PROCEEDINGS

PIT IAGI 51st 2022

MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI
October 25th – 27th 2022

HYDROGEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND MAPPING OF OPTIMUM WATER PIPELINE

ROUTES USING LEAST-COST PATH ANALYSIS METHOD FOR OVERCOMING
DROUGHT DISASTERS IN JENAR DISTRICT, SRAGEN REGENCY
Rismawan Nurhuda 1, Yusuf Fadhilah Firman 1, Karina Aerielle1, Dasapta Erwin Irawan1
1
Bandung Institute of Technology

Abstract
Drought has become an annual event in the northern part of Jenar District, Sragen Regency. In the dry season, severe
drought to crop failure occurs and impacts the people's daily needs in almost 63,97 kilometers of the square area. It
is because of the lack of groundwater aquifers that are qualified and suitable for consumption since the area has a
dominant lithology of limestone with a low-productivity aquifer. It turns out that Jenar District was a sea that was
uplifted and costs the existence of brackish connate water due to the seawater entrapped. This study aims to find out
the hydrogeological aspects of the groundwater and the optimum water pipeline routes to be built in the study area.
We used the secondary data from Bappeda Litbang (2016) to do the analysis. In addition, we also added some
potential aquifers data based on the geoelectrical method from PDAM Tirtonegoro Sragen Regency (2020) that might
be the source of groundwater. Based on the hydrogeological aspect, the area of Jenar District has the hydrogeology
characteristics of 80% fractured aquifers with limited productivity and water scarcity area, 12% fractured and porous
aquifers, and 8% porous aquifers. In a geochemical aspect, this area has various TDS that range from 449-625 ppm.
Moreover, the conductivity range from 675-933, pH range from 5.54-7.49, and DO range from 3.9-23.5. Besides the
lithology, the contour and various slopes in Jenar District also become a problem for the water pipeline system to be
built. Mostly, the contour consists of an area with a slope ranging from 5-15% of a wavy landform. These contribute
to the determination of the water pipeline routes. Besides, the roads, buildings, and land use data are also contributed,
then be integrated into the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. It then is analyzed by the least-cost path analysis
(LCPA) method. The LCPA shows a total of 108.386 km pipeline routes and it is an HDPE water pipe type. The
pipeline routes map served as an output to understand the dispersion of the routes visually.

Keywords: Drought, Hydrogeology, Least-Cost Path Analysis, Geoelectrics, Water Pipeline Routes.

Introduction water supplies from the government or volunteers.

