DIFFERENT IDEAS OF DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHERS IN THE 19 TH

CENTURY:
Jean- Jacques Rousseau argued that the general will of the people could not be decided by
elected representatives. He believed in a direct democracy in which everyone voted to express
the general will and to make the laws of the land. Rousseau had in mind a democracy on a
small scale, a city-state like his native Geneva.
Rousseau believed that education should be focused on developing the whole person, including
their physical, emotional, and intellectual abilities. He argued that physical education was just as
important as intellectual education and that children should be encouraged to be active and
develop their physical abilities.

What were the ideas of Montesquieu in the French Revolution?

Montesquieu's writings attacked the feudalistic basis of French society. He argued as Locke and
Thomas Jefferson that all people were created equal. If the King did not have the right to rule,
then the people had the right to rebel which they did.

What two ideas was Montesquieu best known for?

Montesquieu is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is
implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He is also known for doing more than
any other author to secure the place of the word “despotism” in the political lexicon.

Voltaire
First published Mon Aug 31, 2009; substantive revision Fri May 29, 2020
François-Marie d’Arouet (1694–1778), better known by his pen name Voltaire, was a French writer and
public activist who played a singular role in defining the eighteenth-century movement called the
Enlightenment. At the center of his work was a new conception of philosophy and the philosopher that in
several crucial respects influenced the modern concept of each. Yet in other ways Voltaire was not a
philosopher at all in the modern sense of the term. He wrote as many plays, stories, and poems as patently
philosophical tracts, and he in fact directed many of his critical writings against the philosophical
pretensions of recognized philosophers such as Leibniz, Malebranche, and Descartes. He was, however, a
vigorous defender of a conception of natural science that served in his mind as the antidote to vain and
fruitless philosophical investigation. In clarifying this new distinction between science and philosophy,
and especially in fighting vigorously for it in public campaigns directed against the perceived enemies of
fanaticism and superstition, Voltaire pointed modern philosophy down several paths that it subsequently
followed.
To capture Voltaire’s unconventional place in the history of philosophy, this article will be structured in a
particular way. First, a full account of Voltaire’s life is offered, not merely as background context for his
philosophical work, but as an argument about the way that his particular career produced his particular
contributions to European philosophy. Second, a survey of Voltaire’s philosophical views is offered so as
to attach the legacy of what Voltaire did with the intellectual viewpoints that his activities reinforced.
rançois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), known as Voltaire, was a writer, philosopher, poet, dramatist,
historian and polemicist of the French Enlightenment. The diversity of his literary output is
rivalled only by its abundance: the edition of his complete works currently nearing completion
will comprise over 200 volumes.
Voltaire was a versatile and prolific writer. In his lifetime he published numerous works,
including books, plays, poems, and polemics. His most famous works included the fictitious
Lettres philosophiques (1734) and the satirical novel Candide (1759).
People also ask
Why is Voltaire important in history?
Voltaire played a key role in popularizing Newton's ideas, and he offered one of the first
accounts of how the famed scientist developed his theories on gravity. In his 1727 “Essay on
Epic Poetry,” Voltaire wrote that Newton “had the first thought of his System of Gravitation, upon
seeing an apple falling from a tree.”Nov 21, 2014

earch for: Why is Voltaire important in history?

What is Voltaire's main idea about religion in society?
What is Voltaire's main idea about religion in society? Voltaire believes that governments should
promote tolerance of different religions. If individuals can be like the tolerant Jew, Muslim, and
Christian, societies everywhere will be at peace and will prosper.

What is Locke most known for?

Often credited as a founder of modern “liberal” thought, Locke pioneered the ideas of natural
law, social contract, religious toleration, and the right to revolution that proved essential to both
the American Revolution and the U.S. Constitution that followed.

Lincoln's legacy is based on his momentous achievements: he successfully waged a political

struggle and civil war that preserved the Union, ended slavery, and created the possibility of civil
and social freedom for African-Americans.
Perhaps one of the best leadership lessons we can learn from Lincoln is this: When we make a
great effort to lead with compassion, communicate well, and do all of these other things, the
legacy we leave behind can still resonate with others long after we are gone.Feb 9, 2023
Who is the greatest president of all time?
Abraham Lincoln is mostly regarded as the greatest president for his leadership during the Civil
War and the abolition of slavery.

Plato's most famous work is the Republic, which details a wise society run by a philosopher. He
is also famous for his dialogues (early, middle, and late), which showcase his
metaphysical theory of forms—something else he is well known for.5 days ago

eople also ask

 What is Plato mainly known for?
What is Plato's most famous idea?

The Forms
Plato's most influential and well-known ideas include: The Forms or Platonic Forms - reality is
divided into two sections: the eternal, real, and perfect ideal of what should be, and the
phenomena of what exists in the physical world as we perceive it.

A good life, according to Plato, involves living in harmony with one's inner nature and
understanding the true nature of reality. To do this, one must overcome negative emotions such
as anger and greed and embrace truth and knowledge.

SOCRATES

He is best known for his association with the Socratic method of question and answer, his claim
that he was ignorant (or aware of his own absence of knowledge), and his claim that the
unexamined life is not worth living, for human beings.

He believed that virtue could be known, though he himself did not profess to know it. He also
thought that anyone who knows what virtue is will necessarily act virtuously. Those who act
badly, therefore, do so only because they are ignorant of, or mistaken about, the real nature of
virtue.

Accomplishments of Socrates
 Founder of the Socratic Method. ...
 Challenged the Sophists' relativistic views. ...
 Emphasized moral and ethical issues. ...
 Influenced Plato, one of the most significant philosophers. ...
 Demonstrated intellectual courage. ...
 Inspired the youth to think critically. ...
 Exposed ignorance through questioning.

Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, who made important contributions to
logic, criticism, rhetoric, physics, biology, psychology, mathematics, metaphysics, ethics, and
politics. He was a student of Plato for twenty years but is famous for rejecting Plato's theory of
forms.

What is Aristotle's greatest known work?

 What is the most real thing for Aristotle?
Why Aristotle is known as father of political science?
Aristotle is called the father of political science because he elaborated on the topics and thinking
of the Ideal State, slavery, revolution, education, citizenship, forms of government, the theory of
golden mean, theory of constitution etc.

lib·er·al·ism
/ˈlib(ə)rəˌliz(ə)m/
noun
1. willingness to respect or accept behaviour or opinions different from one's
own; openness to new ideas.
2 .a political and social philosophy that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy,
and free enterprise.

Federalism is a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels
of government. Generally, an overarching national government is responsible for broader
governance of larger territorial areas, while the smaller subdivisions, states, and cities
govern the issues of local concern.

eth·ics
/ˈeTHiks/

noun
1. 1.
moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity.
"medical ethics also enter into the question"
Similar: moral code morals morality moral stand moral principles moral values rights and wrongs
principles ideals creed credo
ethos rules of conduct
standards (of behavior) virtues
dictates of conscience
o
2. 2. the branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles.
"neither metaphysics nor ethics is the home of religion"

mo·ral·i·ty
/məˈralədē/

noun
1. principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.
"the matter boiled down to simple morality: innocent prisoners ought to be freed"
Similar:Ethics rights and wrongs Correctness ethicality Virtue goodness good behavior
 Righteousness rectitude uprightness morals principles honesty integrity propriety honor
Justice fair play justness decency probity chasteness chastity urity blamelessness
moral standards Moral code
Opposite: immorality
o a particular system of values and principles of conduct, especially one held by a specified
person or society.
plural noun: moralities
"a bourgeois morality"
o the extent to which an action is right or wrong.
"behind all the arguments lies the issue of the morality of the possession of nuclear weapons"

Morality is the belief that some behavior is right and acceptable and that other behavior is
wrong. ... standards of morality and justice in society. Synonyms: virtue, justice, principles,
morals More Synonyms of morality.

