2010 - 2022

IES NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Angle beam probe

damping blocks

housing

socket

perspex wedge
(probe delay) crystal

workpiece Sound pulse

IES NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Sound field

N = near field length near field

far field

= angle of divergence

acoustical axis (central beam)

IES NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw detection

IES NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw detection

10 20 30 40

IES NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw detection

10 20 30 40

IES NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Bad flaw orientation

IES NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Improper flaw location

crack

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Angle reflection

10 20 30 40

crack

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Angle reflection

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Vertical, near surface flaw

10 20 30 40

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Tandem technique (top)
a1

T 5 10 15 5 10 15
R

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Tandem technique (middle)

a2

T 5 10 15 5 10 15
R

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Tandem technique (bottom)
a3
T 5 10 15 5 10 15
R

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Improper flaw orientation

10 20 30 40

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Perfect flaw orientation

10 20 30 40

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw detectability with improper flaw

orientation
reflected sound waves

5 10 15

sound beam

flat defect
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Flaw distance

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Principle of transit time measurement

finish signal
(echo)
transmitter
Stop-
watch
start signal
(pulse)
probe
sound transit transit time
path measurement

work piece

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

0 2 4 6 8 10
 0 2 4 6 8 10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

0 2 4 6 8 10
 0 2 4 6 8 10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

0 2 4 6 8 10
Probe delay

2 4 6 8 10
electrical mechanical
zero zero
(initial pulse) (surface)
crystal

probe

protecting face
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Probe delay

electical
zero
(initial pulse)

probe 0 2 4 6 8 10

delay
(wedge) mechanical
zero
sound wave (surface)

work piece

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display
flaw

work piece
probe
back wall
echo

flaw
echo

0 2 4 6 8 10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display

flaw

work piece

probe

back wall
echo

flaw
echo

0 2 4 6 8 10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display
flaw

work piece

probe

back wall
echo
flaw
echo

0 2 4 6 8 10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display

flaw

work piece

probe

back wall
echo
flaw echo
covered
by initial
pulse

0 2 4 6 8 10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display
flaw

work piece

probe

back wall
echo:
without
with flaw

0 2 4 6 8 10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display

flaw

work piece
probe

flaw echo
sequence

0 2 4 6 8 10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

 Dead zone

dead zone

0 2 4 6 8 10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Longitudinal wave

wave length

direction of direction of propagation

osscillation

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Transverse wave
wave length

direction of direction of propagation

osscillation

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Relection and refraction

L
L
incident reflected
wave wave

medium 1

medium 2
refracted
wave

L
L

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

 10 20 30 40

possible flaw
locations

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

 L

incident reflected
wave wave

perspex

steel

transverse wave
T
= 36.4°
= 45°
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems T
L
incident reflected
wave

steel

> 57°

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Near surface detectability with angle
beam pobes

10 20

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

TR-probe / dual crystal probe

transmitter receiver
socket socket
acoustical damping blocks
barrier

crystal

delay

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Probe delay with
TR-probes BE
IP

0 2 4 6 8 10

TR-probe

work piece
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Cross talk at
high gain BE
IP flaw
echo

cross talk
echo

0 2 4 6 8 10

TR-probe
flaw

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Range calibration

0 2 4 6 8 10 div.
0 50 100 mm
steel, L

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Calibration block 1 with angle beam

probes

5 10 15

70°

60°

45°

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

1st echo from circular section

5 10 15

0 2 4 6 8 10

100 mm

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Echo sequence from 100 mm radius

5 10 15

0 2 4 6 8 10

100 mm 200 mm 300 mm

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

25 mm radius of calibration block 2
this wave will be
absorbed !

s 1 = 25 mm
s 2 = 100 mm
s 3 = 175 mm
etc.
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

50 mm radius of calibration block 2

s 1 = 50 mm
s 2 = 125 mm
s 3 = 200 mm
etc.
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
100 mm range calibration on K2

5 10 15

0 2 4 6 8 10
0 100 mm
steel

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw loaction
s = sound path
k = scale factor
R = screen reading

0 2 4 6 8 10

15 10 5

work piece reflector

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location with angle beam probes
Sound entry point projection "flaw triangle"
point
a

s d

ß = probe angle ß
s = sound path
flaw location
a = surface distance
d = depth

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location with angle beam probes

a = surface distance
a' = reduced surface distance
x = x-value = distance:
index point -
front edge of probe
a
x a'
15 10 5

s d

work piece reflector

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Large defects parallel to the scanning
surface

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Scanning the edge of the defect

Flaw echo drops to 50% of

its maximum value

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Determination of the defect area

probe position
with echo amplitude delamination
reduced to 50 %

"half value" positions

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw sizes and echo amplitudes

IP R BE IP R BE IP R BE

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw distances and
echo amplitudes
IP R BE

0 2 4 6 8 10

IP R BE

0 2 4 6 8 10

IP R BE

0 2 4 6 8 10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Distance amplitude curves on the CRT

screen
B4S

BE

0 100 200 300 400 500

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Defect evaluation by comparison - 1

instrument gain: G = 34 dB

IP F BE

80 %

0 2 4 6 8 10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Defect evaluation by comparison - 2

IP R BE

0 2 4 6 8 10
instrument gain: 34 dB

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Defect evaluation by comparison - 3

IP RE BE

+ 8 dB

0 2 4 6 8 10
instrument gain: 42 dB

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Distance amplitude curve (DAC)

Echo 1 2 3 4

Position 1 2 3 4

10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40

0 2 4 6 8 10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

DAC and TCG

DAC time corrected gain

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems