DeltaV Power and Grounding

D800118X022
DeltaV Power and Grounding

© Emerson 2019. All rights reserved. The Emerson logo is a trademark and service mark of Emerson Electric Co. The DeltaV logo is
a mark of one of the Emerson family of companies. All other marks are properties of their respective owners. The contents of this
publication are presented for informational purposes only, and while every effort has been made to ensure their accuracy, they are
not to be construed as warranties or guarantees, expressed or implied, regarding the products or services described herein or their
use or applicability. All sales are governed by our terms and conditions, which are available on request. We reserve the right to
modify or improve the design or specification of such products at any time without notice.
Emerson Automation Solutions

1100 W. Louis Henna Blvd.
Round Rock, TX 78681
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Contents
Chapter 1 Preface: Read this section first........................................................................................9
1.1 Important.........................................................................................................................................9
1.2 Conventions for colors in wiring diagrams...................................................................................... 10
1.3 Using this manual........................................................................................................................... 10
1.4 CE statement..................................................................................................................................11
1.5 Conventions used in this manual.................................................................................................... 11
1.5.1 General definitions...................................................................................................................... 11
1.5.2 Power and grounding definitions.................................................................................................12
Chapter 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................15

2.1 Best engineering practices..............................................................................................................15
2.2 Principles of proper site preparation............................................................................................... 15
Chapter 3 DeltaV power and power quality.................................................................................. 17

3.1 Connecting plant power to DeltaV..................................................................................................17
3.2 AC power from a grid......................................................................................................................18
3.3 DeltaV AC distribution and grounding system................................................................................ 21
3.4 DC distribution system................................................................................................................... 23
3.5 Floating AC and high-resistance grounded systems typically with marine applications................... 25
3.6 Protection from surges and lightning............................................................................................. 28
3.7 Why clean power?.......................................................................................................................... 33
3.8 How to establish and maintain clean power....................................................................................37
3.8.1 Single AC source..........................................................................................................................38
3.8.2 Two AC sources........................................................................................................................... 40
3.9 Isolation to protect from power quality issues................................................................................ 41
3.9.1 Isolation transformers................................................................................................................. 42
3.9.2 Protection from other equipment on AC power grid....................................................................44
3.10 Backup/redundancy for higher availability.................................................................................... 44
3.10.1 Backup power recommendations.............................................................................................. 44
3.10.2 Types of redundancy................................................................................................................. 45
Chapter 4 DeltaV system cabinets and enclosures........................................................................ 47

4.1 Environmental considerations........................................................................................................ 47
4.1.1 Environmental areas....................................................................................................................47
4.1.2 Dust and corrosive vapor cntrol................................................................................................... 48
4.1.3 Temperature control................................................................................................................... 48
4.1.4 Humidity control......................................................................................................................... 48
4.1.5 Environmental control during transport and storage................................................................... 48
4.1.6 Using protective enclosures.........................................................................................................49
4.1.7 Industry standards for environmental conditions.........................................................................50
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4.2 DeltaV power quality...................................................................................................................... 50

4.2.1 Filtering and surge suppression................................................................................................... 51
4.2.2 AC/DC bulk power supplies..........................................................................................................51
4.3 DeltaV power and grounding schema options and examples..........................................................52
4.3.1 Bulk power supply example designs ............................................................................................53
4.3.2 DC/DC bulk power supplies......................................................................................................... 60
4.3.3 DeltaV DC system power supply (SPS)......................................................................................... 61
4.3.4 DC power wire size...................................................................................................................... 62
4.3.5 Adjusting system power supply input voltage..............................................................................62
4.3.6 Equalizing supply output voltage with redundancy modules....................................................... 62
4.4 DeltaV cabinet and enclosure grounding........................................................................................ 62
4.4.1 Chassis ground (CG).................................................................................................................... 66
4.4.2 DC ground (DCG)........................................................................................................................ 66
4.4.3 Shield termination and grounding............................................................................................... 67
M-series horizontal and vertical narrow shield bars................................................................................ 67
S-series and M-series vertical wide shield bars....................................................................................... 67
CHARMs shield bars...............................................................................................................................67
4.4.4 Supplying additional power to extended I/O carriers................................................................... 67
4.4.5 Power and grounding for DeltaV CHARMs .................................................................................. 70
Separately derived ground and power source close to the CHARMs enclosure.......................................70
Power and grounding scenarios for CHARMs enclosures........................................................................70
Customers with a separate isolated shield ground system..................................................................... 72
DC feed to DeltaV CHARMs enclosure fom bulk power supply cabinets or from plant DC power
systems........................................................................................................................................... 73
4.4.6 Warning Labels............................................................................................................................74
4.4.7 Power and grounding in hazardous areas.....................................................................................74
Qualifications of personnel.................................................................................................................... 75
Control drawings and installation instructions....................................................................................... 76
Zone 1 carrier power and grounding......................................................................................................76
Intrinsic safety considerations............................................................................................................... 76
Incorporating intrinsically safe I/O systems............................................................................................76
IS CHARMs.............................................................................................................................................76
IS CHARMs shield bars........................................................................................................................... 77
IS carrier-based cards............................................................................................................................ 80
4.4.8 Power and grounding for DeltaV Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS)........................................... 81
Safety critical SIS component power .....................................................................................................81
Using bulk power supplies in DeltaV SIS systems ...................................................................................82
Logic Solver configurations................................................................................................................... 85
Additional references............................................................................................................................ 89
Chapter 5 Signal wiring................................................................................................................91