Drought is a natural disaster that often happens in
Indonesia. Generally, it happens due to the lack of
water supplies in one area, so that there is not enough
water for everyday needs, such as agriculture,
economics, and the environment (Law of the Republic
of Indonesia No. 24 of 2007 Concerning Disaster
Management, 2007). Sragen Regency is one of the
Regency in Indonesia that has a high risk of the
occurrence of drought. Sragen Regency holds the title
of a district with high-risk class droughts in Indonesia
(Wiguna et al., 2020). Seven out of twenty districts in
Sragen Regency are drought-prone areas, and one of
them is Jenar District.
Jenar District is one of the districts in the Sragen
Regency that annually experience drought. According
to Ramdani (2020), drought occurs several times in
Jenar. These cause residents to experience a clean
water crisis and dryness of the agricultural land. It
occurs due to several factors, such as geological
conditions, rainfall, and the lack of clean water
facilities. Jenar's lithology is limestone dominant that
contains connate water which causes a lack of
groundwater reserves appropriate for consumption
(Rayhan, 2021). The groundwater in Jenar District is
not appropriate for consumption because it consists of
salt or brackish water. All this time, when the dry
season arrives, people in Jenar District have to buy
clean water from another region or wait for clean
The drought in Jenar District is also caused by the low
average rainfall in the area. Jenar District is one area
in Sragen Regency that tends to be dry with low
average rainfall, around 1500-2000 mm per year
(Bappeda Litbang Sragen, 2016). This condition
results in dryland conditions and raises the potential
for water scarcity (Maulana et al., 2015). Another
factor that causes the drought in Jenar District is a lack
of clean water facilities. Based on sragenkab.go.id
Jenar District is one of three districts in Sragen
Regency that have not received the PDAM water
distribution service.
Whereas it is crucial to overcome the drought problem
there. It implicates the quality of water use and
sanitation in the area. For example, according to
Muzahid Bahar, head of MRI ACT of Sragen
Regency, the people in Jenar District have to use salty
or brackish water, which is inappropriate for
consumption. In addition, the sanitation there is at an
alarming stage due to the lack of water supplies. It
causes a decrease in the quality of the environment
and the health of the affected community. To
overcome existing issues, the aims of this study were
to know the hydrogeological condition of
groundwater in Jenar District, Sragen Regency, and
determine the most effective water pipeline routes to
overcome the drought. We used the least-cost path
analysis (LCPA) method as a recommendation which
is supported by field validation.
PROCEEDINGS
PIT IAGI 51st 2022
MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI
October 25th – 27th 2022
Figure 1. Regional Geology Map of Jenar District
Regional Geology
Physiographically, Jenar District is included in the
Kendeng zone. According to Van Bemmelen (1949)
the Kendeng zone includes a mountain range in an
east-west direction. These mountains are composed of
marine sedimentary rocks that are intensively
deformed to form an anticlinorium (Patria & Novian,
2019). Based on the stratigraphy, research area
consists of several formation, namely Kalibeng
Formation (Tmpk), Klitik Member of Kalibeng
Formation (Tpkk), Banyak Member of Kalibeng
Formation (Tmkb), and Kerek Formation (Tmk).
Kalibeng Formation consist of massive marl in the
upper, marl intercalating with tuffaceous sandstone
and limestone nodules in lower part. Klitik Member
of Kalibeng Formation consist of bedded limestone.
Banyak Member of Kalibeng Formation consist of
alternation of tuffaceous sandstone, calcareous
siltstone, sandstone, and pebbly sandstone. Kerek
Formation consist of marl, sandstone, and breccia
(Sukardi & Budhitrisna, 1992; Suwijanto, 2013).
Data and Method
The data used in this study is secondary data from
Bappeda Litbang of Sragen Regency at Sragen
Geoportal. The hydrogeological and geochemical data
were obtained by experimental survey, while the
lithological data was obtained by the geoelectrical
method. It all then be analyzed and processed by
layering the data preserved and using the least-cost
path analysis (LCPA) in QGIS.
The primary data used for the LCPA is the whole map
of Jenar District and its properties, such as the maps
of geological, hydrogeological, slope, roads, streams,
contours, and buildings. These data were obtained
from the Sragen Regency Geoportal and BIG.
Through GIS Software, the spatial data in, such as
polygon, polyline, and point, changed to the raster
data in the form of pixels to generate plot
information. the determination of the area is carried out
using the Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)
method. MCPA is one method of the decision-making
process in regional planning that uses a simulation model
with several criteria and factors (Wibowo & Jarot, 2011).
The selected criteria is a conceptual model that is
considered an important variable in determining an area.
The raster data was then analyzed using LCPA with
the approaches of the parameters mentioned above.
In detail, the LCPA is a geoprocessing method in
GIS that can find the best route in the study area. It
was carried out several times to form an integrated
water pipeline covering all areasin Jenar District.
Result and Discussion
There are two main results of this study. We
discussed the hydrogeological and geochemical
characteristics, and the determination of the optimum
route of water pipelines using the data that has been
obtained.
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PIT IAGI 51st 2022
MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI
October 25th – 27th 2022

