ENGL 101: APA Guide (7th ed.

Shine Hong, MA
Trinity Western University
 ACADEMIC WRITING/APA GUIDE:

APA Formatting & Documentation

*APA (American Psychological Association) is the most commonly used
style for formatting essays and referencing sources in the social sciences.

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 1
Contents
1. Overview of APA formatting ........................................................................................................................................... 3
2. APA Documentation........................................................................................................................................................ 7
1) The Significance of Crediting Sources ........................................................................................................................ 7
2) In-Text Citations ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
3) Additional Information: ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Author/Authors ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
Citing Indirect Sources.................................................................................................................................................. 12
Others ........................................................................................................................................................................... 12
4) APA Reference Guide ............................................................................................................................................... 14
5) Cross Referencing ..................................................................................................................................................... 22

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 2
1. Overview of APA formatting
1) General Page Setup

Paper size Letter (8.5” x 11” OR 21.59 cm x 27.94 cm)

Margin 1 inch OR 2.54 cm on all sides

Font 12pt. Times New Roman

Double-spaced (2.0) without any extra line spacing

Spacing
before and after.
[Note]:

 (Other options: Calibri size 11pt, Arial 11pt, and Georgia 11pt as allowed fonts.)

2) Title Page

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 3
 3) Content Page

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 4
 4) References Page

a) Your reference list appears at the end of your essay on a separate sheet of paper with the title
References (not underlined or italicized) centred at the top of the paper.
b) References should be put in alphabetical order according to the last name of each author or the name
of the publication organization.
c) All lines after the first line of each reference should be indented a 1/2 inch (one tab space) from the
left margin. They should also be double spaced like the rest of the paper.
d) If you have more than one article/publication from the same author/organization, these should
be placed in order of the year of publication, earliest first, e.g. (2009a), (2009b).
e) The maximum number of authors you can list is twenty. For example, if there are twenty two
authors, list the first nineteen as they appear in the document, followed by ellipses (...) then list
the last name that appears
e.g.

Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S.,

White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J. Mo,

K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., … Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-

year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3). 437-417.

http://doi.org/fg6rf9

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 5
 f) If there is no author for the document, begin the reference with:
1) the organization name (for government and corporate sources) or website name OR
2) the article title OR
3) Anonymous (You can use this only once in your References list).

[NOTE]: Remember that your choice 1) or 2) or 3) should be matched with your reference list.

g) It is important that all your citations in your essay should match all the references recorded in your references
page (i.e. Accurate cross-referencing).

** d), e), f) are additional information on reference page.

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 6
2. APA Documentation
1) The Significance of Crediting Sources
Why is citing important?
a) Intellectual Property:
 As soon as ideas or thoughts are written and published to the public, they become a writer’s intellectual
property (i.e. Ownership: the writer is the owner of the ideas). Thus, when you borrow a writer’s ideas, you
ALWAYS give the writer credit for the ideas by indicating citation/reference.
 Some countries may not educate students to indicate citation and reference properly because using and
copying someone’s ideas and writing without giving credit are NOT considered as a SERIOUS issue. However,
North American universities take this issue seriously, so you MUST give writers credit for their ideas through
citation/reference.

b) Academic Integrity and Honesty:

 As a university student, you are responsible for your academic work. That is, for the scholarly level of your
academic work, you need to follow an ethical code that presents accurate citation/reference with a
reasonable amount of research.
 If you copied or used others’ ideas/writing WITHOUT quoting or citing/referencing, your academic
performance would be considered as an academic dishonesty issue or plagiarism.

Kinds of Plagiarism:
 Missing citation/reference
 Missing quotation marks
 Borrowing a friend’s essay
 Modifying some part of someone’s paper
 Lending your essays to your friends
 Buying an essay
 Asking someone unauthorized by your professor
 Self-plagiarism

How to Avoid Plagiarism?

 Don’t forget to…

1) Indicate quotation marks and citations whenever you copy a writer’s ideas.
2) Indicate citations even if you paraphrase a writer’s ideas with your own words.
3) List all the sources that you used in your References list.
4) Make sure if the quoted sentences do not exceed three lines.
5) Make sure that all citations match your References list: Correct cross-referencing.