5.1 Selecting cables..............................................................................................................................91
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5.2 Best signal wiring practices ............................................................................................................ 91

5.3 Protecting I/O signals from AC line noise........................................................................................ 92
5.3.1 Shield ground ............................................................................................................................. 93
5.3.2 Communication grounding......................................................................................................... 94
5.3.3 Electrical noise influences............................................................................................................95
5.4 I/O signal cable runs .......................................................................................................................95
5.5 Low-level I/O signal cable runs through junction boxes .................................................................. 99
5.6 Resistor-capacitor snubbers ...........................................................................................................99
5.7 I/O bus signal wiring....................................................................................................................... 99
5.8 HART wiring................................................................................................................................. 100
5.9 AS-interface wiring ...................................................................................................................... 100
5.10 DeviceNet wiring ....................................................................................................................... 101
5.11 FOUNDATION fieldbus wiring .................................................................................................... 103
5.12 Profibus DP wiring ..................................................................................................................... 104
Chapter 6 Ground Design For DeltaV.......................................................................................... 107

6.1 Grounding purposes and functions...............................................................................................107
6.2 Control system ground considerations......................................................................................... 108
6.3 Maintaining ground integrity ....................................................................................................... 108
6.4 Grounding a control system effectively........................................................................................ 109
6.5 Using existing ground networks ...................................................................................................110
6.6 Types of ground systems.............................................................................................................. 111
6.6.1 Star or single-point ground........................................................................................................111
6.6.2 Mesh star ground network.........................................................................................................111
6.7 Organizing the ground network................................................................................................... 113
6.8 Improving the earthing sub-system.............................................................................................. 115
6.8.1 Resistance, reactance, and impedance...................................................................................... 115
6.8.2 Soil resistivity............................................................................................................................ 115
6.8.3 Design and installation practices that ensure low impedance.................................................... 117
6.8.4 Ground conductor sizing........................................................................................................... 118
6.8.5 Ground bus construction...........................................................................................................119
6.8.6 Recommended method of connecting ground cable to a ground bar........................................ 121
6.8.7 Marking ground components.................................................................................................... 122
6.9 Enclosure grounding ....................................................................................................................122
6.9.1 Grounding for CHARMs and remote enclosures.........................................................................123
6.10 Multi-story Buildings.................................................................................................................. 123
Chapter 7 Appendices................................................................................................................ 127

7.1 Interference And Transients......................................................................................................... 127
7.1.1 Static coupling.......................................................................................................................... 127
7.1.2 Voltage differentials.................................................................................................................. 128
7.1.3 Inductive coupling.....................................................................................................................128
7.2 Shield Earthing For High-integrity Ground Systems...................................................................... 129
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7.3 Earthing And Grounding............................................................................................................... 130

7.3.1 Designing an earth ground system............................................................................................ 130
7.4 Earth Grounds in Water And Ice.................................................................................................... 137
7.4.1 Testing an earth ground ........................................................................................................... 138
Three-point testing method................................................................................................................ 138
Two-point testing method.................................................................................................................. 139
Slope testing method.......................................................................................................................... 140
Annually inspecting an earth ground system ...................................................................................... 140
7.5 Effects of Heat And Air Flow Inside an Enclosure........................................................................... 141
7.5.1 General..................................................................................................................................... 141
7.5.2 Heat impact on mean time between failures (MTBF) .................................................................141
7.5.3 Airflow considerations............................................................................................................... 141
7.5.4 Heat-related issues....................................................................................................................142
7.5.5 Solutions................................................................................................................................... 142
7.5.6 Measuring enclosure hot spots.................................................................................................. 144
7.5.7 Maintenance considerations......................................................................................................144
7.5.8 Controlling humidity ................................................................................................................ 145
7.5.9 Heating and cooling calculations .............................................................................................. 145
Cooling calculations to control heat generated within enclosures....................................................... 145
Cooling calculations to control heat transferred into enclosures..........................................................146
Calculating the effects of a pressurization system............................................................................... 147
7.5.10 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................147
7.6 Wire Color Conventions................................................................................................................148
7.7 Emerson DeltaV Control And Installation Drawings...................................................................... 148
7.8 Warning Labels.............................................................................................................................149
7.9 Power And Grounding Audit Worksheets......................................................................................151
7.9.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 151
7.9.2 Purpose..................................................................................................................................... 151
7.9.3 Intended audience.................................................................................................................... 151
7.9.4 System audit during fault conditions......................................................................................... 151
7.9.5 Product data sheets...................................................................................................................151
7.9.6 Required equipment................................................................................................................. 152
7.9.7 Definitions.................................................................................................................................152
7.9.8 Commenting.............................................................................................................................153
7.9.9 Building installation worksheet..................................................................................................153
7.9.10 Cabinet installation worksheet................................................................................................ 157
7.9.11 Earthing installation worksheet............................................................................................... 168
7.10 Environmental Considerations....................................................................................................171
7.10.1 Electrostatic Protection........................................................................................................... 171
Material sensitivity to static electricity.................................................................................................171
Electrostatic sources........................................................................................................................... 172
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Preventing static electricity buildup.................................................................................................... 173

