Introduction — Traffic Management and Accident Investigation INTRODUCTION During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, people’s everyday lives have been changed to extraordinary degrees and in previously unimagined ways by technological advances. Achievements ‘in transportation, communications, and the conversion of energy have affected a modern _ society characterized by great speed. Medical knowledge has provided longer and healthier human life spans. Electronics, especially computer technology, is not only in itself a huge field, but makes possible further advances in all other areas of technology. The use and improvement of tens of thousands of materials in all forms of industry have made for better standards of living and much more leisure time. From the time of Galileo to the present days, science and technology played a vital role in shaping this world. While there is rapid urbanization, technical and industrial modernization takes place in every facet of human lives. In the field of land transportation, great men in science and technology provided wide range of knowledge in the development of transportation facilities? Etienne Lenoir, initiated the development of the internal combustion engine which paved way for the development of the automobile? The invention of motor Vehicle enabled man to go places with much ease than when he was using animal-drawn carriages. Henry Ford’s assembly-line Process further transformed society by putting the public on Wheels and was adopted for the mass production of many other goods. The rapid development of computers in the mid-20th century has also revolutionized motor vehicle technology like those found in highly-industrialized countries where. their Production line of automobiles are. mostly done by robots . Programmed by computers.’ The variety of human needs, in the areas of politics, social, cultural and economics motivated man to further improve his transportation system with the aid of modern technology. Land mass transportation systems like the light rail transits, buses, and huge cargo trucks were introduced to meet the demands in transportation of people and goods.troduction ~ [raft Introduction — Traffic Management and Accident Investigation see aa eee BC, the civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, i aeeeres arnt Saceelaned toads, first for pack animals and aa areac ati vehicles, The Romans further made innovations ing from a city-state by conquering other small states; they built i consolidate their caee’ into the conquered regions to help Advanc ' Page By the’ way fale engineering during the 18th century paved onstruction of modern roads and streets. And later, in’ the 201 ‘introc th century, motorw i 1, 0 introduced for fast moving Proton ices Sn Ina ye ie TO speed almost Baie: Modern highways are constructed in OF established rout FOSS Open country rather than following old «S. Congested areas are avoided or passed S , and eRe tunnels. » Safety’ is increased by Opposite directions are rolling access. Vehicles traveling in are designed ‘so AR Separated by a median. Modern highways at interchanges ieee can enter or leave a highway only intersect, One of i Te the highway and another major road and ramps connect : i Toads crosses over the other on a bridge, the Connecting roaq tWo roads so Motorists can. have access to eystem was later eet disturbing the flow of traffic.’ This Characteristics ofa Mamed flyovers and overpasses. Other ight -driving,. wide ighway include adequate lighting for change lanes Ei shoulders for parking out of traffic, speed- reflective signs ay Ng lanes, reversible - lanes Bus eae Signals.” All oF these ao vcment markings, and_ traffic-control Increase safety jaya)’ "© 4€S!gned to expedite the traffic flow and The Philippines, ; ; land transports i het quest to cope-up with the demands of cn Sates and ares ventions and discoveries of Japan, ropean countris tran: ‘ ies. faster air-conditionsa won systems like the metro rail transit, eraiced in the Coun and sleeker motor vehicles were nd to achieve a Safer toner the movement of people, S. The Philippines a Various ja: als ang and soon it u adopted the modern technique of road anila = the North Drenthe the first expressway North of 2 : €rsion