Research as process:

1. problem or question=> situation

2. Hypothesis
3. Data collection
4. Process analysing hypothesis
5. Interpret
6. Draw conclusion
7. Publish

Research as purpose : is the gaol to attend.

Topic
« Cause of failure/law ability amoung L1 AIA learners case of UNIKIN »

It’s a topic cause it is :

 Clarity
 Variability
 Research able
 Practicality or feasibility
 Critical mass or significance
A variable: L1 English learners
Kinds of variables :
 Numerical
 Categorical
we have dependant variables and independent variables

Causes are independent to failures

Causes are dependent to

The population: is all individual involved in research on which data must be obtained.

Sample : is numbers of individual who has been selected. It’s a representative of the population.
We can also call it random.

Questions:
 Why don’t L1 AIA fail in English ?
 Do students pass their exams ?
 What is the English performance of L1 students ?

Hypothesis is a guess answer of the problem

 There is no reason why they fail
 Students pass the exams
 Students don’t pass the exams
 L1 AIA students performance is low/good/high/not good
Data collection here we need to use instrument

Code is to clarify or to simplify information to be easily access

Collecting information you need to go where… you observe

Direct observation : is when you observe through your senses

Indirect observation : by instruments

We have :
Research design and research methods

Design : types, family, orientation, modal

The variables can be quantitative or qualitative and multiple mixed is the new orientation.
Numerical is quantitative and categorical is qualitative

Research design is quantitative and research method is qualitative

Multiple mixed

Research must be experimental is a process in which the researcher

1. Set up a research scenario
2. Selects randomly subjects
3. Assignment (Assign) to 2 groups
4. Treatment
5. Observes ( collects data) here we have 2 moments of observation Before and after
observation
We have an experimental group and control group.
 If you miss one the conditions you are in quasi-experiment.

We have :
Non experiment and
Quasi-experiment : it’s like an experiment but it is not