Using grounding devices .................................................................................................................... 173
Flooding the air with ions.................................................................................................................... 173
Using static shielding containers .........................................................................................................174
Handling static-sensitive devices......................................................................................................... 174
7.10.2 Airborne contaminants size chart............................................................................................ 174
7.10.3 Atmospheric dust size chart.................................................................................................... 175
7.10.4 Mechanical influences on the control environment................................................................. 177
Proper installation............................................................................................................................... 177
External protection methods...............................................................................................................177
Product specifications......................................................................................................................... 177
7.10.5 Electromagnetic effects...........................................................................................................177
Electromagnetic measurement........................................................................................................... 177
Radio operation in a near field area ..................................................................................................... 178
Applicable electromagnetic signal standards.......................................................................................178
European harmonized standards......................................................................................................... 178
Process control-specific standards.......................................................................................................178
Determining EMI levels........................................................................................................................179
Reducing EMI levels............................................................................................................................. 179
EMI effects on magnetic media............................................................................................................180
7.10.6 Corrosive Environments.......................................................................................................... 180
Corrosion effects on the control system environment......................................................................... 180
Classifying corrosive environments in the presence of sulfides............................................................ 180
Classifying corrosive environments in the presence of sulfides and chlorides.......................................181
General method for identifying the environment................................................................................ 182
Humidity effects on reactivity results.................................................................................................. 182
7.10.7 Designing to environmental classifications ............................................................................. 183
Mild (Class G1) environments.............................................................................................................. 183
Moderate (Class G2) environments..................................................................................................... 183
Methods of minimizing exposed copper and silver.............................................................................. 183
Harsh (Class G3) environments............................................................................................................183
Special (Class GX) environments..........................................................................................................183
DeltaV product specifications information.......................................................................................... 184
7.10.8 Dusty environments................................................................................................................ 184
Minimizing the effects of dust............................................................................................................. 184
Protecting against dust....................................................................................................................... 184
7.10.9 Modifying the environment.....................................................................................................184
Modifying the control system environment.........................................................................................184
Installation of controlled-environment rooms..................................................................................... 185
HVAC system considerations...............................................................................................................185
Humidity control considerations......................................................................................................... 185
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Construction considerations................................................................................................................185
Production floor and remote installations ........................................................................................... 185
HVAC system considerations...............................................................................................................186
Purging system considerations............................................................................................................186
Enclosure and room air pressure calculations ......................................................................................186
Maintaining environmental control systems ....................................................................................... 186
7.11 References................................................................................................................................. 187
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Preface: Read this section first
D800118X022
1 Preface: Read this section first

This manual explains how to design and prepare control-system electrical power and
ground networks before installing a DeltaV system. This manual also explains how to
protect the DeltaV system from harsh environments before and after system installation.
Applying the information in this manual can save you much time and expense by
significantly increasing the reliability and availability of the control system and by making
the system easier to start up and maintain.
The power and grounding practices described in this manual are based on best
engineering practices, gleaned from years of experience, and on industry standards. In
addition to this manual, you may need other DeltaV and industry publications to obtain
complete information for preparing your site. References to related industry standards
appear throughout the manual.
This manual supersedes all previous Emerson manuals with respect to power, grounding,
and surge suppression, including the following manuals:
• D800053, Quick Start Guide for DeltaV Power, Grounding, and Surge Suppression
• D800015, Site Preparation and Design for DeltaV Digital Automation Systems
Each edition of this manual is applicable to all DeltaV versions. Therefore, information in
previous editions is carried forward to this edition.
This edition includes the following updates to earlier editions:
• Added clarification on the use of Notes, Cautions, and Warnings in this manual.
• Added clarification on the required sizing of DC reference wire to the DCG.
• Added clarification on the use of color in wiring diagrams in this manual.
• Revised Figure 4-28 to add fused terminal blocks.
• Corrected errors in Table 5-1.
• Added Wire Color Conventions.
Notices
The following types of notices are used in this manual:
Notes provide clarification, emphasis, or exceptions.
Cautions provide guidance that you must follow to ensure the highest reliability and
availability.
Warnings provide guidance that you must follow to prevent a safety risk or equipment
damage.
1.1 Important
Complying with the codes and regulations of authorities having jurisdiction is essential to
ensuring personnel safety. The guidelines and recommendations in this manual are
intended to meet or exceed applicable codes and regulations. If differences occur
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between this manual and the codes and regulations of authorities having jurisdiction,
those codes and regulations must take precedence.
All DeltaV installationprocedures must be performed by qualified personnel and
DeltaVequipment must be used only for the purposes described.
1.2 Conventions for colors in wiring diagrams

The following tables show the conventions used in this document for wire colors in wiring
diagrams.
Table 1-1: Wire Colors in DC Wiring Diagrams
Wire Color Wire Function
Red DC power
Black DC return
Green DC ground
Green with yellow stripes Chassis ground/protective earth
Table 1-2: Wire Colors in AC Wiring Diagrams

Wire Color Wire Function
Blue Neutral
Brown Line
Green with yellow stripes Chassis ground/protective earth
These conventions are based on International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

guidelines and do not constitute a recommendation by Emerson. Wire-color conventions
vary by world area and by customer standards. For example, many North American
installations use green for safety ground wires, but IEC rejects that practice. In all cases,
you must follow the codes and regulations of authorities having jurisdiction. For more
information about wire-color conventions, refer to Wire Color Conventions.
1.3 Using this manual

The following figure illustrates the organizational structure of this manual.
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Figure 1-1: Using this manual
1.4 CE statement
This manual describes installation and maintenance procedures for products that have
been tested to be in compliance with appropriate CE directives. To maintain compliance,
these products must be installed and maintained according to the procedures described in
this document. Failure to follow the procedures may compromise compliance.
1.5 Conventions used in this manual
1.5.1 General definitions

BPCS--Basic process control system. IEC 61511 defines BPCS as “a system which responds
to input signals from the process, its associated equipment, other programmable systems
and/or operators and generates output signals causing the process and its associated
equipment to operate in the desired manner but which does not perform any SIF (Safety
Instrumented Function).”
Control system--Also known as a basic process control system (BPCS). All components
including workstations, network hardware, bulk power supplies, controllers, I/O
components, and field devices.
DCS – Distributed control system which includes the distributed BPCS and SIS systems.
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Availability--Power and grounding designs and implementations that minimize process

interruptions due to loss of power.
Highest availability--A design that incorporates redundant power sources to minimize
process upsets. This design will also require the Highest Integrity system design.
Integrity--The elements of power and grounding designs that ensure that the DeltaV
system is not disturbed by external influences due to unwanted power-quality events.
Highest integrity--A system design method that is solidly grounded and that includes
power conditioning to provide clean power by using UPSs (uninterruptable power
supplies), isolation transformers, and/or surge suppression devices.
Local area--All instruments powered by a common isolation transformer or isolated AC
source where all grounds terminate at a single point.
Remote instrument enclosure (RIE)--Standalone modular building manufactured
complete with redundant power feeds, power panels and infrastructure, gas and smoke
detection, HVAC, UPS, network and server cabinets, DeltaV cabinets, and third-party
cabinets completely wired and tested ready to ship to a customer site as a turnkey system.
SIS--DeltaV Safety Instrumented System including Safety Logic Solvers and DeltaV SIS
CHARMs. IEC 61511 defines SIS as “instrumented system used to implement one or more
SIFs.”
System--A group of equipment bound together by a single-point ground.
Enclosure--A secure, controlled environment that limits access to trained and qualified
personnel. For example, an enclosure can be a lockable room, a single cabinet, a cabinet
grouping, a panel, or a rack.
1.5.2 Power and grounding definitions