Road, Flyovers, pedestrian and aoe Introduction — Traffic Management and Accident Investigation motor vehicle overpasses were, also constructed not only within the Metropolitan Manila but also to other urbanized places outside of Manila. y : Most would agree, however, .that such stupendous technological achievements do not come’ without a price. Sophisticated weapons technology has provided: the means for mass destruction of life and property; instantaneous communication and wide dissemination of information of all kinds have brought with them less privacy; the great use and abuse of natural resources has wrought sever threats to the environment, and the comparatively frenetic pace of human existence may ultimately call into question of the benefits of high technology.” Similarly, modernization of land transportation is severely reciprocated. by turbulence. Since the invention of the internal combustion engine, countless changes in the development of transportation had evolved. However, with the tremendous increase in the number of motor vehicles, the traffic system became antiquated. It could no longer accommodate the voluminous. traffic users. The expected expeditious and safer transportation is nowhere to be felt. It become fact of motorists’ life: traffic can and will stop for ‘long periods of time, often for no apparent reason.° In the United States, traffic engineers and scientists noted the most obvious and frequent culpri accidents and construction sites, The Federal Highway Administration estimates that 60 percent of traffic jams in the United States are in this “non- recurring” category,’ which also includes those jams. triggered by rubbetneckers.”* In New Jersey, U- : planned or overloaded intersections; many access drives along a highway; ramps.‘* In the Philippines, problems are also caused S.A., traffic jams result from ills as poorly narrowing roadways; too and regular over-flowing of traffic jams and other traffic-related by accidents and ongoing road constructions. Beside these, undisciplined drivers, passengers and pedestrians, poor traffic control system, and poor implementation Of traffic laws are the most obvious causes of traffic congestion. 8 SS SS 3Introduction ~ Traffic Management and Aci. nt [nv estigation | Introduction ~ Traffic Management and Accident |nvestigation a Ma weather sometimes also causes unexpected traffic snarls particularly in Metro Manila where because of drainage problems, floodwaters rise along the main thoroughfares.“ Elsewhere in Baguio where rainfall is a Normal occurrence in’ Perens: stalls traffic flow in the central commercial traffic eet Ic lights become inoperative and sometimes raindrops: “in vaelditics to seek protection from getting wet with fo euccgiion toithis, Baguio City Councilor Elmer Datuin noted that traffic ¢ ion i 4 s Recaeees ioe ogee in the city results from a combination indiscrimi Undlecpieagan ee jcregulated readways, illegal parking and ISts, and lack of Planning and enforcement by government: agencie: effective legislation 15 "1 Probably the need for adequate and Various me ‘ Problems to j eee Were introduced to lessen traffic-related the traffic flow, Rea Safety level and to eventually sped-uP to treat “blackspots” - ‘Ountries now regularly implement low-cost treatments included: ra “ss where accidents cluster, Successful Priorities more clearly (ueoes the lay-out at junctions to define ate traffic lan Ie for im ¢ lanes and waiting areas ee in skidding resistance of wet io ighting; and more highly visible and "and warning signs.2° inh a Prey In improving heed eacrcement has an important part to rest effective when a ety. Police activity in this respect is e laws are acceptable Sree al aids are available, and when Traffic contr Majority of road users.?” ps Ol sys} : urbanized countries, ahs have also vastly improved in highly IMEC signal system but Ge traffic signals are no longer limited to a @ signaling _ *Y Now use computerized signal system mputerizeg sensors ; Monitors traffic volume by automatically Signals to St@l€d on toad pavements which Vehicles,18 als f0 go P icles, he lane where there are more ottespondinaly, ee Raat ae In the country, traffic managers adopted some of the strategies applied by other countries like optimizing the use of traffic control. devices and aids, and traffic enforcers. In addition, various measures are introduced to ease traffic problems: like the reorganization of the Land Transportation Office as the lead government agency for the improvement of land transportation system;!? and the creation of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) where one of its primary functions is for the effective traffic operation and management of Metro Manila. Traffic enforcement is also intensified by deputizing the Philippine National Police-Traffic Management Group and other police traffic auxiliaries for the sole purpose of directing traffic and enforcement of traffic laws. However, despite of these. endeavors of the government, traffic problems continue to hound the people. The economy Continues to degenerate because of the delay in the movement of workers, goods and other economic trades. As Councilor Datuin Noted, “traffic congestion has caused tremendous losses to everybody in terms of time, money and opportunities lost and that the perennial traffic problem has also caused embarrassment to the city as domestic and foreign tourists have become disappointed and disgusted with our. traffic situation which is similar if not worse than Metro Manila.’° The ill: effects of traffic development are not limited to social, Political and economic facets of human lives. The environment deteriorates because of the continuous emissions of carbon gases Of motor vehicle engines. In the United Kingdom, around half of the atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is due to road transport. In Manila, photochemical smog as a combined result of carbon emissions from motor vehicles and factories hovers over the Metropolis which is usually mistaken as fog. ¥ In the City of Baguio, concerned government agencies like the Department of Health (DOH), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), and the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Science Authority (PAGASA) found Out that continuous burning of carbon fuel by motor vehicles as the leading cause of air pollution in the city.”Introduction ~ Traffic Management and Accident |n: Literally, problems related to traffic affected every aspect of human end ae scr Hence, there is a need for an effective traffic and accident investigation. This cour: Se, Traffic Management and Accident Investigation attempts to awak causes and effets of heey awareness of every individual on the that these compi IC problems. Hence, this author believes piled ni sae Not only by Crimino| ae ae also be read by any individual Furtherm 01 On Traffic jn cae © author tries to present the impending issues Traffic enforcers: "ent views: Traffic enforcement as seen by edestrians, enon Traffic Management as viewed by the and concerned cer 2S: traffic violators, other trafficway users Sectors of our society. 4 Therefore a as manology ee Of the traffic system (traffic law enforcers, Otorists), j * Tad users, pedestrians passengers and it is im 4 a the traffic issues as to understand alll the different aspects Correct SUCH issues come up with the best possible approaches COUrse de \ nagement ang oes a phases of study which are traffic ith ther coupled si Yestigation of traffic accidents. Tt has Wi le orn Be ibe the study of laws governing traffic and the aa formulated to nt? Would be violator, This course is investi lopment ee the needs of Criminology students on Act, 4peton and Wledge about traffic management and 3 © familiaricnc; ' their true Ay ae Prepar llatization of the provisions of Republic hey : fi rch of Compreher ation, | Mselves to their longing sea! rca oe a Orcement, However, this could be @ Wit © for all who are concerned with the Whee Sement and accident investigation. hich ¢9 , 8Ccoun . is Managg nr" P'chensive) ts, this Self-learning instructional material ent aCcident SES the different areas of traffic Q 'NVestigation hopes to promote better ‘a he part of the Criminology students IS Work, a | Module 1 ~ Historical Background of |_and transportation MODULE 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAND TRANSPORTATION Overview This module presents the historical development: of land transportation used by man. It is imperative