8_1

MOS Differential Pair

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
 Outline

 The MOS Differential Pair

 The BJT Differential Pair
 Common-Mode Rejection
 DC Offset
 The Differential Amplifier with a Current-Mirror Load
 Multistage Amplifiers

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 2

 Differential and Common-Mode Signals

vId  v2  v1
1
vIcm  v1  v2 
2

1
v1  vIcm  vId
2
1
v2  vIcm  vId
2

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 3

 Difference or Differential Amplifiers [1/2]
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝐴 𝑣 𝐴 𝑣
1 1
𝐴 𝑣 𝑣 𝐴 𝑣 𝑣
2 2
𝐴 𝐴
𝑣 𝐴 𝐴 𝑣
2
𝐴 𝑣 𝐴 𝑣
𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝐴 0 ∴𝐴 𝐴
∴𝐴 𝐴 𝐴

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 4

 Difference or Differential Amplifiers [2/2]
 Output Voltage of Practical Circuit
𝑣𝒐 𝑣𝒐 𝑣𝒐
𝐴 𝑣𝒊 𝐴 𝑣𝒊
𝐴 𝑣𝒊 𝐴 𝑣𝒊

 Ideal Difference Amplifiers

 Amplify only the differential input
signal vId .
 Reject completely the common-
mode input signal vIcm .
 Common-mode Rejection Ratio
(CMRR)
Ad
CMRR  20 log
Acm

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 5

 MOS Differential Pair
𝑣 𝑉 𝑖 𝑅
𝑣 𝑉 𝑖 𝑅
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛.
1
𝑖 𝑘 𝑣 𝑉
2
𝑘 𝑣 𝑣 𝑉
1
𝑖 𝑘 𝑣 𝑉
2
𝑘 𝑣 𝑣 𝑉
𝑖 𝑖 𝐼

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 6

 MOS Differential Pair with Biasing Circuit

 VCS : sufficient voltage across current source I for it to operate properly

오른쪽 예제에서 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 7

 Operation with a Common-Mode Input Voltage
Input Common Mode Range
𝑉 : 𝑄 and 𝑄 remain in saturation.
𝑉 : sufficient voltage 𝑉 across
the current source 𝐼.
𝐼
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑉 𝑅 ⋯ 1
2
𝑉 𝑉 𝑣 ⋯ 2
1 과 2 에서
𝑉 =𝑉 𝑣 𝑉 𝑉 𝑅

𝐼 1 1
𝑖 𝑖 𝑘 𝑉 𝑉 𝑘 𝑉 .
2 2 2
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 . 𝐼 ⁄𝑘 ⋯ 3
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 ⋯ 4
3 과 4 에서
𝐼 𝐼 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 .
𝑉 . 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 .
𝑘 𝑊 ⁄𝐿 𝑘
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 .
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 .
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 . 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 .
.

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 8

 Operation with a Common-Mode Input Voltage : Example
 Example 8.1 : VDD = VSS = 1.5V, k’n (W/L)= 4 𝑎
mA/V2, Vt = 0.5 V, I = 0.4 mA, and RD = 2.5 𝐼 1 1
𝐼 𝐼 𝑘 𝑉 𝑉 𝑘 𝑉 .
k. Neglect channel-length modulation. 2 2 2
.
Assume that the current source I requires a 4𝑚 𝑉 𝑉
minimum voltage of 0.4 V. 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 . 0.32𝑉 ⋯ 1
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 . 0.82𝑉 ⋯ 2
(a) Find VOV and VGS.
𝑏
(b) For VCM = 0, find VS, ID1, ID2, VD1, and VD2. 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 0 𝑉
(c) Find the maximum and minimum values 𝑉 0.82𝑉
𝐼 𝐼 2𝑚𝐴
allowed for VCM. 𝐼
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑅 1𝑉
2
𝑐
𝑉 =𝑉 𝑉 1.5
𝑉 . 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 1.5 0.4 0.82
0.28𝑉
또는 𝑉 . 𝑉 𝑉 1.1
𝑉 . 𝑉. 𝑉 1.1 0.82 0.28𝑉
0.28𝑉 𝑉 1.5