AC ground--Grounding required by local codes to bond control system cabinets and
metal enclosures to the separately derived source ground. The AC ground might also be
referred to as protective earth (PE), safety ground, or fault ground. Refer to NFPA70 Article
250 – National Electric Code; IEC Standard 60364-4-44, Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
C22.1 Section 10, and C22.2 No.0.4.
AC power source--The incoming AC power to a system from AC sources such as
commercial power, UPS, generator, and motor control center (MCC) power panels.
Bulk power supply--AC/DC or DC/DC power supplies that feed power to the DeltaV
hardware. These power supplies may be mounted in the same cabinet with the DeltaV
hardware, or in separate bulk power supply cabinets or other locations.
Chassis ground (CG)—DeltaV’s non-isolated ground scheme. All DeltaV enclosures and
protective earth connections within the DeltaV enclosures connect to the CG system,
which connects to the DeltaV Instrumentation Ground (DIG) and then to the plant grid.
This provides an equipotential low-impedance path for unwanted noise to return to its
source.
Local area CG--DeltaV CG busbar used to consolidate CG cables from multiple DeltaV
Cabinets in a localized area.
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Clean power-- Power without known power-quality issues such as transients, harmonics,
surges, and sags. Power-conditioning equipment such as UPSs, isolation transformers, and
surge protection devices (SPDs) typically provide power to the control system.
Equipotential bonding system--A system in which every location in the grounding
network is at the same potential voltage. Used in this document to refer to both protective
and functional equipotential bonding, as defined in IEC 60364-4-44 444.3.3.
DC ground (DCG)--DeltaV isolated DC ground reference scheme to which all DC power
source commons are connected. IEC refers to this as functional earthing. Refer to IEC
60364-5-54 541.3.11.
Local area DCG--DeltaV DCG busbar used to consolidate DCG cables from multiple DeltaV
Cabinets in a localized area.
DeltaV instrument ground (DIG)--The final point of the equipotential bonding system
connecting the DeltaV CG (chassis ground) and DCG (DC ground) to the plant grounding
system. This is often referred to in industry as the master reference ground (MRG). IEC
refers to this as the main earthing terminal in IEC 60364-5-54 541.3.9.
Earthing electrode network--A foundation electrode network such as a Ufer or platform;
a bonded grid network; a triad; or a ring. In addition, each type of grounding system such
as functional earth, protective earth (safety), or lightning earthing may be connected to a
unique earth electrode network. All earthing electrode networks must be bonded
together.
EMC--Electromagnetic compatibility: the study of the effects of electromagnetic energy
on equipment and the immunity of equipment to those effects.
Equipment grounding conductor (EGC)--The conductive path that provides a ground-
fault current path and connects normally non–current-carrying metal parts of equipment
together and to the system grounded conductor or to the grounding electrode conductor,
or both. Some codes, regulations, and world areas refer to the EGC as a protective earthing
conductor or an Equipment Bonding Conductor.
Functional earth--Earthing a point or points in a system or in an installation or in
equipment, for purposes other than electrical safety. Refer to IEC 60364-5-54 541.3.11.
Isolation transformer--A shielded transformer with galvanic separation between primary
and secondary circuits. This provides both normal-mode and common-mode noise
attenuation. An isolation transformer creates an independent electrical system also called
a separately derived system with a local ground reference.
Plant ground grid--Common ground system of the plant to which all electrical power
system protective earthing grounds are connected.
Protective earth (PE)--Protective conductor provided for protective earthing. Refer to IEC
60364 - International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
Safety ground--Grounding system for personnel protection. NFPA70 National Electrical
Code refers to this as equipment grounding conductor or grounding electrode system.
EU/IEC refers to this as protective earthing conductor (PE) or earthing electrode network.
Refer to NFPA70:2017 Article 250 – National Electric Code; IEC Standard 60364-4-44.
SELV--Safety extra-low-voltage system. An extra-low-voltage system that is electrically
isolated from the earth and from other systems in such a way that a single fault cannot
give rise to the risk of electric shock. DeltaV is designed and certified as an SELV.
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System power supply--DeltaV DC/DC power supplies mounted in the DeltaV carrier
providing power to the DeltaV controllers and I/O cards.
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Introduction
D800118X022
2 Introduction
Before you install a DeltaV Digital Automation System, your site must be electrically and
environmentally prepared to receive the system. Proper site preparation is foundational to
personnel safety and to control system efficiency and reliability. This manual provides
most of the information you need to prepare your site before installing a DeltaV Digital
Automation System.
Following the appropriate national and local electrical codes is essential to ensuring
personnel safety. Efficient and reliable system operation is greatly enhanced when power
distribution systems, ground systems, and signal wiring follow best engineering practices.
Temperature, humidity, dust, and corrosive vapors must be maintained within system
specifications.
These guidelines and recommendations cover most situations. At some sites, specific
circumstances may require alternative approaches. If your site requires a different
approach, contact your Emerson Local Business Partner or Field Sales Office (LBP/FSO).
Before contact, you may want to prepare drawings of your proposed power and grounding
system for their review.
Product-specific information and guidance details are found in Books Online; the
supporting installation and reference documents included in the DeltaV DVD
Documentation Library provided with each system; and are available through Guardian
Support. Contact your Emerson Local Business Partner or Field Sales Office (LBP/FSO) for
assistance in locating these documents.
2.1 Best engineering practices

