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CH 02
CH 02
Data
Transmission
.
Chapter 2: Outline
2.1 MODES OF DATA TRANSFER
1. Simplex
The communication is unidirectional, on way communication
2. Half- duplex
Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time
3. Full-duplex
Both station can transmit and receive simultaneously
2.2 CHARACTER CODES
2.3 TRANSMISSION MODES
➢ Advantage:
➢ Fast
➢ Disadvantages:
➢ Expensive(requires larger number of wires)
➢ Limited to Short distance
Parallel Transmission
2. Serial Transmission
In serial transmission one bit follows another, so we need
only one communication channel rather than n to transmit
data between two communicating devices
➢ Advantage:
➢ Low cost (requires less wire)
➢ Long distance
➢ Disadvantages:
➢ Low speed transmission
Asynchronous transmission
➢ Advantage:
➢ Simple, no synchronization
➢ cheap
➢ Disadvantages:
➢ Large relative overhead of transmitted bits
Synchronous transmission
➢ Send bits one after another without start and stop bits
or gaps.
Direction of flow
Frame Frame Frame
➢ Advantage:
➢ Faster. Useful for high speed application such as computer to
computer
➢ Disadvantages:
➢ High cost
TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
1.15
Causes of impairment
1.16
Attenuation
1.17
Figure 1 : Attenuation and amplification
1.18
Example 1
Suppose a signal travels through a transmission medium and
its power is reduced to one half. This means that P2 = 0.5
P1. In this case, the attenuation (loss of power) can be
calculated as
19
Example 2
A signal travels through an amplifier, and its power is
increased 10 times. This means that P2 = 10P1. In this case,
the amplification (gain of power) can be calculated as
20
Figure 2: Decibels for Example 2
1.21
Distortion
1.22
Figure 3: Distortion
1.23
Noise
1.24
Figure 4: Noise
1.25
Figure 5: Two cases of SNR: a high SNR and a low SNR
1.26
Example 3
The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of the noise
is 1 μW; what are the values of SNR and SNRdB?
2.5 ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
• Data element:
➢ The smallest entity that can represent a
piece of information: that is bit
• Signal element:
➢ The shortest unit with respect to time
(timewise) of a digital signal
Data Rate Vs Signal Rate
• Data rate
➢ The number of data elements (bits) sent in 1 s
➢ Unit is bits per second (bps)
➢ Called bit rate
• Signal rate
➢ The number of signal elements sent in 1s
➢ Unit baud
➢ Signal rate is sometimes called the pulse rate,
the modulation rate or the baud rate
Line Coding Schemes
Types of line coding schemes into five broad
categories, as shown in Figure 2.
An impulse at each sampling instant A pulse of short width with varying amplitude
5.75
Figure Types of analog-to-analog modulation
5.76
Amplitude Modulation
5.77
Figure Amplitude modulation
5.78
Note
5.79
Figure AM band allocation
5.80
Frequency Modulation
5.81
Figure Frequency modulation
b= β, factor/value depends on
modulation technique
5.82
Figure FM band allocation
5.83
Phase Modulation (PM)
5.84
Figure Phase modulation
b= β, factor/value depends on
modulation technique
5.85