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 9

 Operation with a Differential Input Voltage
𝑣 𝑉 𝑖 𝑅
𝑣 𝑉 𝑖 𝑅 ⋯ 𝐴
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛.
1
𝑖 𝑘 𝑣 𝑉
2
1
𝑖 𝑘 𝑣 𝑉 ⋯ 𝐵
2
𝑖 𝑖 𝐼⋯ 𝐶
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 ⋯ 𝐶

𝑣 0
→ 𝑪 에 의해 𝑣 𝑣
→ 𝑩 에 의해𝑖 𝑖
→ 𝑨 에 의해𝑣 𝑣
→𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 0

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 10

 Linear Range of Differential-Mode Operation [1/2]
iD

iD1 iD2
vid
vid.max
𝑣 𝑉 𝑖 𝑅
𝑣 𝑉 𝑖 𝑅 ⋯ 𝐴
1
𝑖 𝑘 𝑣 𝑉 𝐼
2
𝑣 𝑉 𝟐𝐼 ⁄𝑘 ⋯ 𝑨
1
𝑖 𝑘 𝑣 𝑉 0
 The current I can be steered from 2
one transistor to the other by varying 𝑣 𝑉 ⋯ 𝑩
vid in the range 𝑨 과 𝑩 에서
𝑣 𝑣 𝟐𝐼 ⁄𝑘
2𝑉 . 𝑣 2𝑉 .
∴𝑣 . 𝟐𝐼 ⁄𝑘 𝟐𝑽𝑶𝑽.𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍
𝐼 𝐼
Here, 𝑉 . 𝑽𝑶𝑽.𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍 0.3𝑉라면 𝑣 . 𝟎. 𝟑 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟒𝑽
𝑘 𝑊 ⁄𝐿 𝑘
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 11
 Linear Range of Differential-Mode Operation [2/2]

 The current I can be steered from

 The linear range of differential-mode
one transistor to the other by varying
operation can be extended at a higher
vid in the range
value of VOV.
2𝑉 . 𝑣 2𝑉 .

𝐼 𝐼
Here, 𝑉 .
𝑘 𝑊 ⁄𝐿 𝑘
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 12
 vS in Differential-Mode Operation [1/2]
iD
I

iD1 iD 2
vid

I
2  VOV .equil  2
kn
vS

I  Vt vid
  Vt
kn

I
 2  Vt
kn

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 13

 vS in Differential-Mode Operation [2/2]
iD
I VCM  0

iD1 iD 2
vid

I
2  VOV .equil  2
kn
vS

I  Vt vid
  Vt
kn
2 I
  Vt
2 kn

I
 2  Vt
kn

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 14

 gm in Equilibrium State
𝐼
𝑖 𝑖
2
𝑔 2𝑘 𝑘 𝐼
⁄
𝑔 ⁄

𝐼 𝑘 𝑉 𝑉 𝑘 𝑉
𝑔 𝑘 𝑉
𝑔 2𝑘 𝐼
𝑔 ⁄

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 15

 Large-Signal Operation of the MOS Differential Pair [1/2]
1
𝑖 𝑘 𝑣 𝑉
2
1
𝑖 𝑘 𝑣 𝑉
2
1
𝑖 𝑘 𝑣 𝑉 ⋯ 1
2

1
𝑖 𝑘 𝑣 𝑉 ⋯ 2
2
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 ⋯ 3
𝑖 𝑖 𝑘 𝑣 ⋯ 4
2
I  I  vid  v 2 𝑖 𝑖 𝐼 ⋯ 5
iD1      1   id 
2  VOV  2   VOV  4 와 5 에의해

I  I  vid  v 2
2
𝐼 𝑣 𝑣 ⁄2
iD 2      1   id  𝑖 𝑘 𝐼 1
2  VOV 2 2 𝐼 ⁄𝑘
 2   VOV 
I I 𝐼 𝑣 𝑣 ⁄2
Here, VOV  VOV .equil   𝑖 𝑘 𝐼 1
k n W L  kn 2 2 𝐼 ⁄𝑘

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL

𝑘 𝑉 ∴ 𝑉 16
 Large-Signal Operation of the MOS Differential Pair [2/2]

I  I  vid  v 2
2
2I D I
iD1      1   id  For vid 2  VOV Here, g m  
2  VOV VOV VOV
 2   VOV  I  I  vid 
iD1       I  vid   vid 
I  I  vid  v 2
2
2  VOV  2  id 1       g m 
iD 2      1   id   VOV  2   2
2  VOV  2   VOV  I  I  vid 
iD 2       I  vid  v 
I I 2  VOV  2  id 2       g m  id 
Here, VOV  VOV .equil    VOV  2   2 
k n W L  kn

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 17

 Small-Signal Operation of the MOS Differential Pair [1/2]
1 1
Large-Signal Operation 𝑣 𝑉 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
2 2
1 1
𝑣 𝑉 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
2 2
𝐼 𝑣 𝑣
𝑖 𝑔 𝑖 𝑔
2 2 2
𝐼 𝑣 𝑣
𝑖 𝑔 𝑖 𝑔
2 2 2
𝑣 𝑉 𝑣 𝑉 0 𝑣 0
𝑣 𝑉 𝑅 𝑔 𝑅 𝑣 𝑔 𝑅
𝐼 𝑣 𝑣
𝑣 𝑉 𝑅 𝑔 𝑅 𝑣 𝑔 𝑅
2 2 2
Small-Signal Operation 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑔 𝑅 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
𝑔 𝑅 𝑣
𝑣
𝐴 ≝ 𝑔 𝑅
𝑣
1
𝑣 𝑣
2
1
𝑣 𝑣
2

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 18

 Small-Signal Operation of the MOS Differential Pair [2/2]
𝑣 𝑣
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑔
2⁄𝑔 2
𝑣 𝑖 𝑅
𝑣 𝑖 𝑅
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 2𝑖 𝑅
𝑔 𝑅 𝑣
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
𝐴 ≡ 𝑔 𝑅
𝑣 𝑣

𝑣 𝑣 𝑖 𝑔 0

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 19

 Differential Half-Circuit

 vod

vid

Ad  g m RD || ro 

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 20

 Differential Half-Circuit : Example 8.2

vod
Ad  ?
vid
Half Circuit

 vod 2 R || RD 2 
 D
vid 2 1 g m  RS
vod RD || RD 2 
Ad  
vid 1 g m  RS
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 21
 Differential Half-Circuit : Exercise 8.4 [1/2]
 I = 0.8 mA, W/L = 100, nCox = 0.2 mA/V2, VA = 20 V, and RD = 5 k. Find VOV, gm, ro, and Ad.

Half Circuit

DC
1 SS parameter
𝐼 𝐼 𝑘 𝑉 𝑉 𝑔 𝑘 𝑉 0.02 0.2 4𝑚𝐴/𝑉
2
𝑘 0.2𝑚 100 0.02 𝑟 50𝑘
.
0.4𝑚 0.02𝑉 , 𝑉 0.2𝑉 SS
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝐼 𝑅 𝐴 𝑔 𝑟 ||𝑅 4𝑚 50𝑘||5𝑘 18.2𝑉/𝑉
5 0.4𝑚 5𝑘 3𝑉 𝐼𝑓 𝑟 ∞, 𝐴 4𝑚 5𝑘 20𝑉/𝑉

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 22

 Differential Half-Circuit : Exercise 8.4 [2/2]
 I = 0.8 mA, RD = 5k, VDD = 5 V, VD1 = VD2 = 3 V, Ad = gmRD = 20 V/V. VICM = 2.5 V, vid = 10msint.
VDD VDD
vo1 = vo2 =
vO1 RD iD1 iD2 RD v
O2 VOCM RD ID1 ID2 RD V
OCM -1/2vod RD id1 id2 RD 1/2vod
vI1 M1 M2 vI2 VICM M1 M2 VICM M1 M2
1/2vid -1/2vid
IS IS

1 𝑉 2.5𝑉 𝑣 10𝑚 sin 𝑡

𝑣 𝑉 𝑣 2.5 5𝑚 sin 𝑡 𝐼 𝐼 0.4𝑚𝐴 𝑣 𝐴 𝑣 0.2 sin 𝑡
2
1 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑣 0.5𝑣 0.1 sin 𝑡
𝑣 𝑉 𝑣 2.5 5𝑚 sin 𝑡 𝑉 𝐼 𝑅 3𝑉 𝑣 0.5𝑣 0.1 sin 𝑡
2
1
𝑣 𝑉 𝑣 3 0.1 sin 𝑡
2
1
𝑣 𝑉 𝑣 3 0.1 sin 𝑡
2

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 23

 Differential Amplifier with Current-Source Loads

 g m1 ro1 || ro 3 
vod
Ad 
vid

Half Circuit

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL 24