The recommendations in this document are based on what Emerson considers best
engineering practices. These best practices apply to any control system. The following
principles provide a foundation for system design with respect to mitigating interference
issues through power and grounding.
Wiring for system grounds, chassis grounds, AC grounds, DC reference grounds, and
DeltaV instrumentation grounds (DIG) should be connected as shown in the illustrations.
This is the best practice to resolve power quality issues such as magnetic interference,
radio signals, electrical spikes, and lightning discharges. Compromising the power and
grounding design can degrade control system performance and can jeopardize personnel
safety.
2.2 Principles of proper site preparation

• A system is only as good as its foundation. System operation will never be better than
the integrity of its AC power, DC power, and ground networks.
• Power, ground, and surge should always be considered together because they
frequently interact. A system where power, ground, and surge suppression work in
unison is the most stable system. Clean power with surge protection minimizes
electronics damage and errors in your system's control signals.
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• Electrical noise effects are normally minimized by using isolated AC power sources and
single-point grounding schemes, by protecting against undue influence on I/O signals
from stray magnetic fields, and by selecting appropriately sized and designed cables
and pathways, including adequate cable separation.
• Minimize EMI noise and RF interference to increase system reliability.
• Shielded, twisted-pair cable for traditional I/O results in the best solution to provide
electrical noise immunity.
• Use the shortest possible power and ground cables to minimize overall impedance.
• Minimize exposure to extreme environmental conditions such as temperature,
humidity, and corrosive elements.
• There is no single, perfect solution that can eliminate all unwanted interference.
However, a stable ground reference (1 Ω to 5 Ω) can protect the control system from
facility faults, lightning, and other voltage events affecting other ground areas. A
single-point, dedicated connection for the DeltaV isolated DCG bus to true earth
ground minimizes electrical noise interference from other ground systems.
• Make sure no other system in the plant is connected to the DeltaV Instrumented
Ground (DIG).
Not all applications require the same level of power and grounding design. Mission-critical
sites, such as refining, petrochemical, and safety instrumented systems, require the
highest level of power, ground, and surge integrity and protection. However, not all
systems need the same level of availability. Many processes can accommodate an
interruption due to a safety trip. Assuring a safe shutdown of the process is the
requirement of a safety system. An interruption in many processes does not always result
in significant financial loss. Therefore, many systems economically do not justify the
highest availability, but safety systems require the highest integrity systems.
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DeltaV power and power quality
D800118X022
3 DeltaV power and power quality

3.1 Connecting plant power to DeltaV
The power and grounding practices in this chapter have been established over decades to
provide excellent protection against electrical surges and transients in industrial
installations. The electrical system installation must meet the local area codes and
regulations to insure personnel safety and protection of property. The most common
methodology is based on a solidly grounded AC power distribution system as recognized
by the National Electrical Code (NEC) NFPA 70, the Canadian Standards Association (CSA),
the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers Inc. (IEEE), and most world area electrical codes. Other grounding
methodologies can also provide good alternatives for customer requirements. For more
information, refer to Types of ground systems.
Industrial power is supplied through a three-phase transformer and stepped down to a
nominal plantwide voltage level. The National Electric Code (NEC) and IEC define low
voltage (LV) as at or below 1000 VAC. CSA C22.1-15 defines low voltage as any voltage
exceeding 30 V but not exceeding 750 V. The following table, adapted from a table in IEC
60038 Standard Voltages, lists the harmonized global voltage levels for low-voltage AC
power. Many industries have separate feeds from two substations or one substation along
with generators to provide redundant power.
Table 3-1: Standardized global power
Three-phase four-wire or three-wire systems Single-phase three-wire
systems
Normal Voltage (V) Normal Voltage
50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz
- 120/208 120/240d
230c 240c -
230/400a 230/400a -
- 277/480 -
- 480 -
- 347/600 -
- 600 -
400/690c -
1,000 -
1. In Europe and many other regions, most facilities with 220/380 V and 240/415 V
systems have made the transition to 230/400 V.
In Europe and many other regions, most facilities with 380/660 V systems have
made the transition to 400/ 690 V.
2. 200 V and 220 V are also used in some countries.
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3. 100/200 V are also used with 50 Hz and 60 Hz systems in some countries.

