ I AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx nIqv|
(21) wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R Kiv Ges kª‡gi gh©v`v †Ìqv|
17
cÖvwšÍK
†hvM¨Zvi
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq mswkøó cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv
b¤î
(22) cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I wek¦RMr m¤ú‡K© Rvbv I fv‡jvevmv Ges cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb I msi¶‡Y
DØy× nIqv|
(23) AvenvIqv I Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq BwZevPK f~wgKv MÖnY|

(24) gvby‡li †g․wjK Pvwn`v I cwi‡e‡ki Ici RbmsL¨vi cÖfve Ges Rbm¤ú‡ì ¸iyZ¡
m¤ú‡K© Rvbv|
(27) gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq †`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DÏxß nIqv Ges Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve MVb I
†`k Movi Kv‡R mwµq AskMÖnY Kiv|
(28) RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‥…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges G¸‡jvi cÖwZ kª×vkxj nIqv|
(29) evsjv‡`k‡K Rvbv I fv‡jvevmv|
cÖv_wgK wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ I cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi m¤úK©

cÖv_wgK wkÿvi wba©vwiZ 13wU D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii 29wU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Abyiƒcfv‡e evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó D‡Ïk¨mg~‡ni (7wU) Av‡jv‡K G wellwUi mswkøó
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv (15wU) wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯îƒc wb‡Pi Q‡K 6bs D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K 13 I 14 bs
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖv_wgK wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿvi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv
(6) mvgvwRK I mybvMwiK nIqvi ¸Yvewj Ges (13) gvbevwaKvi, AvšÍR©vwZKZv‡eva, wek¦åvZ…Z¡ I
wek¦Rbxb `„wófw½ AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv| wek¦ms¯‥…wZi cÖwZ AvMÖnx I kª×vkxj nIqv|
(14) ¯^vaxb I gy³wPšÍvq DrmvwnZ nIqv Ges MYZvwš¿K
ixwZbxwZ Abykxjb Kiv|
(7) fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©K¨ Abyave‡bi gva¨‡g mwVK (15) •bwZK I mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi gva¨‡g
c‡_ Pj‡Z DØy× Kiv | fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ges Zv ev¯Íe Rxe‡b
cÖ‡qvM Kiv|
(16) e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì
myôy eënvi I msiÿ‡Y hZœkxj nIqv|
(8) Ab¨‡K AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqv, cigZmwnòzZv, (17) we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkïmn bvix-cyiyl, RvwZ-ag©-
Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve I wg‡jwg‡k evm Kivi gvbwmKZv eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji m‡½ m¤cÖxwZ I kvwšÍc~Y© mn-
m„wó Kiv | Ae¯v‡bi gvbwmKZv AR©b Kiv|
(18) Ab¨‡K AMÖvwaKvi †`qvi gva¨‡g Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve

AR©b I cigZmwnòzZv cÖ`k©b Ges gvbweK ¸Yvewj
18
cÖv_wgK wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿvi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv
AR©b Kiv|
(19) mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Û mwµq AskMÖnY Ges wbR
`vwqZ¡ I AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nIqv
(9) cÖwZK~jZv †gvKv‡ejvi gva¨‡g wkïi (20) cÖwZK‚jZv I `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges Zv
AvZ¥wek¦vm m„wó Kiv| †gvKv‡ejvq `¶ I AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx nIqv|
(10) wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R Kivi gva¨‡g kª‡gi gh©v`v (21) wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R Kiv Ges kª‡gi gh©v`v †Ìqv|
Dcjwä I AvZ¥gh©v`v weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv|
(11) cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I wek¦RMr m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z (22) cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I wek¦RMr m¤ú‡K© Rvbv I
I fv‡jvevm‡Z mnvqZv Kiv Ges cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y fv‡jvevmv Ges cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb I msi¶‡Y DØy×
DØy× Kiv| nIqv|
(23) AvenvIqv I Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi mgm¨v
†gvKv‡ejvq BwZevPK f~wgKv MÖnY|
(24) gvby‡li †g․wjK Pvwn`v I cwi‡e‡ki Dci
RbmsL¨vi cÖfve Ges Rbm¤ú‡ì ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv|
(13) RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms¯‥…wZ, †`k‡cÖg I (27) gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq †`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZv‡ev‡a
gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq DØy&× Kivi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k‡K DÏxß nIqv Ges Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve MVb I †`k Movi
fv‡jvevm‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv| Kv‡R mwµq AskMÖnY Kiv|
(28) RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨, I ms¯‥…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv
Ges G¸‡jvi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj nIqv|
(29) evsjv‡`k‡K Rvbv I fvjevmv
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ mswkøó cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvmg~‡ni AšÍM©Z Dcv`vb we‡kølY

2011 mv‡ji cÖv_wgK wk¶vµ‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ 29wU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB 29wU cÖvwšÍK
†hvM¨Zvi g‡a¨ 15wU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wkLb-†kLv‡bvi mv‡_ mswkøó| G cÖvwšÍK
†hvM¨Zvmg~n we‡kølY K‡i †h AšÍM©Z Dcv`vb¸‡jv cvIqv hvq Zv Ávbg~jK, mvgvwRK `¶Zvg~jK, mvgvwRK
`„wófw½g~jK, I g~j¨‡evamsµvšÍ wk‡ivbv‡g wb‡Pi Q‡K web¨¯Í Kiv n‡jv:
cÖv_wgK wkÿvµ‡gi cªvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv Ávbg~jK mvgvwRK mvgvwRK g~j¨‡evag~jK

(evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq mswkøó) Dcv`vb `ÿZvg~jK Dcv`vb `„wófw½g~jK Dcv`vb Dcv`vb
(13) gvbevwaKvi, AvšÍRv© wZKZv‡eva, - - gvbevwaKvi, -
wek¦åvZ…Z¡ I wek¦ms¯‥…wZi cÖwZ AvMÖnx I AvšÍRv©wZKZv‡eva,
19
kª×vkxj nIqv| wek¦fvZ…Z¡ I
wek¦ms¯‥…wZi cÖwZ
AvMÖnx I kÖ×vkxj
nIqv
(14) ¯^vaxb I gy³ wPšÍvq DrmvwnZ nIqv - MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ ¯^vaxb I gy³wPšÍvq -
Ges MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ Abykxjb Kiv Abykxjb Kiv| DrmvwnZ nIqv
(15) ‣bwZK I mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi - ‣bwZK I mvgvwRK - -
gva¨‡g fv‡jvg‡›ì cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ges Zv ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi
ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Kiv gva¨‡g fv‡jvg‡›ì
cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ges
Zv ev¯Íe Rxe‡b
cÖ‡qvM Kiv
(16) e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I - e¨w³MZ,cvwievwiK, - -
ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi I msi¶‡Y mvgvwRK I ivóªxq
hZœkxj nIqv| m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi
I msi¶‡Y hZœkxj
nIqv|
(17) we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkïmn bvix-cyiyl, - - - we‡kl
RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji m‡½ Pvwn`vm¤úbœ
wkïmn bvix-
m¤cÖxwZ I kvwšÍc~Y© mn-Ae¯v‡bi
cyiyl, RvwZ-ag©-
gvbwmKZv AR©b Kiv| eY© wbwe©‡k‡l
mK‡ji m‡½
m¤cÖxwZ I
kvwšÍc~Y© mn-
Ae¯v‡bi
gvbwmKZv AR©b
Kiv|
(18) Ab¨‡K AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqvi gva¨‡g - cigZmwnòzZv - Ab¨‡K
Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve AR©b I cigZmwnòzZv cÖ`k©b AMÖvwaKvi
cÖ`k©b Ges gvbweK ¸Yvewj AR©b Kiv| †Ìqvi
gva¨‡g
Z¨v‡Mi
g‡bvfve Ges
gvbweK
¸Yvewj AR©b
Kiv|
(19) mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Û mwµq AskMÖnY - mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Û - wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡
Ges wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡ I AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© mwµq AskMÖnY I AwaKvi
m‡PZb nIqv| m¤ú‡K©
m‡PZb nIqv
(20) cÖwZK‚jZv I `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges cÖwZK‚jZv I - cÖwZK‚jZv I `y‡h©vM -
20
Zv †gvKv‡ejvq `¶ I AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx nIqv| `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© †gvKv‡ejvq `¶ I
Rvbv AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx nIqv|
(21) wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R Kiv Ges kª‡gi - wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R - kª‡gi gh©v`v
gh©v`v †Ìqv| Kiv †Ìqv
(22) cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I wek¦RMr m¤ú‡K© cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek - cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb I cÖK…wZ,
Rvbv I fv‡jvevmv Ges cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb I I wek¦RMr msi¶‡Y DØy× nIqv cwi‡ek I
msi¶‡Y DØy× nIqv| m¤ú‡K© Rvbv wek¦RMr‡K
fvjevmv
(23) AvenvIqv I Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi - AvenvIqv I - -
mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq BwZevPK f~wgKv MÖnY| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi
mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq
BwZevPK f~wgKv
MÖnY|
(24) gvby‡li †g․wjK Pvwn`v I cwi‡e‡ki gvby‡li †g․wjK - - -
Ici RbmsL¨vi cÖfve Ges Rbm¤ú‡ì Pvwn`v I
¸iyZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv| cwi‡e‡ki
Ici
RbmsL¨vi
cÖfve Ges
Rbm¤ú‡ì
¸iyZ¡ m¤ú‡K©
Rvbv|
(27) gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq †`k‡cÖg I - †`k Movi Kv‡R gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq -
RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DÏxß nIqv Ges Z¨v‡Mi mwµq AskMÖnY †`k‡cÖg I
g‡bvfve MVb I †`k Movi Kv‡R mwµq Kiv| RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DÏxß
AskMÖnY Kiv| nIqv Ges Z¨v‡Mi
g‡bvfve MVb
(28) RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‥…wZ RvZxq - - RvZxq
m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges G¸‡jvi cÖwZ kª×vkxj BwZnvm, BwZnvm,
nIqv| HwZn¨ I HwZn¨ I
ms¯‥…wZ m¤ú‡K© ms¯‥…wZi cÖwZ
Rvbv kÖ×vkxj
nIqv
(29) evsjv‡`k‡K Rvbv I fv‡jvevmv| evsjv‡`k‡K - - evsjv‡`k‡K

Rvbv fvjevmv
21
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó 15wU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi AšÍM©Z Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K wfwË K‡i
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡qi 16wU welqwfwËK cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î wkïi
welqe¯‧MZ Ávb, `ÿZv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva AR©b‡K we‡kl we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv Ges Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg
cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kÖwY ch©šÍ av‡c av‡c cÖwZwU †kªwY‡Z cÖwZwU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi hZUzKz AwR©Z n‡e e‡j cÖZ¨vkv
Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡K ejv nq †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv| †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv welq
I †kÖwYwfwËK n‡q _v‡K| wewfbœ †kªwYi Rb¨ av‡c av‡c wba©vwiZ AR©‡bvc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g cÖvwšÍK
†hvM¨Zv AwR©Z nq| AZGe cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi wefvwRZ iƒcB n‡jv †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv|
wkï‡K †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv wewfbœ †kªwY‡Z av‡c av‡c AR©b Kiv‡bvi j‡¶¨ evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiP‡qi welqwfwËK
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨ZvMy‡jv‡K wefvRb K‡i cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kªwY ch©šÍ cÖwZ †kªwYi Rb¨ †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx
†hvM¨Zv mywbw`©ó Kiv n‡q‡Q| mnR †_‡K KwVb, Rvbv †_‡K ARvbv, mxwgZ †_‡K we¯Í…Z BZ¨vw` g‡bv‣eÁvwbK
bxwZi wfwË‡Z AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv‡K web¨¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB wefvwRZ †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx
†hvM¨Zvi µgweb¨vm‡K wkLbµg e‡j| cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkïiv 11wU wel‡qi cÖYxZ wkLbµ‡gi gva¨‡g
cy‡ivcywifv‡e cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i 29wU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi my‡hvM cv‡e| G Rb¨ G wkLbµg‡K Avek¨Kxq
wkLbµg ejv nq| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiP‡qi Avek¨Kxq wkLbµ‡gi GKwU bgybv c‡ii cvZvq †`qv n‡jv|
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kªwY ch©šÍ av‡c av‡c µgvbymv‡i wefvR‡bi mgq wkïi eqm, †gav, gvbwmK
cwicK¡Zv, MÖnY ¶gZv I Áv‡bi cwiwa ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i we‡ePbv K‡i AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv †h‡Kv‡bv
†kªwY‡Z ïiæ ev †Kvb †kªwY‡Z KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡e Zv wbw`©ó K‡i cÖYqb Kiv nq| †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx
†hvM¨Zv †h‡Kv‡bv †kªwY‡Z †kl n‡Z cv‡i Avevi bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-wb‡Pi Q‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q evsjv‡`k I
wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi 13 bs cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv Z…Zxq †kªwY‡Z ïiæ n‡q PZy_©
†kªwY‡Z †kl n‡q‡Q| Avevi 14 bs cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg
†kªwY ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡q‡Q| wb‡Pi cÖ`Ë Q‡K cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi µgweb¨vm
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv| ( evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi c~Y©v½ wkLbµg GbwmwUwe cÖYxZ Avek¨Kxq wkLbµ‡g cvIqv
hv‡e|)
†kÖwYwfwËK AR©b †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv
Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv cÖ_g †kÖwY wØZxq †kÖwY Z…Zxq †kÖwY PZz_© †kÖwY cÂg †kÖwY
13. c„w_exi * * 13.1 gnv‡`k I 13.1 Gwkqv *
gnv‡`k I gnvmvMi¸‡jvi bvg gnv‡`‡ki msw¶ß
gnvmvMi¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡e I eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡e|
m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK gvbwP‡Î G¸‡jvi
aviYv AR©b| Ae¯vb †`Lv‡Z
cvi‡e|
13.2 evsjv‡`k
Kvb
gnv‡`‡k Aew¯Z
Zv
ej‡Z cvi‡e|
22
†kÖwYwfwËK AR©b †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv
Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv cÖ_g †kÖwY wØZxq †kÖwY Z…Zxq †kÖwY PZz_© †kÖwY cÂg †kÖwY
14. gyw³hy‡×i 14.1 RvZxq 14.1 RvZxq cZvKv 14.1 RvwZi wcZvi 14.1 gyw³hy‡×i 14.1 gyw³hy‡×i
BwZnvm Rvbv I Gi cZvKvi eënv‡ii wbqg Rxebx I cUf~wg Rvb‡e (fvlv msw¶ß eY©bv
†PZbvq†`k‡cÖg I †g․wLK eY©bv Rvb‡e I m¤§vb evsjv‡`‡ki Av‡›`vjb †_‡K (25gv‡P©i
RvZxqZv‡ev‡a w`‡Z Ki‡e| ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡b Zuvi 1971 Gi 25 gvP© ci †_‡K 16
DÏxß nIqv | cvi‡e| 14.2 RvZxq Kwe I Ae`vb ms‡¶‡c ch©š)Í | wW‡m¤î ch©šÍ)
14.2 gy³nv‡Z RvZxq msMx‡Zi Rvb‡e Zuvi Av`‡k© 14.2 wewfbœ †¶‡Î w`‡Z cvi‡e I
RvZxq iPwqZvi bvg AbycÖvwYZ n‡e| ZrKvjxb c~e© I Gi Rb¨ Me©‡eva
cZvKv AvuK‡Z Rvb‡e| cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ki‡e|
cvi‡e| 14.3 RvZxq msMxZ 14.2 Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ ‣elg¨ 14.2 mvaviY
14.3 RvZxq MvB‡Z Ges RvZxq RvZxq cZvKv I m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡e| gvbyl I
msMx‡Zi cÖ_g msMxZ I RvZxq RvZxq msMxZ 14.3 evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³‡hv×v‡ì
Pvi jvBb ï× cZvKv‡K Kxfv‡e ‡h gyw³hy‡×i ¯^vaxbZvi †PZbvi AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi K_v
K‡i ej‡Z I m¤§vb Ki‡Z nq gva¨‡g K_v Rvb‡e| Rvb‡e I Zv‡ì
MvB‡Z cvi‡e I ej‡Z cvi‡e| AwR©Z n‡q‡Q Zv 14.4 1971 Gi 25 cÖwZ
RvZxq 14.4 gyw³hy× ¯§i‡Y Rvb‡e I Me© gvP© iv‡Z evOvwj‡ì kÖ×v cÖ`k©b
cZvKv‡K m¤§vb I wewfbœ RvZxq Abyfe Ki‡e| Ici cvwK¯Ívwb ‣mb¨ Ki‡e|
Ki‡e| wèmD`&hvcb 14.3 RvZxq evwnbxi Avµg‡Yi 14.3 gyw³hy‡×i
Dcj‡¶Abyôv‡b cZvKvi is I NUbv ej‡Z cvi‡e| †PZbvq †`k‡cÖg
AskMÖnYKi‡e| bKkvi mwVK 14.5 1971 Gi 26 I
AbycvZ Ges wewfbœ gvP© ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv RvZxqZv‡ev‡a
wèm I †¶‡Î Gi I gyw³hy‡×i DÏxß n†e Ges
eënvi Rvb‡e| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Z¨v‡Mi
BwZnvm Rvb‡e| g‡bvfve MVb I
†`kMovi Kv‡R
mwµq AskMÖnY
Ki‡e|
wkLbdj
†Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó cv‡Vi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶v_©xi AvPi‡Yi †Kvb †Kvb w`‡Ki cwieZ©b n‡e A_©vr wk¶v_©x Kx
Ávb, `¶Zv , `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva AR©b Ki‡e Zv wkLbd‡j mywbw`©ófv‡e D‡jøL _v‡K| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq
wel‡qi 16wU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi Ici wbf©i K‡i cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kªwYi †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv
wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU †kÖwYi wba©vwiZ AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi
wkLbdj wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| welqwfwËK wkLbdj¸‡jv‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡iB wewfbœ wel‡qi welqe¯‧i iƒc‡iLv
cÖYqb I cvV¨cy¯K Í †jLv n‡q‡Q| wkLbdj AR©b Kiv‡bvi Rb¨B wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I g~j¨vqb
Ki‡Z nq| wk¶v_©xiv hw` me¸‡jv wkLbdj AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Z‡eB ejv hv‡e †h Zviv cÖv_wgK wk¶vi
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AR©b K‡i‡Q|
wb‡Pi Q‡K wØZxq †kÖwYi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv, AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv I wkLbdj Abymv‡i welqe¯‧i web¨vm
cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv:
23
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv wkLbdj welqe¯‧
14. gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvm 14.1 RvZxq cZvKv eënv‡ii 14.1.1 gy³nv‡Z RvZxq cZvKv Avgv‡ì gyw³hy×
Rvbv I Gi †PZbvq wbqg Rvb‡e I m¤§vb Ki‡e| AvuK‡Z cvi‡e|
†`k‡cÖg I 14.2 RvZxq Kwe I RvZxq 14.1.2 RvZxq cZvKv
RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DÏxß nIqv msMx‡Zi eënv‡ii wbqg ej‡Z cvi‡e| RvZxq msMxZ
| iPwqZvi bvg Rvb‡e| 14.2.1 RvZxq Kwei bvg ej‡Z iPwqZvi bvg
14.3 RvZxq msMxZ MvB‡Z Ges cvi‡e|
RvZxq msMxZ I RvZxq cZvKv‡K 14.2.2 RvZxq msMx‡Zi cZvKvi cÖwZ
Kxfv‡e m¤§vb Ki‡Z nq ej‡Z iPwqZvi bvg ej‡Z cvi‡e| m¤§vb cÖ`k©‡bi
cvi‡e| 14.3.1 RvZxq msMx‡Zi Pvi jvBb Dcvq|
14.4 gyw³hy× ¯§i‡Y MvB‡Z cvi‡e|
I wewfbœ RvZxq wèm D`&hvcb 14.3.2 RvZxq msMxZ I D‡jøL‡hvM¨/
Dcj‡¶ Abyôv‡b AskMÖnY RvZxq cZvKv‡K h_vh_fv‡e m¤§vb RvZxq wèm
Ki‡e| Ki‡e|
14.4.1RvZxq wèm¸‡jvi bvg I
ZvwiL ej‡Z cvi‡e|
14.4.2 we`¨vjq KZ…©K
Av‡qvwRZ gyw³hy‡×i wewfbœ wèm
cvjb Abyôv‡b AskMÖnY Ki‡e|
24
Aa¨vq 3
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq : wkLb †kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj
f~wgKv
eZ©gvb wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M Av_©mvgvwRK †cÖÿvc‡U Ô evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡qi welqe¯‧i cwieZ©b jÿbxq|
wkïi mvgvwRKxKiY Z_v my›ì mvgvwRK Rxeb MV‡b mgvR wkÿv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| mgv‡Ri m`m¨
wn‡m‡e wkÿv_x©iv hv‡Z Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÔ welqwUi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva, Ávb I `ÿZv AR©b
Ki‡Z cv‡i †m j‡ÿ¨B wkÿvµg cÖYxZ| wkÿvµ‡g AšÍf~©³ welqe¯‧i aviYv wkï‡ì gv‡S my›ì I myPviyiƒ‡c
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb h_vh_ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․k‡ji eënvi| GRb¨ wkÿv_x©i Ávbg~jK,
Av‡ewMK I `ÿZvg~jK †ÿ‡Îi (Domain) Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡q cvV Dc¯vc‡bi
Rb¨ wkï Dc‡hvMx wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj wbe©vPb LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Gÿ‡Î GwUI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †h, †Kvb
GKK wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ mKj wkLb wel‡qi Rb¨ mgfv‡e djcÖm~ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡mw`K
†_‡K Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq Õ wel‡qi Rb¨ GKK †Kvb m‡e©vrK…ó wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ †bB| wKš‧ GKvwaK
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․k‡ji wgwkÖZ cÖ‡qvM G welqwU cVb-cvV‡bi D‡Ïk¨vewj AR©‡b Aek¨B mnvqK
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e|
cÖ‡Z¨K wkïi g‡a¨ jywK‡q _v‡K Acvi m¤¢vebv| Avi wkïi GB m¤¢vebvi Øvi Db¥y³ Kivi my‡hvM m„wó K‡ib
GKRb Av`k© wkÿK| wkÿvwe` KvijvBÝ e‡j‡QbÑ
ÔGKRb mvaviY wkÿK covb,
GKRb fv‡jv wkÿK e¨vL¨v †`b,
GKRb †kÖô wkÿK wkï‡ì AbycÖvwYZ K‡ib|Õ
Z‡e G K_vI mZ¨ †h, wkÿK hZ DËgB †nvb bv †Kb, Dchy³ wkLb - †kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj wbe©vPb I
eënv‡ii IciB wbf©i K‡i wkÿv_x©i wkLb AR©‡bi Kvw•LZ gvÎv|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq Õ wel‡q wkLb †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx c×wZ I †K․kj
wkÿv_©x‡ì mgKvjxb Rxe‡bi Pvwn`v, Zv‡ì AvMÖn, Zv‡ì mwµqZv, AskMªnY I m„RbkxjZv‡K we‡ePbvq
†i‡L Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq Õ wel‡q Kvh©Ki wKQz wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ n‡jvÑ
25
Av‡jvPbv
Míejv e³…Zv
ch©‡eÿY wdì wUªc
c×wZ
mgm¨vÑ
cÖkÑœ DËi
mgvavb
cÖ‡R± AbymÜvb
f‚wgKvwfbq
eûj eëüZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †K․kj¸‡jv n‡jv-
‡eªBb
÷wg©s
gvBÛ
f‚wgKvwfbq g¨vwcs
Kb‡mÞ
weZK© †K․kj g¨vwcs
‡nvg wPÎ
G¨vmvBb‡g›U we‡kølY
mn‡hvwMZvg~jK
wkLb
ïaygvÎ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I ‡K․kjB bq wkLb‡K djcÖm~ Ki‡Z wkïi eqm, mvg_© I AvMÖn Abyhvqx wkLb
mvgMÖx wbe©vPb Ges Zv eënviI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡q wkLb mvgMÖx wn‡m‡e cvVëB,
wkÿK ms¯‥iY, wkÿK mnvwqKv, Qwe ,PvU©, gvbwPÎ, g‡Wj, ev¯Íe DcKiY, msev`cÎ, kÖeY-`k©b DcKiY I
PK‡evW© AšÍf~©³|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡q we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ wKQz c×wZ I †K․kj welqe¯‧i Av‡jv‡K Kxfv‡e
†kÖwYK‡ÿ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq Zv eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ
26
Av‡jvPbv c×wZ (Discussion Method) Ges Gi cÖ‡qvM †K․kj
†kÖwY cvV cwiPvjbvq Av‡jvPbv c×wZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Av‡jvPbvq mvaviYZ gZvgZ cÖKvk Kiv
nq, hv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c‡ÿ LyeB g~jëvb| Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ nq g~jZ †Kv‡bv mgm¨v‡K †K›`ª K‡i|
mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv_©xiv ‡Rvovq A_ev `‡j cy•Lvbycy•Li~‡c Av‡jvPbv †_‡K cÖvß gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z
mgvav‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ cvV¨cy¯‡Í K A‡bK welqe¯‧B Av‡Q hv Av‡jvPbv c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Dc¯vcb Kiv
hvq| †hgbÑ Avgv‡ì AwaKvi I `vw©qZ¡, mgv‡R ci¯ú‡ii mn‡hvwMZv, mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †ckv, bvMwiK
AwaKvi, GjvKvi Dbœqb, Rjevqy I `y‡h©vM, bvix cyiæl mgZv BZ¨vw`|
D`vniY: PZz_© †kÖwY, Aa¨vq-2, welqe¯‧: bvix I cyiæl
- welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© wkï‡ì c~e© aviYv eënvi K‡i Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ Kiæb|
- wkÿv_x©‡ì 5/6 R‡bi K‡qKwU `‡j fvM Kiæb| jÿ ivLyb `‡j †hb me ai‡bi wkÿv_x©B _v‡K|
cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j GKRb `j†bZv wbe©vPb Ki‡Z mnvqZv w`b|
- `‡j wb‡Pi mgm¨v¸‡jv fvM K‡i w`b|
mgm¨v: 1. †Kvb KvR¸‡jv kyaygvÎ cyiæl‡ì Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq?
2. †Kvb KvR¸‡jv kyaygvÎ bvix‡ì Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq?
3. †Kvb KvR¸‡jv bvix I cyiæl Dfq‡K Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq?
- wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i gZvgZ ZvwjKve× Ki‡Z ejyb|
- `jxq Kv‡Ri mgq Ny‡i Ny‡i KvR cwiexÿY Kiæb| cÖ‡qvR‡b mnvqZv Kiæb †hb Zviv
Av‡jvPbvi g~j welqe¯‧ †_‡K wePÿZ bv nq|
- cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K Zv‡ì `jxq KvR Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z ejyb| myôzfv‡e Dc¯vc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kiæb|
27
- cvVëB G cÖ`Ë QK Abyhvqx Z_¨¸‡jv †ev‡W© wjLyb|
- mKj `‡ji Z_¨ †jLv †kl n‡j welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb Kiæb Ges
wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡Z mnvqZv Kiæb|
cÖkœ - DËi (Question-Answer) c×wZ Ges Gi cÖ‡qvM †K․kj

Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡q cvV Dc¯vc‡b cÖkœ - DËi GKwU eûj eëüZ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ| KL‡bv
KL‡bv G c×wZ cy‡iv cvV Dc¯vc‡b Avevi KL‡bv GKwU cv‡Vi Ask we‡kl Dc¯vc‡b eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|
‡kÖwYK‡ÿ welq Dc¯vc‡b G c×wZi mdj cÖ‡qvM wbf©i K‡i Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ welq wkÿ‡Ki h_v_©
cwiKíbv I Zuvi `ÿZvi Dci|
G c×wZ‡Z wkÿK wkÿv_x©‡K cvV mswkøó cÖkœ K‡ib, wkÿv_x© DËi †`q| DË‡ii m~Î a‡i wkÿK Avevi cÖkœ
K‡ib, Ab¨‡ì KvQ †_‡KI DËi Rvb‡Z m‡Pó nb| Avi Gfv‡e cÖ‡kœvË‡ii Av‡jv‡K cy‡iv welqe¯‧ Dc¯vcb
Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
D`vniY: PZz_© †kÖwY, Aa¨vq-16, welqe¯‧: ÔAvgv‡ì ms¯‥…wZ: fvlv I †cvkvKÕ kxl©K cvVwU we‡ePbv Kiv hvK|
wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jv eënvi K‡i wkÿv_x©‡ì AskMÖn‡Y cÖk&œKiY I Zvi DË‡ii Av‡jv‡K welqe¯‧wUi aviYv ¯úó
Kiæb|
- Avgiv †Kvb fvlvq K_v ewj?
- Avgv‡ì gvZ…fvlv †KvbwU?
- evsjv‡`‡ki mK‡ji gvZ…fvlvB wK evsjv?
- Avgiv †h †cvkvK cwi Zv wK Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki †cvkv‡Ki gZ? bv wK wfbœZv Av‡Q?
- Avgiv cÖavbZ Kx ai‡bi Lvevi LvB? c„w_exi mevB wK Avgv‡ì gZ Lvevi Lvq?
28
- Avgiv †h wewfbœ Abyôvb †hgb- c‡njv •ekvL, †c․l †gjv, bevbœ cvjb Kwi wKsev Avgv‡ì †`‡ki ÿz`ª
b„Ñ †Mvôxiv A_ev Ab¨ †`‡ki †jv‡Kiv Kx G¸‡jv cvjb K‡i?
- ‡Zvgiv Mvb †kvb? Kx ai‡bi Mvb Avgiv MvB ev ïwb? Ggbfv‡e cÖkœ¸‡jv Kiæb hv‡Z wkÿv_x©iv
†K․Zznjx n‡q DËi w`‡Z m‡Pó nq|
- DË‡ii m~Î a‡i wkÿv_x©‡ì KvQ ‡_‡K Avgv‡ì ms¯‥…wZi AviI †hme welq Av‡Q Zv †ei K‡i Avbyb|
- Dc‡ii cÖkœ I DË‡ii Av‡jv‡K wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e †h, G¸‡jv mewKQz wg‡jB Avgv‡ì A_©¨vr
evsj‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ|
Gevi Dc‡ii cÖ‡kœi gZ avivevwnKZv eRvq †i‡L fvlv, †g‡q‡ì †cvkvK I †Q‡j‡ì †cvkvK m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ -
DËi c×wZi gva¨‡g wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPjbv Kiæb|
G ai‡bi wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡Z DcKiY eënvi wkÿv_x©i †evaMg¨Zvi gvÎv‡K Av‡iv †ewk g~Z© K‡i Zz‡j|
mv‡_ mv‡_ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj Avb›``vqK n‡q D‡V|
jÿ Kiæb, GLv‡b -
- wkÿv_x©i c~e© AwfÁZv wbf©i welq m¤úwK©Z cÖkœ w`‡q ïiæ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
- cÖkœ¸‡jv Dc¯vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h․w³K avivevwnKZv AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
- Ggbfv‡e cÖkœ Dc¯vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z wkÿv_x©iv †K․Zznjx nq|
- wkÿv_x©‡ì DË‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯vcb (linkage) K‡i cieZx© cÖ‡kœi AeZviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
- wkÿv_©x‡ì c~e© aviYv/AwfÁZvi Ici wfwË K‡iB bZzb aviYv (ms¯‥…wZ) cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Gfv‡e Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡qi wewfbœ †kÖwYi welqe¯‧, †hgb - mvgvwRK I ivóªxq m¤ú` (4_©),
Avgv‡ì gyw³hy×(4_©), Avgv‡ì BwZnvm I ms¯K…wZ (3q), cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iva I msiÿY(3q), Rjevqy I
`y‡hv©M (5g), K…wl I wkí (5g) BZ¨vw` Avgiv cÖkœ - DËi c×wZ‡Z wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPjbv Ki‡Z
cvwi|
ch©‡eÿY (Observation) c×wZ Ges Gi cÖ‡qvM †K․kj

Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek I mgv‡R wKQz welq we`¨gvb hv m¤ú‡K© ev¯ÍewfwËK Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j H welq¸‡jv
fvjfv‡e Ae‡jvKb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡q Ggb wKQz welq AšÍfy©³ n‡q‡Q hv m¤ú‡K©
Abycy•L Ávb Avni‡Yi Rb¨ wkLb - †kLv‡bv c×wZ wn‡m‡e ch©‡eÿY c×wZ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iva I msiÿY, mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †ckv, GjvKvi Dbœqb, Kv‡Ri gh©v`v, evsjv‡`‡ki ÿz`ª b„ -
‡Mvôx‡ì Rxebaviv BZ¨vw` welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© ev¯ÍewfwËK Ávb AR©b Ges Zvi Av‡jv‡K wb‡R‡ì Kvw•LZ
g~j¨‡eva I `„wóf½x M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ wn‡m‡e ch©‡eÿY c×wZ eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
29
ch©‡eÿY c×wZ‡Z mywbw`©ó wel‡qi Av‡jv‡K ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î mkix‡i nv‡Z-Kj‡g cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e Ae‡jvKb Kivi
gva¨‡g Z_¨-DcvË msMÖn I Zv e¨vL¨v we‡kø‡lY K‡i ch©‡ewÿZ welq m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hv wkÿv_©x‡ì
wkLb AR©b‡K ¯vqx I ev¯Íeg~Lx Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
D`vniY wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡qi Z…Zxq †kÖwYi Aa¨vq-7 Gi Ôcwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviYÕ welqwU
ch©‡eÿY c×wZ cª‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wkLb AR©‡bi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡jv-
- cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ Ôcwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviYÕ wba©viY Kiæb I wkÿv_x©‡ì welqwU fvjfv‡e AewnZ Kiæb|
- wkÿv_x©iv Kx Kx ch©‡eÿY Ki‡e A_©vr cwi‡e‡ki †Kvb †Kvb w`K¸‡jv `~wlZ I Kxfv‡e `~wlZ n‡”Q Zv
mnR mij fvlvq eywS‡q w`b|
- ch©‡eÿ‡Y wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Kxfv‡e LvZvq wjwce× Ki‡e Zv e‡j w`b|
‡hgb- eR¨© `~lY : Kx Kx ai‡bi eR©¨ Øviv `~wlZ n‡”Q?
1|....... 2|.. .......... 3|.............4|..............
eR©¨ Øviv Kxfv‡e `~wlZ ?
1|
2|
3|
4|
- wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K 4/5 R‡bi K‡qKwU `‡j fvM K‡i w`b| `jMZfv‡e ch©‡eÿY I Av‡jvPbv K‡i Z_¨
wjwce× Ki‡e|
- ch©‡eÿ‡Yi wbw`©ó mgq c‡i †kªwYK‡ÿ wdwi‡q Avbyb|
- `jwfwËK msM„nxZ Z‡_ï Av‡jv‡K wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K wb‡Pi QK Abyhvqx Z_¨ †kÖwYKiY Ki‡Z w`b|
30
Kx ai‡bi `~lY Kx Kx Kvi‡Y/ Kxfv‡e `~wlZ n‡”Q
1|
2|
3|
1|
2|
3|
1|
2|
3|
- cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K Zv‡ì `jxq KvR Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z ejyb| `jMZ Dc¯vc‡bi wbqgvewj m¤ú‡K© wb‡`©kbv
w`b|
- mKj `‡ji Z_¨ Dc¯vcb †k‡l wkÿv_x©‡ì mn‡hvwMZvq Av‡jvPbv K‡i cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY m¤ú‡K©
wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ †nvb|
cÖ‡qvR‡b GKw`b Z_¨ msMÖn Ges c‡ii w`b msM„nxZ Z‡_ï Av‡jv‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
we.`ª. cieZx© cv‡V GKB Aa¨v‡qi ÔAviI wKQz KwiÕ As‡ki Rb¨ cÖvß Z_¨ eënvi K‡i cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK
cwi‡e‡ki `~lY m¤ú‡K© aviYv ¯úó Kiæb| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖkœ-DËi wkLb -‡kLv‡bv c×wZ eënvi K‡i cvV
Dc¯vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
f~wgKvwfbq (Role Playing) c×wZ I Gi cÖ‡qvM †K․kj

Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡qi A‡bK cvVB Av‡Q hv Dc¯vc‡b f~wgKvwfbq (role playing) eënvi K‡i
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv cvV‡K wkï‡ì Kv‡Q ïay Avb›``vqKB K‡ibv welqe¯‧‡K mn‡R
Abyaveb‡hvM¨ K‡i Zzj‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ NUbvi RxešÍiƒc Z_v
ev¯Íeiƒc G c×wZi gva¨‡g Zy‡j aiv m¤¢e nq| †hgb- mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †ckvi gvbyl, `y‡h©v‡M Avgv‡ì KiYxq,
cwiev‡i I we`¨vj‡q Avgv‡ì `vwqZ¡ -KZ©e¨ BZ¨vw` welq‡K ev¯Íeiƒ‡c †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dc¯vc‡bi Rb¨ G c×wZi
cÖ‡qvM LyeB djcÖm~|
31
f~wgKvwfbq
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡qi wewfbœ welqe¯‧i †ÿ‡Î G c×wZi mdj cÖ‡qvM wbf©i K‡i welqe¯‧i Av‡jv‡K
f~wgKv Abyhvqx K‡_vcK_b m¤^wjZ aviv eY©bv (script) ‣Zwi, wkÿv_x©‡ì †m Abyhvqx cÖ¯‧ZKiY I cÖ‡qv‡Mi
Ici|
D`vniY : Aa¨vq-4, welqe¯‧ - Ôhviv Drcv`b K‡ibÕ
- G wel‡qi Av‡jv‡K †Kvb †Kvb f~wgKvi Kx ai‡bi K‡_vcK_b _vK‡e Zv •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e, †hgb-
K…l‡Ki f~wgKvi K‡_vcK_b, †R‡ji f~wgKvi K‡_vcK_b BZ¨vw`|
- A‡cÿvK…Z fvjfv‡e f~wgKv dzwU‡q Zzj‡Z cv‡i Ggb wkÿv_x©‡ì wbe©vPb Kiæb|
- Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv_x©‡ì f~wgKv Kx n‡e Zv ¯úó Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr f~wgKvwfbq ch©‡eÿY K‡i †K †Kvb
f~wgKvq Awfbq Ki‡jv Ges G‡ì •ewkó¨¸‡jv Kx Zv Zv‡ì LvZvq wjwce× Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
- f~wgKvwfb‡qi Rb¨ w¯…Þ Abyhvqx Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM ivLyb| cÖ‡qvR‡b `yÕw`b Av‡M †_‡KB cÖ¯‧Z Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
- Gevi †kÖwYK‡ÿ wba©vwiZ wel‡qi Ici f~wgKvwfbq ev¯Íevqb Kiæb|
- f~wgKvwfbq †k‡l wkÿv_x©‡ì mn‡hvwMZvq cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvPbv K‡i f~wgKvi we‡kl w`K¸‡jv Zz‡j ai‡Z
n‡e hv wkLb AR©‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|
†hgb- †K K…lK?, †m Kx Kx Drcv`b K‡i? , Zviv Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K ? BZ¨vw`|
- fv‡jv Awfb‡qi Rb¨ mKj‡K cÖksmv Kiæb|
32
G‡ÿ‡Î Z…Zxq †kÖwYi Ôgvby‡li ¸YÕ Aa¨v‡qi Ôfv‡jv¸YÕ wel‡qi ÔAviI wKQz Kwi Õ AskUzKz w`‡q f~wgKvwfbq
Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
AbymÜvb wkLb-‡kLv‡bv (Inquiry Based Teaching Learning) c×wZ I cÖ‡qvM †K․kj

wkï‡K wPšÍvkxj, m„Rbkxj, ¯^cÖ‡bvw`Z wkÿv_x© wnmv‡e M‡o ‡Zvjvi †ÿ‡Î AbymÜvb wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZi
f~wgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KvR Kivi gva¨‡g wkLb †K․kjB Gi g~j gš¿| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq-G AbymÜvb
Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi ga¨ w`‡q cÖkœ I DË‡ii gva¨‡g mgvR wkÿvi g~j aviYv¸‡jv jvf Kiv| G cÖwµqvq
wkÿv_x©iv wel‡qi Av‡jv‡K cÖkœ (wRÁvm¨) cªYqb K‡i Ges †m Abyhvqx Z_¨ msMÖn I msMVb K‡i| msM„nxZ
Z_¨‡K we‡kølY K‡i cÖ‡kœi Av‡jv‡K wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| AbymÜvb wkLb cÖwµqvq bvbv iKg‡di _vK‡jI g~j
avç‡jv GKB evZ©v cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| Avi Zv n‡jv- mgm¨v wbav©iY, Z_¨ msMÖn, Z_¨ we‡kølY I mvaviYxKiY
ev wm×všÍ MÖnY|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ-G AbymÜvb wkLb-‡kLv‡bvq cvuPwU avc AbymiY K‡i cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
avc-1: cÖkœ/mgm¨v wPwýZKiY I e¨vL¨vKiY
avc-2: AbywgZ wm×všÍ MÖnY : g~j mgm¨vi Av‡jv‡K m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb|
avc-3: Z_¨ msMÖn I msMVb
avc-4: Z_¨ we‡kølY, e¨vL¨vKiY
avc-5: mvaviYxKiY ev wm×všÍMÖnY
G avç‡jv AbymiY K‡i welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡bi Rb¨ welq m¤úwK©Z wkLb mnvqK mvgMªxi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
we‡klZ cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i wkï‡ì‡K AbymÜvb Kivi mnvqK mvgMÖx wbe©vPb I mieiv‡ni Dci G c×wZi mdj
ev¯Íevqb wbf©ikxj| Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡qi bvbv ai‡bi welqe¯‧ wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi
mvgMÖx LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
33
D`vniY
PZz_© †kÖwYi RbmsL¨v welqK welqe¯‧i †ÿ‡Î AbymÜvb c×wZi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z †h mg¯Í wkLb mnvqK mvgMÖx
cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡jv :
K) AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi cÖfveRwbZ Qwe
L) Kg RbmsL¨vi cÖfveRwbZ Qwe
M) RbmsL¨vi cÖfve m¤úwK©Z wkï Dc‡hvMx Z_¨cÎ
N) msM„nxZ cÖwÎKvi cÖwZ‡e`b
O) welq m¤úwK©Z wkï Dc‡hvMx eB BZ¨vw`|
AbymÜvb wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZi avc AbymiY K‡i welqwU Kxfv‡e †kªwYK‡ÿ Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq Zv eY©bv Kiv
n‡jv:
cÖ_g avc
- wkÿK AwZwi³ RbmsL¨v m¤^wjZ cwiev‡ii Qwe, hvbevn‡b AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi cÖfve RwbZ Qwe, AwZwi³
RbmsL¨v RwbZ cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖfve m¤úwK©Z Qwe cÖ`k©b Ki‡eb|
- cÖwZwU Qwe wkÿv_x©‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ‡kœvË‡i Av‡jvPbv K‡i wkÿK g~j mgm¨v ev cÖkœ Dc¯vcb
Ki‡eb I †ev‡W© wjL‡eb|
Òmgv‡R AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Kxiƒc cÖfve c‡i?Ó
wØZxq avc
- wkï‡ì‡K cÖkœ Kiæb- Ô‡Zvgiv wK g‡b Ki †h AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi weiƒc cÖfve Av‡Q?
ÔKx Kx †ÿ‡Î G cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq?
Ô‡Kvb †ÿ‡Î Kx ai‡bi cÖfve c‡i?Õ
GK cÖ‡kœi m~Î a‡i avivevwnKfv‡e Aci cÖkœ¸‡jv Kiæb| wkï‡ì KvQ ‡_‡K cÖvß DËi¸‡jv GK GK K‡i
†ev‡W© wjLyb| †hgb- 1. cwiev‡ii Dci bvbv ai‡bi cÖfve c‡i|
2. hvbevn‡bi Dci cÖfve c‡i|
3. cwiev‡i _vKv LvIqvi Amyweav nq|
4. PjvP‡ji Amyweav nq I `yN©Ubv †e‡o hvq BZ¨vw`|
DË‡ii Av‡jv‡K wkï‡ì mnvqZvq Ggbfv‡e cÖ‡kœi AeZviYv Kiæb hvi Ici wbf©i K‡i Zviv Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i
g~j mgm¨vi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i M„nxZ AbywgZ wm×všÍ cÖgvY ev mvaviYxKiY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
34
cÖkœ:
1. AwZwi³ RbmsL¨v cwiev‡ii Ici Kx Kx ai‡bi cÖfve †d‡j?
2. AwZwi³ RbmsL¨v hvbevn‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kx Kx ai‡bi Amyweav nq?
3. cwi‡e‡ki Ici Kx Kx ai‡bi cÖfve c‡i?
Gevi wkÿv_x©‡ì cÖkœ Kiæb- ÔAvgiv G cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi Kxfv‡e †c‡Z cvwi?Õ wkÿv_x©‡ì DË‡ii m~Î a‡i
ejyb- Qwe, Z_¨cÎ, cwÎKv, eB BZ¨vw` †_‡K Avgiv cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi †c‡Z cvwi|
Z…Zxq avc
- wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K 4/5 R‡bi K‡qKwU `‡j fvM Kiæb| `‡ji msL¨v wkÿv_x©i †gvU msL¨vi Dci wbf©i
Ki‡e|
- cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨cÎ mieivn Kiæb|
- wØZxq av‡c wba©vwiZ cÖkœ¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K Z_¨cÎ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z I Zv‡ì †bvU LvZvq Zv
wjwce× Ki‡Z ejyb|
PZz_© avc
GB av‡c msM„nxZ Z‡_ï e¨vL¨v, we‡kølY I g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡q _v‡K |
- `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i msM„nxZ Z‡_ï Av‡jv‡K cÖwZ‡e`b •Zwi Ki‡Z ejyb|
- cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K GK GK K‡i cÖwZ‡e`b Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
- m¤¢e n‡j cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji Dc¯vwcZ welq¸‡jv c‡q›U AvKv‡i †ev‡W© wj‡L cÖ`k©b Kiæb|
cÂg avc
Gav‡ci cÖavb KvR n‡jv Av‡jvPbv †_‡K mvaviYxKi‡Y DcbxZ nIqv ev AbywgZ wm×v‡šÍi cÖvgvwYK †h․w³KZv
Zz‡j aiv|
- Gevi wkÿv_x©‡ì Dc¯vwcZ welqe¯‧i Av‡jv‡K Ggbfv‡e wKQz cÖkœ Kiæb hv‡Z wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv
ev mvaviYxKi‡Yi Rb¨ mnvqK nq| G‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYxKiY n‡Z cv‡i-----
1. AwZwi³ RbmsL¨v cwiev‡i Lv‡`ï Afve NUvq | emev‡mi Amyweav •Zwi nq|
2. ev‡m, ‡Uª‡b, j‡Â hvZvqv‡Z Amyweav nq| bvbv ai‡bi `yN©Ubv N‡U|
3. AwaK cwigv‡Y •ZixK…Z eR©¨ cwi‡e‡ki `~lY NUvq| mn‡R eR©¨ eë¯vcbv Kiv hvq bv|
wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K M„nxZ AbywgZ wm×v‡šÍi mv‡_ mvaviYxKi‡Yi m¤úK© ¯vc‡bi gva¨‡g †kl Kiæb|
35
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡q wkLb †K․kj
evsj‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi welqe¯‧ †kÖwY‡Z mdjfv‡e Dc¯vc‡bi Rb¨ wkLb -‡kLv‡bv c×wZi cvkvcvwk
msMwZc~Y© wkLb †K․kj eënvi K‡i wkLb- †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡K Avb›``vqK I Kvh©Kix Z_v wkÿv_x©i cy‡ivcywi
wkLb (mastery learning) wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e| G wel‡qi wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡Z eënvi Dc‡hvMx we‡kl
KZK¸‡jv wkLb †K․kj n‡jvÑ
1. gv_v LvUv‡bv (Brain Storming) 2. gb wPÎvqb (Mind Mapping) 3. aviYv wPÎvqb (Concept
Mapping) 4. wPÎ we‡køl‡Y 6K (Picture Interpretation) 5. mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb (Collaborative
Learning) 6. ZvwjKvKiY (Listing)
wewfbœ †kÖwYi Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ cvV¨cy¯‡Í K AšÍf~©³ wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K© Kx ai‡bi cÖv_wgK/c~e© aviYv
(Prior Knowledge) we`¨gvb Zv Rvbv Ges wkLb -‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡Z ‡mwU Kv‡R LvwU‡q bZzb aviYv AR©‡b
mnvqZv Kiv wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †Kbbv cÖv_wgK/c~e© aviYvi wfwË‡ZB bZzb aviYv/AwfÁZv
ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j wkÿv_x©i wkLb AR©b djcÖm~ I ¯vqx nq| G wel‡q wkÿv_x©‡ì cÖv_wgK/c~e© aviYv‡K wkLb-
‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡Z eënvi Kivi Kvh©Kix †K․kj n‡jv - 1. gv_v LvUv‡bv (Brain Storming) 2. gb wPÎvqb
(Mind Mapping) 3. aviYv wPÎvqb (Concept Mapping)
gv_v LvUv‡bv (Brain Storming)

D`vniY
- ‡kÖwYi wkÿv_x©‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ Òfvj gvbyl Kv‡ì e‡j ?Ó cÖkœwU Kiæb|
- wkÿv_x©‡ì 2/3 wgwbU wPšÍv Kivi mgq w`b | cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡ì LvZvq †bvU Ki‡Z ejyb|
- wkÿv_x©‡ì gZvgZ¸‡jv GKRb GKRb K‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z ejyb| cÖvß gZvgZ¸‡jv †ev‡W© wjLyb| mKj
gZvgZB MÖnY Kiæb| GLv‡b fzj kbv³ Kiv ev ms‡kvab Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|
- gZvgZ¸‡jv mnR I mswÿßfv‡e †ev‡W© wjLyb|
- mK‡ji aviYv cvIqvi ci Av‡jvPbv K‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiæb|
Gfv‡e wewfbœ †kÖwYi evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq - Gi welqe¯‧ cÖv_wgK aviYv/c~e© AwfÁZv eënv‡i G
‡K․kj cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
36
gb wPÎvqb (Mind Mapping)
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q Kxfv‡e wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g gvBÛ g¨vwcs eënvi Kiv hvq Zv D`vni‡Yi
gva¨‡g Dc¯vcb Kiv nj|
PZz_© †kÖwY, Aa¨vq-4, ÔmvgvwRK AwaKviÕ welqwU we‡ePbv Kiv hvKÑ
wb‡Pi avç‡jv AbymiY K‡i Avgiv gvBÛ g¨vwcs †K․kj eënvi Ki‡Z cvwi|
- ‡ev‡W©i gvSvgvwS ¯v‡b ÔmvgvwRK AwaKviÕ kãwU wjLyb| GLb wkÿv_x©‡ì mvgvwRK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K©
fve‡Z ejyb| †hgb- †Kvb¸‡jv mvgvwRK AwaKvi? D`vniY wn‡m‡e Ô‡eu‡P _vKvi AwaKviÕ Gi K_v
ejyb I wPÎiƒc †ev‡W© wjLyb |
- Gevi Ô†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Avevi Kx Kx AwaKvi cÖ‡qvRb?Õ cÖkœwU Kiæb I fve‡Z ejyb| cÖ‡qvR‡b
mnvqZv Kiæb| wkÿv_x©‡ì KvQ †_‡K G m¤úwK©Z aviYv msMÖn Kiæb I †eu‡P _vKvi AwaKv‡ii kvLv
•Zwi Kiæb (wPÎiƒc)|
- Gfv‡e Avevi avc-2 †_‡K cybive„wË K‡i Ab¨vb¨ AwaKv‡ii kvLvg¨vc •Zwi Kiæb (wPÎiƒc)|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ Gi wewfbœ welqe¯‧ Gfv‡e gvBÛg¨vwcs Gi gva¨‡g Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq|
37
mvavi
Y
gva¨wg wkÿv
KvwiMix
wn›`ya
g©
K wkÿv wkÿv
cvjb ‡`‡k GK ¯vb
cÖv_wg †_‡K Ab¨
K wkÿvi ¯v‡b hvIqv
Bmjvg ag© AwaKv
cvjb i
ag© ‡hvMv‡hvM
cvj‡bi Pjv
Lªxóag© †divi eë¯v
AwaKvi
cvjb AwaKvi
‡e․×ag© mvgvwRK wbivc`

cvjb AwaKvi Pjv‡div
wb‡Ri fvlvq wPwKrmv

K_v ejv fvlv I
ms¯‥…wZi ‡eu‡P
AwaKvi _vKvi
AwaKvi wkÿv
wb‡Ri Lv`¨
ms¯‥…wZ PP©v
e¯¿
wbR¯^ wb‡Ri evm¯vb
Drme mvgvwRK
ixwZ bxwZ
gvBÛ g¨vwcs Gi bgybv
ivDÛiweb (Roundrobin) †K․kj

mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb (Collaborative Learning) †K․k‡ji GKwU aib n‡jv ÔivDÛiwebÕ †K․kj| G
†K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i †Kvb welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© `‡ji m`m¨‡ì aviYv I gZvgZ cÖKvk Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`k I
wek¦cwiPq G wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡Z Avgiv G †K․kj eënvi Ki‡Z cvwi|
38
ivDÛiweb
Avgiv GKwU D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g welqwU eySvi †Póv Kwi :
- wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K 5/6 R‡bi `‡j fvM Kiæb|
- Ò Zzwg Kxfv‡e †Zvgvi cwievi‡K mvnvh¨ Ki? Ó cÖkœwU cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j w`b|
- cÖ_‡g `‡ji GKRb Zvi cv‡ki Rb‡K cÖkœwU Ki‡e| ‡m DËiwU gy‡L ej‡e I LvZvq wj‡L ivL‡e| †h
DËi w`j Gevi †m Zvi cv‡ki Rb‡K cÖkœwU Ki‡e Ges wVK GKBfv‡e †m DËi ej‡e I LvZvq
wjL‡e| Gfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ cÖ‡Z¨K‡K cÖkœ Ki‡e I hv‡K cÖkœ Ki‡e †m DËi w`‡e| mKj m`‡mï
AskMÖnY †kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ KvRwU Pj‡e|
- Gfv‡e GKB mg‡q cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji KvR Pj‡e I hv‡Z mKj `‡ji KvR GKB mg‡q †kl nq †mwU jÿ
ivL‡Z n‡e|
- `‡ji cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨B ‡hb Zv‡ì aviYv I gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
- Gevi cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji KvQ †_‡K gZvgZ MÖnY Kiæb I †ev‡W© wjLyb|
- Av‡jvPbv K‡i mvims‡ÿc Kiæb|
aviYv wPÎvqb (Concept Mapping )

wkLb-‡kLv‡bv †K․kj wn‡m‡e aviYv wPÎvqb GKwU eûj eëüZ †K․kj| aviYv wPÎvqb aviYv I g‡Zi ga¨Kvi
m¤úK©‡K wPÎiƒ‡c `„k¨gvbfv‡e Dc¯vb K‡i| aviYv¸‡jv‡K KZ¸‡jv kã ev kã¸”Q Øviv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_
AvšÍtm¤úK© iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv nq| wkÿv_x©‡ì wPšÍv‡K msMwVZ I KvVv‡gve× K‡i Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© AwaK aviYv
†c‡Z mnvqZv K‡i Ges g~j aviYvi mv‡_ Dc-aviYv ev m¤úK©hy³ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª aviYvi m¤úK© bZzbfv‡e Avwe®‥vi
Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr aviYv wPÎvqb n‡jv GKwU k„•Ljve× msMwVZ wPÎiƒc hv †Kvb welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©‡ì
aviYvmg~‡ni `„k¨gvb Dc¯’vcb cÖwµqv|
39
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©ewj‡Z wkÿv_x©‡ì c~e©Ávb‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î aviYv wPÎvqb GKwU Dc‡hvMx
†K․kj| ïay welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡bi Rb¨B bq, wkÿv_x©‡ì welqe¯‧MZ †evaMg¨Zvi gvÎv hvPvB Kivi †ÿ‡ÎI
aviYv wPÎvqb LyeB Kvh©Ki|
†hfv‡e aviYvwPÎ •Zwi Kiv hvq:
 welqe¯Íyi Av‡jv‡K g~j aviYv w`‡q ïiæ Kiv
welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© Ggb cÖkœ Kiæb ev g~j aviYv Zz‡j Dc¯vcb Kiæb hv‡Z welq m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©‡K
fve‡Z DØy× K‡i |
 g~j aviYv wPwýZKiY
wkÿv_x©‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g welqe¯‧ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z g~j aviYvwU wPwýZ Kiæb| g~j aviYvi
Av‡jv‡K m¤úK©hy³ mywbw`©ó aviYvi cÖwZ wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K Bw½Z w`b| g~j aviYv‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zvi
Pvicv‡k Dc-aviYv, m¤úK©hy³ aviYv¸‡jv wjLyb|
 aviYv¸‡jv‡K kã ev kã¸”Q w`‡q cÖKvk Ges m¤úK© †iLv †U‡b †kl Kiæb
G‡ÿ‡Î †iLv †U‡b g~j aviYvi mv‡_ Dc-aviYv I mswkøó AviI mywbw`©ó aviYvi m¤úK© •Zwi Kiv Ges
kã ev kã¸”Q eënvi K‡i m¤úK©hy³Zvi KviY Zy‡j aiv|
D`vniY
GKwU D`vniY w`‡q welqwUi e¨vL¨v Kiv hvK| G‡ÿ‡Î cÂg †kÖwYi Aa¨vq-6 Gi welqe¯‧ ÔRjevqy cwieZ©bÕ
†bIqv n‡q‡Q| Rjevqy mg¤úwK©Z wKQz cÖkœ K‡i wel‡qi AeZviYv Kiæb|
- cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~j aviYv Ô Rjevq~ cwieZ©bÕ wba©viY K‡i †ev‡W© g~j aviYwU wjLyb|
†ev‡W©i Ggb ¯v‡b g~j aviYv wjLyb hv‡Z m¤úK©hy³ aviYv¸‡jv wj‡L m¤úK© †iLv †U‡b wPÎiƒc
Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq|
- Rjevqy cwieZ©b Kx Ges ‡Kb ev Kxfv‡e n‡”Q Zvi m~ÎcvZ K‡i wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K fve‡Z ejyb|
- cÖ‡qvR‡b wKQz D`vniY w`‡q Zv‡ì‡K fve‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiæb| Z‡e mivmwi DËi cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e bv|
- wkÿv_x©‡ì wbKU †_‡K GK GK K‡i KviY¸‡jv †hgb- hvbevn‡bi †auvqv, wkí KviLvbvi †auvqv
BZ¨vw` †ei K‡i wb‡q Avmyb| G KviY¸‡jv ÔRjevqy cwieZ©bÕ Gi PZzw`©‡K wPÎiƒc wjLyb| †iLv †U‡b
m¤úK© (Link) •Zwi Kiæb|
- Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Kx Kx cÖfve c‡i Zv wb‡q fve‡Z ejyb| fvebv¸‡jv‡K msMÖn K‡i wP‡Îi b¨vq
†ev‡W© wj‡L Dc¯vcb Kiæb|
- Gevi wkÿv_x©‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †iLv †U‡b m¤úK© •Zwi Kiæb Ges m¤úK©‡K kã ev kã¸”Q
eënvi K‡i m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡Yi aviYv‡K g~Z© K‡i Zzjyb|
me‡k‡l •ZwiK…Z aviYvwPÎwU wkÿv_x©‡ì AskMÖn‡Y Av‡jvPbv K‡i Rjevqy cwieZ©b m¤úwK©Z aviYv ¯úó
Kiæb|
wewfbœ †kÖwYi Ôevsj‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡qi Ggb A‡bK welqe¯‧ Av‡Q hv aviYv wPÎvqb †K․kj eënvi
K‡i cvV Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq|
†hgb-Z…Zxq †kÖwY: cªvK…wZK cwi‡ek, mvgvwRK cwi‡ek, mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †ckv, cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iva I
msiÿY BZ¨vw`|
PZz_© †kÖwY: mgv‡R ci¯ú‡ii mn‡hvwMZv, mvgvwRK I ivóªxq m¤ú`, evsj‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v BZ¨vw`|
cÂg †kÖwY: RbmsL¨v, gvbevwaKvi, MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve BZ¨vw`|
40
wPÎ we‡køl‡Y 6K Gi eënvi
welqe¯‧‡K mnR‡eva¨, `„k¨gvb I g~Z© Ges AvKl©Yxq Ki‡Z cvV¨cy¯‡Í K Qwe/wPÎ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB
Qwe/wPÎ eënvi K‡i wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© mvaviY aviYv †`qv hvq| Avevi wkÿv_x©iv wPÎ we‡kølY
K‡i welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© aviYv †hgb Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb welqe¯‧ we‡køl‡Y †m aviYvi cª‡qvM Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Avi ZvB wPÎ we‡kølY wkÿv_x©‡ì welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© wPšÍ‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i ‡`q| G †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡Mi
†ÿ‡Î wk‡ivbvgnxb wPÎ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
41
6K Øviv Kx eySvq Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvK|
‡K ev Kviv ? Kx ? ‡Kv_vq ?
KLb ? ‡Kb ? Kxfv‡e ?
wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K †K, Kx, †Kv_vq, KLb, †Kb I Kxfv‡e eënvi K‡i cÖkœ¸‡jv •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K GKwU D`vniY wb‡q Kxfv‡e †kÖwYK‡ÿ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq Zv e¨L¨v Kiv
n‡jvÑ
- Dc‡ii wPÎ¸‡jv e¨vL¨v ev we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K 5/6wU `‡j fvM Kiæb| cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j wba©vwiZ
wPÎ I 6K m¤^wjZ we‡kølY QK (c„. 48) mieivn Kiæb|
42
Kv‡K ev Kv‡ì‡K †`L‡Z cv”Q? †Kv_vq KvRwU n‡”Q?
 .................  .................
 ..................  ..................
‡m/ Zviv Kx Ki‡Q? †Kb Zviv KvRwU Ki‡Q?
 .................  .................
 ..................  ..................
KLb KvRwU NU‡Q? Zv‡ì KvR‡K Zzwg Kxfv‡e g~j¨vqb Ki?
 .................  .................
 ..................  ..................
- Kxfv‡e KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wkÿv_x©‡ì eywS‡q w`b|