for future traffic Officers and traffic managers to familiarize themselves to the various inventions and innovations related to land transportation to enable them to understand the present day traffic problems. For better understanding, it is divided into: Lesson 1. Manpower, Animal Power, and Wind Power Lesson 2: Roads and Vehicles History Module 1 Pre-Test Choose the best or nearest answer by writing the Corresponding capital letter of your choice. : 1. The earliest human beings were believed to have constantly moved from one place to another because - A. they were nomadic. B.. of their involvement with barter trading. C. they have to see the rest of the world. D. they have to conquer places for them to survive. 2. The earliest form of traveling used by man was - A. by foot travel. B. through domestication of animals. ~C. by using sledge pulled by animals. D. by wheeled carts. To ease the traveling by foot, the earliest human beings - A. invented the wheel. B. used wind power to move their vehicles.‘ wets Module 1 Historical Background of [_and tra sportati he nsportation C. domesticated a loads, D. domesti i mesticated animals to pull their wheeled carts, nimals which helped them carry - their 4. ree eases to have originated in.- B. Western Asia s nee Ds When Wheel h led carts i Man in traveling was were invented, the next problem by » aN engine which wi will pow i a f Power the ie the wheeled carriages. Nal ee cits domesticated animals. Wider wheeled es ish Could accommodate the much 1 it Which of the following were co; ‘Toad bulting inane fe as the pioneers of icans : Australians A eee Vee . Romans * IN Frenchma in N who is attri 8 feel combustion Bric pu for the invention of the lacAdam net John Boyd Duniop a Etienne Lenoir 8 » Henry Ford i * Who amo; ng the , ji of hee vehiclegy owing Ploneered the mass’ production “ny Ford 5 ; Henne Lenoir & Gottlieb Daimler 9. Who i , _D: Nicholaus Otto 0 Is attribute fi ian Macadar” the introduction of pneumatic tire? ohn Boyg Dunlop 5 Aa Lenoir 9. What ki » Henry Ford kin th 1 Of ani ‘ bur ogling f the rece mesticated in Siberia during A y ristian era for transportation B. reindeer & n . Cattle D. llama Lesson 1.1 = Manpower, Avimal Power and Wind Power LESSON 1.1 MANPOWER, ANIMAL POWER, AND WIND POWER Concept Transportation is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location to another. Man's need to travel dates back as early as the creation of human beings. Biblical passages alleged that when Adam and Eve ate the fruit of the forbidden tree, they were sent out by God from Paradise of Eden. “Therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken.” Since then, the human race expanded and our ancestors Constantly move from one place to another to enable them to Survive and others for various reasons. Other biblical passages Mentioned that Moses was chosen by God to speak to the Pharaoh, King of Egypt to let His children out of Egypt. So, the children of Israel were gloriously brought out from Egypt to serve God. * Soon, others became nomadic. They constantly migrate from One place to another according to their own detailed knowledge of exploitable resources. The term nomad, from the Greek, “to pasture,” was originally used to refer to pastoralists - groups that migrate in an established pattern to find pasture lands for their. domestic livestock, However, the term has since been generalized to include all non-settled populations, of which there are three types. The first type comprises foraging populations who wander in search of their food. It is estimated that 99 percent of all humanity once lived in this way.”Lesson 1.4 — M. i anpewer, Animal Powerand Wind Power [Lesson 1.1 ~ Manpower, Animal Power and Wind Power 5. Travois - This travois, as the pole arrangement called, The second type, the most significant numerically and serves as a platform on which the burdens are placed, historical ¥, Comprises the pastoral nomads who move ere families, belongi in through = gings, and herds of cattle, camel, sheep, or goats n annual | determined Cycle of pastures whose availability i ei by the alternation of hot and cold or vet on a B. ANIMAL POWER. The domestication of animals greatly increased the potential power available for transportation. Pack, animals