To maintain the highest power factor, maximize efficiency, and reduce harmonics and
unwanted noise, it is always best to maintain a balanced system. The secondary side of
most three-phase LV isolation transformers in North America is a 120/208 VAC or 277/480
VAC 60 Hz wye with a solidly grounded system. Europe typically distributes low-voltage
(LV) power through 230/400 VAC 50 Hz systems.
To maintain optimal control for a distributed control system (DCS), the DCS must be
powered from a separately derived source. This separately derived power can be provided
from three-phase AC feeds, single-phase AC feeds, or distributed DC feeds. Separately
derived power is very important for reducing unwanted interference.
AC power to the DeltaV bulk power supplies can also be provided from a separately
derived AC floating or resistance grounded system. However, the DeltaV DC system must
have the DC return solidly grounded to meet and maintain EMC and certifications for
safety.
3.2 AC power from a grid

Worldwide power is a constantly evolving entity. Today, power is produced from
generation, such as hydroelectric; nuclear, coal, or natural gas through steam turbine;
wind; or photovoltaic. The three-phase voltage is then stepped up through a transformer
and delivered on transmission lines at high-voltage (HV) or ultra-high-voltage (UHV)
alternating current with a fundamental frequency of either 60 Hz or 50 Hz. This HV or UHV
is ultimately reduced to a medium voltage at the distribution substations. Many industrial
customers are supplied medium voltage which is further reduced to meet their plants
requirements, typically 400 to 600 VAC.
Regional and national power grids exist throughout the world. This network of power is
connected, rerouted, and distributed at the substations to produce power, as shown for
example in the following figure. To make this system work in unison, the various power
sources must synchronize their generation frequency, voltage, and phase.
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Figure 3-1: Typical power generation and distribution
An integrated control system must maintain a relatively steady state condition by rapidly
reacting to transient events and the dynamic conditions introduced both from the sources
and loads connected to the grid. A 1976 IEEE report on power disruption listed the
following most common causes of disruptive events.
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Table 3-2: Causes of power disruptions

Weather Miscellaneous System Components System Operation
Blizzard/snow Airplane/helicopter Electrical & System conditions:
Cold Animal/bird/snake mechanical: Stability
Flood Vehicle: Fuel supply High/low voltage
Heat Automobile/truck Generating unit failure High/low frequency
Hurricane Crane Transformer failure Line overload
Ice Dig-in Switchgear failure Transformer overload
Lightning Fire/explosion Conductor failure Unbalanced load
Rain Sabotage/vandalism Tower, pole Neighboring power
attachment system
Tornado Tree
Insulation failure: Public appeal:
Wind Unknown
Transmission line Commercial &
Other Other
Substation industrial
Surge arrester All customers
Cable failure Voltage Reduction:
Voltage control 0-2% voltage reduction
equipment: Greater than 2-8%
Voltage regulator voltage reduction
Automatic tap changer Rotating blackout
Capacitor Utility personnel:
Reactor System operator error
Protection and control: Power plant operator
Relay failure error
Communication signal Field operator error
error Maintenance error
Supervisory control Other
error
Substations are configured and interconnected radially with lateral services; through
loops; or in networked grids of interconnected feeders supplied from several substations.
Power may be provided to Industrial customers from any of these types of distribution
systems or their facility may be the sole recipient of one of these distribution networks.
Generating plants, transmission systems, distribution substations and integrated control
systems use switches, relays, and fuses to redistribute power and, in most cases, reapply
power to correct for disruptions. Many disruptions are intermittent and cleared once
power is restored to the circuit. For example, if a tree limb falls across a transmission line
causing a temporary short: 1) the short is detected; 2) the circuit with the short is removed
from the power network; 3) a reclosing breaker is activated to reestablish the original
power source to the network after the fault has cleared. This type of situation can cause
multiple power quality issues for control systems, such as interruptions, sags,
undervoltage, swells on reclosure, or transients from the event or reclosure attempts.
Care should be taken when deriving control system power from multiple sources. If the
sources are from two independent distribution substations, a localized power control
interconnect system between the distribution substations should be in place to assure
equality of voltage, frequency, and phase. If the phase from source one is not completely
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matched to that of source two, there may be additional neutral current from these
separately derived systems with a commonly grounded neutral.
3.3 DeltaV AC distribution and grounding system

A well-engineered AC distribution system meets or exceeds all electrical codes and
standards. For a typical DeltaV node being powered from the plant’s AC distribution
system, the power should be supplied through an isolation transformer or UPS with a good
AC ground network established at or near the transformer or UPS.
AC conductors are routed from the AC source to the main disconnect panel (containing
the main disconnect breaker or fuse) and then into branch disconnect panels. For large
DeltaV systems, multiple branch disconnect panels should always be used. Multiple
branch panels enable you to dedicate power to particular areas of the system, its
enclosures, and to DeltaV workstations. Figure 3-2 below is an isolated three-phase
system with redundant power. A double-conversion UPS provides isolated power to the
primary. An isolation transformer and transfer switch provide a maintenance bypass for
UPS service. The secondary power is provided with an isolation transformer. The loads of
the three-phase power system should be balanced if sourcing single-phase power as
shown in figure below.
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Figure 3-2: Isolated 3-phase system with redundant power
When connecting multiple grounding systems together, such as the plant ground grid and
the lightning grounding in the figure above and the DeltaV Instrument Ground (DIG), the
lightning ground should have its bonding connection as far as practical from the DIG
bonding location on the plant ground grid.
The following figure shows an isolated single-phase system with redundant power. When
connecting single-phase power from three-phase plant power distribution, it is important
to choose the correct phasing between legs of the service to maintain proper load
balancing. A balanced load on the three-phase power reduces harmonics. Harmonics in
the system can result in transformer overheating and other power-quality issues.
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Figure 3-3: Isolated single-phase system with redundant power
3.4 DC distribution system

