Petroleum

Department OFH
4th Stage

Lecture 1 – Introduction
of Fluids

KewanJalil
Email-Kewan.Jaleel@gmail.com
2022 – 2023
Outline
1. Some Basic Concepts
2. Introduction
3. P a ram eters & Units

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 01 Some Basic Consepts
● Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with both stationery and
moving boundaries under the influence of forces. The branch of the mechanics
that deals with bodies at rest is called Statics while the branch that deals with
bodies in motion is called Dynamics.

● Fluid Mechanics: The study of the physics of materials which take the
shape of their container or it is a Branch of Engineering science that studies
fluids and forces on them or (it is the science that deals with behavior of
fluids).

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 01 Some Basic Consepts
● Fluid Mechanics can be subdivided into Fluid Statics, the study of fluids at
rest, and Fluid Dynamics, the study of fluids in motion.

● Solid Mechanics: The study of the physics of materials with a defined

rest shape.

● Hydraulics deals with such matters as the flow of liquids in pipes, rivers, and
channels.

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02 Introduction
● What is Fluid? A substance in liquid / gas phase is referred to ‘fluid’ or A
Fluid is a substance which deforms continuously, or flows, when subjected to
shearing forces.

● Distinction between a solid & a fluid is made on the basis of substance’s

ability to resist an applied shear (tangential) stress that tends to change its
shape.

• Solids can resist an applied shear by deforming its shape but will not
continuously deform if it is continued the solid will break.

• Fluids deforms continuously under applied shear stress.

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02 Introduction
● What is a Shear Force? A Shear force is a force that is applied
tangentially to a material element.

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02 Introduction
❑ Distinction between Fluids and Solids:

Fluids Solids
Indefinite Shape and Indefinite volume. Definite Shape and definite volume.

Flow Easily Does not flow easily

Molecules are far apart Attractive. Molecules are closer and Attractive.

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02 Introduction
● Although liquids and gases share some common characteristics, they have many
distinctive characteristics on their own:
1. It is easy to compress a gas whereas liquids are incompressible or relatively
incompressible.
2. The molecules of a gas are much farther apart than those of a liquid.
3. Liquid has a definite volume but not a definite shape, whereas gas has neither a
definite volume nor shape.

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03 Parameters & Units
• Before mentioning the main properties of fluid we have to introduce these main
concepts to understand more about fluids:

o Parameters:
1. Mass: Mass is the sum of particles that a body consist of or It is also a
measure of the quantity of fluid (Kg, g) in English system (Slug).
2. Force (Weight): it is the force of gravity on an object which a body is
attracted towards the earth by gravitation.
3. Density: It is the total mass divided by the total volume
ρ = M/V

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03 Parameters & Units
➢ Units
The main Parameters are: Length (L), Mass (M), and Time (T). Most of the
other quantities like force, pressure, power, and more can be derived from the
main three quantities: LMT.
-The International System (SI), metric system.
-The British Gravitational (BG) System, or the Pound-foot-second system.

1ft = 30.48 cm
1ft = 12 in
1m = 100 cm
1m = 3.28 ft
1in = 2.54 cm
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03 Parameters & Units

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03 Parameters & Units
• Force = Mass*Acceleration
F=M*a
M=ρ*V

Where:

a ⟶ acceleration expressed in units of (ft/s2)

Acceleration due to gravity, (g) in SI units = 9.81 m/s2

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03 Parameters & Units
❑ Example:
• A cylindrical water tank which appears in figure is suspended vertically. The
tank has a 2m diameter(1m radius) and is filled with 40 oC water to 1m in
height, Determine the Force exerted on the tank bottom if you know that the
water Density is 992 kg/m3 at 40o C.
• The force exerted on the bottom of the tank is equal to the weight of the water
body:
F=M*a F = (ρ * V) * a F = (992 ∗ (A * h)) * 9.81
(
F = 992 ∗ ((𝜋 ∗ 𝑟2) * h)) * 9.81
F = (992 ∗ ((3.14 ∗ 12) * 1)) * 9.81
F = 30557 kg*m/s2 9
 Summary
1. What is mechanics?

2. Define the fluid mechanics.

3. Make a difference between fluid mechanics and solid mechanics

4. What is fluid?

5. Write 3 distinctions among fluid and solids

6. What are the differences between liquids and gases?

7. Define the Mass, Force (Weight) and Density.

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