Figure 2. Hydrogeology Map of Jenar Distrct

Lithological setting
Soils of the study area belongs to limestone soils, Table 1. The Lithology Based Geoelectrical Method
generating the typically arid and lack of water (PDAM Tirtonegoro Sragen, 2013)
absorption areas. Jenar District is bordered by the TS 4 (Dawung Village) (512999E, 9189382N)
Bengawan Solo River in the south, which makes its Ly Depth R
b (m) Lithology Desc
area consists of alluvial plains. Furthermore, the r (m) (Ωm)
lithology of the Jenar District is dominated by 1 0 0.87 11.35 Top soil Cover
layer
carbonate rocks, such as carbonate claystone,
2 0.87 0.64 33.49 Sand Aquifer
sandstone, and sandy limestone which is affected by
3 1.51 0.22 0.49 Clay-marl Aquiclude
the Kalibeng and Kerek Formation in part of the
4 1.73 6.04 12.9 Loamy Aquifer
Southern Kendeng Mountains region (Bappeda sand
Litbang Sragen Regency, 2016). 5 7.77 4.12 7.07 Sandy Aquitard
clay
Another study from PDAM Tirtonegoro, Sragen 6 11.89 10.22 34.69 Sand Aquifer
Regency used the geoelectrical method to determine TS 5 (Dawung Village) (512252E, 9188350N)
the lithology there. It was conducted at Mlale and Ly Depth R
Dawung Village at the 49S UTM Zone with the b (m) Lithology Desc
r (m) (Ωm)
coordinate of TS 4 at 512999E, 9189382N; TS 5 at 1 0 1.41 7.18 Top soil Cover
512252E, 9188350N; TS 6 at 511503E, 9188480N; layer
TS 7 at 511560E, 9188335N; and TS 9 at 513385E, 2 1.41 1.14 1 Clay-marl Aquiclude
9189204N. There was one line at Mlale Village and 3 2.55 3.08 13.07 Loamy Aquifer
four lines at Dawung Village. It all shows that the sand
lithological setting of the Jenar District mainly 4 5.63 2.37 1.67 Clay-marl Aquiclude
consists of carbonate, clay, and sand (Table 1). This 5 8.00 46.13 15.2 Loamy Aquifer
reinforced the data above (Figure 2), confirming that sand
the Mlale Village is arranged by carbonate claystone 6 54.13 8.48 134.0 Limestone Aquifer
5
and alluvial deposits, while the Dawung Village is
7 62.61 0.67 Clay-marl Aquiclude
arranged by carbonate claystone and sandy limestone.
TS 6 (Dawung Village) (511503E, 9188480N)
Ly Depth b (m) R Lithology Desc
r. (m) (Ωm)
PROCEEDINGS
PIT IAGI 51st 2022
MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI
October 25th – 27th 2022
1 0 1.19 12.06 Top soil Cover 1 585 933 5.54 11.5
layer 2 449 675 6.44 7.7
2 1.19 0.61 1.13 Clay Aquiclude 3 No data Nodata Nodata No data
3 1.8 2.24 86.58 Gravel Aquifer 4 525 680 7.05 7.7
sand
5 537 774 6.94 6.3
4 4.04 6.02 1.78 Clay Aquiclude
6 No data Nodata Nodata No data
5 10.06 10.72 289.4 Limestone Aquifer
9 7 478 710 6.92 9.7
6 20.78 8.52 30.07 Sand Aquifer 8 609 875 7.49 23.5
7 29.30 38.65 0.76 Clay Aquiclude 9 481 706 6.67 7.9
TS 7 (Mlale Village) (511560E, 9188335N) 10 446 677 6.16 11.8
Ly Depth R 11 652 780 6.93 3.9
b (m) Lithology Desc
r (m) (Ωm) *Coordinates will be listed in the data Availability
1 0 0.71 23.83 Top soil Cover link.
2 0.71 0.52 1.6 Clay-marl Aquiclude
3 1.23 7.49 4.53 Clay-marl Aquiclude Based on basic physical content data taken from
4 8.72 10.96 46.06 Sand Aquifer samples in Jenar District, there are a few things to be
5 19.68 158.3 17.67 Loamy Aquifer aware of. Jenar District has a variety of TDS which
5 sand range from 449 to 625 ppm. Moreover, the
6 178.0 4.51 Clay-marl Aquiclude conductivity ranging from 675 to 933, pH ranging
3 from 5.54 to 7.49, and DO ranging from 3.9 to 23.5.
TS 9 (Dawung Village) (513385E, 9189204N) These are high enough for potable water. Water with
Ly Depth R a high TDS or conductivity value indicates plentiful
b (m) Lithology Desc
r (m) (Ωm)
dissolved ions caused by the dissolution of minerals
1 0 0.26 3.54 Top soil Cover from rocks at a certain depth (Harter, 2003). Hence it
layer
caused an increase in salinity in Jenar District. The
2 0.25 0.31 34.80 Sand Aquifer
3 0.56 0.79 5.44 Clay Aquiclude
data in the Table 2 is used to give a more specific
4 1.35 1.53 13.51 Sandy Aquitard
picture, although it is not used in areas directly
clay affected by the intrusion. High levels of intrusion
5 2.88 17.43 11.24 Sandy Aquitard indicate the content of minerals carried away and have
clay an effect on the salinity of the water. For the
6 20.31 3.91 5.10 Clay Aquiclude Conductivity value in the Jenar District aquifer water
7 24.22 20.43 14.90 Loamy Aquifer sample, the data range obtained was at a value of 675
sand – 933 μS/cm, with the highest value located at sample
8 44.65 33.95 14.38 Loamy Aquifer point 1.
sand
9 78.60 14.15 1.11 Clay Aquiclude Table 3. The intrusion of Seawater in Groundwater
10 92.75 25.14 2.69 Clay Aquiclude (Classification Davis and Wiest, 1996)
11 117.9 54.72 2.31 Clay Aquiclude Conductivity Intrusion Classification
9
(μS/cm, 25° C)
12 172.7 2.44 Clay Aquiclude
1 < 200.00 No Intrusion
Groundwater Physical Characteristics and 200.01-229.24 Low Intrusion
Hydrogeological Analysis 229.25-387.43 Moderate Intrusion
There are several physical characteristics of water to 387.44-534.67 Semi-high Intrusion
be discussed, such as total dissolved solids (TDS), >534.68 High Intrusion
conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO). When linked to water classification based on
The dissolved materials consisting of inorganic salt conductivity values in Table 3 description, water
and organic materials were merged into Total sample data in Jenar District includes high intrusion
Dissolved Solids (TDS) linearly correlated with the groundwater. This is seen from the samples taken, all
conductivity of freshwater (Thirumalini & Joseph, data have a conductivity value above 534.68 μS / cm.
2008). According to the Indonesia Ministry of Health The physical characteristics values were then be
(2010), the maximum limit for total dissolved solids validated using inverse distance weight (IDW)
for potable water is 500 ppm with a pH ranging of 6.5 method by Surfer. The values were also be predicted
- 8.5. by the interpolation at the area around the sample
point. It was found that the distribution value of each
Table 2. Groundwater Geochemical Data of Jenar character ranging in the same value of the data from
District (Bappeda Litbang Sragen, 2016) Bappeda Litbang Sragen (2016). The distribution of
Sample TDS Conduc pH DO conductivity results for the resulting groundwater
No.* (ppm) tivity gives an idea of the influence of environmental
conditions on the high value of Conductivity. The
environment of Jenar District, which has an abundant
carbon content could indicate the marine
environment in the past. Conductivity values that are
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PIT IAGI 51st 2022
MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI
October 25th – 27th 2022
Figure 3. Pipeline Projection Route Map of Sragen Regency
directly proportional to high TDS cause salinity levels
to be high as well, causing some of the taste of
groundwater to taste salty (Khairunnas, 2018). Jenar
District has salty to brackish groundwater aquifers
fathomed from connate water. This type of
groundwater appears due to the uplifting ocean caused
by transgression. The uneven seabed morphology
(which consists of highs and lows) causes seawater to
be trapped and accumulate in low-lying areas, hence,
causing the formation of brackish water aquifer points
in the study area (Rayhan, 2021).
Based on the study from Bappeda Litbang of Sragen
Regency in 2016, Jenar District has the hydrogeology
characteristics of 80% fractured aquifers with limited
productivity and water scarcity area, 12% fractured
and porous aquifers, and 8% porous aquifers. The
classification causes the domination of Jenar District
consists of scarce groundwater areas followed by the
area with small to medium productivity of
groundwater with water discharge of fewer than 5
liters/second. This happens due to the lithology and
morphology of Jenar District. It can be seen from the
lithological data that the 1st and 2nd layer consist of
carbonate and clay. This makes plants in the form of
water-binding trees that cause groundwater
infiltration cannot grow well and are dominated by
short-rooted field plants such as corn (Bappeda
Litbang Sragen Regency, 2016). This leads to
reduced infiltration of groundwater. This is supported
by the presence of aquitard and aquiclude which are
thick enough above the main aquifer layer so that it is
less able to escape the infiltration water properly.
The Determination of Optimum Water Pipeline
Routes with Least-Cost Path Analysis
The determination of the Optimum water pipeline
route is affected by both internal and external factors,
such as the pipe characteristics and geomorphology.
There are some special provisions related to
geomorphology, for instance (Yildirim, 2007):
1) Located in the areas with an elevation of less than
5000 masl; 2) Located in areas with a slope less than
five degrees; 3) Located near the main road (0-5 km);
4) Not intersect with a contour line above 125 m; 5)
Not intersect with the road; 6) Pay attention to the
building area. All the parameters above are processed
using QGIS, the software of the Geographic
Information System. It used several maps, such as
geological, hydrogeological, slope, roads, stream,
contour, and buildings. Specifically, the least cost path
analysis used DEM and slope data. It both then be
changed into raster data and analyzed using the Least-
Cost Path plugin.
The analysis begins with determination of favorable
area using MCDA. There are three main variables
that used in MCDA, such as geology, slope, and land