- `jxq Av‡jvPbv gwbUwis Kiæb Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿv_x©‡ì mnvqZv Kiæb|
- `jxq Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z QKwU c~iY Kiv †kl n‡j cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K Zv‡ì we‡kølY Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z
ejyb| G‡ÿ‡Î wPÎ we‡køl‡Y wKQzUv AcÖvmw½KZv _vK‡Z cv‡i| wkÿK †m wel‡q wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb
Ki‡eb|
- Q‡Ki Z_¨ w`‡q avivevwnKZv iÿv K‡i GKwU Aby‡”Q` •Zwi Ki‡Z ejyb|
- Aby‡”Q` •Zwii †k‡l cÖZ¨K `j‡K Zv‡ì `jxq KvR Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
G †K․kj cª‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©‡ì ‡kªwY I eqm we‡kl we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e| we‡kølY Q‡Ki cÖkœ •Zwii
†ÿ‡Î welqwU LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ cvV¨cy¯‡Í K eëüZ wewfbœ wPÎ †h¸‡jv we‡køl‡Y welqe¯‧i Z_¨ Abyave‡b mnvqK †m
mg¯Í Qwe/wPÎ G †K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i cvV Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq| wkÿv_x©i Z_¨ msMÖn, Z_¨ msMVb, e¨vL¨v,
we‡kølY I AbymÜvb `ÿZvi weKvk G †K․k‡ji me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K|
43
Aa¨vq 4
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq welqK wkLb mvgMªx I wk‡ÿvcKiY
wkLb mvgMªx I wk‡¶vcKiY cwiwPwZ

cvV‡K Avb›``vqK I `xN©¯vqx Kivi Ges cv‡Vi welqe¯‧‡K mn‡R †evaMg¨ Kivi Rb¨ †h mKj Qwe, PvU©,
g‡Wj, bKkv, gvbwPÎ, †Møve BZ¨vw` eënvi Kiv nq Zv nj wk‡ÿvcKiY| Gme DcKiY eënv‡ii d‡j
wk¶v_x©i wkLb n‡q I‡V mnR I ¯vqx| DcKiYwU Aek¨B wkÿv_x©i eqm, †gav Abyhvqx h_vh_ I AvKl©Yxq
n‡Z n‡e| DcKiY wbe©vPb Ki‡Z Ges cÖ¯‧Z n‡e DcKi‡Yi is, AvKvi I AvK…wZ h_vm¤¢e ev¯Í‡ei mv‡_ wgj
†i‡L cÖ¯‧Z Kiv mgxPxb n‡e | †kÖwYK‡¶ cÖ‡e‡ki c~‡e© welqe¯‧ I DcKi‡Yi eënvi m¤ú‡K© wk¶‡Ki cÖ¯‧wZ
†bqv ìKvi| wbe©vwPZ DcKiYmg~n wk¶K wb‡R •Zwi A_ev msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib| DcKiYmg~n ¯vbxq cwi‡ek
†_‡K msMÖn KivUvB m‡ev©Ëg| DcKiY •Zwi, msMÖn, eënvi me‡¶‡ÎB wk¶‡Ki cwiKíbv Ges wPšÍbfvebvi
cÖwZdjb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi g‡Zv evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q eën„Z wk‡¶vcKiY¸‡jv‡K wZb
fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb: `„wó wbf©i DcKiY, kÖywZ wbf©i DcKiY, kªeY-`k©b wbf©i DcKiY| evsjv‡`k I
wek¦cwiPq wel†q hZ ev¯Íem¤§Z DcKiY eënvi Kiv hv‡e Z‡ZvB wkLb mnR I `xN©¯vqx n‡e|
wb‡P wewfbœ ai‡bi DcKi‡Yi e¨vL¨v †`qv n‡jv-
1| `„wówbf©i DcKiY: evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel†q wewfbœ welqe¯‧i mv‡_ wgj †i‡L wewfbœ cÖKvi `„wó wbf©i
DcKiY eënvi Kivi my‡hvM Av‡Q| †kÖwY I Aa¨vq wfwËK K‡hKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv, hv †kÖwYK‡¶ DcKiY
eënv‡ii ‡¶‡Î we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 ev¯Íe DcKiY:
MvQ, cvZv, dzj, dj, gvwU, RvZxq cZvKv, †cvkvK, †Ljvayjvi miÄvg, †Uªwms †ccvi, †cwÝj, ivevi, is,
Zzwj, ZvjcvZvi cvLv, gvwUi nuvwo, cv‡cU BZ¨vw`|
 g‡Wj
Ni, evwo, kvcjv dzj, RvZxq cZvKv, ¯§„wZ‡m․a, ivóªxq cÖZxKmg~n, knx` wgbvi, †mZz, agx©q cÖwZôvb,
cvK©, †Møve, Mvwo, cÖkvmwbK feb, gvbwPÎ, dzj, dj BZ¨vw` |
wPÎ: kwn` wgbv‡ii g‡Wj
44
 PvU©
cÖwZôvb, agx©q Drme/Abyôvb, ebR m¤ú`, RvZxq/ivóªxq m¤ú`, kªgRxex gvby‡li ZvwjKv, b`-b`x,
mvK©fy³ †`‡ki RbmsL¨v, wewfbœ †`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ BZ¨vw`|
 Qwe
cvV mswkó Qwe †hgb- cÖvK…wZK `„k¨, agx©q cÖwZôvb, MvQcvjv, cïcvwL, Lv`¨, dz‡ji evMvb, nj‡` cvwLi
gvbwPÎ, RvZxq cÖZxKmg~n, wewfbœ †ckvi gvbyl, nvUevRvi, cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi wewfbœ wPÎ, wewfbœ †`‡ki wkï,
wewfbœ e‡iY¨ e¨w³, MvQ KvUvi Qwe, Avwèvmx‡ì Rxebaviv, knx` wgbvi, †b․Kv evBP, †QvU cwievi, eo
cwievi BZ¨vwì Qwe |
 gvbwPÎ I bKkv
c„w_ex, gnvmvMi, gnv‡`k, Dcgnv‡`k, evsjv‡`k, †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv, we`¨vjq BZ¨vw` |
 †cv÷vi
wk¶v, ¯^v¯¨, cwi‡ek, RbmsL¨v, MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vwì †cv÷vi |
2. kÖywZ ev kªeYwbf©i DcKiY

†iwWI, wmwW †cøqvi, Kw¤úDUvi ev †mj †dv‡b msiwÿZ kã, K_v, e³„Zv, msMxZ BZ¨vw` |
3. kªeY-`k©bwbf©i DcKiY
wUwf, wmwWig, wWwfwW, Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g †Kvb ev¯Íe NUbv, †Kvb bvUK-Pjw”PÎ, ‡Kvb weg~Z©
wel‡qi wfwWI cª`k©b|
45
wPÎ: †kÖwYK‡ÿ gvwëwgwWqvi eënvi
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki wewfbœ Aa¨v‡q eëüZ wewfbœ cÖKvi wkÿv
DcKi‡Yi ZvwjKv •Zwii Rb¨ wb‡Pi QKwU eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †h †Kvb †kÖwYi Rb¨ GB QKwU eënvi
Kiv hv‡e|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq `„wówbf©i DcKiY kÖeYwbf©i DcKiY kÖeY-`k©bwbf©i DcKiY
†kÖwY :
Aa¨vq-GK
Aa¨vq-`yB
Aa¨vq-wZb
Aa¨vq-Pvi
Aa¨vq-cuvP
Aa¨vq-Qq
(D‡jøL¨ †h, Q‡Ki eënvi m¤^wjZ KvRwU †kÖwYK‡ÿ Abykxjb Kiv‡Z cv‡ib, Avevi wb‡`©wkZ KvR wn‡m‡eI
w`‡Z cv‡ib|)
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q wk¶v DcKiY eënv‡ii ¸iæZ¡
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq †h‡nZz wewfbœ wel‡qi mgš^q ZvB DcKiY eënv‡ii my‡hvMI i‡q‡Q A‡bK| wk¶v
cÖ`vbKv‡j hw` weg~Z© welq‡K ‡Kvb g~Z© wel‡qi gva¨‡g Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq Z‡e wk¶v_x© Zv mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡i|
e¯‧wfwËK Dchy³ wk¶v DcKi‡Yi Øviv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi welqe¯‧‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡j wk¶v n‡e ev¯Íem¤§Z I
¯^Ztù~Z©| Aciw`‡K mxwgZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ wk¶v_x© ev¯Íem¤§Z A‡bK¸‡jv welqI wkL‡Z cv‡i| RxešÍ I
bvUKxq Av‡e`b wk¶v_x©i Avb›`vbyf~wZ‡Z mvov RvMvq| d‡j Zv‡ì AwfÁZvi gvÎv nq Mfxi I cÖmvwiZ |
Zv‡ì Ávbjv‡fi AvKv•¶v cÖej nq| ¯^í‡gav, cðvrc`, ¯~jeyw×, cv‡V axiMwZ wk¶v_x©‡ì ïay cvV¨cy¯ÍK I
46
e³…Zvi gva¨‡g wk¶v`vb LyeB `yiƒn KvR | wk¶v DcKi‡Yi mnvqZv Zv‡ì Rb¨ Acwinvh©| wk¶K I wk¶v_x©
Df‡qi Kv‡QB evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq mswkøó wk¶v DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| evsjv‡`k I
wek¦cwiPq welqwUi g‡Zv weÁvbwfwËK I Z_¨c~Y© welq ïay cvV¨cy¯K
Í ev wk¶‡Ki e³…Zvq AvqË Kiv mnR
bq| wk¶‡Ki wkLbÑ‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi mgq e³…Zvi mv‡_ mv‡_ bvbv ai‡bi cÖvmw½K DcKiY
eënvi K‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì cÖZ¨¶ AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wk¶v‡K cÖvYešÍ, ev¯ÍegyLx I
`xN©¯vqx Kiv hvq | A‡bK mgq hv eY©bv Ki‡Z eû K_vi ìKvi nq Zv GKwU gvÎ Qwe w`‡qB mn‡RB
†evSv‡bv hvq| G‡¶‡Î GKwU cÖev` cÖPwjZ Av‡Q, “One picture is worth than thousands of
words.”
DcKiY eënv‡ii K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K
 †cÖlYv m„wó: AvaywbK wk¶Y c×wZ eûjvs‡k g‡bv‣eÁvwbK ZË¡‡Kw›`ªK| Gi g~‡j i‡q‡Q †kªwY‡Z †cÖlYv
m„wó Ges Zv a‡i ivLv| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvq DcKiY eënvi Ki‡j †hgb mn‡RB †cÖlYv
m„wó Kiv hvq, †Zgb wkÿv_x©i c‡ÿ Zv a‡iI ivLv hvq| Gi d‡j wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqv mnRZi I
`xN©¯vqx nq |
 AvMÖn m„wó: wk¶v_x©i AvMÖn bv _vK‡j †Kvb wKQzB Zv‡K †kLv‡bv hv‡e bv| DcKiY eënv‡ii gva¨‡g
†kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_x©i AvMÖn m„wó Kiv hvq | myZivs †kLv‡bvi KvRwUI A‡bK mnR nq|
 g‡bv‡hvM m„wó: wk¶v_x©‡ì †kªwY‡Z g‡bv‡hvMx Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j wk¶v`vb Kvh©µg mv_©K I mdj n‡e bv
Ges †ewk w`b g‡bI ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv| wewfbœ ai‡bi DcKiY eënvi K‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡bv‡hvM m„wó Kiv
hvq|
 mnR‡eva¨: DcKiY eënvi K‡i A‡bK KwVb welq AwZ mn‡R †evSv‡bv hvq A_©vr welqe¯‧i `y‡e©va¨Zv
n«vm cvq| wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Df‡qB Ávb PP©vq Avb›`†eva K‡ib|
 ¯vqx Ávb: DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g AwR©Z Ávb `xN©w`b ¯vqx nq| A‡bK mgq mviv Rxeb g‡b _v‡K|
DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g AwR©Z Ávb my¯úó I cwi”Qbœ e‡j Zv `xN©¯vqx nq |
 ch©‡e¶Y ¶gZv e„w×: †kªwYK‡¶ DcKiY eënv‡ii gva¨‡g hLb wk¶K cvV Dc¯vcb K‡ib ZLb
wk¶v_x©iv DcKiY‡K fvj K‡i j¶ K‡i| G‡Z wk¶v_x©‡ì ch©‡e¶Y ¶gZv e„w× cvq| GQvovI
wk¶v_x©‡ì we‡kølY, AbymÜvb Ges Dcjwä ¶gZv e„w× cvq | wk¶v_x©iv DcKiY eënvi †K․kjI wkL‡Z
cv‡i |
 cÖvYešÍKiY: mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wewfbœ welqe¯‧‡K cÖvYešÍKi‡Y Dchy³ DcKi‡Yi f~wgKv e¨vcK| KwVb
Ges KíbvcÖm~Z welqI DcKiY eënv‡i mnR n‡q D‡V| d‡j Ávb AR©b mnR nq|
 mg‡qi mwVK eënvi: eY©bvg~jK ev e³…Zvi gva¨‡g cvV`v‡bi †P‡q DcKiY eënv‡ii gva¨‡g cvV`v‡b
mgq A‡bK Kg jv‡M|
 eënvwiK Ávb: ZvwË¡K Áv‡bi †P‡q eënvwiK Ávb djcÖm~| DcKiY eënv‡i wk¶v_x©i eënvwiK Ávb
AwR©Z nq Ges wk¶v_x©iv ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Zvi djcÖm~ eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 g~Z©KiY: evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q weg~Z© welq i‡q‡Q †hgb- mgvR, mvgvwRK mgm¨v, A¶ †iLv,
‡m․iRMZ, welye †iLv, evqyPvc ejq BZ¨vw`| G mg¯Í wel‡qi g‡Wj, PvU© I wPÎ eënvi K‡i welqe¯‧‡K
weg~Z© †_‡K g~Z© Kiv hvq| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e •eÁvwbK wel‡q ÁvbvR©‡b wk¶v DcKiY we‡klfv‡e mnvqK|
 ‣eÁvwbK `„wófw½: †kªwYK‡¶ DcKiY eënv‡ii d‡j wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡a¨ •eÁvwbK `„wófw½ M‡o I‡V|
47
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq welqK wk¶v DcKiY •Zwi I msMÖn
evsj‡`k I wek¦cwiPq cvV Dc¯vc‡bi mgq wk¶K‡K bvbv ai‡bi wk¶v DcKiY •Zwi I eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
GmKj DcKiY KLbI ¯^í g~‡jï, KLbI webvg~‡jï, KLbI `yj©f Avevi KLbI ev AcÖZzj n‡Z cv‡i| †h
†Kvb cÖKvi wk¶v DcKiY •Zwii †¶‡Î wk¶K‡K †h w`K¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv ìKvi †m¸‡jv njÑ
wPÎ: DcKiY •Zwi

 wk¶v_x©i eqm, mvg_©¨, AvMÖn, iæwP Ges cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯v
 cwiKwíZ DcKi‡Yi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi mnRjf¨Zv
 †h mKj wk¶v_x©‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ DcKiYwU eënvi Kiv n‡e Zv‡ì m„Rbx cÖwZfv
 DcKiYwU wk¶v_x©‡ì cvV MÖn‡Y mnvqK ev cÖvmw½KZv
 †K․kj ev cšv Abyhvqx DcKiYwUi me©vwaK eënvi‡hvM¨Zv
 Kg Li‡P, Kg mg‡q I mn‡R •Zwii m¤¢ve¨Zv
 ¯vbxq KvuPvgv‡ji cÖvc¨Zv
 DcKiYwU wewfbœ †kªwY‡Z eënvi‡hvM¨Zv
 DcKiYwUi `xN©¯vwqZ¡
 DcKiYwUi msi¶Y‡hvM¨Zv
 DcKiYwUi enb myweav
 DcKiYwUi cÖwZ wk¶v_x©‡ì †K․Z~nj
 DcKiYwUi ‣ewPÎ¨
 ev¯Íe wel‡qi mv‡_ DcKiYwUi mswkøóZv
 DcKiYwUi ‡m․›`h© ea©‡b KiYxq
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi wk¶v DcKi‡Yi eënvi

cvV Dc¯v‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶v DcKiY eënv‡ii g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wk¶Y cÖwµqv‡K cÖvYešÍ Kiv, wk¶Yxq
welqe¯‧‡K wk¶v_x©‡ì Kv‡Q mnR I g~Z© K‡i †Zvjv| wk¶v DcKiY •Zwi Ges eënvi Ki‡jB †h D‡Ïk¨
mdj n‡e GK_v ejv hvq bv| cwic~Y© D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j DcKi‡Yi h_v_© eënvi wbwðZ Kiv ìKvi |
wk¶K‡K g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, †kªwY cvV‡K AvKl©Yxq I †evaMg¨ Kivi Rb¨ wk¶v DcKiY, wk¶v DcKi‡Yi
Rb¨ cvV Dc¯vcb cÖwµqv bq| myZivs cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq wk¶v DcKiY †ewk eënvi Ki‡j Kvw•¶Z D‡Ïk¨
AR©‡bi m¤¢vebv K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i| †m wel‡q wk¶K‡K mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e |
48
wPÎ: DcKiY eënvi K‡i cvV Dc¯vcb
†h wk¶v DcKiY wk¶K †kªwY‡Z eënvi Ki‡eb †mUv m¤ú‡K© c~e©aviYv I eënv‡ii †K․kj Rvbv _vK‡j
DcKi‡Yi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w× cvq | wk¶v DcKiY eënv‡ii †¶‡Î wel‡qi mv‡_ cÖvmw½K wk¶v DcKiY evQvB
Kiv A‡bK mgq KwVb n‡q c‡o | G‡¶‡Î we‡kl mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ | DcKiYwU eënv‡ii †¶‡Î
wk¶K‡K DcKiYwU eënv‡ii D‡Ï‡kï cÖwZ m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e, mv‡_ mv‡_ DcKiYwU eënv‡ii mgq
wk¶v_x©‡ì KZ †ewk m¤ú„³ Kiv hvq †mw`KwUI we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e |
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi wk¶v DcKiY msi¶Y
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq welq cvV Dc¯vc‡b †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v DcKi‡Yi eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j eëüZ
DcKiY msi¶Y Kiv cÖ‡qvRb | msi¶‡Yi h_vh_ eë¯v bv _vK‡j DcKiY hZB ¯^íg~j¨, g~jëvb ev AcÖZzj
†nvK bv †Kb AwP‡iB bó n‡q hv‡e | evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi wewfbœ wk¶v DcKiY msi¶‡Yi Rb¨
wbgœwjwLZ bxwZgvjv AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡iÑ
 ‡kªwYK‡¶ DcKiY eënv‡ii ci wba©vwiZ K‡¶ wba©vwiZ ¯v‡b DcKiYwUi cÖK„wZ Abyhvqx msi¶Y
Ki‡Z n‡e |
wPÎ: wewfbœ ai‡bi DcKiY

 `yj©f Ges g~jëvb wk¶v DcKi‡Yi †¶‡Î wk¶v DcKiY msi¶‡Yi K¶wU kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z n‡j fvj
nq |
 DcKiY msi¶‡Yi K¶wU cwi”Qbœ n‡Z n‡e|
49
 wk¶v DcKiY msi¶‡Yi K‡¶ mK‡ji Aeva PjvPj eÜ K‡i wba©vwiZ e¨w³e‡M©i PjvPj wbwðZ Ki‡Z
n‡e |
 Zzjbvg~jK AvaywbK I g~jëvb DcKiY msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î Aek¨B wbivcËvi welqwU we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z
n‡e |
 DcKiY msi¶‡Yi K‡¶ cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K AvmevecÎ _vK‡Z n‡e|
 ‡h mKj DcKiY Zzjbvg~jK f½yi I cPbkxj †m¸‡jv Avjv`vfv‡e we‡kl cÖwµqvq msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
 KvV ev evu‡ki ‣Zwi DcKiY hv‡Z †cvKvq bó Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx KxUbvkK
eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e |
 ZvwjKvwfwËK (K¨vUvjM) DcKiY msi¶‡Yi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|
 evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi DcKiY msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î AvenvIqv, cÖK…wZ I FZz‣ewP‡Îï Ici ¸iæZ¡
w`‡Z n‡e|
 wewfbœ wk¶v DcKi‡Yi Dc‡i bvg, msMÖ‡ni ¯vb, ZvwiL I msi¶‡Ki bvgmn GKwU ZvwjKv •Zwi K‡i
msi¶Y K‡¶ ivL‡Z n‡e|
wk¶v DcKi‡Yi msi¶‡Y evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq M‡elYvMv‡ii f~wgKv

c`v_©, imvqb, RxeweÁv‡bi M‡elYvMv‡ii (Laboratory) b¨vq eZ©gvb mg‡q fvlv M‡elYvMvi Ges evsjv‡`k
I wek¦cwiPq M‡elYvMv‡ii eënvi j¶Yxq| hwÌ evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wk¶vi wewfbœ ch©v‡q
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq M‡elYvMv‡ii †Zgb cÖPjb †bB, Z‡e A‡bK DbœZ †`‡k Gi cÖPjb i‡q‡Q | GKRb
imvq‡bi wk¶K †hgb †kªwY cv‡Vi eënvwiK wewfbœ w`K M‡elYvMv‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì wb‡q wM‡q †kLv‡Z cv‡ib
†Zgwb evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi wk¶‡Ki c‡¶I evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi wewfbœ DcKiY
cÖ`k©‡bi ev eënv‡ii mgq wk¶v_x©‡ì evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq M‡elYvMv‡i wb‡q ‡h‡Z cv‡ib| †kªwYK‡¶i
cwi‡ek Avi M‡elYvMv‡ii cwi‡ek GK nevi bq, hvi d‡j M‡elYvMv‡i wk¶v DcKi‡Yi eënvi †ewk djcÖm~
nq| ZvQvov evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi A‡bK wk¶v DcKiY i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv mn‡R enb Kiv hvq bv wKsev
Aí AvNv‡Z †f‡O †h‡Z cv‡i, †m‡¶‡Î evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq M‡elYvMv‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì wb‡q wM‡q DcKiY
cÖ`k©b Ki‡j †ewk fvj nq| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq M‡elYvMv‡i Zzjbvg~jK wbivc‡` DcKiY msi¶Y Kiv
hvq| GRb¨ M‡elYvMv‡i ch©vß Av‡jvevZvm cÖ‡e‡ki eë¯v _vK‡Z n‡e| DcKiY mw¾Z I msi¶‡Yi Rb¨
M‡elYvMv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K Avjgvwi, Wªqvi, ZvK, ey‡jwUb †evW© BZ¨vw` _vK‡Z n‡e| mv‡_ mv‡_
wk¶v_x©‡ì M‡elYvMv‡i wb‡q wM‡q †hb wkLbÑ†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvq Kiv hvq Zvi Rb¨ ch©vß RvqMv
_vK‡Z n‡e| mvgwMÖKfv‡e ejv hvq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi wk¶v DcKiY eënvi I msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î
wewfbœ wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq M‡elYvMvi M‡o ‡Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb| G M‡elYvMv‡i wewfbœ kÖeY I
kÖeY`k©b DcKiY †i‡L AvaywbK Kjv‡K․kj Aej¤^b K‡i djcÖm~ wkLb‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv hvq| GwU
wk¶v eë¯vq GKwU bZzb ms¯‥iY Ges Gi Øviv wk¶K-wk¶v_x© mK‡j DcK…Z n‡e|
50
Aa¨vq 5
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLbÑ‡kLv‡bv cwiKíbv

f~wgKv
wkLb-†kLv‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki we`¨vj‡qi cwiKíbvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© evrmwiK, lvb¥vwmK, cvwÿK ev
Uvg©wfwËK cwiKíbv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| G cwiKíbvi AvIZvq wkÿK GKwU cvV ev Aa¨vq wkLb-†kLv‡bvi
cwiKíbv Ki‡eb| GKwU cvV ev Aa¨v‡qi welqe¯‧ wkLb-†kLv‡bvi Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki GK ev GKvwaK K¬vm jvM‡Z
cv‡i| we`¨vj‡qi K¬vm iywUb AbymiY K‡i wk¶‡Ki cÖvZ¨wnK wkLb-†kLv‡bvi ga¨ w`‡q Gme cvV ev Aa¨v‡qi
wkLb m¤úbœ nq| wk¶‡Ki GB cÖvZ¨wnK wkLb-†kLv‡bvi mvwe©K Kvh©µ‡gi iƒc‡iLvB n‡jv cvV cwiKíbv|
•`bw›`b cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb wk¶‡Ki djcÖm~ wk¶‡Yi †¶‡Î A‡bK Zvrch© enb K‡i| GKevi hLb wk¶K
cvV cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi cÖwµqv AvZ¥¯ K‡ib, ZLb wZwb mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, Zvi wk¶‡Y Kx Kx welq ev
w`K mwe‡kl ¸iyZ¡ cv‡e| Kx Kjv‡K․kj I Kvh©µg †kªwYK‡¶ Aej¤^b I avivevwnKfv‡e m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e|
cvV cwiKíbv wk¶K‡K wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg m¤úv`‡b ¯^Ztù~Z©Zv cÖ`vb K‡i| Kvh©µg m¤úv`‡b wZwb
`ywðšÍvgy³ _v‡Kb| cvV cwiKíbv wk¶‡Ki wk¶Y `¶Zv e„w× K‡i| ZvQvov †kªwY wk¶‡Ki Abycw¯wZ‡Z Ab¨
wk¶K wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z †M‡jI cvV cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| cvV cwiKíbvq wewfbœ
cvVMZ Ae¯vavix wkÿv_x©‡ì AskMÖnY I wkLb wbwðZ Kivi eë¯v _vK‡Z n‡e| Avi †m eë¯v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨
cª‡qvRb wkÿv_x©‡ì cvVMZ Ae¯vb Rvbv| wkÿv_x©‡ì cvVMZ Ae¯vb Rvbvi Rb¨ †emjvBb g~j¨vqb GKwU
Kvh©Kix †K․kj|
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ †enmjvBb g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv

‡eBmjvBb g~j¨vq‡bi †g․wjK w`Kmg~n †ckvMZ wkÿv 2q L‡Ð we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv GLv‡b
Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡q Kxfv‡e †emjvBb g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e Zv Rvb‡ev| 1g I 2q †kÖwYi cwi‡ek
cwiwPwZ (mgvR I weÁvb) mnvwqKvq welq wgwkÖZfv‡e Dc¯vwcZ n‡jI wkÿvµ‡g mgvR wel‡qi Rb¨ my¯úó
†kÖwYwfwËK AR©‡bvc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv wba©viY Ges †m Abyhvqx welqe¯‧ AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 3q †_‡K 5g †kÖwY
ch©šÍ Avjv`vfv‡e cvV¨cy¯K
Í •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q KZ¸‡jv mywbw`©ó †kÖwYwfwËK AR©‡bvc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi Av‡jv‡K|
†emjvBb g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©i cvVMZ Ae¯vb wbY©qB g~L¨| ZvB †eBmjvBb g~j¨vqb †kÖwYwfwËK
AR©‡bvc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi Av‡jv‡K n‡j wkÿv_x©i cÖK…Z cvVMZ Ae¯vb Rvbv hvq| wKš‧ †kÖwYi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ
AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi me¸‡jv‡K µvB‡Uwiqv we‡ePbv K‡i †eBmjvBb g~j¨vqb mgq mv‡cÿ I RwUj|
†mRb¨ †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv †_‡K we‡kl we‡ePbvcÖm~Z ¯^í msL¨K AR©b Dc‡hvMx
†hvM¨Zvi Av‡jv‡K µvB‡Uwiqv wba©viY K‡i †eBmjvBb g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| †eBmjvBb g~j¨vqb †h‡nZz eQ‡ii
ïiæi w`‡K m¤úbœ nq †m‡nZz 1g †kÖwYi AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi Av‡jv‡K 2q †kÖwYi wkÿv_x©i †emjvBb
g~j¨vqb Kiv| wVK GKBfv‡e c~e©eZx© †kÖwYi AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi Av‡jv‡K cieZx© †kÖwYi †eBmjvBb
g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e| 2q I 3q †kÖwYi Rb¨ 6wU K‡i Ges 4_© I 5g †kÖwYi Rb¨ 8wU K‡i µvB‡Uwiqv
wba©viYc~eK
© †eBmjvBb g~j¨vqb Z_¨ msMÖn QK •Zwi Kiv Ges µvB‡Uwiqv Abyhvqx g~j¨vqb Uzjm •Zwi K‡i
†emjvBb g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
†eBmjvBb g~j¨vqb Aek¨B One to One A¨v‡cÖv‡P Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿK GKRb GKRb K‡i wkÿv_x©‡K Kv‡Q
G‡b wba©vwiZ Uzjm eënvi K‡i g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb| wb‡P 3q †kÖwYi wkÿv_x©i ‡eBmjvBb g~j¨vq‡bi Z_¨ msMÖn
51
QK I µvB‡UwiqvwfwËK g~j¨vqb Uzj‡mi bgybv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv| G‡ÿ‡Î 2q †kÖwYi AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi
Av‡jv‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Q‡Ki 6wU µvB‡Uwiqv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3q †kÖwYi †eBmjvBb g~j¨vqb Z_¨ msMÖn QK:
µwgK wkÿv_x©i ‡ivj bs cÖvK…wZK I wg‡jwg‡k evwo I ‣bwZK RvZxq RvZxq
bvg mvgvwRK _vKv I we`¨vj‡qi ¸Yvewji msMxZ wèm
Dcv`vb mn‡hvwMZv Kv‡R PP©v Kiv m¤ú‡K© m¤ú‡K©
m¤ú‡K© Kiv AskMÖnY aviYv aviYv
aviYv
wb‡Pi Uyjm eënvi K‡i wkÿv_x©‡K g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_x© DËi w`‡Z cvi‡j mswkøó N‡i wUK wPý w`‡Z
n‡e| Avi DËi w`‡Z bv cvi‡j mswkøó N‡i µm wPý w`‡Z n‡e|
‡eBmjvBb g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g Q‡K msM„nxZ Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z wkÿv_x©‡ì cvVMZ Ae¯v‡bi 3wU `‡j fvM Kiv|
†hmKj wkÿv_x© 6wUi g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P †h‡Kvb 2wU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z cvi‡e Zviv GKwU `‡j, hviv 6wUi g‡a¨
m‡e©v”P †h‡Kvb 4wUi DËi w`‡Z cvi‡e Zviv GKwU `‡j I hviv 6wU ev †h‡Kvb 5wU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z cvi‡e
Zviv GKwU `‡j| Gfv‡eB wkÿv_x©‡ì cvVMZ Ae¯vb ‡R‡b †m Abyhvqx wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡Z Zv‡ì
AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv I cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv ‡`qv cÖ‡qvRb|
µvB‡UwiqvwfwËK Uzjm:
52
1| Qwei ‡Kvb¸‡jv cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb I †Kvb¸‡jv mvgvwRK Dcv`vb ?
2| †Zvgvi K¬v‡mi GKRb eÜz fz‡j Kjg Av‡bwb e‡j wjL‡Z cvi‡Q bv| Zzwg Kx Ki‡e ?
3| evwo ev we`¨vj‡qi AvwObv cwi®‥vi ivLvi Rb¨ Zzwg Kx Ki‡e ?
4| we`¨vj‡q Zzwg GKwU Kjg Kzwo‡q †c‡j| GLb Zzwg Kx Ki‡e ?
5| †KvbwU Avgv‡ì RvZxq msMxZ ?/ Avgv‡ì RvZxq msMxZ †K wj‡L‡Qb ?/ RvZxq msMx‡Zi cÖ_g 4 jvBb
MvI|
6| 21‡k †deªæqvwi‡Z †Kvb wèm cvjb Kiv nq? / weRq wèm KZ Zvwi‡L cvjb Kiv nq?
2q †kÖwYi †emjvBb g~j¨vqb Z_¨ msMÖn QK:

µwgK wkÿv_x©i ‡ivj bs cwi‡ek wg‡jwg‡k cwi‡ek RvZxq RvZxq RvZxq
bvg m¤ú‡K© _vKv I `~lY cZvKv msMxZ wèm
aviYv mn‡hvwMZv m¤ú‡K© m¤ú‡K© m¤ú‡K© m¤ú‡K©
Kiv aviYv aviYv aviYv aviYv
4_© †kÖwYi †emjvBb g~j¨vqb Z_¨ msMÖn QK:

µwgK wkÿv_x©i ‡ivj cÖvK…wZK wg‡jwg‡k wkk~ mgv‡Ri ‣bwZK gnv‡`k RvwZi RvZxq
bvg bs I _vKv I AwaKvi †ckvRxex ¸Yvewji I wcZv wèm
mvgvwRK mn‡hvwMZv m¤ú‡K© ‡ì PP©v Kiv gnvmvMi m¤ú‡K© m¤ú‡K©
cwi‡ek Kiv aviYv m¤ú‡K© m¤ú‡K© aviYv aviYv
m¤ú‡K© aviYv aviYv
aviYv
5g †kÖwYi †emjvBb g~j¨vqb Z_¨ msMÖn QK:

µwgK wkÿv_x©i ‡ivj cÖvK…wZK wg‡jwg‡k bvMwiK mgv‡Ri ‣bwZK gyw³hy× wbR wbR
bvg bs I _vKv I AwaKvi †ckvRxex I m¤ú‡K© ‡`‡ki †`‡ki
mvgvwRK mn‡hvwMZv m¤ú‡K© ‡ì mvgvwRK aviYv HwZn¨ †f․MwjK
cwi‡ek g~jK aviYv m¤ú‡K© ¸Yvewji I Ae¯v
m¤ú‡K© g‡bvfve aviYv PP©v Kiv ms&¯‥…wZ m¤ú‡K©
aviYv m¤ú‡K© aviYv
aviYv
wba©vwiZ µvB‡Uwiqvi Av‡jv‡K mswkøó †kÖwYi cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki welqe¯‧i wfwË‡Z Uzjm ( cÖkœ) cÖYqb K‡i g~j¨vqb
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
53
bgybv cvwÿK cvV cwiKíbv
welq : evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq ‡kÖwY : PZz_©
ZvwiL:.................... ‡_‡K ...................... ch©šÍ (15 Kvh©wèm)
Aa¨vq I welqe¯‧ wcwiqW msL¨v wkLbdj wkLbÑ‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj DcKiY g~j¨vqb †K․kj
Aa¨vqÑ1 4/4 1.1.1 cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© eY©bv Ki‡Z gv_v LvUv‡bv, gb wPÎvqb, cÖkÑœ DËi, GKK KvR, Ñwewfbœ AÂ‡ji cÖvK…wZK ÑQwe ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z w`‡q
cvi‡e| †Rvovq KvR, `jxq KvR, †kÖwYKiY, ch©‡eÿY, cwi‡e‡ki Qwe Ñ‡g․wLK cÖkœ K‡i
Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek I 1.1.2 gvbe Rxe‡b Gme Dcv`v‡bi m¤ú‡K©i cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e| AbymÜvb, mvims‡ÿcKiY BZ¨vw` | ÑQK c~iY Ki‡Z w`‡q
mgvR Ñwewfbœ AÂ‡ji mvgvwRK ÑcÖ‡kœi DËi wjL‡Z w`‡q
cwi‡e‡ki Qwe
Aa¨vqÑ2 4/4 2.1.1 we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkkymn bvix cyiyl, †kÖwY, RvwZ-ag©-eY©, ¶z`ª RvwZmË¡v, gv_v LvUv‡bv, gb wPÎvqb, cÖkÑœ DËi, GKK KvR, ÑKg©cÎ Ñ‡g․wLK cÖkœ K‡i
AÂj wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji m‡½ wg‡jwg‡k Pjvi ¸iyZ¡ ej‡Z cvi‡e| †Rvovq KvR, `jxq KvR, †kÖwYKiY, ivDÛ iweb, ÑcvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki c„ôv 6 Gi
2.1.2 mgv‡R bvix I cyiæ‡li Ae¯v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ ej‡Z cvi‡e| ZvwjKvKiY,ch©‡eÿY, AbymÜvb, mvims‡ÿcKiY Qwe ÑwjL‡Z w`‡q
2.1.3 mK‡ji m‡½ wg‡jwg‡k Pj‡e| BZ¨vw` | Ñbvix I cyiæl KvR Ki‡Q
mgv‡R ci¯ú‡ii 2.1.4 mK‡ji cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZ I mngwg©Zv †`Lv‡e | Giƒc Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi Qwe ÑQK c~iY Ki‡Z w`‡q
mn‡hvwMZv 2.1.5 mKj‡K mgvb `„wó‡Z †`L‡e| Ñ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki c„ôv 8 Gi
2.2.1 we‡kl-Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï I e¨w³ ej‡Z Ñwgj Ki‡Z w`‡q
Qwe
Kv‡ì †evSvq ej‡Z cvi‡e| Ñwe‡kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ
2.2.2 †kÖwYK¶, evwo‡Z I Avkcv‡ki we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wk¶v_©x Ges e¨w³i wkï‡ì Qwe
Pvwn`v wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.2.3 we‡kl-Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï Ges e¨w³i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv
Ki‡e (‡hgb- †kªwY‡Z hvi †`Lvi mgm¨v Av‡Q Zv‡K mvg‡bi mvwi‡Z
em‡Z w`‡e, †h wk¶v_©xi cvV eyS‡Z Amyweav n‡”Q Zv‡K mnvqZv Ki‡e
BZ¨vw`)|
Aa¨vqÑ3 6/8 2.3.1 evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¶z`ª b„-‡Mvôxi bvg ej‡Z cvi‡e| gv_v LvUv‡bv, gb wPÎvqb, cÖkÑœ DËi, GKK KvR, Ñevsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ ÑQwe ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z w`‡q
2.3.2 PvKgv, gvigv, muvIZvj I gwbcyix‡ì ms¯‥…wZ (†cvkvK, Lv`¨ I Drme †Rvovq KvR, `jxq KvR, ch©‡eÿY, AbymÜvb, Ñmswkøó b„Ñ‡Mvôxi gvby‡li Ñ‡g․wLK cÖkœ K‡i
BZ¨vw`) eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †kÖwYKiY, ivDÛ iweb, ZvwjKvKiY, Qwe ÑQK c~iY Ki‡Z w`‡q
2.3.3 wkïiv ¶z`ª b„-‡Mvôxi Rxebaviv I ms¯‥…wZi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj n‡e| mvims‡ÿcKiY BZ¨vw` | ÑKg©cÎ ÑcÖ‡kœi DËi wjL‡Z w`‡q
evsjv‡`‡ki ÿz`ª b„- 2.3.4 g~j avivi evOvwj I ¶z`ª b„-‡Mvôx Ñmswkøó b„Ñ‡Mvôxi ms¯‥…wZ
‡Mvôx(PvKgv,gvigv, RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úªxwZi ¸iyZ¡ D‡jøL I HwZ‡nï Z_¨ m¤^wjZ
mvuIZvj Ki‡Z cvi‡e| PvU© ev Z_¨cÎ
cvwÿK g~j¨vqb 1wU Dc‡iv³ wkLbd‡ji Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e| Qwe , cÖkc
œ Î ‡g․wLK, wjwLZ
54
Dc‡iv³ bgybv cvwÿK cwiKíbvq 15 Kvh©wè‡mi Kg© cwiKíbvi wefvRb †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki
wewfbœ Aa¨vq I Aa¨v‡q AšÍ©f~³ welqe¯‧i cvVwfwËK wefvRb wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Y D‡jøL Av‡Q| wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Y
cÖ`Ë cvV wefvRb‡K we‡ePbv K‡iB bgybv cvwÿK cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| bgybv cwiKíbvq wcwiqW
msL¨v Kjv‡g D‡jøwLZ 4/4 Gi A_© n‡jv wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Y G Aa¨vqwU‡K †h 4wU cv‡V wefvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q ‡m
4wU cvVB GLv‡b †bqv n‡q‡Q| Avevi cieZx© Aa¨v‡qi 4wUi †_‡K 4wUB †bqv n‡q‡Q| bgybv cwiKíbvi ‡kl
Aa¨vqwU wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Y 8wU cv‡V wefvwRZ| cvwÿK cwiKíbvq cÖ‡qvRb 14 Kvh©wè‡mi Rb¨ 14wU cvV|
c~e©eZx© Aa¨vq `ywU‡Z 4wU K‡i 8wU cvV n‡q‡Q ,Avi Aewkó 6wU cvV †bqv n‡q‡Q †kl Aa¨v‡qi 8wU cvV
†_‡K| ZvB †kl Aa¨v‡qi wcwiqW msL¨v N‡i 6/8 †jLv n‡q‡Q| 15 Kvh©wè‡mi Aewkó 1 Kvh©wèm ivLv
n‡q‡Q cvwÿK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨|
evsj‡`k I wek¦cwiP‡q cvV cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi we‡eP¨ w`K

cvV cwKíbv cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ w`K we‡ePbv Kiv Avek¨K| mvaviYZ GK wel‡qi wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
Kvh©vewj Ab¨ welq †_‡K wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| †hgbÑ evsjv wel‡qi wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj MwYZ †_‡K wfbœ
nq| Z`ªƒc weÁvb wel‡qi wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq †_‡K Avjv`v| G Kvi‡Y cvV
cwiKíbvq cvV Dc¯vcb c‡e© AšÍf©y³ wewfbœ Kvh©µg wfbœ n‡q _v‡K, hwÌ cvV cwKíbvi KvVv‡gvMZ †Zgb
†Kvb cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi we‡kl wKQz wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj,
wk‡ÿvcKiY BZ¨vwì Kvi‡Y cvV cwiKíbv cÖ¯‧Z Kivi mgq wKQz welq we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †hme
w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jvÑ
1. wk¶v_©x‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g h_vh_ wkLb AR©b Kivi my‡hvM
wk¶v_©xi wPšÍv ev aviYv cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g wkÿv_x©i
wPšÍv ev aviYv cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM ivL‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPq wel‡qi wkLb-wkÿY Kvh©µ‡g
wb¤œwjwLZ †K․kjmg~n cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì h_vh_ wkLb m¤¢e|
 †kÖwYK‡¶ wk¶v_©x‡ì Drmvn cÖ`vb I Zv‡ì gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM ivLv: wk¶v_©x‡ì wewfbœ Bmy¨‡Z
gZvgZ cÖ`v‡b Drmvn cÖ`vb Ki‡j wkÿK wkÿv_x©‡ì cviMZvi ¯Íi m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡q †mB Abyhvqx
c`‡ÿc wb‡Z cvi‡eb| G‡Z wkÿv_x©‡ì AvZ¥wek¦vm e„w× cvq Ges wkL‡Z AvMÖnx nq| Gi d‡j
Zv‡ì wkLb cªwµqv A_©c~Y© I †Rvi`vi n‡e| wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi ¯^vaxbZv w`‡j Zviv
Zv‡ì wbR¯^ aviYv¸‡jv Ab¨‡ì mv‡_ Av`vb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ mvgvwRK
wg_w®…qv e„w× cv‡e| ‡hgb- Z…Zxq †kÖwYi Aa¨vq 3 G ÔAvgv‡ì AwaKvi I `vwqZÕ¡ wel‡q mgv‡R
wkïi wewfbœ AwaKvi, Aa¨vq 5 G Ôgvby‡li ¸YÕ wel‡q gvby‡li fvj ¸Y m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ cÖ`vb Kivi
my‡hvM ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K WvqvjM/weZK© Kivi my‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv: wk¶v_©xi †evSvi ¶gZv‡K weKwkZ Kivi Rb¨
†kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_©x‡ì wewfbœ Bmy¨‡Z WvqvjM/weZ‡K©i Av‡qvRb Kiv hvq| wk¶v_©x hZ †ewk
Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡e ZZ †ewk Zvi g‡a¨ Rvbvi AvKv•¶v •Zwi n‡e Ges ZZ †ewk P¨v‡jÄ
MÖn‡Y msKíe× n‡e| cÂg †kÖwYi Aa¨vq 8 G Ôbvix-cyiæl mgZvÕ wel‡q bvix wbh©vZb, Aa¨vq 10 G
ÔMYZvwš¿K g‡bvfveÕ wel‡q Avgiv Kxfv‡e MYZvwš¿K AvPiY Ki‡Z cvwi Zvi Rb¨ wkÿv_x©‡ì g‡a¨
WvqvjM/weZK© Kvii my‡hvM ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|
55
 wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K wPšÍvg~jK I Db¥y³ cÖkœ Ki‡Z Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv: †kÖwYK‡ÿ wk¶v_©x‡ì wPšÍvg~jK I
Db¥y³ cÖkœ Kivi my‡hvM †`qv cÖ‡qvRb| GKRb wk¶v_©xi gZvg‡Zi Ici Ab¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì AwfgZ
†bqvI A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †kÖwYK‡¶ wbw`©ó wel‡q cÖkœ Ki‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPq wel‡qi mKj wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g cÖkœ Kivi my‡hvM _vKv DwPZ|
 cÖv_wgK aviYvi we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM ‡`qv: †kÖwYK‡¶ †Kvb wk¶v_©x †Kvb aviYvi AeZviYv
Ki‡j Zvi we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v wb‡Z n‡e| †m †¶‡Î Ab¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi wbðqZv w`‡Z n‡e|
e¨vL¨v cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM evsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPq wel‡qi mKj wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g ivLv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
 AwfÁZv wewbg‡qi eë¯v Kiv: wk¶v_©xiv •`bw›`b Rxe‡b bvbv AwfÁZvi gy‡LvgywL nq| †m¸‡jv
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g AwfÁZv wewbgq Kivi my‡hvM ivL‡Z n‡e| cvV cwiKíbvq c~‡e© Rvbv welq
ejvi ev AwfÁZv wewbgq Kivi my‡hvM cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. wg_w¯…qvi gva¨‡g AwfÁZv wewbgq Kiv

mvgvwRK wg_w¯…qvi gva¨‡g wkïi D”PZi Ávb ¯Í‡ii Dbœqb ev weKvk mvwaZ nq| mvs¯‥…wZK I mvgvwRK
cwi‡ek Gi mv‡_ wg_w®…qvi d‡j wkï mvgvwRK I agx©q ixwZ bxwZ Ges AvPvi AvPiY m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nq I
†m¸‡jvi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj n‡q I‡V| Gfv‡e †m mvgvwRK gvby‡l cwiYZ nq Ges mgv‡Ri GKRb m`m¨ wnmv‡e
cÖwZôv cvq| wkïi weKv‡ki Rb¨ cvV cwiKíbv Kivi †ÿ‡Î wk¶v_©xi g‡a¨ ag©, eY©, †kªwY, wj½ ev fvlvi
wfwË‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ †Kvb ai‡bi wefvRb bv K‡i Ges mgv‡R emevmiZ mKj ai‡bi Rb‡Mvwôi
mvs¯‥…wZK HwZn¨ mgwš^Zfv‡e Dc¯vcb Kiv DwPZ|
3. †kÖwYK‡ÿi evB‡ii cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ wg_w¯…qvi my‡hvM ivLv

wkï Zvi cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ wg_w¯…qvi gva¨‡g †k‡L I Zvi AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b nq| wkïi weKv‡ki †¶‡Î
cwi‡ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i †QvU wkï‡ì wkLb cªwµqv‡K Av‡iv †ewk Kvh©Ki Kivi j‡¶¨ cvV¨ eB‡qi
welqe¯‧i mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L †kªwYK‡¶i evB‡i wb‡Z n‡e| cvV cwiKíbvq †kÖwYK‡ÿi evB‡ii wewfbœ welq
ev¯Íefv‡e ch©‡eÿY K‡i †Kvb wKQz †kÖwYKiY, wm×všÍMÖn‡Yi `ÿZv Ges †m Abyhvqx `„wófw½ M‡o †Zvjvi
my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| cÖvK-cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkï‡ì Rb¨ GwU LyeB Dc‡hvMx|
4. mvgvwRK wkL‡bi my‡hvM:

mvgvwRK †cÖw¶ZB wkL‡bi AbyNUK| gvbyl G‡K Ac‡ii wbKU n‡Z wk‡L| g~jZ ch©‡e¶Y, AbyKiY I
g‡Wwjs Gi gva¨‡g G‡K Ac‡ii wbKU n‡Z wkL‡Z cv‡i| gvbyl A‡bK mgq A‡bï Øviv cÖfvweZ nq Ges
Zuv‡K Av`k© †g‡b A‡bK wKQz †k‡L| D`vniY¯îƒc wk¶K †kªwYK‡¶ fvj wk¶v_©x‡ì m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡j wk¶v_©xiv H wk¶v_©xi wewfbœ ¸Yvewji cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡q wb‡Ri AvPi‡Y cwieZ©b Avb‡e|
mvgvwRK wkL‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPq wel‡q cvV cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b wb‡¤œv³ welq
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e-
 ch©‡e¶‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó
‡kÖwYK‡ÿi evB‡i wewfbœ welq ch©‡eÿ‡Yi my‡hvM ivL‡Z n‡e| †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_©x‡ì G‡K Ac‡ii
AvPiY ch©‡e¶‡Yi cwi‡ekI •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e| G †¶‡Î wk¶K †kÖwYK‡ÿi evB‡i wb‡q wewfbœ welq
ch©‡eÿY Kiv‡Z cv‡ib, †kªwYK‡¶ wewfbœ `jxq I e¨w³MZ KvR cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU
`j ev e¨w³i KvR Dc¯vcb Kivi Rb¨ mgq wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| `jxq ev e¨w³MZ KvR
Dc¯vc‡bi Av‡M I c‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì AvPi‡Y †Kvbiƒc cwieZ©b n‡”Q wKbv wkÿK †m w`‡K bRi
ivL‡eb
56
 g‡Wj wn‡m‡e Dc¯vcb
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiP‡qi wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K© ev¯Íe aviYv cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ g‡Wj wn‡m‡e mgv‡Ri
wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨w³eM©‡K ‡kÖwYK‡ÿ G‡b Zuv‡ì wbKU †_‡K mivmwi Rvbvi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|
weMZ mg‡q †h mg¯Í wk¶v_©x G wel‡q fvj djvdj AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv‡ì GKv‡WwgK djvdj I
AvPvi-AvPiY m¤ú‡K© wkÿK †kªwYK‡¶ gv‡S gv‡S Av‡jvPbvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| H mg¯Í wkÿv_x©‡ì
cvV Aa¨qb †K․kj m¤ú‡K© wkÿK †kwY‡Z Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡ì‡K g‡Wj wn‡m‡e MY¨
K‡i Zv‡ì wkLb †K․kjmg~n e¨w³ Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| wk¶K mgv‡R emevmiZ gyw³‡hv×v
Z_v wewfbœ cÖw_Zhkv e¨w³e‡M©i D`vniYI †kªwYK‡¶ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| H mg¯Í cÖw_Zhkv
e¨w³e‡M©i Rxebx, Zuviv Kxfv‡e mgv‡R cÖwZôv †c‡jb BZ¨vw` welq Av‡jvPbv Kivi gva¨‡g wk¶K
†kªwYK‡¶ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡q (†hgb bvMwiK AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ BZ¨vw`) AvMÖnx K‡i
Zzj‡Z cv‡ib| g~jZ Kxfv‡e G mg¯Í cÖw_Zhkv e¨w³eM© iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges
RvZxq Dbœq‡b Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb Zvi GKwU wPÎ wk¶v_©xi Kv‡Q Dc¯vcb Ki‡eb| Gi gva¨‡g
wk¶v_©xi g‡aÏ AvPiwYK cwieZ©b NUv‡bv m¤¢e|
 ev¯ÍewfwËK Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ
†kªwYK‡¶ wk¶K mgv‡R N‡U hvIqv mgmvgwqK NUbv‡K cv‡Vi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ K‡I Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| mgv‡R N‡U hvIqv wewfbœ Bmy¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv Ges Zvi mv‡_ †kªwYK‡¶i Av‡jvwPZ wba©vwiZ
cvV¨m~wP‡K m¤ú„³ Ki‡j wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡ì AvZ¥wek¦vm, AvZ¥we‡kølY I `¶Zv evov‡Z m¶g n‡e|
5. evsjv‡`k wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qvM

evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq welq wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g †ek wKQz c×wZ Ges †K․kj Aej¤^b Kiv nq| Aa¨vq
3 G c×wZ I cÖ‡qvM †K․kj we¯ÍvwiZ D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
6. evsjv‡`k wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi wk‡ÿvcKiY
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq welq wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g KwZcq wk‡ÿvcKiY eënvi AwaKZi djcÖm~ Ges
hyw³msMZ| †hgb-ev¯Íe MvQ-cvjv, jZv-cvZv, dj-dzj, wewfbœ Qwe, wPÎ, PvU©, gvbwPÎ, †Møve, g‡Wj, wfwWI
cÖf…wZ wk‡ÿvcKi‡Yi eënvi AwaK Kvh©Kix| G wel‡qi cvVcwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi mgq wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
Kvh©µg AwaK AvKl©Yxq Ges Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ DwjøwLZ wk‡ÿvcKi‡Yi ga¨ †_‡K cv‡Vi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z I
Dchy³ DcKiYwU wkÿK‡K †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|
Ôevsjv‡`k wek¦cwiPqÕ wel‡q cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb

evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q cvV cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b Kx Kx w`K we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e Zv we¯Í…Z eY©bv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Gme we‡eP¨ welqmg~n cvV¨vs‡ki Av‡jv‡K we‡ePbv K‡i cÖwZwU cv‡Vi Rb¨ cwiKíbv KivB n‡jv
g~L¨ D‡Ïk¨| cvV cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi KvVv‡gvMZ †Kv‡bv aiv-euvav iƒc †bB| Z‡e GUvI wVK †h, wkLb
†kLv‡bv KvRwU m¤ú~Y©i~‡c wk¶‡Ki B”Qv ev †Lqv‡ji Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| cvV Dc¯vc‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶K‡K
Aek¨B GKwU †h․w³K avivµg AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| 3q, 4_© I 5g †kÖwYi evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq
cvV¨cy¯KÍ ‡K KZ¸‡jv Aa¨v‡q fvM K‡i G‡KKwU Aa¨vq‡K Avevi K‡qKwU welqe¯‧‡Z wefvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖwZwU welqe¯‧‡K Kxfv‡e 2wU cv‡V wefvRb K‡i cvV Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z n‡e Zv cvV¨cy¯‡Í K wb‡`©kbvq I
wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Y ¯úófv‡e D‡jøL Kiv Av‡Q| cÖwZwU cvV †_‡K wkÿv_x©iv Kx wkLbdj AR©b Ki‡e, wkLbdj
AR©‡bi Rb¨ KZUzKz welqe¯‧ Dc¯vwcZ n‡e, wkÿv_x©iv Kxfv‡e †kÖwYKv‡R AskMÖnY Ki‡e, wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv
57
Kx n‡e, KZ mgq a‡i ‡kÖwY Kvh©µg Pj‡e, Kx DcKiY eëüZ n‡e Ges Kxfv‡e wkÿv_x©‡ì AwR©Z wkLb
g~~j¨vqb Kiv n‡e BZ¨vw` wkÿK ms¯Ki‡Y ¯úófv‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avgiv Gevi cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki GKwU Aa¨v‡qi GKwU welqe¯‧‡K Kxfv‡e D¯vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges welqe¯‧‡K
Kxfv‡e I Kx D‡Ï‡k¨ 2wU cv‡V wefvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv we‡kølY Ki‡ev| G‡ÿ‡Î 5g †kÖwYi Aa¨vq 1 Gi
welqe¯‧ 2†K we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Aa¨vq 1
welqe¯‧ 2 Gi wk‡ivbvg
cv‡Vi g~j welqe¯‧ hv

wkÿK c×wZ I †K․kj
eënvi K‡i
wkÿv_x©‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi
gva¨‡g †kÖwYK‡ÿ
Dc¯vcb Ki‡eb|
G AskwU g~jZ
wkÿv_x©‡ì KvR|
wkÿv_x©‡ì mwµq
AskMÖnYB G Kv‡Ri gyL¨
D‡Ïk¨| welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K©
wkÿv_x©‡ì ‡evaMg¨Zvi
gvÎv hvPvB Ges ¯úó
aviYv jvf Kivi Rb¨
eëüZ n‡e|
58
welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K©
wkÿv_x©i †evaMg¨Zv
wj‡L cÖKvk Kivi my‡hvM
ivLv n‡q‡Q|
welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K©
wkÿv_x©i AbymÜvb Kivi
m~‡hvM ivLv n‡q‡Q|
wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Y wKQy Z_¨
ms‡hvRb Kiv Av‡Q,
cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿK AviI
†ewk Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM
m„wó Ki‡eb|
G As‡k g~jZ welqe¯‧ 2

cvV`vb †k‡l g~j¨vqb
Kivi my‡hvM ivLv
n‡q‡Q| AviI cÖkœ ev
Ab¨fv‡e welqe¯‧i
g~j¨vqb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Yi m¤ú~Y© GKwU cv‡Vi ¯œ¨vckU cieZx© c„ôvq ‡Ìqv n‡q‡Q| jÿ Kiæb GKwU cv‡Vi ïiæ‡ZB
cvV wk‡ivbvg i‡q‡Q| mvaviYZ GKRb wkÿ‡Ki wbR¯^ cvV cwiKíbvq cÖ_‡g cvV cwiwPwZg~jK Z_¨mg~n
A_©vr cÖwZôv‡bi bvg, wkÿ‡Ki bvg, welq, ‡kÖwY, †kÖwY‡Z wkÿv_x©i msL¨v, mgq I ZvwiL D‡jøL _v‡K|
wkÿK ms¯‥iY †h‡nZz mKj wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ ‣Zwi †m‡nZz GLv‡b G mKj Z_¨ †Ìqv nqwb| hvB †nvK, cvV
wk‡ivbv‡gi c‡i i‡q‡Q wkLbdj; GB wkLbdjmgyn wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q wkÿvµg †_‡K| wkLbd‡ji c‡iB
†Ìqv n‡q‡Q cvV cwiPvjbvq Kx Kx DcKiY ìKvi n‡e Zvi ZvwjKv| DcKi‡Yi c‡i Av‡Q wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
Kvh©vewji we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY| wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewji ïiæ‡ZB wkÿK c~e©cv‡Vi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eZ©gv‡bi
cv‡V G‡m‡Qb| Z‡e wkÿv_x©‡ì cv‡Vi Rb¨ cÖ¯‧Z Kivi ‡ÿ‡Î wkLb cwi‡ek •Zwi K‡i wkÿK cvVmswkøó
†Kvb NUbv, wkÿv_x©‡ì c~e© AwfÁZv, mswkøó DcKiY Dc¯vcb K‡i wKsev wkÿv_x©‡ì c~e©Ávb hvPvB‡qi
gva¨‡g Zvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡iI AvR‡Ki cv‡V wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib|
59
cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg D‡jøL
Kiv n‡q‡Q
wkLbdj †Ìqv n‡q‡Q
wkLb †kLv‡bv Kv‡R

eënv‡ii Rb¨
wel‡qi mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z wkÿv_x©‡ì
c~e© aviYv Rvb‡Z
cv‡Vi g~j Z_¨

cvV¨ eB D¯vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q
Gi
gvbwPÎ I
†m±‡ii
PvU©© cv‡Vi welqe¯‧
cv‡Vi Dc¯vcb I
wkLb cvVPjvKv‡j g~j¨vqb
DcKiY
wn‡m‡e
eëüZ
n‡e
wkÿv_x©‡ì KvR:
wkÿv_x©‡ì welqe¯‧
Abyaveb Kivi
my‡hvM m„wó Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î
wkÿK mnvq‡Ki
cv‡Vi mvims‡ÿc
Dc¯vcb
cvV wefvRb Abyhvqx G

2wU Ask 1wU c~Y©
cv‡Vi Rb¨ wbavwiZ|
60
cvV wefvRb Abyhvqx G
3wU Ask 1wU c~Y©
cv‡Vi Rb¨ wbavwiZ|
61
Avgiv wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Y cÖ`Ë GKwU c~Y©v½ cv‡Vi cwiKíbv e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY K‡i GKwU cvV cwiKíbvi
KvVv‡gv †`L‡Z †cjvg| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq GKwU cv‡Vi cvV cwiKíbvq wb‡Pi Dcv`vb¸wj _vKv
¸iæZ¡c~Y©:
K. cvV cwiwPwZg~jK Z_¨ (wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Y †bB Z‡e wkÿ‡Ki wbR¯^ cvV cwiKíbvq _vKv ìKvi)
L. cvV wk‡ivbvg
M. wkLbdj
N. DcKiY
O. wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj (GLv‡b D‡jøL _vK‡e wkÿK-wkÿv_x©i KiYxq)
 wkÿv_x©‡ì cv‡Vi Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍZKiY /‡cÖlYv mÂvi I AvR‡Ki cv‡Vi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯vcb
 wkÿv_x©‡ì AskMÖn‡Y cv‡Vi g~j Z_¨ Dc¯vcb
 welqe¯‧ cVb (wkÿK ev wkÿv_x© KZ…©K) I cvV PjvKv‡j g~j¨vqb
 wkÿv_x©‡ì KvR
P. g~j¨vqb I ch©‡jvPbv (cieZx© cv‡Vi e¨vcv‡i wb‡`©kbvI _vK‡Z cv‡i)

wVK GKBfv‡e GB welqe¯‧i 2q cvV G‡mv wjwL, AviI wKQz Kwi I hvPvB Kwi As‡ki cvV cwiKíbv Kxfv‡e
n‡e Ges Kxfv‡e †kÖwYK‡ÿ cwiPvwjZ n‡e wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Y Zv D‡jøL Av‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î we‡klfv‡e g‡b ivLv
cÖ‡qvRb †h, wkÿK ms¯‥iY n‡jv GKwU MvBWjvBb| G MvBWjvBb AbymiY K‡i wkÿK KZ©„K AwaZ AviI
bvbv c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i cvV cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| G welqwUI we‡kl ¸iZ¡c~Y© †h, cvV cwiKíbv
cÖYqb I cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©‡ì cvVMZ Ae¯v‡bi wfbœZv‡K we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e|
62
wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Y cv‡Vi welqe¯‧i Av‡jv‡K wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj we‡kølY K‡i GKwU KvVv‡gv wPwýZ
n‡q‡Q| D³ KvVv‡gv AbymiY K‡i Ges wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Yi wkLb‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡K wfwË K‡i bgybv cvV
cwiKíbv •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î wKQz mswkøó cÖkœ ,DcKiY I †K․kj eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
bgybv cvV cwiKíbv-1
we`¨vj‡qi bvg: ........... †kÖwY: 3q

wkÿ‡Ki bvg:.............. welq: evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq
‡kÖwY †ivj b¤î:.......... mgq: 40 wgwbU
ZvwiL: ******
wkLbdj
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wèm¸‡jvi bvg I ZvwiL D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

 RvZxq wèm¸‡jv (kwn` wèm) m¤ú‡K© mswÿß eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡e|
 RvZxq wèm¸‡jvi (kwn` wèm) ¸iæZ¡ eyS‡e I G Dcj‡ÿ Av‡qvwRZ Abyôv‡b AskMÖnY Ki‡e|
wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj mgq
1. ï‡f”Qv I Kzkjwewbgq : ‡kÖwYK‡ÿ cÖ‡ek K‡i ï‡f”Qv I Kzkj wewbgq Kie| 07

wgwbU
2.wkLb cwi‡ek m„wó: Mv‡bi gva¨‡g wkLb Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek m„wó Kie :
Ò Avgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi
Avwg wK fzwj‡Z cvwi|
‡Q‡j nviv kZ gv‡qi AkÖæ Mov G †deªæqvwi
Avwg wK fzwj‡Z cvwi|Ó
3. c~e©Ávb hvPvB : kwn` wgbv‡ii Qwe cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g cvV m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x‡ì c~e©Ávb hvPvB
Kie|
1. QwewU wK‡mi?
2. Avgiv GB MvbwU †ewk K‡i K‡e MvB?
3. kwn` wgbv‡i Avgiv dzj †`B †Kvb wè‡m?
4.cvV †NvlYv : cÖ‡kœi DË‡ii m~Î a‡i AvR Avgiv Avgv‡ì RvZxq wèm kwn` wèm m¤ú‡K©
Rvbe e‡j cvV †NvlYv Kie I cvV wk‡ivbvg †ev‡W© wjLe
Òkwn` wèm I AvšÍRv© wZK gvZ„fvlv wèm Ó|
63
wkÿv_©x‡ì cvV mswkøó Qwe †`L‡Z w`‡q GKvKx wPšÍv I `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i Qwe
m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z †è|
1. QvÎiv wgwQ‡j Kx‡mi †¯øvMvb w`‡”Q ?
2. wgwQ‡j ¸wj Ki‡Q ‡K?
3. Qwe‡Z mvjvg,iwdK,ReŸvi,eiKZ,kwdDi- Giv weL¨vZ †Kb ?
4. kwn` wgbv‡i Avgiv Kx Kwi ? 22 wgwbU
5.welqe¯‧y Av‡jvPbv : Ñwkÿv_x©‡ì AvR‡Ki cv‡Vi AskUzKz c‡o †kvbve| wkÿv_x©iv eB bv †`‡L Avgvi
cov g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ïb‡e|
ÑAZci wb¤œiƒc cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡ì welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv ¯úó
aviYv w`‡Z mnvqZv Kie|
1. Avgv‡ì kwn` wèm KZ ZvwiL ?

2. fvlv kwn`‡ì Rb¨ Kx wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q ?
3. kwn` wè‡m Avgiv Kx Kwi ?
7. kwn` wèm Kx wèm wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z ?
6.wkÿv_x©‡ì KvR: Ñwkÿv_x©‡ì‡K K‡qKwU `‡j fvM K‡i ÔG‡mv ewjÕ AskUzKy cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mnvqZvq
Av‡jvPbv gva¨‡g DËi •Zwi Ki‡Z †è| Ggbfv‡e `jfvM Kie hv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K
`‡jB
me ai‡bi wkï _v‡K|
ÑAv‡jvPbv †k‡l cÖ‡Z¨K `j †_‡K ej‡Z ej‡ev|
7.mvims‡ÿc ejv: ÑA`¨Kvi cv‡Vi mvims‡ÿc eje| cÖ‡qvR‡b PvU© †`Lve|
8.wkLb AR©b hvPvB: wkÿv_©x‡ì cvV hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ GKvKx wb¤œiƒc cÖ‡kœi DËi ej‡Z ‡è t 10
1. 21‡k †deªæqvwi Kx wèm ? wgwbU
2. Kx‡mi `vwe‡Z ev½vwjiv 1952 mv‡j Av‡›`vjb K‡i‡Qb?
3. kwn` wgbvi †Kb wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q ?
4. K‡qKRb fvlv kwn`‡ì bvg ej ?
5. kwn` wè‡m Kxfv‡e Avgiv kwn`‡ì cÖwZ kÖ×v RvbvB ?
6. AvšÍRv© wZK gvZ…fvlv wèm Kx ?
9.cwiKwíZ KvR: wkÿv_©x‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K‡K kwn` wèm m¤ú‡K© AviI Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Avb‡Z eje| 1wgwbU
we‡kl `ªóe¨: cv‡Vi Rb¨ DcKiY eënvi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq| cv‡Vi c~e©Ávb hvPvB, cvV †MvlYv I
welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡bi Rb¨ DcKiY eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb †ÿ‡Î †Kvb ai‡bi DcKib eënvi n‡e Zv
wkÿK cv‡Vi welqe¯‧i Av‡jv‡K wba©viY Ki‡eb| memgqB †h Dc¯vc‡bi ïiæ‡Z DcKiY cÖ`wk©Z n‡e Zv
bq| welqe¯‧ Av‡jvPbvi mgq, `jMZ KvR Kivi Rb¨ I g~j¨vq‡bi D‡Ï‡kÏ DcKiY eënvi Kivi
cÖ‡qvRb nq| †mRb¨ DcKiY cÖ`k©b Kvh©µgwU ïaygvÎ GKwU wbw`©ó av‡c n‡e Zv bq|
64
cvV cwiKíbv Dbœq‡bi †PKwj÷
g~j¨vqb m~PK nu¨v bv †gvUvgywU

welqe¯‧ Abymv‡i wkLbdj I †hvM¨Zv mwVK wQj wK bv?
welqe¯‧ Abymv‡i c×wZ I †K․kj wbe©vPb wVK Av‡Q wK bv?
wkLbdj AR©‡bi Rb¨ KvR¸‡jv mwVK wQj wK bv?
DcKiY cÖvmw½K Av‡Q wK bv?
†hvM¨ZvwfwËK ev wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb †K․kj wQj wK bv?
m„Rbg~jK †Kv‡bv KvR wQj wK bv?
Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖv_wgK wk¶v¯Í‡i cÖ_g I wØZxq †kÖwY‡Z evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨
†Kv‡bv cvV¨cy¯KÍ cÖYqb Kiv nqwb| wk¶‡Ki cvV cwiPvjbvq mnvqZvi Rb¨ Av‡Q wk¶K mnvwqKv| 2011
mv‡j wk¶vµg cwieZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q wKš‧ cwiewZ©Z wk¶vµg Abyhvqx iwPZ wk¶K mnvwqKv wk¶K‡ì nv‡Z
G‡m †cu․‡Qwb| we`¨vj‡q †h wk¶K mnvwqKv i‡q‡Q Zv †ek cyiv‡bv, hv cwiewZ©Z welqe¯‧i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©
bq| ev¯Íe †¶‡Î we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z 1g I 2q †kÖwY‡Z evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q cvV`vb Kivi †¶‡Î
wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zv/wkLbdj AR©b A‡bKUv cÖ‡kœi Rb¥ w`‡”Q| ZvB wk¶K‡ì DwPZ we¯Í„Z wk¶vµg †_‡K D³
†kÖwY `ywUi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ welqe¯‧ I wkLbdj AbymiY K‡i cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb I cvV`vb Kiv| cvV
cwiKíbvi Dc¯vcb ch©v‡q D³ †kÖwY `ywUi †¶‡Î cvV¨vsk cV‡bi KvR _vK‡e bv| cÖ_g I wØZxq †kÖwY‡Z
wjwLZ g~j¨vqb †Zgb cÖ‡qvRb †bB, g~j¨vqb n‡e †g․wLK I Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g| cvV cwiKíbvq `jxq KvR
cÖ`vb Kivi †¶‡Î wk¶K‡K weP¶YZvi cwiPq w`‡Z n‡e| cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ hv‡Z wk¶v_©xi Kv‡Q Av‡iv ¯úó
nq Ges Zviv †hb †kÖwY‡Z mwµq _v‡K †m Rb¨ `jxq KvR wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| `j ev `jxq KvR KqwU n‡e
Zv wbf©i K‡i cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ I wk¶v_©xi msL¨vi Dci| `jxq Kv‡R Ggbfv‡e wk¶K wPwýZ Ki‡eb †hb
wk¶v_©xiv wPš—v I Av‡jvPbv K‡iB DËi †ei Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e me cv‡V,me †kÖwY‡Z `jxq KvR cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z n‡e GgbwU bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K me cv‡VB, me mgq cwiKwíZ KvR/ evwoi KvR cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
n‡e GgbwUI bq| †kÖwY I welqe¯‧i K_v we‡ePbv K‡i Ggb KvR w`‡Z n‡e †hb evwo‡Z wkï wk¶v_©x GKvB
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
65
Aa¨vq 6
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q wkLb AR©b hvPvB (Assessment)
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi g~j¨vqb c×wZ I Uzjm

1. f~wgKv
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµ‡g (2011) wkÿv_©xi mvwe©K weKvk‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi
Rb¨ †kÖwY I welqwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿvµg cÖYq‡bi mgq wkÿv_©x ïay
welqe¯‧MZ Ávb bq, cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv Ges g~j¨‡eva †hb AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, †m w`‡K we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
cÖPwjZ eë¯vq †kÖwYK‡ÿi Abykxjb g~jZ welqÁvb PP©v‡K †K›`ª K‡iB cwiPvwjZ nq; `ÿZv ev `„wófw½ m¤úwK©Z
wkLb PP©vi my‡hvM †bB ej‡jB P‡j| d‡j GB `yBwU †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©xi wkLb evavMÖ¯Í n‡”Q| †kÖwYK‡ÿ Abykxj‡bi
gva¨‡g cÖv‡qvwMK †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ hv‡Z mvgvwRK `ÿZv, g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½ weKwkZ nq Zv we‡ePbvq †i‡L
avivevwnK g~j¨vqb‡K we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿK wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqv PjvKvjxb mswkøó cv‡Vi wkLbdj AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡eb|
mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨g wkÿv_©x Kx wk‡L‡Q Zv hvPvB Ki‡eb| A_©vr `yB ai‡bi g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g c~e©wba©vwiZ
D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wkL‡bi ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ Dfq w`KB we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wewfbœ NUbv wkÿv_©xi AwfÁZv‡K mg„× K‡i| Zvi AbymwÜrmy gb AwfÁZvjä
welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z AvMÖnx nq| †KvgjgwZ wkÿv_©xi g‡b †h †K․Z~nj Ges AvMÖ‡ni m„wó nq, Zvi gva¨‡g †m
RvZxq Ges mvgvwRK cwigÐ‡ji cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯wZi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q †bIqvi †hvM¨Zv AR©b K‡i| d‡j DbœZ
Rxebhvcb I mgv‡Ri AMÖMwZ mva‡b wkÿv_©xi wPšÍb cÖwµqv mwµq nq, m„RbkxjZvi weKvk N‡U, AvMÖ‡ni †ÿÎ
we¯Í…Z nq| Ôevsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPqÕ wel‡q wkLb I avivevwnK g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK `ÿZv,
g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½ weKv‡ki c_ Db¥y³ Ki‡e| wkÿKMY hv‡Z wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki g~j¨vqbwfwËK cvV cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z cv‡ib, †m Rb¨ GB g~j¨vqb wb‡`©kK ev MvBWjvBb cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov GB MvBWjvBb mvgÄm¨c~Y©
g~j¨vqb cÖ‡qv‡MI mnvqZv Ki‡e|
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿKMY wkÿv_©xi wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ avivevwnK Ges mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi KvVv‡gv AbymiY Ki‡eb|
Avkv KiwQ g~j¨vqb MvBWwU Avcbvi Av¯v‡K my`„p Ki‡e Ges Avcwb mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb|
2. mvaviY wb‡`©kbv
 avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK cvV PjvKvjxb ev cvV mgvcbv‡šÍ wkÿv_©xi welqÁvb, mvgvwRK `ÿZv Ges
mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva, `„wófw½ g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb| g‡b ivL‡eb GwU †Kv‡bv AvbyôvwbK g~j¨vqb bq|
 b¤î eÈb, avivevwnK g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gv Ges mvgwóK g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gv eënvi K‡i g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb|
 avivevwnK Ges mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi wKQz bgybv D`vniY †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| wkÿK cÖvmw½KZv eRvq †i‡L wb‡R AviI
wKQz cÖkœ •Zwi Ki‡eb|
 †PKwj÷ AbymiY K‡i wkÿK cÖwZ gv‡m GKevi K‡i cÖw Z wkÿve‡l© †gvU wZbevi avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi †iKW©
msiÿY Ki‡eb|
 eQ‡i wZbwU mvgwqK cixÿv AbywôZ n‡e| cÖwZwU mvgwq‡K avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi cÖvß b¤^‡ii Mo mvgwóK
g~j¨vq‡bi b¤^‡ii mv‡_ †hvM Ki‡eb|
 mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi b¤^‡ii mv‡_ avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi cÖvß b¤î †hvM K‡i P~ovšÍ djvdj cÖKvk Ki‡eb|
66
 †h mg¯Í welq (wb‡`©kK) we‡ePbv K‡i wkÿK wkÿv_©xi welqÁvb, mvgvwRK `ÿZv Ges mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I
`„wófw½ hvPvB Ki‡eb, Zvi bgybv †Ìqv Av‡Q| wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡Z wkÿv_©xi AvMÖn, g‡bv‡hvM, •ah© Ges
¯ÍZtù~Z© AskMÖnY wkÿK we‡ePbv Ki‡eb (cwiwkó `ªóe¨)|
 cvV‡K Avb›`gq K‡i Zzj‡eb Ges wkÿv_©x‡K Ggbfv‡e cv‡V m¤ú„³ Ki‡eb, hv‡Z Zvi wkLb ¯vqx nq|
 3q I 4_© †kÖwYi avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ 30% Ges mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ 70% Ges 5g †kÖwYi avivevwnK
g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ 20% I mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ 80% b¤î wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡q wkÿv_©x‡ì wkLb g~j¨vqb

evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡q 3q, 4_© I 5g †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡ì wkLb g~j¨vqb `yBfv‡e m¤úvw`Z n‡e| h_v, (1)
avivevwnK g~j¨vqb Ges (2) mvgwóK g~j¨vqb| GB g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó b¤î eÈb, g~j¨vqb
KvVv‡gv, c×wZ, †K․kj I Uzjm ch©vqµ‡g Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3. avivevwnK I mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi b¤î eÈb

evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡q g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ Abyqvqx 3q - 5g †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡ì wZbwU cÖvwšÍ‡Ki avivevwnK I mvgwóK
g~j¨vq‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ b¤î wefvRb mviwY 1 - G Dc¯vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mviwY 1: 3q-5g †kÖwYi evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q 1g-2q-3q cÖvwšÍ‡K avivevwnK I mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi b¤î eÈb
avivevwnK g~j¨vqb mvgwóK g~j¨vqb
welqÁvb me©‡gvU
†kÖwY mvgvwRK cÖvwšÍK
mvgvwRK †gvU †gvU
welqÁvb g~j¨‡eva I D”PZi (K)+(L)
`ÿZv (K) Rvbv Abyaveb cÖ‡qvM (L)
`„wófw½ wkLb
1g-2q-
3q 15 10 5 30 30 20 15 5 70 100
3q
1g-2q-
4_© 15 10 5 30 30 20 15 5 70 100
3q
5g 10 5 5 20 30 20 20 10 80 100 1g-2q
mviwY 1.1 : cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvcbx g~j¨vqb (20+80 = 100)

Ask GK : 5g †kÖwYi 1g I 2q cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vqb (20 b¤î) Ask `yB: mgvcbx cixÿv (80 b¤î)
welqÁvb me©‡gvU
avivevwnK mvgwóK 20% b¤î ‡gvU (K)+(L)
g~j¨vq‡b g~j¨vq‡b †gvU cÖvß b¤î cÖvß Mo b¤î D”PZi
(K) Rvbv Abyaveb cÖ‡qvM (L)
cÖvß b¤î cÖvß b¤î wkLb
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
40 160 200 †gvU cÖvß

30 20 20 10 20+80 =
(20+20) (80+80) (40+160 ) - cÖvß b¤î Mo b¤î 80
20 100
- Gi g‡a¨ - Gi g‡a¨ Gi g‡a¨ 2 100
67
3q - 4_© †kÖwYi b¤î eÈb
mviwY 1 Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡q 3q I 4_© †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡ì g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ me©‡gvU 100 b¤î| 30
b¤î eivÏ i‡q‡Q avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ Ges 70 b¤î mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨| 1g, 2q I 3q cÖvwšÍ‡Ki
meKÕwU‡Z GB `yB †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡ì GKB b¤î eÈb c×wZ AbymiY K‡i g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
5g †kÖwYi b¤î eÈb
5g †kÖwYi avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ †gvU 20 b¤î Ges mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ †gvU 80 b¤î eivÏ i‡q‡Q| 5g
†kÖwYi GB b¤î e›Ub c×wZ ïay 1g I 2q cÖvwšÍ‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| mviwY 1-G we¯ÍvwiZ b¤î wefvRb †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvcbx g~j¨vqb
5g †kÖwYi wkÿv e‡l©i †k‡l ‡Kv‡bv cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vqb msNwUZ n‡e bv| Gi cwie‡Z© cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvcbx g~j¨vqb
AbywôZ n‡e hv `yÕwU Ask wb‡q MwVZ| mviwY 1.1 -G cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvcbx g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv‡K ÔAsk GKÕ I ÔAsk
`yBÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Ask GK: GB As‡k cÖvß b¤î 5g †kÖwYi 1g I 2q cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vqb †_‡K Kiv n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g `yÕwU cÖvwšÍ‡K
AbywôZ avivevwnK I mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß †gvU b¤^‡ii Mo (mviwY 1.1 Gi 4 bs Kjvg †`Lyb) wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
c‡i cÖvß Mo b¤^‡ii kZKiv 20 fvM (mviwY 1.1 -Gi 5 bs Kjvg †`Lyb) b¤î msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
Ask `yB: GB AskwU mgvcbx cixÿv bv‡g AbywôZ n‡e| GwU GKwU mvgwóK g~j¨vqb Ges †gvU eivÏK…Z b¤î 80|
G‡ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡qi ïay welqÁvb g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡e| we¯ÍvwiZ mviwY 1.1-G †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| GB
80 b¤^‡ii g‡a¨ cÖvß b¤^‡ii mv‡_ ÔAsk GKÕ-G ewY©Z 20 b¤^‡ii g‡a¨ cÖvß b¤î †hvM K‡i †gvU 100 b¤^‡ii g‡a¨
cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvcbx g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß P~ovšÍ b¤î wbY©q Kiv n‡e| mviwY 1.1-Gi Kjvg 11 †`Lyb|
4. evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡qi (3q - 5g kÖwY) avivevwnK g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gv

†kÖwYK‡ÿ evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi avivevwnK g~j¨vqb Kvh©Kifv‡e ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU avivevwnK g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gv
•Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv mviwY 2 G Dc¯vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| welq wkÿK GB g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gv AbymiY K‡i avivevwnK g~j¨vqb
cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| avivevwnK g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gv‡Z wkÿK Abykxj‡bi mgq Kx g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb, Kx c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡eb, Kx
Uzjm ev DcKiY eeënvi Ki‡eb, GB m¤ú‡K© D`vniYmn w`Kwb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB KvVv‡gv‡Z 5wU Kjvg Av‡Q|
KjvgMy‡jv n‡jv g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ, g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ we‡eP¨ welq, g~j¨vqb c×wZ, g~j¨vqb Uzjm Ges gšÍe¨/D`vniY|
g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ I we‡eP¨ welq : cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµg AbymiY K‡i evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡qi avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi
Rb¨ wZbwU e„nr †ÿÎ wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, h_v welqÁvb, mvgvwRK `ÿZv Ges mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½| GB wZbwU eo
†ÿ‡Îi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z Kx welqe¯‧ cvV Ki‡e, Kx wkL‡e, Zv‡ì wkL‡bi aib Kx n‡e Zv mywbw`©ó Kiv n‡q‡Q we‡eP¨ welq
Kjv‡g| wkÿK wkL‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Kx ai‡bi mywbw`©ó AvPiY g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Zvi GKwU bgybv ZvwjKv cwiwkó 1 - G
Dc¯vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
g~j¨vqb c×wZ Ges DcKiY ev Uzjm : evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡q wkÿv_©x‡ì wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wZb ai‡bi g~j¨vqb
c×wZ wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| c×wZMy‡jv n‡jv, †g․wLK, wjwLZ I ch©‡eÿY| wkÿv_©x‡ì welqÁvb hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ †g․wLK I
wjwLZ c×wZ eënvi Kiv n‡e| mvgvwRK `ÿZv Ges mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv n‡e ch©‡eÿY
c×wZ|
†g․wLK c×wZi g~j¨vq‡b wkÿv_©xiv †g․wLKfv‡e DËi w`‡e| wkÿK †g․wLKfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡ì cÖkœ Ki‡eb ev Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv
†`‡eb| wjwLZ c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xiv wjwLZfv‡e DËi Ki‡e| ch©‡eÿY c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xi wba©vwiZ `ÿZv I AvPiY (hv
wkÿv_©xiv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e) wkÿK ch©‡eÿY Ki‡eb| †g․wLK I wjwLZ g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK Uzjm wnmv‡e †g․wLK g~j¨vqb
†PKwj÷ I wjwLZ g~j¨vqb †PKwj÷ •Zwi K‡i eënvi Ki‡eb| ch©‡eÿY c×wZi Rb¨ wkÿK ch©‡eÿY †PKwj÷ eënvi
Ki‡eb| g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gv †_‡K GB m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hv‡e| Ae‡k‡l g~j¨vq‡b wkÿv_©xi cvi`wk©Zv Ôg~j¨vqb djvdj
msiÿY QKÕ-G wjwce× Ki‡eb|
68
mviwY 2 : avivevwnK g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gv - g~j¨vqb †ÿÎ, c×wZ, †K․kj I Uzjm/DcKiY
g~j¨vqb †ÿÎ we‡eP¨ welq g~j¨vqb g~j¨vqb Uzjm gšÍe¨/D`vniY
c×wZ
welqÁvb welqÁvb g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g †g․wLK  †g․wLK avivevwnK g~j¨vqb GKwU

wkÿv_©xi †h ai‡bi wkLb cÖwµqv g~j¨vqb †PKwj÷ Pjgvb cÖwµqv|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q hvPvB Ki‡eb Zv n‡jv-
AšÍf©y³ wewfbœ welqe¯‧, aviYv,  •`bw›`b wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©
bxwZ, c×wZ, Z_¨ m¤ú‡K©  Rvbv/ ¯§iY Kiv : wel‡qi mv‡_ PjvKvjxb cv‡Vi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ
wkÿv_©x Rvb‡e, eyS‡e ev m¤úwK©Z c~‡e© †kLv Z_¨ ev aviYv wkLb D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z
Abyaveb Ki‡e Ges †Kv‡bv ¯§iY ev g‡b K‡i ej‡Z, wjL‡Z ev K‡i wkÿK Dchy³
aviYv‡K bZzb †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvivi mvg_©¨| DcKiY/Uzjm Av‡MB •Zwi
K‡i m„Rbkxj n‡e| G ch©v‡q Ki‡eb|
wkÿv_©x‡K µgvš^‡q mij †_‡K  Abyaveb : †Kv‡bv welq ev aviYvi
RwUj wkLb cÖwµqvq wb‡qvwRZ A_© mwVKfv‡e Dcjwä K‡i ev ey‡S  welqÁvb hvPvB‡qi Rb¨
Kiv n‡e| wkÿK mswkøó cvV ej‡Z, wjL‡Z ev cÖKvk Ki‡Z  wjwLZ wkÿK †g․wLK I wjwLZ
ev cvV¸‡jvi wkLbdj AR©‡bi cvivi `ÿZv| cÖkœcÎ/ †PKwj÷ eënvi K‡i
j‡ÿ¨ welqÁvb hvPvB Ki‡eb|  cÖ‡qvM : wkÿv_©x B‡Zvg‡a¨ †h †PKwj÷ wkÿv_©x‡ì cÖkœ Ki‡eb Ges
wjwLZ
wkÿK welqÁvb m¤úwK©Z aviYv, c×wZ, bxwZ, ZË¡ ev m~Î wkÿv_©x‡K †g․wLK I
g~j¨vqb
cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡K †h †R‡b‡Q ev ey‡S‡Q Zv ev¯Í‡e bZzb wjwLZfv‡e DËi †Ìqvi Rb¨
wkLb D‡Ïk¨/dj AR©‡b /ARvbv †ÿ‡Î Dchy³fv‡e eënvi wb‡`©kbv †`‡eb|
mnvqZv Ki‡eb Zv n‡jv: Kivi mvg_©¨|  GB g~j¨vqb cv‡Vi †h‡Kv‡bv
ch©v‡q (kyiæ‡Z, †k‡l ev gv‡S)
 Rvbv  D”PZi wkLb/`ÿZv : †Kv‡bv msNwUZ n‡Z cv‡i|
 Abyaveb mgMÖ aviYv‡K ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z
 cÖ‡qvM c„_K As‡k fvM Kiv; wew”Qbœ aviYv  wkÿv_©xi wkLb AMÖMwZ
 D”PZi wkLb/`ÿZv ev Z_¨ A_©c~Y©fv‡e msMwVZ I hvPvB Kivi ci wkÿK
GKwÎZ Kiv Ges GKwU mvgwMÖK djveZ©b †`‡eb Ges
iƒc †Ìqvi mvg_©¨, wba©vwiZ cybg~©j¨vqb K‡i wkLb wbwðZ
gvb`‡Ði Av‡jv‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz Ki‡eb|
g~j¨vqb Kivi mvg_©¨| G ch©v‡q
wkÿv_©xi m„Rbkxj wPšÍvi ewntcÖKvk  welqÁvb gyj¨vq‡bi bgybv
NU‡e| †g․wLK I wjwLZ †PKwj‡÷i
Rb¨ cwiwkó 2 I 3 †`Lyb|
mvgvwRK `ÿZv ● cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki ch©‡eÿY  ch©‡eÿY avivevwnK g~j¨vqb GKwU
Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv, ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä †PKwj÷ Pjgvb cÖwµqv|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi Kiv Ges cwi‡e‡ki hZœ I iÿv
gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi mvgvwRK Kivi `ÿZv AR©‡b mvg_©¨|  ch©‡eÿY †PKwj÷ eënvi
AvPiY cwieZ©b n‡e| Zvi K‡i wkÿK cv‡Vi †h‡Kv‡bv
mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj PP©vi ● cwi‡ek`~lY †iva, `~l‡Yi KviY ch©v‡q (kyiæ‡Z, †k‡l ev gv‡S)
†ÿÎmg~n cÖmvwiZ n‡e| Abyaveb Ges cwi‡ek msiÿY I wkÿv_©xi mvgvwRK `ÿZv
wkÿv_©x mvgvwRK welq Dbœq‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivLvi `ÿZv g~j¨vqb
m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ msMVb I AR©b|
e¯‧wbô we‡kølY cieZ©x Ki‡eb| GQvov cÖ‡qvR‡b
AbymÜvb I M‡elYv Kivi ● `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ I AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿi evB‡iI
`ÿZv AR©b Ki‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î m‡PZb nIqv Ges ev¯Íe Rxe‡b PP©v wkÿv_©xi mvgvwRK `ÿZv
wkÿK †evaMg¨Zv/kvixwiK Kivi `ÿZv AR©b| ch©‡eÿY Ki‡eb|
kÖg, †cwki eënvi, eënvwiK ● mgv‡R we`¨gvb me ai‡bi  wkLb D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b
KvR m¤úwK©Z wkLb-†kLv‡bv †ckvi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj nIqv GeO wkÿv_©x‡ì mnvqZv Kivi
Kvh©vewji gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡K ev¯Íe Rxe‡b AbymiY Kiv| j‡ÿ¨ wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡K
mvgvwRK `ÿZv welqK wkLb djveZ©b †`‡eb I cybg~©j¨vqb
D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv ● wg‡jwg‡k _vKv, m¤úªxwZ, Kivi gva¨‡g wkLb wbwðZ
Ki‡eb| †h welqe¯‧ we‡ePbv mnve¯vb, G‡K Ab¨‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡eb|
mn‡hvwMZv Kivi PP©v Kiv, mnbkxj
69
c×wZ
Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jv - nIqv Ges †m․nv`¨ cÖKvk Kiv|  bgybv ch©‡eÿY †PKwj‡÷i
Rb¨ cwiwkó 4 †`Lyb|
 cwi‡ekevÜe AvPiY
 `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ I AwaKvi ● mvgvwRK I •bwZK ¸Yvewj AR©b

m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Ges fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©K¨ Kivi
 wg‡jwg‡k _vKv mvg_©¨|
 †`k‡cÖg
● MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ †g‡b Pjv
Ges Abykxjb Kivi `ÿZv AR©b|
● evsjv‡‡ki BwZnvm, HwZn¨,
ms¯‥…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv, fv‡jvevmv
Ges h_vh_ PP©v I msiÿY Kivi
`ÿZv AR©b|
● gyw³‡hv×v‡ì kÖ×v Kiv I †`k‡K
fv‡jvevmv Ges †`‡ki cÖwZ `vwqZ¡
I KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi mÿgZv AR©b|
● ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì h_vh_ eënvi,
msiÿY I hZœ Kivi ÿgZv|
● wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ð mwµq
AskMÖnY Kivi mvg_©¨|
mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½ ● cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki ch©‡eÿY  ch©‡eÿY avivevwnK g~j¨vqb GKwU
msiÿY I Dbœq‡b wkÿv_©xi †PKwj÷ Pjgvb cÖwµqv|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi BwZevPK `„wófw½|
wewfbœ welqe¯‧i Kvh©Ki cvV  ch©‡eÿY †PKwj÷ eënvi
wkÿv_©xi ¯^Kxq g~j¨‡eva, ● `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ I AwaKv‡ii K‡i wkÿK wkLb-†kLv‡bv
wek¦vm, Av`k© I `„wófw½i wel‡q m‡PZb Ges ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Kvh©vewj PjvKvjxb †h‡Kv‡bv
cwieZ©‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e| AbymiY I h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM| ch©v‡q (kyiæ‡Z, †k‡l ev gv‡S)
wkÿv_©x e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK wkÿv_©xi mvgvwRK gyj¨‡eva I
AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© ● cwievi I iv‡óªi cÖwZ Zvi `„wófw½ hvPvB Ki‡eb|
AewnZ n‡e; wkÿv_©xi `vvwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvj‡b m‡PZbv cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿi
mvgvwRK `„wófw½ msNwUZ I m„wó| evB‡iI wkÿv_©xi mvgvwRK
DbœZ n‡e| Gi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x ● mKj †ckvi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj n‡e| `„wófw½ ch©‡eÿY Ki‡eb|
Zvi mvgvwRK AvPvi-AvPiY,
gh©v`v I KiYxq m¤ú‡K© ● wg‡jwg‡k _vKv, m¤úªxwZ,  wkLb D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨
m‡PZb n‡e| Avi G meB mnve¯vb, G‡K Ab¨‡K mvnvh¨- wkÿK cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿv_©x‡K
wkÿv_©x‡K GKRb †hvM¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kivi gvbwmKZv m„wó djveZ©b †`‡eb I cybg~©j¨vqb
bvMwiK wnmv‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| Kivi gva¨‡g wkLb wbwðZ
mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| †m gvbyl‡K Ki‡eb|
g~j¨ w`‡Z wkL‡e Ges wb‡Ri ● fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z
I A‡bï gh©v`v m¤ú‡K© wkL‡e Ges fv‡jv‡K MÖnY I g›`‡K
m‡PZb n‡e| Gwo‡q Pjvi g‡bvfve m„wó n‡e|  bgybv ch©‡eÿY †PKwj‡÷i
● evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I Rb¨ cwiwkó 4 †`Lyb|
 cwi‡ekevÜe
ms¯‥…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi AvMÖn I
 `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ I AwaKvi †K․Zznj m„wó n‡e| fv‡jvevm‡e Ges
70
c×wZ
 wg‡jwg‡k _vKv Zv PP©v Kivi gvbwmKZv m„wó n‡e|

 †`k‡cÖg ● †`‡ki cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv I ivóªxq
m¤ú` h_vh_ eënvi I msiÿY
Kivi gvbwmKZv •Zwi n‡e|
4.2 †kÖwYK‡ÿ avivevwnK g~j¨vqb Abykxjb

avivevwnK g~j¨vqb wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| †hme †K․k‡ji gva¨‡g avivevwnK g~j¨vqb Kiv nq,
†m¸‡jv n‡jv wkÿ‡Ki ch©‡eÿY, wkÿK-wkÿv_x©i g‡a¨ cÖ‡kœvËi, †kªwY‡Z GKK ev `jxq KvR, ¯^-g~j¨vqb, †Rvo
g~j¨vqb ev mncvVx Øviv g~j¨vqb, cv‡V wkÿv_x©i AskMÖnY BZ¨vw`| cvV PjvKvjxb ev cvV mgvcbv‡šÍ wkÿv_©xi
g~j¨vqb, cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb I cybg©~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g mswkøó cv‡Vi wkLbdj AR©b wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨
avivevwnK g~j¨vqb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g wkÿv_©xi AvMÖn, g‡bv‡hvM, †K․Z~nj I wb‡R †_‡K cÖkœ
Kiv Ges BwZevPK `„wófw½, AvPiY, `jMZ Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv| Abym Üvb/†cÖv‡R± IqvK©/cwiKwíZ Kv‡R `ÿZv Ges
`„wófw½ avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| mswkøó cv‡Vi wkLbd‡ji wfwË‡Z avivevwnK
g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gvi wb‡`k©bv AbymiY K‡i avivevwnK g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e| G g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿fv‡e †Kv‡bv cixÿv
†bIqv hv‡e bv| †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj PjvKvjxb ev we`¨vj‡q cvVmswkøó wewfbœ Abykxj‡b wkÿv_©x‡ì
AvMÖn, AskMÖnY I wewfbœ Kv‡R mvd‡jï gvÎvi wfwË‡Z wkÿK g~j¨vq‡bi djvdj †iKW© Ki‡eb|
5. evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡qi (3q - 5g †kÖwY) mvgwóK g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gv

cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvwšÍ‡K mvgwóK g~j¨vqb GKevi msNwUZ nq| wkÿKMY mvgwóK g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gv AbymiY K‡i mvgwóK
g~j¨vqb m¤úbœ Ki‡eb| 3q - 5g †kÖwYi evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡qi GKwU mvgwóK g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gv mviwY 3-G
Dc¯vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_vixwZ GB KvVv‡gv‡Z 5wU Kjvg i‡q‡Q| h_v, g~j ¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ, we‡eP¨ welq, g~j¨vqb c×wZ,
Uzjm Ges gšÍe¨/D`vniY|
3q - 5g †kÖwYi evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡q mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ g~j¨vqb †ÿÎ wnmv‡e ïay welqÁvb we‡ePbv
Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©x‡ì welqÁvb g~j¨vqb msNwUZ n‡e Pvi cÖKvi wkLbdj ev wkLb †ÿÎ‡K †K›`ª K‡i| wkLb
†ÿÎ¸‡jv n‡jv - ¯§iY Kiv/Rvbv, Abyaveb Kiv/eyS‡Z cviv, cÖ‡qvM Kiv Ges D”PZi wkLb `ÿZv|
g~j¨vqb c×wZ n‡e wjwLZ Ges Uzjm wnmv‡e wjwLZ cÖkœcÎ eënvi Kiv n‡e| cÖkc
œ Î iPbv Kivi mgq ÔcÖkœ
mywbw`©óKiY QKÕ Abyhvqx wewfbœ wkLb †ÿÎ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
mviwY 3 : mvgwóK g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gv - g~j¨vqb †ÿÎ, we‡eP¨ welq, g~j¨vqb c×wZ, †K․kj I Uzjm/DcKiY
g~j¨vqb †ÿÎ we‡eP¨ welq g~j¨vqb c×wZ g~j¨vqb Uzjm gšÍe¨/D`vniY
welqÁvb wkÿK welqÁv‡bi wfwË‡Z wkÿv_©xi †h wjwLZ  wjwLZ cÖkœcÎ wkÿK mvgwóK
evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq ai‡bi wkLb g~ j¨vqb/hvPvB Ki‡eb Zv cÖkœgvjv cÖYqb g~j¨vq‡b welqÁvb
wel‡q AšÍf©y³ wewfbœ n‡jv- K‡i wjwLZ hvPvB Kivi Rb¨
welqe¯‧, aviYv, bxwZ,  Rvbv/¯§iY Kiv : wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z g~j¨vq‡bi wjwLZ cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb
c×wZ, Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x c~‡e© †kLv Z_¨ ev aviYv ¯§iY ev g‡b K‡i gva¨‡g Ki‡eb|
Rvb‡e, eyS‡e ev Abyaveb ej‡Z, wjL‡Z ev cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvivi cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi mgq
Ki‡e Ges †Kv‡bv aviYv‡K mvg_©¨| wba©vwiZ wkLb †ÿ‡Îi
bZzb †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i (¯§iY/Rvbv,
m„Rbkxj n‡e| G ch©v‡q  Abyaveb : †Kv‡bv welq ev aviYvi A_© Abyaveb, cÖ‡qvM,
mwVKfv‡e Dcjwä K‡i ev ey‡S ej‡Z,
71
mviwY 3 : mvgwóK g~j¨vqb KvVv‡gv - g~j¨vqb †ÿÎ, we‡eP¨ welq, g~j¨vqb c×wZ, †K․kj I Uzjm/DcKiY
g~j¨vqb †ÿÎ we‡eP¨ welq g~j¨vqb c×wZ g~j¨vqb Uzjm gšÍe¨/D`vniY
wkÿv_©x‡K µgvš^‡q mij wjL‡Z ev cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvivi `ÿZv| D”PZi wkLb)
†_‡K RwUj wkLb cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bvwU †_‡K KqwU
wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z n‡e|  cÖ‡qvM : wkÿv_©x B‡Zvg‡a¨ †h aviYv, cÖkœ iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e
wkÿK mswkøó cvV ev c×wZ, bxwZ, ZË¡ ev m~Î †R‡b‡Q ev Zv cÖkœ mywbw`©óKiY
cvV¸‡jvi wkLbdj AR©‡bi ey‡S‡Q Zv ev¯Í‡e bZzb / ARvbv †ÿ‡Î QK (mviwY 4 I
Rb¨ welqÁvb hvPvB Dchy³fv‡e eënvi Kivi mvg_©¨| mviwY 5) Abymv‡i
Ki‡eb| wkÿK welqÁv‡bi  D”PZi wkLb/`ÿZv : †Kv‡bv mgMÖ wba©vwiZ n‡e|
g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb †h wkLb aviYv‡K ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z c„_K As‡k
D‡Ïk¨ ev g~j¨vqb †ÿ‡Îi fvM Kiv; wew”Qbœ aviYv ev Z_¨
wfwË‡Z Zv n‡jv :  cÖvwšÍK ev
A_©c~Y©fv‡e msMwVZ I GKwÎZ Kiv Ges
mvgwq‡Ki bgybv
GKwU mvgwMÖK iƒc †Ìqvi mvg_©¨,
 Rvbv cÖkœc‡Îi Rb¨
wba©vwiZ gvb`‡Ði Av‡jv‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz
 Abyaveb cwiwkó 5 †`Lyb|
g~j¨vqb Kivi mvg_©¨|
 cÖ‡qvM
 D”PZi wkLb/`ÿZv
5.2 cÖkœ mywbw`©óKiY QK

mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g 3q - 5g †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡ì evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡qi ïay welqÁvb hvPvB Kiv n‡e|
wjwLZ cÖkœc‡Î cÖavbZ wZb ai‡bi cÖkœ AšÍf©y³ Ki‡Z n‡e| h_v, (K) •be©¨w³K, (L) mswÿß DËi, Ges (M)
eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ| mviwY 4, mviwY 5, Ges mviwY 6-G h_vµ‡g 3q, 4_© I 5g †kÖwYi cÖ‡kœi aib I wkLb †ÿÎ Abyhvqx
cÖ‡kœi msL¨v Ges eivÏK…Z b¤î we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Dc¯vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mviwY 4: 3q †kÖwYi evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡q mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ mywbw`©óKiY QK
welqÁvb (70) †gvU †gvU

Rvbv (30%) Abyaveb (30%) cÖ‡qvM (30%) D”PZi `ÿZv 10%) cÖkœ b¤î
cÖ‡kœi aib msL¨v
cÖkœ b¤î cÖkœ b¤î cÖkœ b¤î cÖkœ msL¨v b¤î
msL¨v msL¨v msL¨v
k~b¨¯vb c~iY 5 1 5 5
wgjKiY 3 1 2 1 5 5
eûwbe©vPwb 1 1 9 1 7 1 3 1 20 20
mswÿß DËi cÖkœ 2 2 3 2 3 2 8 16
eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ 2 4 1 4 2 4 1 4 6 24
me©‡gvU b¤î 21 21 21 7 70
72
mviwY 5: 4_© †kÖwYi evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡q mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ mywbw`©óKiY QK
Rvbv (20%) Abyaveb (30%) cÖ‡qvM (30%) D”PZi `ÿZv (20%) cÖkœ b¤î
cÖ‡kœi aib msL¨v
cÖkœ b¤î cÖkœ b¤î cÖkœ b¤î cÖkœ msL¨v b¤î
msL¨v msL¨v msL¨v
k~b¨¯vb c~iY 5 1 5 5
wgjKiY 3 1 2 1 5 5
eûwbe©vPwb 2 1 10 1 9 1 4 1 25 25
mswÿß DËi cÖkœ 2 2 2 2 1 2 5 10
eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ 1 5 2 5 2 5 5 25
me©‡gvU b¤î - 14 - 21 - 21 - 14 - 70
mviwY 6* : 5g †kÖwYi evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡q mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ mywbw`©óKiY QK

Rvbv (20%) Abyaveb (30%) cÖ‡qvM (30%) D”PZi `ÿZv (20%) b¤î
cÖ‡kœi aib cÖkœ
cÖkœ b¤î cÖkœ b¤î cÖkœ b¤î cÖkœ b¤î msL¨v
msL¨v msL¨v msL¨v msL¨v
eûwbe©vPwb 12 1 18 1 6 1 4 1 40 40
mswÿß DËi cÖkœ 2 2 3 2 3 2 8 16
eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ 2 6 2 6 4 24
me©‡gvU b¤î - 16 - 24 - 24 - 16 - 80
*‡bvU: GB cÖkœ wbw`©óKiY QKwU 5g †kÖwYi 1g I 2q cÖvwšÍK Ges mgvcbxi cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv n‡e|
6. g~j¨vq‡bi djvdj msiÿY

g~j¨vqb eë¯vi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc n‡jv wkÿv_©xi wkLb g~j¨vqb K‡i †h djvdj cvIqv hvq Zv msiÿY Kiv|
GKwU bgybv djvdj msiÿY QK mviwY 6-G Dc¯vcb Kiv n‡jv|
73
mviwY 7 : evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq (3q - 5g †kÖwY) wel‡qi g~j¨vqb djvdj msiÿY QK - avivevwnK I mvgwóK
(mgwš^Z)
†kÖwY: ......... cÖ_g/wØZxq/Z…Zxq cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vqb, 201...... welq: evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

avivevwnK g~j¨vqb
1g gvm: ................... 2q gvm: .................. 3q gvm: .................
mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß b¤î

wZb gv‡m †gvU cÖvß b¤î
†ivj b¤î
wkÿv_x©i mvgvwRK `„wófw½
mvgvwRK `„wófw½
mvgvwRK `„wófw½
me©‡gvU b¤î**
mvgvwRK `ÿZv
mvgvwRK `ÿZv
mvgvwRK `ÿZv
cÖvß Mo b¤î*
bvg
welqÁvb
welqÁvb
welqÁvb
†gvU
†gvU
†gvU
.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... ... .... ....
01 -
02 -
03 -
04
05
1g gv‡m cÖvß b¤î + 2q gv‡m cÖvß b¤î + 3q gv‡m cÖvß b¤î wZb gv‡m cÖvß †gvU b¤î
* avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß Mo b¤î = 3 3
** me©‡gvU b¤î = avivevwn‡K g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß Mo b¤î (30/20-Gi g‡a¨) + mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß b¤î (70/80-Gi g‡a¨)
7. mnvqK Z_¨
mvgvwRK `ÿZv
Avgiv ‡g․wLK, Bkviv, Bw½Z, c`‡ÿc, A½fw½ ev e¨w³MZ Awfe¨w³myjf †h `ÿZv eënv‡ii gva¨‡g mgv‡R G‡K Ac‡ii
m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM, wg_w®…qv, I K_‡cvK_b m¤úbœ Kwi ZvB mvgvwRK `ÿZv| gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe Ges †m Zvi evZ©v, wPšÍv Ges
AbyfzwZ A‡bï mv‡_ wewbg‡qi eû †hvMv‡hvM †K․kj Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Q| mvgwRK `ÿZv n‡jv wb‡Ri AbyfzwZ cÖKv‡ki mvg_©¨
A_ev wb‡Ri AvMÖn I B”Qv A‡bï mv‡_ wewbg‡qi mvg_©¨| mvgvwRK `ÿZvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, MÖn‡Yi `ÿZv (receiving skill),
cÖwµqvKi‡Yi `ÿZv (processing skill) Ges †cÖi‡Yi `ÿZv (sending skill)|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q ms‡hvwRZ welqe¯‧ (†hgb, †bZ…Z¡`vb I MÖnY, wm×všÍ MÖnY, `jxq Av‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`) Ges Gi
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv I g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv wkÿv_©xi mvgvwRK `ÿZv PP©vi †ÿÎmg~n cÖmvwiZ Ki‡e|
mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½
mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva mvgvwRK ms¯‥…wZi GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva mvgvwRK ixwZ-‡iIqvR ev AvPvi-AvPiY
wKfv‡e msNwUZ n‡e Zvi GKwU mvaviY wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i| gvby‡li †g․wjK AwaKvi, †`k‡cÖg, gvbe gh©v`v, †h․w³KZv,
AvZ¥Z¨vM, mgZv, MYZš¿ BZ¨vw` wewfbœfv‡e mgv‡R emevmiZ gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i I w`Kwb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb
K‡i| A_©vr, Gme Dcv`v‡bi ewntcÖKvk mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva Øviv wbqwš¿Z| mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva‡K gvcKvwV wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i
gvbyl Zvi cÖvZ¨wnK Rxeb g~j¨vqb K‡i, AMÖvwaKvi wfwË‡Z KZ©e¨-Kg© wba©viY K‡i, hvPvB-evQvB‡qi gva¨‡g Kg© m¤úv`b K‡i|
mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva mvgwóKfv‡e †KvbwU mwVK Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Zvi cwigvcK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| mvgvwRK wg_w®…qv, jÿ¨, c×wZ-
cÖwµqv, aviYv, Abyf~wZ, cÖZ¨vwkZ AvPiY hvPvB I g~j¨vq‡b mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva AbymiY Kiv nq| ZvB mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva
mvgvwRK AvPvi-ixwZ I wbqg-Kvby‡bi ¯vwq‡Z¡i m~PK Ges mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv MV‡bi GKwU Abb¨ Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z|
74
mvgvwRK `„wófw½ †Kv‡bv mvgvwRK ixwZ-‡iIqvR ev AvPvi-AvPiY‡K g~j¨vqb Kivi cÖeYZv| mvgvwRK `„wófw½ wba©vwiZ nq
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mË¡vi cÖwZ wek^vm (BwZevPK ev †bwZevPK), AbyfzwZ Ges AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g| mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva, AvPvi-AvPiY,
f~wgKv mvgvwRK `„wófw½ MV‡b Ae`vb iv‡L| mvgvwRK `„wófw½ e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv Ges ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Ici wbf©ikxj|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q ms‡hvwRZ welqe¯‧ (‡hgb, wg‡jwg‡k _vKv, A‡bÏ g‡Zi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj, fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©K¨ Kiv,
fv‡jv‡K MÖnY Ges g›`‡K cwinvi BZ¨vw`) Ges wba©vwiZ wkLbd‡ji AR©b wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½ MV‡b
mnvqZv Ki‡e| Gi d‡j wkÿv_©x DbœZZi I cÖZ¨vwkZ mvgvwRK AvPi‡Y DØy× n‡e|
75
cwiwkó
cwiwkó 1 : 3q ‡_‡K 5g †kÖwYi evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡qi g~j¨vq‡bi wewfbœ wkLb †ÿ‡Îi Aax‡b wbe©vwPZ welqe¯‧
welqÁvb mvgvwRK mvgvwRK gyj¨‡eva I
Rvbv Abyaveb cÖ‡qvM D”PZi `ÿZv `ÿZv `„wófw½
 msÁv †Ìqv  kbv³ Kiv  Dc¯vcb Kiv  cwiKíbv Kiv  m‡PZbZv  BwZevPK `„wófw½
 ej‡Z cviv  wPwýZ Kiv  †kÖYxKiY  myweb¨¯Í Kiv  wm×všÍ MÖnY  gy³ gvbwmKZv
 cybive„wË  e¨vL¨v Kiv  cÖ`k©b  †kÖwYe× Kiv  †hvMv‡hvM  hvPvB cÖeYZv
 wjwce× Kiv  cÖKvk Kiv  mgvavb  Kíbv Kiv  †bZ…Z¡
 ZvwjKv Kiv  MYbv Kiv  Avwe®‥vi  msMwVZ Kiv  `jxq
 Z_¨  D`vniY  mgv‡jvPbv †PZbv
 aviYv †Ìqv  Dcmsnvi  mn‡hvwMZv
 cÖwµqv  fwel¨ØvYx
 c×wZ
 bxwZgvjv
cwiwkó 2: avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi bgybv Uzjm

Uzjm/
g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ bgybv cÖkœ
DcKiY
welqÁvb  mgvR ej‡Z Kx †evS?

 cwi‡ek ej‡Z Kx †evS?
Aa¨vq : cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK †g․wLK  cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb Kx Kx?
cwi‡ek (3q †kÖwY) †PKwj÷
 mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb Kx Kx?
 cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`v‡bi 2wU ¸iæZ¡ ej?
 mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`v‡bi 2wU ¸iæZ¡ ej?
 we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï Kv‡ì ejv nq? wjL|
 †Zvgvi †h mncvVx Kg ïb‡Z cvq Zv‡K Kxfv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡e? wjL|
welqÁvb wjwLZ  mK‡ji mv‡_ wg‡jwg‡k _vKvi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki|
g~j¨vqb
Aa¨vq : wg‡jwg‡k _vwK (3q  †Kb kvixwiK I gvbwmK AmyweavMÖ¯Í wkï‡ì cÖwZ mg-AvPiY Ki‡e?
†kÖwY) †PKwj÷
wjL|
 wewfbœ ag©vej¤^x gvby‡li cÖavb cÖavb ag©xq Drm‡ei bvg wjL|
 wewfbœ ag©xq Abyôv‡b †Kb AskMÖnY Ki‡e?
76
cwiwkó 3 : welqÁv‡bi (wkLb †ÿÎ Abyhvqx) avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi Uzj‡mi D`vniY
g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ : welqÁvb (3q †kÖwY)
Aa¨vq : (K) cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek; (L) wg‡jwg‡k _vKv; (M) Avgv‡ì AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡; (N) mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †ckv
welqÁv‡bi
†g․wLK wjwLZ
wkLb †ÿÎ
 cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki 3wU Dcv`v‡bi bvg ej|  AvKvkc_, Rjc_ Ges ¯jc‡_i hvbevn‡bi
 †Zvgvi †kÖwY‡Z †Kvb †Kvb a‡g©i gvbyl Av‡Q? ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki|
Rvbv  wkï AwaKvi KqwU I Kx Kx?  4wU ag©xq Drm‡ei bvg wjL|
 †ckv ej‡Z Kx †evS?  cwiev‡i wkï wnmv‡e Zzwg †Kvb †Kvb AwaKvi
†fvM Ki wjL|
 GKRb †R‡j Kx Kx KvR K‡i wjL|
 e„wó, b`x, †gN †Kv‡bv cwi‡e‡ki D`vniY?  gvby‡li m„wó Dcv`vb¸‡jv †Kvb cwi‡e‡ki wjL?
 hviv †Kv‡bv cvV ZvovZvwo †k‡L, Zv‡ì Kx ejv  we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï‡ì †Kb hZœ Kiv
Abyaveb nq? cÖ‡qvRb? wjL|
 wkÿvi AwaKvi wK‡mi gva¨‡g c~iY Kiv nq, 2wU  wkÿv AR©b Kiv †Kb cÖ‡qvRb? GK ev‡K¨ wjL|
D`vniY `vI?  Kx Ki‡j cwiev‡i AwaKvi †fvM Kiv hvq? wjL|
 Drcv`b Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ 2wU †ckvi bvg ej?
 MvQ, cÖvYx, we`¨vjq, iv¯Ív †Kvb cwi‡e‡ki  MvQ, cÖvYx, evwo, we`¨vjq †KvbwU †Kvb
Dcv`vb †kÖYxKiY K‡i ej| cwi‡e‡ki- Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki|
 we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkïi mv‡_ †Zvgvi 1wU  mgeqmx‡ì mv‡_ Kx iKg AvPiY Ki‡e?
cÖ‡qvM •emv`„k¨ ej|  cwiev‡i wkïi AwaKvi AR©‡b †Zvgvi f~wgKv Kx?
 wkï wèm Kxfv‡e cvjb Ki‡e ej? e¨vL¨v Ki|
 Kv`vgvwU, Kvco- GB DcKiY eënvi K‡i Kx  Wv³vi Ges bv‡m©i Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ I
•Zwi Kiv nq? G‡ì g‡a¨ 1wU mv`„k¨ ej| •emv`„k¨ wjL|
 †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek cwi”Qbœ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb-  †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek cwi”Qbœ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb
gZvgZ `vI| gZvgZ `vI|
 Ab¨ a‡g©i †Kv‡bv eÜz C` ev c~Rv Drm‡e  wg‡jwg‡k _vKv- Dw³wU m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi g‡bvfve
D”PZi wkLb AskMÖnY Ki‡j Kx Kx Ki‡e? wjL|
 cwiev‡i †QvU/eo‡ì cÖwZ Zzwg Kxfv‡e `vwqZ¡  we`¨vj‡q †QvU‡ì cÖwZ †Zvgvi `vwqZ¡ we‡kølY
cvjb Ki‡eÑ we‡kølY Ki? Ki|
 hviv †mev †`b, Zv‡ì †ckvi cÖwZ †Zvgvi  hviv Drcv`b K‡i, Zv‡ì †ckvi cÖwZ †Zvgvi
g‡bvfve Kx ej? g‡bvfve wjL|
77
cwiwkó 4 : mvgvwRK `ÿZv Ges mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½i avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi Uzj‡mi D`vniY
g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ : mvgvwRK `ÿZv Ges mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½*
bgybv Uzjm : ch©‡eÿY †PKwj÷
mvgvwRK `ÿZv (ch©‡eÿY †PKwj÷) mvgvwRK `„wófw½ (ch©‡eÿY †PKwj÷)
cwi‡ekevÜe AvPiY cwi‡ekevÜe AvPiY
 cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq Ggb KvR bv Kiv|  cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nIqv|

 e„ÿ‡ivcY Kiv I Mv‡Qi hZœ †bIqv I eb msiÿY Kiv|  mvgvwRK I cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb msiÿ‡Y gy³
 wbw`©ó RvqMvq gqjv-AveR©bv †djv| gvbwmKZv|
 Rjvkq, Lvj I b`x †bvsiv bv Kiv|  cwi‡e‡ki Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve|
 Rxe‣ewPÎ¨ iÿvi gvbwmKZv|
`vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ I AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ I AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv
 wbR AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vKv I `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv  †Q‡j wkï I †g‡q wkï‡K mgvb my‡hvM †Ìqv|
 †QvU‡ì †¯œn I eo‡ì kÖ×v Kiv  we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï‡ì cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve|
 A‡bï gZvgZ‡K m¤§vb Kiv  ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxi cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b|
 me †kÖwY-†ckvi gvbyl‡K m¤§vb Kiv  cÖ‡Z¨K wkïi †g․wjK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nIqv|
 wb‡R‡K wbivc‡` ivLv, `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv Kivi `ÿZv AR©b  `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve|
wg‡jwg‡k _vKv wg‡jwg‡k _vKv
 mevi mv‡_ wg‡jwg‡k KvR Kiv|  mK‡ji mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve|

 cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|  mK‡ji gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve|
 †KD wec‡` co‡j mvnvh¨ Kiv|  wewfbœ agx©q Drm‡e wg‡jwg‡k AskMÖnY I mn‡hvwMZvi
 †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj AR©b Kiv I ev¯Í‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv| g‡bvfve|
 mwVKfv‡e wm×všÍ MÖnY Kivi gvbwmKZv
†`k‡cÖg †`k‡cÖg
 gyw³hy× m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges kwn`‡ì cÖwZ kÖ×v I m¤§vb  gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq D¾xweZ nIqv|
cÖ`k©b Kiv|  RvwZi wcZvi Av`‡k© AbycÖvwYZ nIqv|
 RvZxq cZvKvi cÖwZ h_vh_ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Kiv|  †`‡ki BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‥…wZi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj|
 RvwZi wcZvi cÖwZ kÖ×v I m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Kiv|  †`k‡K fv‡jvevmv I †`‡ki Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZvi
 †`‡ki BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‥…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv I g‡bvfve|
fv‡jvevmv cÖ`k©b Kiv|  ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì h_vh_ eënvi I msiÿ‡Yi gvbwmKZv|
*wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ wb‡`©kbv
mvgvwRK `ÿZv Ges mvgvwRK `„wófw½ g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK Dc‡ii bgybv †PKwj÷ AbymiY K‡i g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb| cÖ‡qvR‡b
cv‡Vi mv‡_ mswkøóZv eRvq †i‡L AviI wKQz bgybv †PKwj÷ •Zwi K‡i g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb|
8.2 †PKwj÷ eënv‡ii wb‡`©kbv

 †kÖwYK‡ÿ GKK KvR, †Rvovq KvR I `jxq KvRmn cwiKwíZ KvR Ges wkÿK KZ…©K wb‡`©wkZ Ab¨vb¨ Abykxj‡b
(wbKU cwi‡ek ch©‡eÿY, wkÿv mdi BZ¨vw`) wkÿv_©xi mwµq I ¯^Ztù~Z© AskMÖnY| BwZevPK `„wófw½, AvMÖn, cÖkœ
Kiv, cÖ‡kœi DËi †Ìqv, `jMZ Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv, cwi”QbœZv, mn‡hvwMZv, mngwg©Zv, BwZevPK `„wófw½ BZ¨vw`
we‡ePbvq †i‡L wkÿv_©x‡ì cviMZv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 †kÖwYK‡ÿ cvV PjvKvjxb †g․wLK cÖkœgvjv ev LvZvq ev †ev‡W© wj‡L †Kv‡bv cÖ‡kœi wjwLZ DËi †Ìqv ev mgm¨vi
mgvavb Kiv A_ev wPÎ A¼‡bi g‡Zv Abykxjb Ges ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb m¤úbœ Ki‡eb|
78
cwiwkó 5 : mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi bgybv cÖkœcÎ
1g cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vqb
3q †kÖwY
welq : evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq
[Aa¨vq : ● cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek; ● wg‡jwg‡k _vKv; ● Avgv‡ì AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡; ● mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †ckv]
mgq : 2 NÈv c~Y©gvb : 70
1. k~b¨¯vb c~iY Ki: (Rvbv) 51=5

K. gvbyl Ges Ab¨vb¨ m„wó wb‡qB Avgv‡ì ............. cwi‡ek|
L. GKwU bvg cvIqv wkïi .............|
M. cÖwZeQi A‡±vei gv‡mi cÖ_g .............. wek¦ wkï wèm cvjb Kiv nq|
N. hviv gvQ a‡ib Zv‡ì ............. ejv nq|
O. Drcv`b Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ GKwU †ckvi bvg .............|
2. evg cv‡ki K_vi mv‡_ Wvb cv‡ki K_vi wgj Ki : 51 =5

evg cvk Wvb cvk
we`¨vj‡q Av‡Q wkÿv (Abyaveb)
wkïi †g․wjK AwaKvi †Ljvi gvV (Rvbv)
mgv‡R cÖ‡Z¨K †ckv DcKiY (Abyaveb)
Kzgvi Kv`vgvwU w`‡q nuvwo, cvwZj BZ¨vw` •Zwi K‡ib `vwqZ¡ (Rvbv)
cwiev‡ii Kv‡R mvnvh¨ Kiv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© (Rvbv)
3. 1 b¤î †_‡K 20 bs cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËiwUi evg cv‡ki eY©wU LvZvq ‡jL| 20  1 = 20
K. †Kv‡bvwU cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb? (Rvbv)
K. evwo L. MvQ
M. iv¯Ív N. †mZz
L. mgvR Rxe‡b Avgiv wK‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj (Abyaveb)
K. Drme L. evZvm
M. feb N. cÖK…wZ
M. evwo †Kb mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb? (Abyaveb)
79
K. †`L‡Z my›ì L. AwaK g~j¨
M. gvby‡li •Zwi N. AwaK ¯vqx
N. †`‡ki Dbœq‡b Kv‡ì Ae`vb mgvb? (Abyaveb)
K. cyiæl L. bvix
M. bvix-cyiæl N. AvZ¥xq¯^Rb
O. mgv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi g~‡j Kx i‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb)
K. cwi‡ek L. gvbyl
M. miKvi N. we`¨vjq
P. Avgiv Rjc‡_ Kx ai‡bi hvbevnb eënvi Kwi? (Abyaveb)
K. evm L. †Uªb
M. w÷gvi N. D‡ovRvnvR
Q. mvgvwRK •ewP‡Îï gv‡S wg‡jwg‡k emevm Ki‡Z ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ Kx _vKv cÖ‡qvRb? (Abyaveb)
K. mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve L. cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kiv
M. ZvwK‡q †`Lv N. GKmv‡_ KvR bv Kiv
R. we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkïi GKwU •ewkó¨ Kx? (Abyaveb)
K. Mvb Kiv L. GKB wbqg †g‡b Pjv
M. †Kv‡bv cvV ZvovZvwo †kLv N. cixÿv-wbixÿv Kiv
S. wkïi †g․wjK AwaKvi c~iY Kiv Kvi `vwqZ¡? (Abyaveb)