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 7
  The best way to avoid plagiarism is to …

1) Manage your time to complete your assignment “on time”. Writing takes much more time than you
think.
2) Make good use of your worksheet (i.e. outline) and revise it based on your professor’s feedback. This
way it will give you time to think about which sentences you need to paraphrase or where you need to
indicate quotation marks with proper citation/reference.
3) Learn to paraphrase someone’s ideas with your own words entirely. Remember that changing a few
words is NOT paraphrasing.

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 8
2) In-Text Citations
When you copy someone’s ideas or words, you always need to either i) quote them directly OR ii)
paraphrase them with your own words. These two basics clearly display your academic honesty, quality of
research (i.e. resources), and careful documentation.

For both i) direct quotations and ii) paraphrased evidence, in-text citations should include…

 the author’s last name

 the year of publication for the source
 the page number (p. #) or paragraph number (para. #)

a) When the ideas that you are copying from someone’s academic work are short phrases or less than 40
words (i.e. 3 lines), use direct quotations. However, if they take up more than 3 lines, paraphrase
them with your own words.
b) Within quotation marks “ ”, all the copied words should NOT be modified.

[NOTE]: It is strongly recommended that you should not excessively include direct quotations in your essay.
Please balance between direct quotations and paraphrasing.

Example i) Direct Quotation ii) Paraphrasing

a) “According to ~” According to Jones (1998), “Students According to Jones (1998), first-year

b) Author’s LAST name
c) “the author” or “the
writer”
often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time”
(p. 199).
Jones (1998) found “students often
had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time”
(p. 199).
The author stated, “Students often
had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time”
(Jones, 1998, p. 199).
undergraduates were initially
challenged to use APA format (p. 199).
Jones (1998) mentions that first-year
university students experienced
difficulties in using APA format in their
first semester (p. 199).
The author found that university
students initially experienced
difficulties in using APA format (Jones,
1998, p. 199).

[NOTE]: In the APA 7th edition, when a writer fully paraphrases borrowed information, it is up to the writer on
whether to indicate its page number in in-text citations as well like the example above.

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 9
 c) How to shorten a LONG quotation?
o If your quotation is LONG and contains some irrelevant parts to your essay topic, use ellipsis (…)
that can indicate the part has been deleted.
o If your evidence is too long, but needs to be fully mentioned in your essay, keep the best line of the
passage as a direct quotation and then paraphrase or summarize its rest.
d) Long quotations for long research/academic paper (more than 10 pages)
: This option is NOT allowed in this class due to the short length of the WRTG 101 or ENGL 101 essays,
but can be used in core courses.
 Start a new line, indented 0.5 inches (1.27cm) from the left margin to introduce your
entire quotation (paragraph length) without quotation marks.
 Long quotes are double-spaced.
 Present the parenthetical citation right after the ending punctuation, i.e. period. (NOTE:
No period is required after the parenthetical citation!)
 Continue the paragraph without additional indentation.

[Example]

Mandernach et al. (2016) conclude the following:

If at the professional and doctoral level citation errors are commonly reported, it is not

surprising that undergraduate instructors find abundant APA errors in student work. As

the most common and consequential errors reported by instructors revolve around in-

text citations and the reference page, using multiple resources to aid students within

introductory and even higher level courses is a best practice for encouraging student

fluency and mastery with correct documenting style. (p. 411)

Clearly, this explains that students…

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 10
3) Additional Information:
Author/Authors
A source by two authors
Three or more authors
Organization as an author
Unknown author
Note: In many cases, if an author
or organization cannot be used,
the source may not have
appropriate authority/credibility.
Please consider using sources with
no author or organization very
carefully because a better source
can probably be found!
© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014)
Use the conjunction “and” if writing the names into the text, or the
ampersand (&) between the two authors’ last names if including them in the
citation parenthesis.
o Kielstra and Hong (2015) illustrate that…
o (Kielstra & Hong, 2015)
Use the first author’s last name with ‘et al.’
o Kielstra et al. (2015) indicate that …
o (Kielstra et al., 2015, p. 11)
[Note]: Do not use ‘et al.’ in your References list. You need to list all the
authors names up to 20 in your References list.
Use the organization name.
o According to the American Psychological Association (2002), …
o (American Psychological Association, 2002, p. 11)
If the organization is well-known and has its abbreviation, mention the full
name of the organization with the abbreviation in square brackets first time.
For the second time that you use the same source, use the abbreviation only.
o First citation: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2015, para. 2)
o Second citation: (WHO, 2015, para. 2)
Use the title of your source. If the title is long, use the first word or two.
a) The title of a periodical, a book, a brochure, or a report is italicized.
o (Academic Writing, 2002, p. 123)
b) The title of magazine or news articles are in double quotation marks.
o Research was conducted to identify the significance of learning
disabilities at Trinity western university (“Learning Disabilities,”
2004).
c) You can also designate an unknown author’s work as “Anonymous” in in
text –citation. In this case, the anonymous work is alphabetized by the
word “Anonymous” in the reference list.
o (Anonymous, 2017, p. 102)
11
Citing Indirect Sources
If your source is referring to Notify the last name of the original author in your signal phrase first, along
another source which is with giving a citation for the secondary source by using (as cited in Last
ORIGINAL, name, year).

o Kielstra highlights that… (as cited in Hong, 2013).

Original author Secondary
OR
o (Kielstra, 2000, as cited in Hong, 2013).
Original author Secondary

[NOTE]: When you use indirect sources like above, list the secondary source
in your reference list. DO NOT include the original source cited in the
secondary source to your references list.

Others
Unknown date Use the abbreviation “n.d.”, which means ‘no date’.
o (Hong, n.d., p. 17)

Electronic sources without Count the paragraph number you are citing, and then mention the
page numbers
paragraph number with “para.”
o (Dewsbury, 2005, para. 7)

[NOTE]: If the electronic source consists of some section headings or sub-

titles, specify the paragraph under the heading that you are using for your
essay.
o (Hong, 2013, Academic Policy section).
Title of the section heading

Citing more than one page or Use “pp.” OR “paras.”

more than one paragraph
o (Kielstra, 2007, pp. 104-106)
o (Hong, 2020, paras. 2-5)

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 12
 Classical/Religious Works Classical works or religious works are very old, so cite the year of the
(e.g. Ancient Greek and
translation that you used or the year of the version that you used.
Roman literature and the
Bible) o Shakespeare (1605/1956) describes…
o (Shakespeare, 1605/1956)
Original Date/Trans. Date

o (New International Version, 1973/2011, Matthew 1:12-14)

Original/recent published year Book Name Chapter#: Verse#

The information from “In-Text Citations” has been adapted in part from the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 13
4) APA Reference Guide

Books (Print Version)

Book with one author. Family name, First Name Initial. Middle Name Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of

book with first word capital letter only: Capital letter for first word in

subtitle. Publisher Name.

Calfee, R. C. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication:

What every student needs to know. American Psychological Association.

Book with two authors. Family, Initial., & Family, Initial. (Year). Title with first word capital only: Capital for

first word in subtitle. Publisher Name.

Day, R. R., & Bamford, J. (1998). Extensive reading in the second language

classroom. Cambridge University Press.

Book with an editor Family, Initial. (Ed.). (Year). Title of the book. Publisher Name.
(Ed.) or editors (Eds.),
no authors. Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor.

Russell Sage Foundation.

Article or chapter in an Family, Initial. of chapter author. (Year). Title of chapter. In Initial. Family Name of
edited book with both
author(s) and editor(s). editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. of chapter). Publisher Name.

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys:

Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib

(Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). Springer.

Book with multiple Family, Initial. Initial. (Year). Title of book (#nd ed.). Publisher Name.
editions or volumes.
Helfer, M. E., Kempe, R. S., & Krugman, R. D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.).

University of Chicago Press.

Family, Initial. Initial. (Year). Title of book (Vols. #-#). Publisher Name.

Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1-4). Scribner's.

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 14
 Books (Electronic Version)
E-books Family name, First Name Initial. Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of book with first
such as Google books
version word capital letter only: Capital letter for first word in subtitle. Publisher
and Kindle DX version
Name. URL

Hill, A. (1997). Just business: Christian ethics for the market place.

ReadHowYouWant.

https://books.google.ca/books?id=6Bfg6Qny1ecC&printsec=frontcover&s

ource=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Online Book Review
1) Review in Journal
2) Review in
Newspaper
Reviewer’s Family name, First Name Initial. Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of
review [Review of the book Book title, by First name initial. Author’s last
name]. Title of Online Journal, volume number (issue if available), page

numbers. URL

1)
Castle, G. (2007). New millennial Joyce [Review of the books Twenty-first Joyce, Joyce's
critics: Transitions in reading and culture, and Joyce's messianism: Dante,
negative existence, and the messianic self, by J. Brooker]. Modern Fiction Studies,
50(1), 163-173.
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs52.1.html
2)
Zacharek, S. (2008, April 27). Natural women [Review of the book Girls like us, by S.
Weller]. The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/books/review/Zachareck
-t.html?pagewanted=2

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 15
 Online Journal Articles and Periodical
[NOTE]: Digital object identifiers (DOI) are slowly making their way into all online academic sources. If you can find a DOI
(typically found on the first page of the scholarly journal), make sure that you cite the DOI instead of the url.

Article from a Family, Initial. (Year). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number (issue
journal or online
periodical. if available), page numbers. URL or DOI

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who

Make Websites, 149(3). http://www.alistapart.com/articles/write

Kawahara, D. M. (2017). The amazing life and times of Oliva Espín. Women &

Therapy, 40(3-4), 323-333. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2017.1241571

Online Newspaper/Magazine
Newspaper and Family, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. URL
magazine articles.
Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New

York Times. http://www.nytimes.com

Newspaper and Title of article. (Year, Month Day). Title of Newspaper. URL
magazine articles
with NO Author Resale house prices increased in July, but weakness showing in Toronto, Teranet

says. (2017, August 14th). CBCNEWS.

http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/teranet-national-bank-resale-housing-

market-prices-1.4246507

[NOTE]: For in-text citations, use a short title with double quotation marks:

(“Resale house prices,” 2017).

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 16
 Blog Posts

Blog Post Family, Initial. or Name of the blog. (Year, Month Day). Title of posting. Blog name.

URL

Acton, B. (2017, August 7). Gollum speak: Making language improvement less

stressful by talking about me. HICPR.

http://hipoeces.blogspot.ca/2017/08/gollum-speak-making-language.html

Blog comments
Family, Initial. or Writer’s ID. (Year, Month Day). Re: Title of posting [Comment on

the post “the Title of the posting”]. Blog name. URL

Ana. (2017, August 8). Interesting, Bill. Thanks for presenting this. I'll try it with my

students [Comment on the post “ Gollum speak: Making language

improvement less stressful by talking about me” ]. HICPR.

http://hipoeces.blogspot.ca/2017/08/gollum-speak-making-language.html

[Note]: If there is not the title of the comment, you can provide up to the first 20

words of the comment.

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 17
 Government Documents or Reports from Private Organizations
Document or report Government Branch or Organization Name. (Year). Title of document. URL
by Government or
private organization National Institute of Mental Health. (2009). Anxiety disorders.

http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/anxiety-disorders/complete-

index.shtml

Document or report Family, Initial. (Year). Title of document. Government or Organization Name. URL
by individual
authors at a Trypuc, B., & Robinson, J. (2009). Homeless in Canada: A funder’s primer in
government agency
or other understanding the tragedy on Canada’s streets. Charity Intelligence Canada.
organization.
https://www.charityintelligence.ca/images/Ci-Homeless-in-Canada.pdf

Webpages
Webpage on a Family, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of document. Website Name. URL
website with
individual Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee, A.
Author(s).
(2019, December 20). General format. Purdue University.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

Webpage on a Organization/Website Name. (Year, Month Day). Title of document. URL

website with a
group author EduCanada. (2019, March 5). Understand the Canadian education system.

https://www.educanada.ca/study-plan-etudes/system-education-

systeme.aspx?lang=eng

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 18
 Online Encyclopedia, Dictionary, or Thesaurus
Online Encyclopedia Family, Initial. (Year). Entry Title. In Name of the Encyclopedia. Retrieved the full date
or Dictionary
with Author when you copied the URL, from URL

Rech, N. (2009). Homelessness in Canada. In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved

April 24, 2020, from

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/homelessness-in-canada

Organization Name. (Year). Entry Title. In Encyclopedia/Dictionary name online.

Online Encyclopedia Retrieved the full date when you copied the URL, from URL
or Dictionary
With group author Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Feminism. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved

April 24, 2020, from https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/feminism

Class materials- Lectures/PowerPoints

Online Lecture Family, Initial. (Year). [Lecture note on the Title of the lecture]. The Name of the
Notes
Department, University Name. URL

Hong, S. (2020). [Lecture note on Academic tone]. TWU Global Education, Trinity

Western University.

https://learn.twu.ca/course/view.php?id=12985&section=0

Online PowerPoint Family, Initial. (Year). Title of the course book [PowerPoint Slides]. Website Name.
Slides
URL

Spencer, J. (2016). Can we assess creativity? [PowerPoint Slides]. Slide Share.

https://www.slideshare.net/johntspencer/can-we-assess-creativity

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 19
 Films/Videos
Movie/Full-Length Director’s Family Name, Initial. (Director). (Year). Video title [Film]. Name of the
Film (with producer
and director) Production Company or Companies.

Palimot, S. (Director). (2009). Tuesday last week [Film]. Pioneer Home Video.

[NOTE]: If there are several production companies, list them by using a semicolon.

TED Talk with an Family, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. TED Conferences. URL
individual speaker
Gutierrez, E. C. (2020, February). What’s missing from the American immigrant

narrative. TED Conferences.

https://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_camarillo_gutierrez

TED Talk on TED. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. YouTube. URL
YouTube without a
speaker’s name TED. (2014, June 8). Teaching global cultural literacy: Carol Muller at TEDxPenn2013

[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlgDqe7QlzM

YouTube or other User Name. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. YouTube. URL
streaming video
without a speaker’s University of Derby. (2014, November 5). Digital literacy and why it matters [Video].
name
YouTube. https://youtu.be/p2k3C-iB88w

Miscellaneous other sources

Religious work Version of the Bible. (Republished year). The name of the website. URL

New International Version. (2011). BibleGateway.

https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/New-International-Version-NIV-

Bible/ (Original work published 1973)

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 20
 A Translation. Family, Initial. (Year). Translated title of the work. (First Name Initial. Middle Name

Initial. Last name of Translator, Trans.) Publisher. (Original work published

year)

Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L.

Emory, Trans.). Dover. (Original work published 1814)

Interviews, e-mails, No personal communication is included in your reference list. Instead, using
and other personal
parentheses, cite the communicator’s name, the phrase “personal communication,”,
communication.
and the date of the communication in the main text.

A. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style
(personal communication, November 3, 2002).

OR
(A. Smith, personal communication, November 3, 2002).
Source in a Family, Initial. (Year). Romanized Spelling of the Title [English Translation of the Title].
language other than
English Publisher.

or

Family, Initial. Initial. (Year, Month Day). Romanized title of article or webpage

[English translation of the title]. URL

[NOTE]: Romanized means to spell out how the title sounds in English (phonetically)
using the English alphabet.
Data Sets Organization Name. (Year). Title of Data [Description of form]. URL

Pew Hispanic Center. (2004). Changing Channels and crisscrossing cultures: A survey

of Latinos on the news media [Data set].

http://www.pewhispanic.org/datasets/

[NOTE]: For other additional information, visit APA STYLE (Reference Examples) or the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL).

* The information from “APA Reference Guide” has been adapted in part from 1) the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) and 2)
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.)

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 21
5) Cross Referencing

 Cross-Referencing is a way that writers list all their sources mentioned in their in-text citations to their
references list in alphabetical order.
 Golden rule: The LAST name of authors should appear in alphabetical order. DO NOT mix up between the last
and the first name of authors.
 Why is it necessary?
 Presents the credibility of your sources to readers.
 Avoids charges of academic dishonesty/plagiarism.

For example, here is one paragraph that consists of TWO in-text citations.

As the most representative Canadian icon, beaver, a fur-bearing rodent, drew attention

from European fur traders in the late 17 to early 18 centuries when the demand of fur hats

skyrocketed in Europe (Government of Canada, 2017). The fur trade was so lucrative that

many European fur traders came to Canada. Also, the Hudson’s Bay Company has presented

four beavers on its coat of arms since 1678 and the Canadian Pacific Railway company still

uses the image of beaver on its logo as well (Peel, 2015).

For cross-referencing, the two sources indicated in in-text citations should appear in her references list in alphabetical
order like below.

References

Government of Canada. (2017). Official symbols of Canada.

https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/official-symbols-canada.html

Peel, B. (2015). Emblems of Canada. In The Canadian Encyclopedia online.

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/emblems-of-canada

© Shine Hong (2020); Partly adopted from Academic writing guide created by Kielstra, N., & Dewsbury, M. (2014) 22