LYCEUM – NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF GRADUATE AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

Tapuac District, Dagupan City, Pangasinan

NAME: MICHELLE L. SALCEDO DATE: JULY 1, 2023

PRESENTER: TOLENTINO, CHRISTINE JOY G. PROFESSOR: DR. ESMIE T. AGPALO

CELL BIOLOGY
TOPIC: NATURED-DERIVED ANTIBIOTICS

Questions:

1. How do antibiotics work?

Antibiotics are medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by
targeting and killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. The specific mechanism of action can
vary depending on the type of antibiotics. It is important to note that antibiotics are generally
ineffective against viral infections, as viruses have different structures and mechanisms
compared to bacteria. Therefore, antibiotics are specifically designed to target bacterial
processes and are not suitable for treating viral illnesses.
2. When to used prescribed antibiotics?

Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, not viral infections. They work by killing or
inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Common bacterial infections that may require antibiotics
include urinary tract infections, strep throat, sinus infections, pneumonia, and certain skin
infections. Only take antibiotics that have been prescribed to you by a qualified healthcare
professional, such as a doctor or nurse practitioner. They will evaluate your symptoms, perform
necessary tests, and determine if an antibiotic is necessary based on the likely cause of your
infection.
3. What are the sources of antibiotics?

Bacteria: Many antibiotics are produced naturally by certain bacteria. These bacteria
produce antibiotics as a defense mechanism to inhibit the growth of competing bacteria
or other microorganisms. Examples of antibiotics derived from bacteria include penicillin,
streptomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin.
 Fungi: Certain types of fungi also produce antibiotics. Penicillin, one of the first antibiotics
discovered, is derived from the fungus Penicillium. Other examples include
cephalosporins (derived from the fungus Acremonium) and griseofulvin (derived from the
fungus Penicillium griseofulvum).

Plants: Some antibiotics are extracted from plants or plant products. For example, the
antibiotic erythromycin can be obtained from the bacterium Saccharopolyspora
erythraea, which is found in soil and associated with plants. Additionally, compounds
derived from plants, such as garlic and tea tree oil, possess antibacterial properties.

Synthetic production: Many antibiotics are synthesized in the laboratory through

chemical processes. Synthetic antibiotics are designed to mimic the structure and
function of naturally occurring antibiotics. Synthetic production allows for modifications
to improve efficacy, stability, and other desired properties. Examples of synthetic
antibiotics include fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides.

4. Give at least 5 examples of safe, effective natural antibiotics and their uses?

Here are five examples of natural antibiotics that are considered safe and have shown
effectiveness in certain applications:

Honey: Honey has antimicrobial properties and can be used as a natural antibiotic for
certain types of infections. It contains hydrogen peroxide, enzymes, and other
compounds that help inhibit the growth of bacteria. Topical application of honey can be
effective for wound healing and preventing infection.

Manuka honey: Manuka honey is a specific type of honey derived from the manuka tree
in New Zealand. It has particularly potent antibacterial properties due to the presence of
methylglyoxal (MGO). Manuka honey is commonly used for wound healing, sore throat
relief, and gastrointestinal issues caused by bacteria like Helicobacter pylori.

Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea): Echinacea is a herb commonly used as a natural remedy

to support the immune system. It has antimicrobial properties and can be effective in
preventing and treating respiratory infections, such as the common cold and upper
respiratory tract infections.

Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia): Tea tree oil is derived from the leaves of the tea tree
plant. It has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and is often used topically to treat
skin infections, acne, fungal infections (such as athlete's foot and nail fungus), and as a
natural antiseptic for minor cuts and wounds.

Garlic (Allium sativum): Garlic possesses natural antimicrobial properties and has been
used for centuries as a natural antibiotic. It contains a compound called allicin, which
exhibits antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. Garlic can be used to support
immune health, treat respiratory infections, and promote digestive health.