K. cwievi I iv‡óªi L. cwievi, mgvR I iv‡óªi
M. wkï, cwievi I mgv‡Ri N. wkï I mgv‡Ri
T. hviv K…wlKvR K‡ib, Zv‡ì Avgiv K…lK ewj| Giv †ckvRxexiv| GB †ckvRxex mgv‡R Kx ai‡bi Kv‡Ri mv‡_
RwoZ? (Abyaveb)
K. •Zwi L. Drcv`b
M. †mev N. DcKiY
U. cwi‡ek iÿvi Rb¨ Avgiv Kx Kie? (cÖ‡qvM)
K. gvjvgvj cwienb Kie L. b`xbvjv fivU Kie
M. †ewk K‡i MvQ jvMve N. iv¯Ív Lbb Kie
V. wg‡jwg‡k _vKvi Rb¨ Kx Kie? (cÖ‡qvM)
K. eÜz‡ì evwo _vKe L. mKj‡K mvnvh¨ Kie
M. †jLvcov Kie N. wb‡Ri Kv‡R e¨¯Í _vKe
80
W. hviv †Pv‡L Kg †`‡L, Zv‡ì Kxfv‡e mvnvh¨ Kie? (cÖ‡qvM)
K. †Ljvayjv Kie L. PzcPvc _vKe
M. mnvqZv Kie N. Qwe Gu‡K wè
X. wkï‡ì •bwZK PwiÎ MV‡b cwievi Kxfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib? (cÖ‡qvM)
K. Amy‡L †mev-hZœ K‡i L. ¯‥z‡j fwZ© K‡i bv
M. K…wlKvR K‡i N. wew”Qbœfv‡e emevm K‡i
Y. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki cv_©K¨ Kxfv‡e cÖfve †d‡j? (cÖ‡qvM)
K. †ivM-e¨wa K‡g hvq L. gvwUi De©iZv e„w× cvq
M. mgvR-Rxe‡b wewfbœ mgm¨v m„wó nq N. iv¯Ív-NvU, hvbevnb e„w× cvq
Z. we`¨vj‡q wkï wèm Kxfv‡e cvjb Ki‡e? (cÖ‡qvM)
K. Mí K‡i L. †kÖwYKÿ mvwR‡q
M. wPwKrmv K‡i N. eo‡ì kÖ×v K‡i
_. cwiev‡ii cÖwZ †Zvgiv Kxfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e? (cÖ‡qvM)
K. †Ljvayjv K‡i L. wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b P‡j
M. cov‡jLv K‡i N. Rb¥wbeÜb K‡i
`. wb‡Pi †Kv‡bvwU mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki D`vniY? (D”PZi `ÿZv)
K. cï, we`¨vjq L. †mZz, MvQ
M. iv¯Ív, evwo N. cvwL, m~h©
a. mK‡j wg‡jwg‡k _vKvi Rb¨ Kx Ki‡e? (D”PZi `ÿZv)
K. Avb‡›` †g‡Z DVe L. GKmv‡_ Ny‡i †eove
M. mK‡ji cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj ne N. bvo–, wgwó, dj Lve
b. Lv‡`ï †g․wjK AwaKvi wK‡mi gva¨‡g c~iY nq? (D”PZi `ÿZv)
K. fvZ, gvQ L. Rvgv, RyZv
M. eBLvZv, †cbwmj N. evwo, weQvbv
4. wb‡Pi cÖk¸
œ ‡jvi ga¨ †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv 8wU cÖ‡kœi DËi ms‡ÿ‡c ‡jL| 8  2 = 16
K. 2wU wkï AwaKv‡ii bvg wjL| (Rvbv)
L. 2wU ag©xq Drm‡ei bvg wjL| (Rvbv)
M. b`x, †gN, †Ljvi gvV, †`vKvb †Kvb cwi‡e‡ki D`vniY? (Abyaveb)
N. Drcv`b Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ 2wU †ckvi bvg ej| (Abyaveb)
O. wkÿvi AwaKvi wK‡mi gva¨‡g c~iY Kiv nq? (Abyaveb)
P. Kxfv‡e †kÖwYKÿ cwi®‥vi-cwi”Qbœ ivL‡e? 2wU D`vniY `vI| (cÖ‡qvM)
81
Q. Kxfv‡e wkï wèm cvjb Ki‡e? 2wU D`vniY `vI| (cÖ‡qvM)
R. Kv`vgvwU, wm‡g›U DcKiY eënvi K‡i Kx •Zwi Kiv nq? 2wU D`vniY `vI| (cÖ‡qvM)
S. †kÖwYK‡ÿ G‡K Ab¨‡K Kxfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡e? 2wU D`vniY `vI| (cÖ‡qvM)
T. †Kv‡bv Zvwi‡L wek¦ wkï wèm cvjb Kiv nq? (Rvbv)
5. wb‡Pi cÖk¸
œ ‡jvi ga¨ †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv 6wU cÖ‡kœi DËi ‡jL| 6  4 = 24
K. †ckv ej‡Z Kx †evS? hvbevn‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv Kx Kwi? (Rvbv)
L. we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï‡ì †Kb hZœ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb? (Abyaveb)
M. AvKvkc_, Rjc_ Ges ¯jc‡_i hvbevn‡bi ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki| (Rvbv)
N. wkÿv AR©b Kiv †Kb cÖ‡qvRb? (Abyaveb)
O. cwiev‡i wkï wnmv‡e Zzwg †Kvb †Kvb AwaKvi †fvM Ki? (Rvbv)
P. mgeqmx‡ì mv‡_ Kx iKg AvPiY Ki‡e? (cÖ‡qvM)
Q. Wv³vi I bv‡m©i Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ I •emv`„k¨ wjL| (cÖ‡qvM)
R. we`¨vj‡q †QvU‡ì cÖwZ †Zvgvi `vwqZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| (D”PZi `ÿZv)
T. GKB †kÖwY‡Z mgeqmx n‡qI †Kb G‡K Ac‡ii †_‡K Avjv`v? (D”PZi `ÿZv)
cwiwkó 6 : mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi DËic‡Î b¤î cÖ`v‡bi wb‡`©kbv

mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡b mswÿß I eY©bvg~jK cÖ‡kœvË‡i b¤î cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œi g~j¨vqb wb‡`©kbv (Rubics) AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
K. wkÿK cÖkwœ U †Kvb ¯Í‡ii (Ávb, Abyaveb, cÖ‡qvM, D”PZi `ÿZv) Zv wbiƒcY Ki‡eb|
L. wkÿv_©x cÖkœ Abyhvqx wbw`©ó ¯Í‡ii wj‡L‡Q wKbv Zv wbixÿv Ki‡eb|
M. mswÿß I eY©bvg~jK cÖ‡kœvË‡ii Rb¨ wb¤œwjwLZ wbqg AbymiY K‡i b¤î cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| eivÏK…Z b¤î‡K `yB fvM,
Pvi fvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
mswÿß cÖ‡kœvËi : †gvU b¤î 2| wb‡¤œi `yBwU gvb`‡Ði wfwË‡Z cÖ`Ë DËi hvPvB Kiæb Ges Dchy³ b¤î cÖ`vb Kiæb|
 Pvwn`vg‡Zv mwVK DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡j c~Y© b¤î cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 AvswkK DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡j AvswkK b¤î cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
eY©bvg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi: wb‡Pi 5wU gvb`‡Ði wfwË‡Z cÖ`Ë DËi hvPvB Kiæb Ges Dchy³ b¤î cÖ`vb Kiæb|
 h_vh_ my¯úó I mg¨K aviYvi cÖKvk
 fv‡jv-g›` Dfq w`‡Ki eY©bv (cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î)
 D`vniY cÖ`vb (cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î)
 hyw³ I cvëvhyw³ cÖ`vb (cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î)
 Dcmsnvi/gZvgZ cÖ`vb (cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î)
K) c~Y© b¤î cÖ`vb Kivi †ÿ‡Î we‡eP¨ welqmg~n (Excellent) (80% - 100%)
 Dc‡ii cvuPwU we‡eP¨ wel‡qi g‡a¨ 5wU _vK‡j ev mvgvb¨ NvUwZ _vK‡j|
82
L) D”P b¤î cÖ`vb Kivi †ÿ‡Î we‡eP¨ welqmg~n (Proficient) (61% -79%)
 Dc‡ii cvuPwU we‡eP¨ wel‡qi g‡a¨ 4wU _vK‡j ev wKQz NvUwZ _vK‡j|
M) ga¨g gv‡bi b¤î cÖ`vb Kivi †ÿ‡Î we‡eP¨ welq (Developing) (45%-60%)
 Dc‡ii cvuPwU we‡eP¨ wel‡qi g‡a¨ 2/3 _vK‡j ev †ek wKQz NvUwZ _vK‡j|
N) wb¤œgv‡bi b¤î cÖ`vb Kivi †ÿ‡Î we‡eP¨ welq (Need help) (1% - 44%)
 Dc‡ii cvuPwU we‡eP¨ wel‡qi g‡a¨ 2/1wU _vK‡j ev AvswkK DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡j|
83
cwiwkó 7: RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ-2010-Gi D‡Ïk¨mg~n
1. wk¶vi me©¯Í‡i mvsweavwbK wbðqZvi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bv Ges evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv, mve©‡f․gZ¡ I
ALÐZv i¶vi cÖwZ wk¶v_©x‡ì m‡PZb Kiv|
2. e¨w³ I RvZxq Rxe‡b •bwZK, gvbweK, mvs¯‥…wZK, weÁvbwfwËK I mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôvK‡í
wk¶v_©x‡ì gb‡b, K‡g© I eënvwiK Rxe‡b DÏxcbv m„wó Kiv|
3. gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq wk¶v_©x‡ì AbycÖvwYZ K‡i †Zvjv I Zv‡ì wPšÍv-†PZbvq †`kvZ¥‡eva, RvZxqZv‡eva
Ges Zv‡ì Pwi‡Î mybvMwi‡Ki MyYvewji (†hgbÑb¨vq‡eva, Amv¤úÖ`vwqK †PZbv‡eva, KZ©e¨‡eva,
gvbevwaKvi m‡PZbZv, gy³eyw×i PP©v, k„•Ljv, mr Rxeb-hvc‡bi gvbwmKZv, †m․nv`©¨, Aaëmvq
BZ¨vw`) weKvk NUv‡bv|
4. RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‥…wZi aviv weKwkZ K‡i cÖRb¥ ci¤úivq mÂvj‡bi eë¯v Kiv|
5. †`kR Aven I Dcv`vb m¤c„³Zvi gva¨‡g wk¶v‡K wk¶v_©xi wPšÍv-†PZbv I m„RbkxjZvi D¾xeb Ges
Zvi Rxeb-Nwbô Ávb weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv|
6. †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ wk¶v‡K m„Rbag©x, cÖ‡qvMgyLx I Drcv`b mnvqK
K‡i †Zvjv; wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K •eÁvwbK `„wófw½m¤úbœ e¨w³Z¡ wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨
†bZ…‡Z¡i MyYvewji weKv‡k mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
7. RvwZ, ag©, †MvÎ wbwe©‡k‡l Av_©mvgvwRK †kªwY-•elg¨ I bvix-cyiæl •elg¨ `~i Kiv, Amv¤cÖ`vwqKZv,
wek¦åvZ…Z¡, †m․nv`©¨ I gvby‡l-gvby‡l mngwg©Zv‡eva M‡o †Zvjv Ges gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖwZ kª×vkxj K‡i
†Zvjv|
8. •elg¨nxb mgvR m„wó Kivi j‡¶¨ †gav I cÖeYZv Abyhvqx ¯vwbK, mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK Ae¯vb
wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji Rb¨ wk¶vjv‡fi mgvb my‡hvM-myweav AevwiZ Kiv| wk¶v‡K gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨
cY¨ wn‡m‡e eënvi bv Kiv|
9. MYZvwš¿K †PZbv‡eva weKv‡ki Rb¨ cvi¯úwiK gZv`‡k©i cÖwZ mnbkxj nIqv Ges RxebgyLx e¯‧wbô I
BwZevPK `„wófw½ weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv|
10. gyL¯ we`¨vi cwie‡Z © weKwkZ wPšÍvkw³, Kíbvkw³ Ges AbymwÜrmy gb‡bi AwaKvix n‡q wk¶v_©xiv
hv‡Z cÖwZ¯Í‡i gvbm¤úbœ cÖvwš—K †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wbwðZ Kiv|
11. wek¦cwigÐ‡j wewfb †¶‡Î mdj AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨ wk¶vi wewfb ch©v‡q I wel‡q D”Pgv‡bi
`¶Zv m„wó Kiv|
12. ÁvbwfwËK Z_¨cÖhyw³wbf©i (wWwRUvj) evsjv‡`k Movi j‡¶¨ Z_¨cÖhyw³ (ICT) Ges mswkøó Ab¨vb¨
(MwYZ, weÁvb I Bs‡iwR) wk¶v‡K h_vh_ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv|
13. wk¶v‡K e¨vcKwfwËK Kivi j‡¶¨ cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶vi Dci †Rvi †Ìqv, kª‡gi cÖwZ
wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K kª×vkxj I AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv Ges wk¶vi ¯Íi wbwe©‡k‡l AvZ¥Kg©ms¯v‡b wb‡qvwRZ
nIqvi Rb¨ e„wËg~jK wk¶vq `¶Zv AR©‡b mg_© Kiv|
84
14. mKj wk¶v_©xi g‡a¨ mg-†g․wjK wPšÍv-†PZbv M‡o †Zvjv Ges RvwZi Rb¨ mgbvMwiK wfwË m„wói j‡¶¨
me avivi wk¶vi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q K‡qKwU †g․wjK wel‡q GK I Awfb wk¶vµg, cvV¨m~wP I cvVëB
eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e AbymiY| GKB D‡Ï‡k¨ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡iI GKBfv‡e K‡qKwU †g․wjK wel‡q cvV`vb|
15. cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ch©v‡q wkïi/wk¶v_©xi myi¶v I h_vh_ weKv‡ki AbyK~j Avb›`gq I m„Rbkxj
cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjv Ges †mwU Ae¨vnZ ivLv|
16. cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì wbR wbR ag© I •bwZK wk¶vi gva¨‡g DbœZ PwiÎ MV‡b mnvqZv
Kiv |
17. wk¶vi cÖ‡Z¨K ¯Í‡i h_vh_ gvb wbwðZ Kiv Ges c~e©eZ©x ¯Í‡i AwR©Z (wk¶vi wewfb j¶¨ I D‡Ï‡kï
m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y©) Ávb I `¶Zvi wfZ `„p K‡i cieZ©x ¯Í‡ii mv‡_ mgb¦q Kiv| G¸‡jv m¤úªmvi‡Y
mnvqZv Kiv Ges beZi Ávb I `¶Zv AR©‡b wk¶v_©x‡ì mg_© Kiv| GB j‡¶¨ wk¶v cÖwµqvq, we‡kl
K‡i cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I e„wËg~jK wk¶vi †¶‡Î h_vh_ Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ RbMY‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|
18. wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ Rjevqy cwieZ©bmn cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek-m‡PZbZv Ges GZ`msµvšÍ wel‡q
`¶ Rbkw³ m„wó Kiv|
19. me©‡¶‡Î gvbm¤úbœ D”Pwk¶v wbwðZ Kiv Ges wk¶v_©x‡ì M‡elYvq Drmvnx Kiv Ges †g․wjK
ÁvbweÁv‡bi M‡elYvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †`‡ki R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq M‡elYvi Dchy³ cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjv|
20. D”P wk¶vi †¶‡Î wk¶vPP©v Ges wk¶vmswkøó mKj Kvh©µg hv‡Z myôyfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i †m
j‡¶¨ h_vh_ Aven I cvwicvwk¦©KZv wbwðZ Kiv|
21. wk¶vi cÖ‡Z¨K ¯Í‡i wk¶v`v‡bi DcKiY wn‡m‡e Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi e„w× Kiv|
22. c_wkïmn Av_©-mvgvwRKfv‡e ewÂZ mKj †Q‡j-†g‡q‡K wk¶vi AvIZvq wb‡q Avmv|
23. †`‡ki Avwèvmxmn mKj ¶y`ª RvwZmËvi ms¯‥…wZ I fvlvi weKvk NUv‡bv|
24. me ai‡bi cÖwZeÜxi wk¶vi AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv|
25. †`‡ki Rb‡Mvôx‡K wbi¶iZvi Awfkvc †_‡K gy³ Kiv|
26. wk¶v †¶‡Î Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e wcwQ‡q cov GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z wk¶v Dbœq‡b we‡kl eë¯v MÖnY Kiv|
27. evsjv fvlv ï× I fv‡jvfv‡e wk¶v †Ìqv wbwðZ Kiv|
28. wk¶v_©x‡ì kvixwiK-gvbwmK weKv‡ki cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjvi j‡¶¨ mKj wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b gvV, µxov,
†Ljvayjv I kixiPP©vi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯v Kiv|
29. wk¶v_©x‡ì ¯^v¯¨-m‡PZbZv e„w×i j‡¶¨ wewfb eë¯v MÖnY Kiv|
30. gv`KRvZxq †bkv`ª‡eï wec` m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡ì mZK© I m‡PZb Kiv|
85
cwiwkó 8: cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨vewj
1) Avb›`gq I wkïevÜe cwi‡e‡k wewfb †Ljv I Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkïi mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó
Kiv
2) †kLvi cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve m„wó Kiv
3) wkïi †m․›`h©, bv›`wbKZv‡eva I myKzgvie„wË weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv
4) wkï‡K cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kiv
5) wbR¯^ mvs¯‥…wZK AvPvi, K…wó, gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv I HwZ‡nï m‡½ cwiP‡qi cvkvcvwk Gi PP©vq
DrmvwnZ Kiv
6) •bwZKZv, g~j¨‡eva I mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv
7) wkïi ¯~j I m~²‡cwk Z_v Pjbkw³i weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv
8) ¯^v¯¨m‡PZbZv I wbivcËv weav‡b mnvqZv Kiv
9) wkïi fvlv I †hvMv‡hvM `¶Zv weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv
10) cÖviw¤¢K MvwYwZK aviYv, †h․w³K wPšÍv I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv
11) cwi‡e‡ki wbZ¨‣bwgwËK NUbv ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g KviY I djvdj m¤úK© Abyave‡b mnvqZv Kiv
12) wkïi ¯^Ztù~Z© Kíbv, m„RbkxjZv I D™¢vebxkw³ weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv
13) wkïi AvZ¥wek¦vm I AvZ¥gh©v`v weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv Ges wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R Ki‡Z DØy× Kiv X)
Av‡eM eyS‡Z cviv I Zvi h_vh_ cÖKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv
14) wkï‡K cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZv, mn‡hvwMZv, mngwg©Zv I fvMvfvwM Ki‡Z mnvqZv I DØy× Kiv
15) wkï‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv I gZvgZ cÖKv‡k DrmvwnZ Kiv
16) wkï‡K weÁvbgb¯‥ K‡i M‡o †Zvjv|
86
cwiwkó 9: cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wk¶vi AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv
1.1 wbqwgZ nuvUvPvjv, †`․ov‡bv, †Ljv, kvixwiK KmiZ I wewfb Kv‡R AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cviv|
1.2 wewfb wRwbm ai‡Z, AuvK‡Z I •Zwi Ki‡Z cviv|
1.3 wewfb Bw›`ª‡qi eënvi I mgš^q K‡i KvR Ki‡Z cviv|
2.1 mvgvwRK ixwZ †g‡b eo‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I AvPiY Ki‡Z cviv|
2.2 eÜz I mgeqmx‡ì mv‡_ †gjv‡gkv Ki‡Z cviv|
2.3 mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi gva¨‡g wg‡jwg‡k _vK‡Z cviv|
2.4 AvZ¥m‡PZb nIqv, AvZ¥wbqš¿Y Kiv I Av‡eM cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv|
2.5 •bwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nIqv|
2.6 evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ I HwZ‡nï PP©v Kiv|
3.1 fve MÖnY (†`Lv Ges †kvbv) I cÖKvk (ejv ev kvixwiK A½fw½) Ki‡Z cviv|
3.2 co‡Z cviv (cÖvK-cVb)|
3.3 wjL‡Z cviv (cÖvK-wjLb)|
4.1 cÖvK-MvwYwZK aviYv AR©b Kiv|
4.2 msL¨vi aviYv AR©b Kiv|
4.3 msL¨v wjL‡Z cviv|
4.4 msL¨vi Zzjbv Ki‡Z cviv|
4.5 †hv‡Mi aviYv AR©b Kiv|
4.6 we‡qv‡Mi aviYv AR©b Kiv
5.1 Pviy I Kviy Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g m„RbkxjZv I bv›`wbKZv cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv|
5.2 Qov, bvP, Mvb, Mí I Awfbœ‡qi gva¨‡g m„RbkxjZv I bv›`wbKZv cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv|
5.3 •`bw›`b wewfb Kv‡R bv›`wbKZvi cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv|
6.1 cwi‡e‡ki wewfb e¯‧ I NUbv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cviv|
6.2 cwi‡ek msi¶Y Ki‡Z cviv|
7.1 weÁvbgb¯‥ nIqv|
7.2 Ro, Rxe, Dw™¢` I cÖvYx m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cviv|
7.3 •`bw›`b cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cviv
7.4 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYv jvf Kiv|
7.5 wewfbœ cÖKvi hvbevnb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cviv|
8.1 ¯^v¯¨ m¤úwK©Z •`bw›`b KvR Ki‡Z Ges Lvevi I wekªv‡gi Af¨vm M‡o Zzj‡Z cviv|
8.2 wbivc` I SzuwKgy³ _vKvi Af¨vm M‡o Zzj‡Z cviv|
87
cwiwkó 10: cÖv_wgK wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨vewj
1. Avjøn&Zvqvjv/m„wóKZ©vi cÖwZ wek¦vm I wkïi g‡a¨ •bwZK I gvbweK g~j¨‡eva m„wó Kiv Ges mKj
ag© I ag©vej¤^x‡ì cÖwZ kª×vkxj nIqv|
2. †kLvi cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve m„wói gva¨‡g wkïi Kíbvkw³, m„RbkxjZv I bv›`wbK‡ev‡ai
D‡b¥‡l mnvqZv Kiv|
3. weÁv‡bi bxwZ-c×wZ I cÖhyw³i Ávb AR©b, mgm¨v mgvav‡b Zvi eënvi Ges weÁvbgb¯‥ I
AbymwÜrmy K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|
4. fvlv I †hvMv‡hvM `¶Zvi weKvk Ges wb‡R‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|
5. MvwYwZK aviYv, †h․w³K wPšÍv I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
6. mvgvwRK I mybvMwiK nIqvi ¸Yvewj Ges wek¦Rbxb `„wófw½ AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
7. fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©K¨ Abyave‡bi gva¨‡g mwVK c‡_ Pj‡Z DØy× Kiv|
8. Ab¨‡K AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqv, cigZ mwnòzZv, Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve I wg‡jwg‡k evm Kivi gvbwmKZv m„wó
Kiv|
9. cÖwZK~jZv †gvKv‡ejvi gva¨‡g wkïi AvZ¥wek¦vm m„wó Kiv|
10. wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R Kivi gva¨‡g kª‡gi gh©v`v Dcjwä I AvZ¥gh©v`v weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv|
11. cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I wek¦RMr m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z I fv‡jvevm‡Z mnvqZv Kiv Ges cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y
DØy× Kiv|
12. wbivc` I ¯^v¯¨m¤§Z Rxebhvc‡b m‡Pó Kiv|
13. RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms¯‥…wZ I gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq evsjv‡`k‡K fv‡jvevm‡Z DØy&× Kiv|
cwigvwR©Z wk¶vµ‡g cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ 13wU D‡Ï‡kï g‡a¨ 9wU evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq mswkøó|
G¸‡jv n‡jv-1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 I 13|
88
cwiwkó 11: cÖv_wgK wkÿvi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv
1. me©kw³gvb AvjøvnZvÕqvjv/m„wóKZ©vi cÖwZ Av¯v I wek¦vm ¯vcb, mKj m„wói cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvq DÏxß
nIqv|
2. wbR wbR ag© cÖeZ©‡Ki Av`k© Ges ag©xq Abykvmb Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g •bwZK I PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewj AR©b
Kiv|
3. mKj ag© I agv©ej¤^x‡ì cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b I åvZ…Z¡‡ev‡a DÏxß I kª×vkxj nIqv|
4. Kíbv, †K․Z‚nj, m„RbkxjZv I eyw×i weKv‡k AvMÖnx nIqv|
5. msMxZ, Pviy I KviyKjv BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g m„RbkxjZv, †m․›`h©‡PZbv, myKzgvie„wË I bv›`wbK‡ev‡ai
cÖKvk Ges m„RbkxjZvi Avb›` I †m․›`h© Dc‡fv‡M mvg_©¨ AR©b Kiv|
6. cÖK„wZi wbqg¸‡jv Rvbvi gva¨‡g weÁv‡bi Ávb AR©b Kiv|
7. weÁv‡bi bxwZ I c×wZ Ges †h․w³K wPšÍvi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Af¨vm MVb Ges weÁvb gb¯‥Zv
AR©b Kiv|
8. cÖhyw³ Ges Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv I cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb Kiv
9. evsjv fvlvi †g․wjK `¶Zv AR©b Ges Rxe‡bi me©‡¶‡Î Zv Kvh©Ki fv‡e eënvi Kiv|
10. we‡`wk fvlv wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR fvlvi †g․wjK `¶Zv AR©b I eënvi Kiv|
11. MvwYwZK aviYv I `¶Zv AR©b Kiv|
12. †h․w³K wPšÍvi gva¨‡g MvwYwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cviv|
13. gvbevwaKvi, AvšÍR©vwZKZv‡eva, wek¦åvZ…Z¡ I wek¦ms¯‥…wZi cÖwZ AvMÖnx I kª×vkxj nIqv|
14. ¯^vaxb I gy³wPšÍvq DrmvwnZ nIqv Ges MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ Abykxjb Kiv|
15. •bwZK I mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi gva¨‡g fv‡jv-g‡›ìcv_©K¨ wbiƒcYGesZvev¯ÍeRxe‡b cª‡qvMKiv|
16. e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì myô zeënvi I msi¶‡Y hZœkxj nIqv|
17. we‡kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkïmn bvix-cyiyl, RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji m‡½ m¤cÖxwZ I kvwšÍc~Y© mn-
Ae¯v‡bi gvbwmKZ vAR©b Kiv|
18. Ab¨‡K AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqvi gva¨‡g Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve AR©b I cigZmwnòzZv cÖ`k©b Ges gvbweK
¸Yvewj AR©b Kiv|
19. mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Ê mwµq AskMÖnY Ges wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡ I AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nIqv|
20. cÖwZK‚jZv I `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges Zv †gvKv‡ejvq `¶ I AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx nIqv|
21. wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R Kiv Ges kª‡gi ghv©`v ‡Ìqv|
22. cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I wek¦RMr m¤ú‡K© Rvbv I fv‡jvevmv Ges cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb I msi¶‡Y DØy× nIqv|
89
23. AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi cwieZ©‡bi mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq BwZevPK f~wgKv MÖnY|
24. gvby‡li †g․wjK Pvwn`v I cwi‡e‡ki Ici RbmsL¨vi cÖfve Ges Rbm¤ú‡ì ¸iyZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv|
25. kixiPP©v I †Ljvayjvi gva¨‡g kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKvk mvab Ges †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj AR©b Kiv|
26. wbivc` I ¯^v¯¨Ki Rxebhvc‡bi Af¨vm MVb Kiv|
27. gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq †`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DÏxß nIqv Ges Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve MVb I †`k Movi
Kv‡R mwµq AskMÖnY Kiv|
28. RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‥…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges G¸‡jvi cÖwZ kª×vkxj nIqv |
29. evsjv‡`k‡K Rvbv I fv‡jvevmv| cwigvwR©Z wk¶vµ‡g 29 wU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 4 wU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv (13, 24, 27, 29) Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕwel‡qi mv‡_ mivmwi
m¤ú…³| GQvov Av‡iv 11 wU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv (14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,21,22,23 I 28) G
wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ |
cwiwkó 12: evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiP‡qi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv

1. mgvR, cwi‡ek I cwi‡e‡ki wewfb Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges G¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i ¸iyZ¡
Dcjwä Kiv|
2. we‡kl-Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkïmn (bvix-cyiyl, †kÖwY, RvwZ-ag©-eY© BZ¨vw` wbwe©‡k‡l) mK‡ji mv‡_
mn‡hvwMZv I m¤úªxwZi gvbwmKZv AR©b Kiv|
3. †g․wjK Pvwn`v I gvbevwaKvi m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b Ges ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Abykxjb Kiv|
4. mgvR I iv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri AwaKvi, `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ I wbivcËv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges G¸‡jv AR©b
I cvj‡b m‡PZb nIqv|
5. e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì cwiPq, h_vh_ eënvi, msi¶Y I AcPq †iva
Kiv|
6. mKj †ckv‡K ¸iyZ¡ †Ìqv I KvwqK kÖ‡gi cÖwZ AvMÖnx nIqv|
7. cigZmwnòzZv cÖ`k©b I MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ Abykxjb Kiv|
8. •bwZK I mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi gva¨‡g fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cviv Ges Zv ev¯Íe
Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Kiv|
9. wewfb ai‡bi mvgvwRK Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖnY Kiv Ges G¸‡jvi ¸iyZ¡ Dcjwä Kiv|
10. `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvi `¶Zv AR©b Kiv|
11. cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY Rvbv Ges cwi‡ek msi¶Y I Dbœq‡b AskMÖnY Kiv|
12. RbmsL¨v mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv|
90
13. c„w_exi gnv‡`k I gnvmvMi¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYv AR©b|
14. gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvm Rvbv I Gi †PZbvq †`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DÏxß nIqv|
15. evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms¯‥…wZ, †f․‡MvwjK I A_©‣bwZK Ae¯v m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges G¸‡jvi cÖwZ
kª×vkxj nIqv I fv‡jvevmv|
16. AvšÍR©vwZKZv‡eva, wek¦åvZ…Z¡ I wek¦ ms¯‥„wZi cÖwZ AvMÖnx I kÖ×vkxj nIqv|
91
cwiwkó 13: cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿvµg g¨vwUª· (evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq)
wkLb †kLv‡bv mvgMÖx

wkLb AR©b Dc‡hvMx Dbœq‡bi wb‡`©kbv
wkLbdj cwiKwíZ KvR
†¶Î †hvM¨Zv
2. 2.1 mvgvwRK ixwZ 2.1.1 eo‡ì mvjvg-Av`ve f~wgKvwfbq I Abykxjb wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
mvgvwRK †g‡b eo‡ì mv‡_ †Ìqvi Af¨vm MVb Ki‡e|
I †hvMv‡hvM I
Av‡ewMK AvPiY
2.1.2 ï‡f”Qv wewbgq Ki‡Z f~wgKvwfbq I ev¯Íe Abykxjb, wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
Ki‡Z cviv| cvi‡e| †Rvovq †Rvovq KvR, †PBb (wk¶K †ivj g‡Wj wn‡m‡e
wb‡R‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb)
wWªj
2.1.3 wk¶K I eo‡ì •`bw›`b Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv

mv‡_ fve wewbgq (K_v ejv, Abykxjb (wk¶K †ivj g‡Wj wn‡m‡e
Abyf~wZ cÖKvk Kiv) Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|
2.2 eÜz I 2.2.1 mncvVx I wewfbœ †Ljv, KvR (1.1.3) wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
mgeqmx‡ì mv‡_ mgeqmx‡ì mv‡_ wg‡jwg‡k wewfb †Ljv I Kv‡Ri weeiY
†gjv‡gkv Ki‡Z †Lj‡Z cvi‡e|
cviv|
2.2.2 mncvVx I wewfbœ †Ljv, KvR (1.1.3), wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
mgeqmx‡ì cÖwZ •`bw›`b Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g (wk¶K †ivj g‡Wj wn‡m‡e
mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve cÖ`k©b Abykxjb
Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.2.3 wewfbœ ch©v‡q †Rvovq KvR, `jMZ KvR, wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
eÜz •Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡e †kqvwis (Awfbœ Askx`vwiZ¡/
(evwo‡Z,¯‥z‡j, †Ljvi gv‡V) cvi¯úwiK wewbgq)
Ges `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK eÜzi
m‡½ m¤úK© ivL‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3 mvgvwRK 2.3.1 †bZ…Z¡ †g‡b Pj‡Z wewfbœ †Ljv (1.1.3), `jMZ wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
¸Yvewj AR©‡bi cvi‡e| KvR, †kªwYi Kv‡R cvjvµ‡g (†kªwY I `j‡bZv cvjvµ‡g
gva¨‡g wg‡jwg‡k †bZ…Z¡ †Ìqv I †bZ…Z¡ †g‡b wbe©vwPZ n‡e)
_vK‡Z cviv| †bIqvi Abykxjb
2.3.2 †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj H wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
AR©b
I cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3.3 †QvULv‡Uv Ø›Ø wbimb wewfbœ †Ljv I Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3.4 g‡Zi wfbœZv I wewfbœ †Ljv I Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
•ewPÎ¨ †g‡b †bIqvi
g‡bvfve †`Lv‡e| 92
wkLb AR©b Dc‡hvMx
wkLbdj cwiKwíZ KvR Dbœq‡bi wb‡`©kbv
†¶Î †hvM¨Zv
2.3.5 mncvVx‡ì wfbœZv wewfbœ †Ljv, KvR I wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv

I •ewPÎ¨ †g‡b †bIqvi f~wgKvwfbœ‡qi gva¨‡g (wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `j
gvbwmKZv AR©b Ki‡e| wefvRb Kivi mgq wk¶K
m‡PZbfv‡e Zv Ki‡eb)
†bwZevPK †Kv‡bv D`vniY,
†Ljv ev welq cwinvi Ki‡Z
n‡e|
2.3.6 cQ›` I AcQ›` Av‡jvPbv, PµvKv‡i Av‡jvPbv, wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv

cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †kªwYKiY, KvW© †Mg BZ¨vw` KvW© †Mg
2.3.7 mn‡hvwMZv I 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3 wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv

fvMvfvwMi (†kqvwis) gva¨‡g
wewfbœ KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3.8 evwo, †kªwY, we`¨vjq Ab¨ †kªwYi wk¶v_©x, KwgDwbwU wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
I Ab¨vb¨ cwi‡e‡k wb‡R‡K m`m¨, wewfbœ †ckvRxex‡ì
Lvc LvIqv‡Z cvi‡e| m¤ú‡K© Rvbv, Zv‡ì mv‡_
wg_w¯…qv I kª×v cÖ`k©b Kiv I
wewfb cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Rvbv
2.3.9 Ac‡ii cÖwZ wewfb †Ljv I KvR, wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv

mnvbyf~wZ I mngwg©Zv cÖKvk f~wgKvwfbq, Zvr¶wYK
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| cwiw¯wZi eënvi cÖvmw½K
wfwWI wPÎ
2.3.10 cÖ‡qvR‡b A‡bï wewfb †Ljv I KvR, wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
mn‡hvwMZv PvB‡Z I Ab¨‡K f~wgKvwfbq, Zvr¶wYK
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cvi‡e| cwiw¯wZi eënvi cÖvmw½K
wfwWI wPÎ
2.3.11 RvZxq m¤ú‡ì cÖwZ we`¨vjq, iv¯ÍvNvU, MvQcvjv wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
hZœkxj n‡e| BZ¨vwì cÖwZ hZœkxj nIqv (RvZxq m¤ú‡ì ZvwjKv •Zwi
(cvwb I we`y¨‡Zi AcPq bv Ki‡Z n‡e)
Kiv)
2.4 AvZ¥m‡PZb 2.4.1wb‡Ri Av‡eM Abyf~wZ f~wgKvwfbq, Mí ejv, Qov wk¶K mnvwqKv : wPÎmn
nIqv, AvZ¥wbqš¿Y (†hgb : D”Q¡vm, D‡ØM, fq, I Mvb, †Ljv, Qwe, K_v, wb‡`©kbv
Kiv I Av‡eM fv‡jvjvMv, g›`jvMv, A½fw½
cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv| fv‡jvevmv BZ¨vw`)
¯^vfvweKfv‡e A‡bï Kv‡Q
cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
93
†¶Î †hvM¨Zv
2.4.2 wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© Ab¨‡K †PBb wWªj, †Rvovq †Rvovq, wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
ej‡Z cvi‡e| `jMZ Av‡jvPbv I wbR I
cwievi m¤ú‡K© ejv (bvg,
eqm, wVKvbv, fvB †evb, wcÖq
†Ljv BZ¨vw`) I wP‡Îi gva¨‡g
cÖKvk Kiv
2.4.3 wb‡Ri aviYv I †Rvovq †Rvovq, `jMZ wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Av‡jvPbv, Mí ejv, Qwe AvuKv
2.4.4 `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z AvMÖnx †kªwYK¶ cwi®‥vi-cwi”Qbœ wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
n‡e Ges Zv cvjb Ki‡Z ivLv, wb‡R wb‡R †Ljbv, eB (`vwq‡Z¡i GKwU ZvwjKv
cvi‡e| BZ¨vw` ¸Qv‡bv, Rvgvi †evZvg cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e)
jvMv‡bv, `vwqZ¡‡eva _vKv,
`vwqZ¡ wb‡Z AvMÖnx nIqv I
•ah©mnKv‡i Kv‡R g‡bvwb‡ek
Kiv, cvjvµ‡g mKj wkï‡K
fv‡jv I my›ì Kv‡Ri Rb¨
mK‡ji Dcw¯wZ‡Z wewfbfv‡e
cÖksmv Kiv
2.4.5 AvZ¥m¤§vb‡eva AR©b wkï‡ì AvuKv Qwe I Ab¨vb¨ wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| KvR †kªwYK‡¶ cÖ`k©b Kiv, (wk¶K cy‡iv eQi Ry‡o
cÖksmv Kiv, wewfb Kv‡R wkï‡ì †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y
Drmvn †Ìqv, fyj Ki‡jI fr©mbv Ki‡eb bv, GKRb‡K
BwZevPKfv‡e †evSv‡bv, Av‡iKR‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv
†kªwYK‡¶ wbivc` cwi‡ek Ki‡eb bv, Zvi KvR I
•Zwi Kiv, Mí †kvbv I ejv m¤¢vebv¸‡jv‡K DrmvwnZ
Ki‡eb, cÖksmv Ki‡eb,
wkï‡ì AwZw_‡ì m‡½
cwiPq Kwi‡q w`‡eb|) Mí
msMÖn/•Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e
2.4.6 †h‡Kv‡bv cwiw¯wZ‡Z †Ljvayjv, f~wgKvwfbq, wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv

wb‡R‡K mshZfv‡e cÖKvk †gwW‡Ukb/a¨vb, Zvr¶wYK
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| cwiw¯wZ‡K eënvi Kiv
(†hgb, ivM n‡j ev `ytL †c‡j
SMov I gvivgvwi bv Kiv)
94
wkLb AR©b Dc‡hvMx Dbœq‡bi wb‡`©kbv
wkLbdj cwiKwíZ KvR
†¶Î †hvM¨Zv
2.4.7 †Kv‡bv KvR ïiæ wb‡`©kbv cvjb †Ljv-GKK wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
Kivi c~‡e© g‡bv‡hvM I I `jMZ (†÷wcs †Mg, cvwL (wb‡`©kbv cvjb Kivi
•ah©mnKv‡i cy‡iv wb‡`©kbv I‡o-gvQ I‡o, nvZ DuPz-wbPz) †hvM¨Zvi mv‡_ wjsK Ki‡Z
ïb‡e| iæwUb †g‡b wba©vwiZ mg‡qi n‡e)
g‡a¨ wewfbœ KvR m¤úbœ Kiv
2.5 •bwZKZv I 2.5.1 fyj Ki‡j ev KvD‡K f~wgKvwfbq, Mí, Zvr¶wYK wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
g~j¨‡eva m¤ú‡K© Kó w`‡j `ytL cªKvk Ki‡e| cwiw¯wZ eënvi Kiv, (Zvr¶wYK cwiw¯wZ eënvi
m‡PZb nIqv| cÖvmw½K wfwWI wPÎ Kiv) Mí msMÖn/•Zwi Ki‡Z
n‡e, ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e
2.5.2 fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©K¨ Mí, †kªwYKiY Kiv, KvW©/wd¬c wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †Mg (†hLv‡b-†mLv‡b _yZz ev KvW©, wd¬c †Mg •Zwi Ki‡Z
gqjv †djv, Kjvi †Lvmv †djv, n‡e| Mí msMÖn/•Zwi Ki‡Z
Mv‡Qi cvZv I dzj †Quvov, n‡e ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki‡Z
wbw`©ó cv‡Î gqjv †djv) n‡e|
2.5.3 fv‡jv Kv‡Ri cÖksmv f~wgKvwfbq, Mí, Zvr¶wYK wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| cwiw¯wZ eënvi Kiv (†hgb: (Zvr¶wYK cwiw¯wZ eënvi
cÖksmv Kiv, Drmvn †Ìqv, Kiv) Mí msMÖn/•Zwi Ki‡Z
fyj Ki‡jI BwZevPKfv‡e
n‡e, ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e
†evSv‡bv)
2.6 evsjv‡`‡ki 2.6.1 RvZxq cZvKvi cÖwZ •`wbK mgv‡e‡k RvZxq wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
ms¯‥…wZ I HwZ‡nï m¤§vb I fv‡jvevmv cÖ`k©b cZvKv‡K Awfev`b Rvbv‡bv, (•`wbK KvR) IqvK©ey‡K AuvKv
PP©v Kiv| Ki‡e| RvZxq cZvKv AuvKv I is Kiv I is Kivi KvR Ki‡e|
2.6.2 RvZxq msMx‡Zi cÖwZ •`wbK mgv‡e‡k RvZxq msMxZ wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
kª×v I fv‡jvevmv cÖ`k©b MvIqv (•`wbK KvR) cvV¨cy¯ÍK
Ki‡e| : RvZxq msMxZ RvZxq
msMx‡Zi AwWI
2.6.3 RvZxq wèmmg~n we`¨vj‡q RvZxq wèm wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
D`&hvc‡b mwµqfv‡e D`&hvcb Kiv (Qwe AvuKv,
AskMÖnY Qwei cÖ`k©bx, mvs¯‥…wZK
Ki‡e| Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖnY) m¤¢e n‡j
wkï‡Zvl wfwWI
cÖvgvY¨wPÎ/Pjw”PÎ cÖ`k©b Kiv
2.6.4 mvgvwRK I †jvKR mvgvwRK I †jvKR Drm‡e wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
wewfb Drm‡e mwµqfv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi AwfÁZv wewbgq
AskMÖnY Ki‡e| Kiv, Qwe AvuKv (RvZxq I
¯vbxq mvgvwRK Drme
D`&hvcb Kiv, Qwe AvuKv, Qwei
cÖ`k©bx, mvs¯‥…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ê
AskMÖnY) m¤¢e n‡j wkï‡Zvl
wfwWI cÖvgvY¨wPÎ/Pjw”PÎ
cÖ`k©b Kiv
2.6.5 RvZxq I ¯vbxq Mí, f~wgKvwfbq, PvU©, ev¯Íe wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
†cvkvK-cwi‡”Q`, Lvevi DcKiY (†hgb Lywk †Zgb AwffveK mfv wd¬c PvU©,
`vevi, dj-g~j wPb‡e I G mv‡Rv) dj-g~‡ji g‡Wj cvV¨cy¯ÍK
95
m¤ú‡K© AvMÖn cÖKvk Ki‡e| : Qwe/wPÎ

†¶Î †hvM¨Zv
2.6.6 ¯vbxq †Ljvq Drmv‡ni AskMÖnY I Av‡jvPbv wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv

m‡½ AskMÖnY Ki‡e|
2.6.7 ¯vbxq/†jvKR ¯vbxq Qov, Mvb, bv‡P wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
wkï‡Zvl Qov, Mvb I bv‡P AskMÖnY
¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e AskMÖnY
Ki‡e|
6. 6.1 cwi‡e‡ki 6.1.1 Pvicv‡ki cwi‡e‡ki †kªwYK‡¶ ev †kªwYK‡¶i evB‡i wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
cwi‡ek wewfbœ e¯‧ I NUbv wewfb Dcv`vb (†hgbÑdzj, cwi‡e‡ki wewfb Dcv`vb wd¬c PvU©, cvV¨cy¯ÍK
m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z dj, gvQ, cvwL, cï, m~h©, ch©‡e¶Y, msMÖn, AwfÁZv
wewbgq wd¬c PvU©
cviv| Pvu`, MvQ, hvbevnb, gvwU,
cvwb BZ¨vw`) wPb‡Z I bvg
ej‡Z cvi‡e|
6.1.2 dm‡ji †¶Z, b`x, AuvKv I ejvi gva¨‡g wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
cvnvo, eb, mgy`ª wPb‡Z AwfÁZvi cÖKvk, wbKU M‡íi eB, cvV¨cy¯ÍK,
cvi‡e| cwi‡ek, Qwe/wPÎ, cvR&j&, IqvK©eyK, cvR&j&
cÖ‡R± IqvK©, M‡íi eB (weM
eyK-evW©m AvB wfD), cÖvmw½K
wfwWI wPÎ
6.1.3 cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki AuvKv I ejvi gva¨‡g wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
wewfb NUbv †hgb e„wó, So, AwfÁZvi cÖKvk, NUbvi (m¤¢e n‡j hLb NUbv NU‡e,
eb¨v, f~wgK¤ú BZ¨vw` Zvr¶wYK ev mgmvgwqK eY©bv, wk¶K †mB mg‡q AwfÁZv
m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡e| cÖvmw½K wfwWI wPÎ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb)
cvV¨cy¯ÍK : Qwe _vK‡e
6.1.4 wb‡Ri, evwoi Ges 1.1.2, 5.3.2 ch©‡e¶‡Yi wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
we`¨vj‡qi wRwbmcÎ wPb‡e gva¨‡g AwR©Z AwfÁZv cwiev‡ii m¤ú„³Zvi Mí
Ges G¸‡jvi cÖwZ hZœkxj wewbgq I Av‡jvPbv, cvV¨cy¯ÍK : wPÎ/Qwe _vK‡e
wd¬c PvU©, d¨vwgwj wUª/
n‡e| f~wgKvwfbq
eskjwZKv
6.1.5 cwiev‡ii m`m¨ I AwfÁZv wewbgq, wPÎ AvuKv wk¶K mnvwqKv: wb‡`©kbv
wbKU AvZ¥xq‡ì (gv-evev, cwiev‡ii m¤ú„³Zvi Mí
fvB-†evb, `v`v-`vw`, bvbv- cvV¨cy¯ÍK : wPÎ/Qwe _vK‡e
wd¬c PvU©, d¨vwgwj wUª/
bvwb, gvgv-gvwg, PvPv-PvwP,
eskjwZKv
Lvjv-Lvjy, dzcy dzcv) m¤ú‡K©
ej‡Z cvi‡e|
6.1.6 wbKU cwi‡e‡ki ch©‡e¶Y, †kªwYKiY, wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
wewfb cÖvYxi (3wU) mvaviY Dc¯vcb, cvR&j&
•ewkó¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
6.1.7 •ewk‡óï Av‡jv‡K AwfÁZv wewbgq, f~wgKvwfbq, wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
MÖx®§, el©v Ges kxZKv‡ji wPÎ wgjKiY (Pjgvb FZzi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z
cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Ki‡e) cvV¨cy¯ÍK MÖx®§, elv©
Ges kxZKv‡ji wPÎ
96
6.1.8 w`‡bi wewfb Ask AwfÁZv wewbgq, f~wgKvwfbq, wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
(mKvj, `ycyi, weKvj, mÜ¨v, wPÎ wgjKiY (Pjgvb mg‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z
ivZ) Avjv`vfv‡e wPwýZ Ki‡e) cvV¨cy¯ÍK w`‡bi wewfb
As‡ki wPÎ
Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
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6.2 cwi‡ek 6.2.1 evwo I we`¨vj‡qi AwfÁZv wewbgq, evwo I wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
msi¶Y Ki‡Z cviv cwi‡ek cwi”Qbœ ivL‡e| we`¨vj‡q Abykxjb cwiev‡ii m¤ú„³Zv †kªwY‡Z
Abykxjb, •`bw›`b Kv‡R
AskMÖnY, Ave©Rbv †djvi
cvÎ
6.2.2 cwi‡ek msi¶Y AwfÁZv wewbgq, cÖ‡R± wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
Kvh©µg AskMÖnY Ki‡e| IqvK©-e„¶‡ivcY I cwiPh©v cwiev‡ii m¤ú„³Zv
6.2.3 MvQcvjv I cï-cvwLi AwfÁZv wewbgq, Mí †kvbv, wk¶K mnvwqKv : wb‡`©kbv
cÖwZ hZœkxj n‡e| cÖ‡R± IqvK©-e„¶‡ivcY I MvQcvjv I cïcvwL wb‡q
cwiPh©v M‡íi eB, cwiev‡ii
m¤ú„³Zv
97
Z_¨m~Î Ges mnvqK mvgMÖx
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Avnmvb, †gv. kvgxg. K~UbxwZ‡Kvl, G GBP †W‡fjc‡g›U cvewjwks nvDR, XvKv|
AvKb, Av. mvjvg; Avjx, †gv. ZveviK Ges kwn` Djøvn. wm-Bb-GW cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì Rb¨ cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ
(mgvR), RvZxq cÖv_wgK wk¶v GKv‡Wgx Ges cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awa`ßi, XvKv|
Av³vi, †mwjbv; Lvb, bvwmgv; †eMg, •mq`v †di‡`․wm; miKvi, nxivgb Ges ivq, i½jvj (2005), cÖv_wgK
wk¶v cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR wk¶Y cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj, cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awa`ßi Ges cÖv_wgK I MYwk¶v
gš¿Yvjq, XvKv|
Avnv‡¤§`, bvwmiDÏxb I Zv‡iK, †gvnv¤§` (m¤úvw`Z) (1993), Dbœqb A_©bxwZ evsjv‡`k cwi‡cÖw¶Z, evsjv
Avjx gvmy` I Avjg, b~iyj (1993), evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ KvVv‡gv I Dbœqb, AvBwWqvj jvB‡eªix, XvKv
Avjg, Lyiwk` (1996), mgvRweÁv‡bi AvaywbK ZË¡, wgbvf©v cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv
Bmjvg, •mq` wmivRyj. mœvZK ivóªweÁvb, nvmvb eyK nvDm, XvKv|
Bmjvg, wmivRyj (m¤úvw`Z) (2003), evsjvwcwWqv-evsjv‡`k RvZxq Ávb‡Kvl, 5g LÛ, XvKv : evsjv‡`k
GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU, c„. 239-254|
Bmjvg, †gv. byij
y (2010), evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm ms¯‥…wZ I HwZn¨, Zvmwgqv cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv|
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Bmjvg, gwdRyj (1977), ivóªZË¡, BDwbfvwm©wU eyK wW‡cv, XvKv
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Kvgvj, †gv¯Ídv (1987), fvlv Av‡›`vjb : mvZPwjøk †_‡K evqvbœ : XvKv : evsjv‡`k †Kv-Acv‡iwUf eyK
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Kwig, bvRgyj (1999), mgvRweÁvb mgx¶Y, bI‡ivR wKZvwe¯Ívb, XvKv|
101
Kvwì, †gvnv¤§` b~iyj (1997), `y‡kv †QlwÆ w`‡b ¯^vaxbZv, wmwU cvewjwks nvDR wj. XvKv|
Lvb, †K. Gg. ivBRDÏxb (1996), evsjv‡`k BwZnvm cwiKªgv. XvKv, Lvb eªv`vm© A¨vÛ †Kv¤úvwb|
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MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, MYcÖRvZšx¿ evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb, A‡±vei, c„. 153|
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†P․ayix, Avãyj gwgb, ingvb, †gvKv‡Ïmyi, I Avjg, AvKmv`yj (2001), Dcgnv‡`k I evsjvi BwZnvm (A_©
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†P․ayix, Av‡bvqvi Djøvn (1985), mgvRweÁvb kã‡kl, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv|
†P․ayix, †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb (2011), D”P gva¨wgK f~‡Mvj, wØZxq cÎ| XvKv : evsjv‡`k eyK Ki‡cv‡ikb
wj.|
†P․ayix, †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb, Avjx, gyn¤§` Avbmvi, ingvb, jyrdi I †eMg, bvRbxb (2010), mvgvwRK
weÁvb (mßg †kªwY), XvKv : RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯K
Í †evW©|
RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯K
Í †evW©, gva¨wgK mvgvwRK weÁvb, RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯K
Í †evW©, XvKv|
†Rvqvi`vi, my‡ek P›`ª (2006), evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ, wg‡jwbqvg cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv †`, g‡bviÄb,
RbweÁvb I RbmsL¨v we‡kølY, †dgvm cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv| f~uBqv, †gvnv¤§` Avãyj Iqv`y` (1997), AvaywbK
ivóªweÁvb, †Mvø e jvB‡eªix (cÖv.) wj., XvKv| jwZd, Avey nvwg`; nK, †gv. †gvRv‡¤§j; AvKb, Av. mvjvg;
†nv‡mb, †gvKv‡Ïm (2000), wm-Bb-GW cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì Rb¨ cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ (mgvR), cÖv_wgK wk¶v
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Avãyj (2003), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR, XvKv : RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯K
Í †evW©| gw`bv, KvRx; gv‡jK,
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†kªwY, RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯K
Í †evW©, XvKv|
gw`bv, KvRx; gv‡jK, Avãyj; †gv. myRv-D`-†`․jv Ges gwiqg, †g‡ni (2008), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvRPZz_©
†kªwY, RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯K Í †evW©, XvKv|
gw`bv, KvRx, gv‡jK, Avãyj, myRv-D`-†`․jv, †gv. I gwiqg, †g‡ni (2004), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR, XvKv
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102
gw`bv, KvRx; gv‡jK, Avãyj; †gv. myRv-D`-†`․jv Ges gwiqg, †g‡ni (2008), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvRPZz_©
Í †evW©, XvKv| gw`bv, KvRx; gv‡jK, Avãyj; Av³vi, †mwjbv; gwiqg,
†g‡ni Ges Revevi, gynv¤§` Avãyj (2008), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR-Z…Zxq †kªwY, RvZxq wk¶vµg I
cvV¨cy¯K
Í †evW©, XvKv| gv‡jK, Avãyj (2000), mvgvwRK wk¶Y, gva¨wgK wk¶v Dbœqb cÖKí, gva¨wgK I
D”P wk¶v Awa`ßi, XvKv| gviydv, KvRx (2010), evsjv‡`k GKwU †f․‡MvwjK mgx¶v, XvKv : myR‡bly
cÖKvkbx| gvngy` •mq` Avjg (2006), evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ, eB weZvb, XvKv| evsjv‡`k †M‡RU, AwZwi³,
RyjvB 3, 2011|
†eMg, iIkb Aviv, wkK`vi, Avãyj nvB I `vm, ¶Y`v †gvnb (2009), gva¨wgK mvgvwRK weÁvb. XvKv :
Í †evW©| iDd, KvRx Ave`yi I gvngy`, KvRx Aveyj (2010), dwjZ I
eënvwiK f~‡Mvj| XvKv : myR‡bly cÖKvkbx| ingvb, gynv¤§` nvweeyi (2010), mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ, XvKv :
nvmvb eyK nvDm| ingvb, †gvnv¤§` Avwidzi (2010), A_©‣bwZK f~‡Mvj| XvKv : cvi‡d± cvewj‡KkÝ|
ingvb, gynv¤§v` nvweeyi (2002), mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ, nvmvb eyK nvDR, XvKv| iwk`, †gv. nviyb Ai;
PµeZ©x, kyfvkxl; ai, DËg Kzgvi Ges gyLvR©x, wb‡ik P›`ª, (nd), eûgyLx g~j¨vqb wk¶K mnvwqKv,
GbwmwUwe, XvKv| iwng, Gg.G. (1976), evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì BwZnvm, XvKv : B÷vb© wcÖw›Us cvewjwks A¨vÛ
c¨v‡K‡Rm wjwg‡UW
(b~iRvnvb iwng KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ)|
iwng, †gvnv¤§`, †P․ayix, Avãyj gwgb, †gvnv¤§`, G we Gg, Bmjvg, wmivRyj (1998), evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm,
XvKv : bI‡ivR wKZvwe¯Ívb| iwng, Gg. G. (1994), evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì BwZnvm (1757-1947), Avng`
cvewjwks nvDm, XvKv| wk¶v gš¿Yvjq (2011), cÖv_wgK wk¶vµg 2011, wk¶v gš¿Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš¿x
evsjv‡`k miKvi, XvKv : RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯K
Í †evW©| wk¶v gš¿Yvjq (2011), RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ
2010, wk¶v gš¿Yvjq, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, XvKv : RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯K
Í †evW©| myjZvbv,
mvwenv; wRbœvn, †gvnv¤§` Avjx; Av³vi, †mwjbv Ges ingvb, jyrdzi (2008), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR-cÂg
Í †evW©, XvKv|
†mb, i½jvj (1997), mgvRKvVv‡gv : cyuwRev` I mgvRZš¿, wbD A¨vÛ cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv
†mb¸ß, cÖ‡gvèÜz, gy‡Lvcva¨vq, gwZjvj I emy g„b¥q, (1997), mgvR `k©b, e¨vbvR©x cvewj‡KkÝ,
KjKvZv|
†mb, i½jvj, bv_, wek¦¤¢i Kzgvi (2003), cÖviw¤¢K mgvRweÁvb, wbD A¨vÛ cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv| †mb,
i½jvj I bv_, wek¦¤¢i Kzgvi (2007), cÖviw¤¢K mgvRweÁvb, XvKv : wbD GR cvewj‡KkÝ| myjZvbv, mvwenv;
wRbœvn, †gvnv¤§` Avjx; Av³vi, †mwjbv Ges ingvb, jyrdzi (2011), cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR-cÂg †kªwY,
103
Í †evW©, XvKv| wmsn, ivgKvšÍ (2001), evsjv‡`‡ki b„ZvwË¡K Rb‡Mvôx| mvMi,
Lyiwk` Avjg (2006), evsjv‡`‡ki Avwèvmx‡ì K_v| myjZvbv, †i‡eKv; †eMg, gvKmy`v Ges DwÏb,
BgwZqvR (2009), evsjv‡`‡ki mgvRweÁvb, IqvBW cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv|
nK, †gvnv¤§` jyrdzjI ingvb, †gv¯ÍvwdRyi (1997), evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ, evsjv‡`k eyK Ki‡cv‡ikb wj.,
XvKv| nK, †gvnv¤§` jyrdyj I ingvb, †gv¯ÍvwdRyi (1998), AvaywbK A_©bxwZ (e¨wóK I mgwóK A_©bxwZ),
evsjv‡`k eyK Ki‡cv‡ikb wj., XvKv|
Lvb, ‡gv: Avãyj AvIqvj I AvKZvi, Lyikx` (2000), f~‡Mvj wkÿY, gva¨wgK wkÿv Dbœqb cÖKí, wkÿv
gš¿Yvjq ,XvKv
Bmjvg, •mq` wmivRyj (2013), ivóª weÁvb, nvmvb eyK nvDR, XvKv
gv‡jK, Avãyj I Lvb, †gv: jyrdi ingvb (2000), mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿY, gva¨wgK wkÿv Dbœqb cÖKí,
wkÿv gš¿Yvjq ,XvKv
iwng, gynv¤§` Avãyi I Ab¨vb¨ ( 1998), evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, bI‡ivR wKZvwe¯Ívb, XvKv
‡nv‡mb, AvkdvK (2012), evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡mi iƒc‡iLv, †R.‡K.‡cÖm GÛ cvweø‡KkÝ, XvKv
104

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Aa¨vq 3 evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wkLbÑ †kLv‡bv c×wZ I †KŠkj

Aa¨vq 4 evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq welqK wkLb mvgMªx I wk‡ÿvcKiY

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Aa¨vq 6 evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq wel‡q wkLb g~j¨vqb (G‡mmg¨v›U)

Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPqÕ cwiwPwZ

3. cvwievwiK Abykvmb : †mœn-fv‡jvevmvi cvkvcvwk cwievi wkï‡K wewfbœ mvgvwRK I •bwZK

cwiev‡i wkï m`m¨‡`i KvR

 we`¨vj‡q AvMgb I mgv‡ek

Qwe: we`¨vj‡qi Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R wkï‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi `„k¨

K) we`¨vjq GjvKvi wbqg-Kvbyb cvjb Kiv

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GjvKvq mvgvwRK I ivóªxq m¤ú` e¨envi Ges iÿYv‡eÿY

 e¨w³MZ ev cvwievwiK m¤ú`

cwi‡ek I gvby‡li m¤úK©

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evsjv‡`‡k cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi cÖfve

evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡ek `~lY †iv‡a KiYxq

`~lY †iv‡a wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq:

evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y wkÿK I wkïi KiYxq

gvbweK, •bwZK I mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj

wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ •bwZK ¸Yvewj weKv‡k cwievi I we`¨vj‡qi f~wgKv

wkï‡K wbqgvbyewZ©Zv wkL‡b wb‡Pi †K․kjmg~n djcÖm~fv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i :

wkï wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ kª‡gi gh©v`v‡eva •Zwi‡Z cwievi I we`¨vj‡qi f~wgKv

• gv-evev Ni I D‡Vvb Svo †`qv, weQvbv I AvmevecÎ †MvQv‡bv, †MvmjLvbv I †k․PvMvi

wkï‡`i g‡a¨ MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve •Zwii Dcvq

• †kÖwY I we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ Kv‡R †hgbÑ†kÖwYKÿ mvRv‡bv, cwi®‥vi-cwi”QbœZv, †Pqvi-†eÂ

wkï‡`i cigZmwnòzZv wkÿ‡Yi Zvrch©

wkï‡`i g‡a¨ wek¦åvZ…Z¡‡ev‡ai D‡b¥l NUv‡bv

• wewfbœ AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯v (†hgbÑmvK©, Avwmqvb, BDwb‡md cÖf„wZ)

AvqZb Abyhvqx gnv‡`kmg~‡ni Zyjbvg~jK wPÎ

wPÎ: gvD›U Gfv‡i÷

gvbwPÎ: DËi Av‡gwiKv

gvbwPÎ: `wÿY Av‡gwiKv

evsjvq ¯^vaxb myjZvbx kvm‡bi BwZnvm

wmcvwn we‡`ªvn (1857-1859wLª.)

wPÎ: g½j cv‡Ð

fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm, 1885

cÖwZôvKvjxb me©fviZxq gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨

jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve, 1940wLª.

wPÎ: †k‡i evsjv G †K dRjyj nK

wPÎ: †bZvRx myfvl P›`ª emy wPÎ: gv÷vi`v m~h©‡mb

cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjbmg~n

fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg

1954 mv‡ji wbe©vPb

1. HwZnvwmK jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei wfwË‡Z cvwK¯Ívb‡K GKwU mwZ¨Kv‡ii †dWv‡ikbiƒ‡c (hy³ivóªxq

HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv

GMv‡iv `dv Av‡›`vjb

2. cÖvßeq¯‥‡`i †fv‡U cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb I msm`xq MYZš¿ cÖwZôv

3. c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ c~Y© ¯^vqËkvmb

5. e¨vsK, exgv I e„nr wk‡íi RvZxqKiY

6. K…lK‡`i LvRbv I U¨v‡·i nvi n«vm Kiv

7. kªwgK‡`i b¨vh¨ gRywi I †evbvm wbwðZ Kiv

8. c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi eb¨v wbqš¿Y I Rbm¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi;