Antidifferentiation

12 Applications & Interpretation HL

Objectives

• Introduce integration as the antidifferentiation of

functions.
• Use indefinite integral notation for antidifferentiation
• Use basic integration rules to find antiderivatives
The Area Problem
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1.

We want to calculate the area 𝐴 bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the

𝑥-axis, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 4.

Subdivide 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 and
we can estimate 𝐴 using
• Upper bounds on each
subinterval (𝐴𝑈 )
• Lower bounds on each
subinterval (𝐴𝐿 )
4
𝐴𝐿 ≤ 𝐴 ≤ 𝐴𝑈 𝐴 = න 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1
 2
x
Integrate Differentiate

2x

What are some other functions f(x) that have the

derivative 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥?
Antidifferentiation / Integration
• Reverse process of differentiation
𝑑𝑦
• Process of finding 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) from = 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
• If 𝐹(𝑥) is a function such that 𝐹 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥), then
• 𝑓(𝑥) is the derivative of 𝐹(𝑥)
• 𝐹(𝑥) is the antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥)
Indefinite Integration
integral sign
If 𝐹 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥), then
integrand

𝐷 −1 𝑓 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

=𝐹 𝑥 +𝑐
Variable of integration
where 𝑐 is an arbitrary constant
Some Basic Integration Rules
1
1. Since 𝐷 𝑥 𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛,
𝑛+1

𝐷−1 𝑥 𝑛 = න 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥

1
= 𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝑐, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
Some Basic Integration Rules
2. Since 𝐷 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐺(𝑥) = 𝐷 𝐹 𝑥 ] + 𝐷[𝐺(𝑥)

= 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥)

𝐷 −1 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥) = න 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬+ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 ׬‬

=𝐹 𝑥 +𝐺 𝑥 +c
Some Basic Integration Rules
3. Since 𝐷 𝑘𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑘𝐷 𝐹 𝑥

= 𝑘𝑓 𝑥

𝐷 −1 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 = න 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑘 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑘𝐹 𝑥 + c
Some Basic Integration Rules
4. ‫ 𝑥𝑘 = 𝑥𝑑𝑘 ׬‬+ 𝑐
5. ‫ 𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+ 𝑐
1
6. ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬ = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
7. ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
8. ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
1
9. ‫𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
Particular Values
Integration by Substitution