Chapter 1

sources and water demand

SREEVIDYA SREEKUMAR

Kerala PSC Expert

Introduction
Environmental engineering

Public water supply Waste water

system Air pollution
engineering
 WATER
SOURCES

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

TREATMENT UNIT
UNIT

TOWN/
CITY
Layout
● Public water supply system

collection
Water
Water & Distribution
treatment Town/city
Source conveyanc system
e unit
SOURCES AND WATER DEMAND
Surface sources Subsurface sources
● water flow over the surface of earth ● ground water /under ground sources

● directly available for water supplies

● water gets stored in the ground
water reservoir

● Generally free from suspended

impurities
 river

Surface sources Lake

pond

sources Infiltration gallery

Subsurface Infiltration well

sources
Wells

springs
INFILTRATION GALLARIES
● horizontal wells
● horizontal tunnel along the bank of
rivers
● constructed at shallow depth(3 to 5m)
● size : 1m width, 2m depth , length
varying from 10m to 100m
● generally constructed of masonry wall
with roof slab.
● extract water from the aquifer by
various porous lateral drain pipes.
INFILTRATION WELLS
● Shallow wells constructed in series along the bank of a river
● Generally covered at the top and kept open at the bottom
● Manholes are provided

Jack well
Various infiltration wells are connected by porous pipe to a sump well called jack
well
SPRINGS
● Natural outflow of ground water at the earth’s surface

● Indicates outcropping of water table

● Supply very small amount of water

● Certain springs sometimes discharge hot water due to the presence of

sulphur .
● Springs are usually formed under three general conditions of geological
formations.

springs

Gravity springs Surface springs Artesian springs

GRAVITY SPRINGS
● The ground water table rises high and water overflow through the sides of a
natural valley or a depression
● flow from varies with the rise or fall of the water table.
SURFACE SPRINGS
● Due to presence of impervious obstruction
● Water table rises and get exposed to surface
ARTESIAN SPRINGS
● water flows through confined aquifer.
● Almost uniform quantity of water
WELLS
● Hole usually vertical ,excavated in the earth for bringing ground water to the
surface

Open well/
Dug well

well

Tube well
 Open well/Dug well Tube well

● large diameters ● Small diameter

● High yield
● low yields
● Deep
● not very deep. ● Long pipe sunk into the ground
intercepting one or more water
● Usually constructed by digging
bearing strata
Total Quantity of water required for a town depends on

i) Rate of demand

ii) Design period

iii) Population (at the end of design period)

Rate of demand:
● Quantity of water required by human to meet his daily demand

● Expressed as I/h/d, lpcd etc

VARIOUS TYPES OF WATER DEMAND
1. Domestic water demand (drinking,bathing,cooking,gardening..)

2. Industrial and commercial water demand (office, schools, hospital,

hostels,restaurants,factories,industries..)

3. Demand for public uses (lawn sprinkling,public garden..)

4. Water demand for losses and theft (due to bad plumbing,thefts..)

5. Fire demand
Various types of demand. (As per IS: 1172- 1993)
For an average Indian town without full flushing system (for LIG)

1. Domestic ( 50 to 60%) : 135 lpcd

2. Industrial & commercial ( 20 to 25 %) : 70 lpcd

3. Public use ( 5 to 10 %) :10 lpcd

4. Losses & thefts (15 to 20%) : 55 lpcd

Total demand :270 lpcd

With full flushing system (HIG)

1. Domestic : 200 lpcd

2. Industrial & commercial :70 lpcd

3. Public use :10 lpcd

4. Losses & theft :55 lpcd

Total demand : 335 l.p.c.d

Empirical Formulae for fire demand
a) Kuichling's formula:
Q = 3182 √𝑃
Where , Q Demand in lit/min
P = population in thousands
b) Freeman formula:
Q=1136[(P/5) + 10]
c)National board of fire underwriters formula:
Q = 4637 √𝑃[1 -0.01 √𝑃]
d)Buston’s formula Q=5663√𝑃
Factors affecting the rate of demand
a) Size of city
b) Climatic conditions
c) Types of gentry and habits
d) Industrial and commercial activity.
e) Quality of water supply
f) Pressure in the distribution system
g) Development of sewage facilities
h) System of supply(intermittent and continuous)
i)Cost of water
j)Policy of metering
Variation in demand
Maximum daily demand = 1.8 * average daily demand

Maxiumum hourly demand = 1.5* Maximum daily demand

= 1.5*1.8 average daily demand
= 2.7 * Average daily demand
 (Maximum daily demand + fire demand) which ever is
Total demand = or greater
(total draft) Maximum hourly demand

(Maximum daily demand + fire demand)= coincident draft

 Que 1 : The natural out flow of subsurface
water at the surface is termed as?

A Lake B spring

C infiltration gallery D tube well

 2)The quantity of water available from an
infiltration gallery depends on ?

A size of the gallery B Yield of the surrounding

aquifer

C Both (a) and (b)

D None of the above
 3)Which one of the following practices,
causes reduction in the per capita water
consumption ?

A good quality water B hotter climate

C modern living D metering system.

4)The multiplying factor, as applied to obtain
the maximum daily water demand, in
relation to the average i.e. per capita daily
demand, is

A 1.5 B 1.8

C 2.7 D 2
4)The multiplying factor, as applied to obtain
the maximum daily water demand, in
relation to the average i.e. per capita daily
demand, is

A 1.5 B 1.8

C 2.7 D 2
 5) The total water requirement of a city is
generally assessed on the basis of:

B maximum daily demand +

A maximum hourly demand
fire demand

C average daily demand + D greater of (a) and (b)

fire demand
Thank you