use. The MDCA modeling is carried out with the
weighting value of each variable, the slope of 0.5,
geology of 0.2, and land use of 0.3. The results of the
MDCA model are represented by a green-cream-red
color gradient. The green color indicates the area
with the highest MDCA score, the cream indicates
the area with the medium MDCA score, and the red
color indicates the area with the lowest MDCA score.
After MCDA analysis, then proceed with creating
several reference points that are placed in the center
of the agglomeration of settlements and buildings.
Then several reference points that are placed in the
center of the agglomeration of settlements and
buildings. This is based on water usage patterns in
densely populated environments that require more
pipelines. Each reference point in the residential
agglomeration is connected to a polyline, the result
of LCPA methods made based on machine
PROCEEDINGS
PIT IAGI 51st 2022
MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI
October 25th – 27th 2022
learning analysis from the DEM and the Jenar
District slope map. Then, the polyline results will be
adjusted to the road network to facilitate access to
pipeline manufacturing.
Table 4. The Length of Projection of Water Pipelines
for Each Village
No Village Length (m)
1 Kandangsapi 17,310
2 Dawung 14,693
3 Mlale 10,897
4 Jaipoh 6,628
5 Ngepringan 15,378
6 Jenar 20,272
7 Banyuurip 23,208
As we know, the absence of access to clean water
facilities in the form of water pipelines due to various
topographic conditions. The use of the LCPA method
gives an idea of the most effective path based on the
use of cost and elevation effectiveness. The main type
of transmission pipe to be used is High-density
polyethylene (HDPE) with a diameter of 200 mm.
This pipe is used because it has high tension, is
lightweight, and is very flexible (Hariz, 2018). The
result of this study is the projection of a pipe route
with a length of 108.386 kilometers that connects the
tip of the pipe route at Dawung Reservoir and
Bulokreju Reservoir to all the residential in Jenar
District.
Conclusions
Based on the problems described above, it can be
concluded that:
1. The lithology of the Jenar District is dominated
by carbonate rocks with limestone soils,
generating the typically arid and lack of water
absorption areas. This is known from the study
of regional geological maps and the analysis of
geoelectric studies. Moreover, the characteristic
of its groundwater is salty to brackish aquifers
fathomed from connate water due to the
uplifting ocean caused by transgression. Hence,
it does not suit for consumption. It is
characterized by the content of some basic
geochemical, such as TDS and conductivity
that is beyond thenormal threshold.
2. The LCPA method projects the water pipeline
route with the length of 108.386 km that
connects the tip of the pipe route at Dawung
Reservoir and Bulokrejo Reservoir to all the
residential in Jenar District. This method uses
QGIS software with several indicators as a
consideration. Water pipes are projected using
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) with a
diameter of 200 mm.
References
Bappeda Litbang Sragen Regency, 2016, Geoportal
Sragen, from http://geoportal.sragenkab.go.id/
Davis, S.N. and De Wiest, R.J.M., 1966,
Hydrogeology, 463
Hariz, P.Y., 2018, S.T., thesis, Sepuluh Nopember
Institute of Technology.
Harter, T., 2003, Hydrogeology, University of
California, 8084
Khairunnas, K., & Gusman, M., 2018, Bina Tambang,
3, 4
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 24 of 2007
Concerning Disaster Management, 2007
Maulana, T., Habibullah, M. H., Sholihah M. S., Rifqi
N. A. Fahrudin, M., & Farid, 2015, …,
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Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum, (2007).
http://infoairminum.pu.go.id/ pub/files14533
mendagri_2_2007.pdf
Perumda Air Minum Tirto Negoro Kabupaten Sragen.
2013, Water Resources Report.
Rayhan, G.L., 2021, S.T., thesis, Universitas
Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta.
Sukardi & Budhitrisna, 1992, Geological Map of the
Salatiga Quadrangle, Jawa. Scale 1:100.000.
Suwijanto, 2013, Geological Map of Sragen Regency
by Remote Sensing Method. Scale 1:50.000.
Thirumalini, S., & Joseph, K., 2009, Malaysian
Journal of Science, 28(1), 55–61
Van Bemmelen, R.W., 1949, The Hague, 732
Wibowo, A. & Jarot M. S. (2011). Model Spasial Dengan
SMCE untuk Kesesuaian Kawasan Industri (Studi
Kasus Di Kota Serang). Majalah Globe Vol 3: 50-
59.
Wiguna, S. et al., 2020, Indeks Risiko Bencana
Indonesia Tahun 2020, 1-327
Yildirim, V., & Yomralioglu, T., 2007, Geospatial,
32, 1-6
Data Availabillity
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