ME 267

Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Saif Al-Afsan Shamim

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET

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 Course Outline
▪ 3.00 Credit Hours
▪ Introduction to sources of energy.
▪ Steam generating units with accessories and mountings; Steam
turbines, condensers, vapor cycles.
▪ Internal combustion engines: Introduction to internal combustion
engines and their cycles; gas turbines.
▪ Refrigeration and air conditioning: applications; refrigerants,
different refrigeration methods.
▪ Fluid Machinery: Fluid flow, measurements of flow, friction in flow,
centrifugal pumps, fans, blowers and compressor.
▪ Fundamental of conduction, convection and radiation: one
dimensional steady state conduction in plated pipes; critical thickness of
insulation.
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 Course Outline
Introduction to sources of energy

Image source: http://www.risolvenorge.as/en/energy-environment

Source: https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/thermal-power-
plants-post-2-dip-in-electricity-generation-during-apr-oct-119122401002_1.html
Steam generating units with accessories and
mountings; Steam turbines, condensers, vapor cycles.
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 Course Outline
Fluid Machinery: Fluid flow,
measurements of flow, friction in flow,
centrifugal pumps, fans, blowers and
compressor.

Source: https://www.ncheurope.com/fr/blog-details/chem-aqua/the-fundamentals-
of-heat-transfer
Fundamental of conduction, convection and
radiation: one dimensional steady state
Source: http://www.nrbindustrialbearings.com/industrial- conduction in plated pipes; critical thickness of
solution-inner.php?id=3
insulation.
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 Course Outline
Internal combustion engines: Introduction
to internal combustion engines and their
cycles; gas turbines.

Source: https://aircare.com.bd/product/elite-1-0-ton-air-conditioner-non-inverter/

Source: https://www.mercedes-
Refrigeration and air conditioning: applications;
benz.com/en/vehicles/passenger-cars/concept-cars/vision-eqs/ refrigerants, different refrigeration methods.

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 Internal Combustion Engine:
Terminology and Classification

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 Engine
Engine: a device that transforms one form of energy into another
form of Energy.
Work

Source Sink

Engine

Heat engine: Transform the heat energy into mechanical energy

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 Heat Engine
It is classified into two types-
(a) External combustion engine (E. C. Engine)
(b) Internal combustion engine (I. C. Engine)

Combustion of fuel takes

Combustion of fuel takes
place outside the cylinder
ME 267
place inside the cylinder 8
“The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly”

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 Heat Engine
▪ Heat Engine: A heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal
energy and uses this energy to produce mechanical work. It is classified into two types-
▪ (a) External combustion engine (E. C. Engine)
▪ (b) Internal combustion engine (I. C. Engine)
▪ External combustion engine: In this engine, the products of combustion of air and fuel transfer
heat to a second fluid which is the working fluid of the cycle.
▪ Application: In the steam engine or a steam turbine plant, the heat of combustion is employed to
generate steam which is used in a piston engine (reciprocating type engine) or a turbine (rotary
type engine) for useful work.
▪ Internal combustion engine: In this engine, the combustion of air and fuels take place inside the
cylinder and are used as the direct motive force.
▪ Application:
▪ Mainly used as “prime mover”, e.g., for be the propulsion of avehicle
i.e., car,bus, truck, locomotive, marine vessel, or airplane.
▪ Other applications includes stationary saws, lawnmowers, bull- dozers, cranes, electric generators,
etc. ME 267 10
Internal Combustion Engine (IC Engine)

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Internal Combustion Engine (IC Engine)

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Internal Combustion Engines - Construction
▪ The three main portions of an IC engine are
• Head block: Top Part
• Cylinder Block: Middle Part
• Chamber or Sump: Bottom Part

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Engine Terminology

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 Engine Terminology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvJM4e1OotE
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Engine Terminology
Swept or Displacement Volume

Compression Ratio

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Engine Terminology

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 Engine Terminology
▪Piston Cylinder Assembly: It is the assembly for manipulating the working fluid. The
assembly is characterized by a piston moving inside the confined cylinder.
▪Inlet Valve: The valve through which air fuel mixture (in case of SI engine) or air (in case of
CI engine) is introduced inside the cylinder.
▪Exhaust Valve: The valve through which the products of combustion leave the cylinder.
▪Crank Mechanism: Mechanism to convert reciprocating piston motion to rotary motion.
▪Bore: Diameter of Cylinder.
▪Top Dead Center (TDC): Position of Piston where Cylinder Volume is minimum.
▪Bottom Dead Center (BDC): Position of Piston where Cylinder Volume is maximum.
▪ Stroke: It is the maximum distance that the piston moves in one direction. It is the distance
between TDC to BDC.
▪ Clearance Volume (Vc): Minimum Cylinder volume when Piston is at TDC.

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 Engine Terminology
Clearance Volume (Vc): Minimum Cylinder volume when Piston is at TDC.
Swept or Displacement Volume (Vs or Vd ): Volume swept out by the piston as it moves
from TDC to BDC.
Where d is the cylinder bore and l the stroke
Compression Ratio (rv): Ratio of maximum volume at BDC and minimum volume at
TDC.

Mean piston speed: the distance traveled by the piston per unit of time.

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 What is meant by cc in Engine?
▪ The size of an engine is measured in cubic centimetres (cc) and
refers to the displacement volume of the engine.

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Engine Classification

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 Engine Classification
• Method of Ignition
▪Spark ignition (SI): Example: Petrol Engine
▪Compression ignition (CI): Example: Diesel engine

• Number of strokes per cycle

▪Four-stroke: Four piston movements over two engine revolutions
for each engine cycle.
▪Two-stroke: Two piston movements over one revolution foreach
engine cycle.

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 Engine Classification
• Method of Ignition
▪Spark ignition (SI): High-voltage electrical discharge between two
electrodes ignites air-fuel mixture in combustion chamber
surrounding spark plug. Example: Petrol Engine
▪Compression ignition (CI): Air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high
temperature in combustion chamber caused by high compression.
Example: Diesel engine

• Number of strokes per cycle

▪Four-stroke: Four piston movements over two engine revolutions for
each engine cycle.
▪Two-stroke: Two piston movements over one revolution for each engine
cycle.
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 Engine Classification
• The type of fuel
▪ Gasoline,Dieselor fuel oil, Gas(natural gasor methane), Liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG): mainly propane, propylene, butane, and butylene,
▪Alcohol (ethyl, methyl), Dual fuel (e.g. methane/diesel), Gasohol (e.g.
90% gasoline, 10% alcohol), Biodiesel: cleaner-burning diesel fuel made
from natural, renewable sources such as vegetable oils.
• The cycle of operation
▪ Otto cycle (also known as constant volume cycle) engines,
▪ Diesel cycle (also known as constant pressure cycle) engines,
▪ Dual combustion cycle (also known as semi-diesel cycle) engines

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 Engine Classification
▪ Valve location
(a) Valves in head
(b) Valves in block
(c) One valve in head and one in block (less common)

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 Engine Classification
• Design
(a) Reciprocating and (b) Rotary
• Number of cylinders
(a) Single cylinder engines (e.g.lawnmowers),
(b) Multi-cylinder engines.
• The cooling system
(a) Air cooled engine, (b) Water cooledengine,
(c) Evaporative coolingengines

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 Engine Classification
• Arrangement of cylinders:
(a)In-line or straight: cylinders in straight line, one behind the other in
length of crankshaft.

(b) V: two banks of cylinders at an angle with each other along a single
crankshaft, angle typically 60-900

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 Engine Classification
• Arrangement of cylinders:
(c) Flat or opposed cylinder (V with 1800): two banks of cylinders opposite
each other on a single crankshaft (smallaircrafts)

(d) W: three banks of cylinders on same crankshaft (not common)

(e) Opposed piston engine: two pistons in each cylinder, combustion chamber
between pistons
(f) Radial engine: cylinders positioned radially around crankshaft.

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 Problem 1
A six-cylinder two-stroke engine with a compression ratio r = 9 produces a torque
of 1100 Nm at a speed of 2100 rpm. It has a bore b of 123 mm and a stroke s of
127 mm.
a) What is the displacement volume and the clearance volume of a cylinder?
b) mean piston speed

Solution:
Vd = (π/4) * b2 * L

We know that r = (Vd + Vc)/ Vc

Up = 2NL/60
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 Problem 1
A six-cylinder two-stroke engine with a compression ratio r = 9 produces a torque
of 1100 Nm at a speed of 2100 rpm. It has a bore b of 123 mm and a stroke s of
127 mm.
a) What is the displacement volume and the clearance volume of a cylinder?
b) mean piston speed

Solution:
Vd = (π/4) * b2 * L
= 1.51 × 10−3m3
We know that r = (Vd + Vc)/ Vc
The clearance volume, Vc = Vd /(r −1)
= 1.89 × 10 -4 m3 formula is same for both 2 & 4 stroke
Up = 2NL/60 = 2 * (2100/60) * 0.127 =8.89 m/s engine

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 Problem 2
6 cylinders

A three-liter SI V6 engine that operates on a four-stroke cycle at 3600 RPM. The

compression ratio is 9.5, length of the connecting rods is 16.6 cm, the engine is
square (B=L) Calculate:
a) Cylinder bore
b) Stroke length
c) Average piston speed
d) Clearance volume of one cylinder

Solution:a. Given, Swept volume, Vs=3×10−3m3

RPM of engine, N = 3600
The engine bore, B=? Stroke length, L =?
We know, Vs = n×(𝜋/4×B2×L )
(here n is no. of cylinder)/ ME 267 31
 Problem 2
b. Since B = L, so L = 0.086 m

c. Average piston speed Sp =?

We know, Sp = 2NL
= 2×3600×0.086 m
= 2×(3600/60)×0.086 m
= 10.32 m/s

d.Clearance volume of one cylinder: the clearance volume for one cylinder,
We know that r = (Vd + Vc)/ Vc
The clearance volume, Vc = Vd /(r −1)= 352.941 cm3
VC = 352.941/6 cm3 = 58.82 cm3 ≈ 59 cm3
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Acknowledgement
• Slide Courtesy: Dr. Aman Uddin, Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET

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