were introduced as conveyances mainly to save labor. A man can tend several pack animals moving together, each of which (except dogs) can carry more than he usually can, Little advantage in speed is gained unless part of the animals’ carrying Capacity is sacrificed. he third type iti u type comprise: i i imi itnerants in urbarran is S a tinkers, and similar What worth not; a . Noting is ‘ Ben: Tt is believed that bn man traveled during the ancient i f ers pulled T backs or on their heads, } lesopotamia, were used as draft anim \ their transportation ude sleds. They used every means to make _ chariots. Oxen are still used as draft animals in many regions meee n of the world. In some parts of Africa, they are used as pack . 1 least time and effort. Vari 5 = A ‘arious Ancient Modes of Transportation: animals and for riding. 2. Reindeer - These were first domesticated in Siberia in the A. MANY Ra OWER, £. } _ fattied hi » Early man, ; oi Sh ; j in Pega burdens, Maer end no domesticated animals, beginning of the Christian Pe In ae Alt Maus sey ation in many parts of as aaa Sn is important were ea cel le at ao at raw sledg' world. somewhat like the dog sledges of the Far North, th Carryi 1g 3. Dog - The dog, the first animal domesticated, is too slight Ing Pole - . the carry © - In China tying and other parts eon m nna e ds, The plain’ Indians sometimes packed carrying dev, Pole, balanced : Bm caucevec i on one shi i to carry heavy loads. q Bs Supported by tenes Of the-Pacific, Pees i ene light eae Be tock! backs, and piled goods on a a which ~ wine en, with good f the dogs dragged. In the Far North, the dogs team drawing t 2 =e ao seicee are te chief means of transportation; and in parts of Gace sk Load and Tumpli Europe, the dogs are used to draw small carts. : are carried ine - In man ; ona On the bac! Y parts of the world, scisittae serie Sea eae 4. Bom a ce . : Neck anil before Middle East. Early dogs came of the camel. Donkey caravans carry goods between the cities of Southwest Asia and Egypt and. the donkey is still the chief beast of burden among the farmers of the Near East, the Mediterranean Area and Mexico, where it was introduced from Spain. umbian America, the Llama was the Woo forehead, f framework es, s strap pase An upported by a tumpline across the SING over the che a load is held on the back by a the domestication * Sledge Pla on rollers - : ce them on sledge which nod of heavy burdens was to + Sleg On a series of rollers. drawn Se on runn Was j ers - A cj Europe. «>i Use simple sledge, probably man- sunt, 8S eViden at the end of the Old Stone Age i ith cnly new. world animal other than the dog capable of ‘ved. ced by fi SO eae Soh ee ean for use in transport. In the high Andes, the Tagments of wooden runners which : a SS | aut ae ay 5. Llama - In pre-ColLesson 1.1 ~ Manpower, Animal Power and Wind Power Lesson 1.1 ~ Manpower, Animal Power and Wind Power Llama was used as a pack animal by the Incas and their Spanish conquerors, as it’s by modern Andean people. arent ~ The Carthaginians used African elephant in renee anne Rome but in recent centuries, these animals in war and nm tamed. In India, elephants were formerly used processions fb employed to some extent for ceremonial these huge cng big. game hunting. In Burma and Thailand, luge animals are widely used in the lumber industry. for transport when a Korean general employed one in bridge building. By means of a kite, a cord was conveyed across the river where heavier ropes were fastened and finally the bridge cable. In the late 10th century, several European armies experimented with kites in transporting men. 2. Da Vinci’s Ornithopter - THe great renaissance artist, scientist and engineer, Leonardo da Vinci, made study of the flight of the birds and his notebooks sketched a number of ornithopter (a.k.a. orthopter) which derives its principal support and propelling from flapping wings like those of a 7. ie aes in Around 2,000 B.C., horse drawn chariots Persians arri Southwest Asia and 1,000 years later, the | rived with cavalry which gave mobility and power to envisaged. the German tribe i S 5 : Who invaded Europe and to the Central 3. Montgolfier Balloon - The Montgolfier brothers of Asian conqueror G f en 10 draw Wheeled vies Khan. In Europe, horses were used France Joseph Michel and Jacques Entienne have successfully released several balloons when they proposed to use two introduction of cules and for riding for sometime until the 1 j ‘ condemned prisoners for the first ascent with passengers. lechanized vehicles, Pilatre de Rozier, a natural historian protested this and claimed the honor for himself. In 1783, he and the Marquis d’ Arlanoes became the first men to make a free balloon ascent. The balloon constructed of linen and inflated with hot air traveled 9,000 yards and remained in the air for 20 minutes. bird. It was not until the 19th century that rigid wings were 8. Camel - bactrian ee are two kinds of camel, the two-humped dromedary of abs petal Asia and the one-humped bactrian camel ha: ‘ave long been used for transport. The China and tran S plodded along the caravan routes between draw carts. The sf at least 2,000 years. It is also used to Resend Special ene: Which has less endurance but It is | 4. Siemens’ Rocket Plane - Ernst Werner Von Siemens ee Pa riding camel, is bred by the Arab who later ‘achieved fame as an electric industrialist, in 1847 9. Yak - 4 \ / designed rocket. plane a oe ae pore : e oe i on engtha i e of gunpowder. Similarly, Siem re ee on Hee pe of cattle that lives at high ee a ane Be rs the design stage. untain Regions ig ey Plateau and in the neighboring 5. Lilienthal Glider - Otto Lilienthal, a German inventor who also made a study of the flight of birds and experimented with ornithopters, going so far as to build a model ornithopter. His ‘chief work was with gliders. However, in 1891, he made the first of a number of a glider flights which were to exert a profound influence on the development of aviation. heights were horses ang Iden and used as a pack animal at Ordinary ani ae C. WIND PowER _ ry animal could not surviv Moving air and lear Man realized the eneray fram,the mass.on ee te way to ee such powers to lft rather than to vessels, ® invention of: air lifted transportation 1, Ancient Chin, i Popular past time ee ~ Kites have been flown’ as a history. Based on a en Far East since the beginning of the "ean tradition, the kite was first used Fa ald Shealanadtaadlaon ee 6. Santos Dumont’s Airship - One of the pioneers of . lighter-than-air craft was Alberto Santos Dumont, a Brazilian who experimented with the steam-powered balloons in Paris, ee eeeLesson 1.1 — son 1.1 Manpower, Animal Power and Wind Power He m i es & OR balloon ascent in 1897 and in 1898 aaa onstruction, of his first airship. He, then built fa nait, irships and in 1901, made a 30-minute round etween St. Louis and the Eiffel Tower. 7. Wright Bi; Lilienthal’s glid studying the a Flying Machine - Inspired by Bose ments, Orville and Wilbur Wright began biplane kite Cs IS of heavier-than-air flight. They built tested in a wind et 200 different wing types which they Conducted their i Innel of their own invention, before they flew successfully ue Man-carrying powered machine. This 1903, By 1999 aj Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on Dec. 17, Justify beginning irplanes became sufficiently accepted to 8. Lindb ‘Ommercial manufacture of the machine. . Lindbergh's sp; flight of SG Spiett of St. Louis - Following the initial aviation was oe brothers’ airplane, the development of World War 1 gave ap 1°, /'St airmail was delivered in 1911 and oh Pilots. “During mpetus to plane design and the training , “4 Which, Particularly 20 S, Many new records were set. A ‘solo flight from Nee ee Popular imagination was the ork to Paris, made by Capt. Charles ion abergh it fli Vin May laht, the Spirit of Y 1927 in a plane especially built for the St, Louis, Pi ly Lesson 1.1 = Manpower, Animal Power and Wind Power Progress Check 1.1 Match Column A with Column B by writing the corresponding capital letter of your answer. Column A Column B 1. a carrying device which is used by A. tumpline balance on one shoulder B. horse 2. first domesticated in Mesopotamia used as draft animals Cc. yak 3. a long-haired type of cattle that lives D. elephant in high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau E. reindeer 4. used by Carthaginians in their wars F. Spirit of St. Louis against Rome 5. it gave mobility and power to the G. ox German tribes who invaded Europe H. donkey — 6. the only new-world animal in pre- Columbian America I. llama J. kite 7.. it was first domesticated in the Middle East - 8. it delivered the first airmail in 1911 K. carrying pole 9. employed by a Korean general in L. balance polé building a bridge 10, utilized to carry loads on the back with a strap passing over the chest 15Lesson 1.1 ~ Roads and Vehicles History ii LESSON 1.2 ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY Concept As man, fi i * make their eae to the 20th century, sought to endeavored to aera More efficient, they have always €xpenditure of time, effort Snare BN Feth ta Se Tt Was stated in th it by foot, Then, Saha Rens lesson that man first traveled Go0ds and possessig Nn supplemented their own carrying of ns i ate sang to domesticate animals - os ads and pull crude sleds, i = 'ollowing ar importaht © some of the inventi i i vents that lead to Pentatncona a ns training them to bear . Probably in we ; trang; : Milesto) lestern Asia - such 4 cae AS Wheel ne and a great step forward in in to appear in TIGRIS co Perfected, crude carts and wagons man's great invac! Sa RaTes VALLEY about 3500 B.C., rat inventions, jp CHINA. The wheel was one of man pe him to transport. burdens ledge on much Sreater facil ranimals to carry or drag, and n rollers: which hea Of movements than the simple Some of th ands as the sleq to be continually ‘picked up and le earlie: eS of eo The following were Carts: xed axle - thi A Voluti is ancient cart represent , Which lution of wheeled vehicles. Its solid ON Single Made . oe axle, Of a single piece of wood, rotated 2. Sumeri: an Chariot wi ee B.c., hac flank wheels - this chariot, of Was More durable RS built up of three pieces, le One-piece wheel. li ee ee ee Lesson 1.1 Roads and Vehicles History 3. Greek quadrica with spoked wheels - drawn by four horses, was a light and elegant vehicle for gentleman about 250 B.C. It had spoked wheels and axles of irons or bronze, handles for aid in mounting, and seat formed by a board placed across the handles. 4. Roman carpentum - a closed, two-wheeled cart, was the favored vehicle when Roman women journeyed outside the city. 5. Italian cocchio, 1288 - a traveling wagon in which the passengers were protected by a covering of leather or cloth fixed over a wooden framework. could not use the narrow paths and B. WHEELED VEHICLES and early roads were soon built. trails used by pack animals, re the major road builders in the ancient world, The Romans road network reached a total of about 50,000 miles (80,000 kms.), with FEEDER roads branching out from the main highways. It was costly because its deep foundation, formed by layer after heavy stones, was necessary to make roads that would carry heavy traffic for many years. ‘ADAM did not abandon the theory of feeder erfected the macadamized road in England C. THE ROMANS wel D. JOHN L. MAC. road building and p about 1815. FALL OF THE ROMANS in the 5th Century, land d because highways suffered from inadequate maintenance. Such improvements however, as the horse collars (10th Century), the addition of springs to coaches, new methods of road construction, and the introduction of toll toads (18th century) all continued to ease and speed land travel. MPROVEMENT OF ROAD VEHICLE began f COACH SPRING about 1650. E, AFTER THE F haulage generally decline F. SIGNIFICANT I with the adaptation 0 48™ CENTURY, ENGLISH ROADS were so could average only about 4 mph (6.4 km/h) lly carried by boys on horses. G. IN THE MID- bad that the coaches and the mail was usua 7Lesson 1.1 — Roads and \/. : History ’ Lesson 1.1 ~ Roads and Vehicles History H. JOHN PALMER | | . I i i] { of 1785 and by 1809, introduced his first fast mail coach in March ™ the English coach system was in full swing. - THE INVE See nea OF BICYCLE in the early 19th century ancestors oF the a automobile builders, One of the modern eee Nines an bicycle was the HOBBY HORSE, or dan Te made of wood, with tires of iron, and the riders Pushed t themselves along with their feet on the ground. 1. The Germ; lan Ba: . Steerable Wheel, cr fey KARL VON DRAIS in 1817 introduced a I) in ‘ isi ‘ | 9 the “draisienne,” or “dandy horse.” 38 : | ean PATRICK MACMILLAN, a Scottish ; attached to and dian «/St Machine with pedals, which were Ove the rear wheel by means of cranks. TIRES ( 2DPCared in ate (TatEM by air) by a Scot, JOHN BOYD “fe 1Sth century (about 1888), VEHICLE . € railroads, the first mode of transportation to ETIEN| of motoriseg LENOIR made possible the OF the INTE eees by his invention in the ERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE. ¥ ‘OLAUS oO mai TTO Al é Slices OF gas Me SOTTLIEB DAIMLER pioneered the “SSful automobile noes: and later Daimler became a RUD le manufacturer OLF p internay cot DIESEL, 4 engine tion fe oa _€ngineer, developed an and uses ! ich is similar with the gasoline res no Nich m of iacattcal \gnition system or carburetor i The AUTOM id fuel, the diesel fuel. 'S., wh BILE f; i 1890'5, ve the first horses Qreatest popularity in the SS CARRIAGE appeared in the 5. In 1908, HENRY FORD introduced the MODEL T, which was proved so popular that by 1914, Ford had adopted MASS PRODUCTION methods to meet the demand. 6. In 1956, FELIX WANKEL, a German mathematician, developed an advanced-type of engine, named after him, that operates very differently from gas and diesel engines. It is started by a moving crankshaft. From Ford Era, the demand of vehicles became great for the transportation of goods, products, communications and people. Hence, man started manufacturing large cargo trucks and buses for mass transportation. Presently, the introduction of the Light Trail Transit (LRT), the Metro Rail Transit (MRT), flyovers, pedestrian and vehicle culverts, tock sheds and other modern traffic ways contributed to the expeditious movement of traffic users.ah. | Lesson 11 ~Roads and Vehicles History Progress Check 1.2 CHOOSE THE BE letter of your answer. 1. Man's primary re i j Hansportation is fo imto: “veling and improving. his r him to: i See the world and ms Enjoy the luxuries Satisfy his needs D. appreciate its beauty. Of life offered by the modern society. eit = A reasons, ther personal, official, or for economic » None of the above. © 2. The fir St mode of land Linea transportation used by man is by: B.. foot travel ea i eee . Wheeled carts 3. The wheel ; eel is belie ai Eastern mee ved to ave eae in: lester Asia at gee . ica Who am Macks long the f i b f Ollowi i i Age's ding re nee as prime road 6 ? » Americans & Beeps - DPWH The f ’ Russione "Sad is introduced by the: Europeans & neers . Chinese What Mode of trang) d pan Portati e fomestcation Nea re followed traveling by foot? : Neo of crude Bei - invent 1 Wheeled carri 1ON Of the horseless See z Which of pulling ' bicycle * Crude slag the follo i Wing serve 'S as the nursery of automobile C. horseless carriage D. locomotive train ie ‘ST OR NEAREST ANSWER by encircling the Lesson 1.1 — Roads and Vehicles History 8. What type of nomads is a person who sells utensils, tools and other similar products from one place to another place? A. first B. second C. third — D. fourth 9. What was the main problem in transportation when wheeled carts and carriages were introduced? A. lack of technical knowledge to operate the vehicle. B. lack of animals to pull the carts. C. inferior raw materials for wheel manufacturing. D. narrow man and animal pathways 10. The invention of motor vehicle culminated with the discovery of the: A. internal combustion engine C. wheel is B. horseless carriage D. pneumatic tire “11. Who among the following invented the pneumatic tire? A. John MacAdam C. John Boyd Dunlop B. Etienne Lenoir D. Henry. Ford 12. Who introduced the mass production of motor vehicles? A. John MacAdam C. John Boyd Dunlop B. Etienne Lenoir D. Henry Ford “13, The Frenchman who is attributed for the invention of the internal combustion engine is: A. Nicolaus Otto B. Henry Ford C. John Boyd Dunlop D. Etienne Lenoir he following developed the internal combustion oes not operate on carburetor but by means of pump which sprays the fuel to the cylinder? C. Kirkpatrick MacMillan _ D. Gottlieb Daimler 14. Who among t engine which d a fuel injection A. Karl Von Drais B. Rudolf Diesel mathematician who developed the advanced- named after him, which operates very tarts by a moving crankshaft. C. Rudolf Diesel D. Karl Von Drais 1S. The German type of engine, differently and it s A. Felix Wankel B. Gottlieb Daimler 21