logic noun [U] (REASONABLE THINKING)a particular way of thinking, especially one that is
reasonable and based on good judgment: I fail to see the logic behind his argument. If prices go
up, wages will go up too - that's just logic.
Deductive Reasoning Examples
 Premises: All squares are rectangles. All rectangles have four sides. Conclusion: All squares
have four sides.
 Premises: All people are mortal. You are a person. Conclusion: You are mortal.
 Premises: All trees have trunks. An oak tree is a tree. Conclusion: The oak tree has a trunk.
Nov 4, 2020

Napoleon Bonaparte was one of the most successful generals of the French revolutionary
armies. He was emperor of France from 1804-14, and in 1815. Napoleon Bonaparte (1768-
1821) is regarded as one of history's greatest military leaders.
Search for: What was Napoleon Bonaparte famous for?
How old was Napoleon when he died?
Is Napoleon a hero in France?

He was a savior of France. If there had been no Napoleon, the Republic would not have
survived. Many of the institutions started by Napoleon were copied in countries that he
conquered—Italy, Germany, and Poland, and laid the foundations for the modern state.May 1,
2018
He is often regarded as the founder of a school of thought known as British Empiricism,
and he made foundational contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal
government. He was also influential in the areas of theology, religious toleration, and
educational theory.
The history of political philosophy is the history of education. Its content, its
prospects, its goals—all receive copious attention, from Plato’s Republic to the
Scholastics, from Locke and Rousseau to Nietzsche and Rawls.[1] For education is a
central concern to any political community, doing much to form the character, not
only of citizens, but of the polity itself.
Among the less noted contributors to this dialogue is the 18th century French political
thinker, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu.
Montesquieu’s seminal work, The Spirit of the Laws (1748), is a book about many
subjects. A sprawling volume of massive ambition, its title sets the stage for its
expansive reach. More than a mere discussion of laws in themselves, Montesquieu
seeks to explain their underlying spirit. In so doing, he touches upon an interesting
perspective: that the study of law is the study of education. Law, as described by
Montesquieu, forms a lens for contemplating the nature of teaching and of learning.
Born a citizen of the independent republic of Geneva, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) lived most of his life in
exile from his native city, but his admiration for its republican traditions deeply informed his political thought. A writer
of surpassing eloquence, his penchant for employing paradoxical and striking rhetorical formulations has led some to
dismiss his political writings as unsystematic or even incoherent. That he was idolized by leaders of the French
Revolution has led others to read his works as laying the intellectual foundations for the reign of terror and for modern
totalitarianism. More recent scholarship, however, has substantially refuted those critiques and revealed Rousseau to
be a political theorist of the first rank, alongside such figures as Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Kant,
and Hegel. In his early works, Rousseau denounced the hypocrisy and artificiality of Parisian society in the name of
conscience and virtue, and he reimagined the state of nature more radically than Hobbes and Locke, seeking to
prove that man is naturally good and that social inequality and evil are profoundly artificial. Having diagnosed the
evils of modern society, he proposed two distinct sorts of remedies or palliatives: proposals for the reform of
individual character and a theory of legitimate political authority. In fact, readers have found in his work two sorts of
ideal character: persons who embody an austere, self-commanding virtue and those who retain their innate
goodness. His political ideal combines the enthusiasm for civic virtue characteristic of ancient political thought with
the moderns’ insistence on the centrality of human freedom, calling for the establishment of a republic based on a
social contract in which each citizen agrees with all the rest to be bound by the community’s general will. In the idea
of the general will, the centerpiece of his political theory, Rousseau finds the solution to the problem of reconciling
authority and freedom: where the laws are the citizens’ general will, the law-abiding citizen obeys only his own will
and not the command of any other person, and so is free. This conception of freedom as submission to a law that one
gives to oneself anticipates Kant’s conception of freedom as autonomy, and one prominent strand of Rousseau’s
influence leads through Kant toward modern liberalism, but another leads toward Romanticism and the celebration of
such ideals as sincerity and authenticity.