Many facilities supply power to control systems through a distributed DC power bus. DC
busses typically range from 24 VDC to 28 VDC. These lower DC voltages are safer for
personnel in case of shock, and they lessen the risk of fire and explosion. Disadvantages of
DC distribution include higher costs, higher susceptibility to noise, and higher power
losses. The voltage at the DC source is always greater than the voltage at the various taps
throughout the plant due to resistance losses with increased distance.
Adding a separate DC/DC power supply between the DC distribution taps and DeltaV has
the following advantages:
• It establishes a separately derived zero-equipotential ground reference. Many DC
distribution systems do not have grounded DC returns. Additionally, DC systems that
are grounded at the distribution center return may not be at the same ground
potential as the DeltaV Instrument Ground (DIG).
• It isolates DeltaV equipment from other equipment also connected to the DC bus in
the following ways:
— Stabilizes voltage fluctuations caused by other equipment.
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— Provides isolation from noise on the power lines.

• DeltaV certifications for safety, EMC, ATEX/IECEx and Low Voltage all require a
solidly grounded DC system. (ATEX is the name commonly given to the two
European Directives for controlling explosive atmospheres. IECEx is a system that
provides an internationally accepted means of proving compliance with IEC
standards.)
DC/DC power supplies must be adequately sized for the DeltaV system, must have the
proper certifications for the applicable area, and should be 100 ft (about 30 m) or less
from the DeltaV equipment to minimize the susceptibility to noise.
For noisy environments, consider additional surge protection. Low-voltage DC lines are
more susceptible to noise than are higher-voltage power lines.
Figure 3-4: Bussed DC power
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3.5 Floating AC and high-resistance grounded

systems typically with marine applications
Marine power as it applies in this manual refers to shipboard or offshore platform power.
Most marine applications for control systems use low voltage (LV) < 1000VAC for the
power source. However, marine propulsion is often derived from medium voltage (MV)
generation. Redundancy is provided from MV generator-sets which are stepped-down
through transformers to provide the LV power systems for control.
Reasons for using a floating ground are to maintain high availability and to prevent
oxidation or plating through electrolysis. Marine applications typically use floating AC to
obtain high power availability. An example of a floating AC system as described in IEC
60364-1 is an IT power system. DeltaV bulk power supplies can be used in many power
schemes including floating IT power designs.
WARNING
Floating or high resistance ground systems allow for a single ground fault to occur without
loss of power to critical systems. A second fault will result in loss of power and/or hazard to
personnel and property. Fault sensing and alarming will allow maintenance to locate and
correct the ground fault.
Some equipment failure conditions can produce an imbalance in the line currents when
using floating power. For example, bearing wear will cause a rotational imbalance that will
affect the line currents. When a non-hazardous current imbalance is detected, an alarm
alerts personnel to the need to troubleshoot and clear the issue. This sensing is important
to maintain power availability to the process.
Detection of current imbalance is accomplished by measuring leakage with current
monitors, such as those listed below, which compare the phase to phase and phase to
ground current. The resultant current or net current will be zero. Minor imbalances are a
result of wire insulation breakdown or load issues. When an imbalance is observed, action
can be taken depending on the severity of the issue. If the imbalance is minor, such as
early signs of insulation breakdown, the cable can be replaced at the next scheduled
preventive maintenance if the issue does not progress.
The following figure shows a marine application that incorporates surge protection, earth
leakage detection, and a solution for phase imbalance or loss of a phase.
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Figure 3-5: Three-phase floating power for marine applications
The surge protection device (SPD) is solidly grounded and if properly maintained will not
be a source of leakage. In other words, leakage detection from the SPD to the structure is
not generally required because the ground connection is only used in the event of a high
voltage surge. The SPD at the first disconnect from the Medium Voltage (MV) distributed
3-phase bus can be either type 1 or type 2 depending on the conditions at the site. The
SPD will attenuate surges from phase to phase or phase to hull/structure.
A single isolated ground path should be maintained from the isolation transformers, UPS,
transfer switch through to the distribution disconnect to ensure that any leakage current is
detected through dedicated ground wires. Earth leakage current will be detected by the
current transformer (CT) located between the disconnect and the DIG at the structure.
The ground bus in the DeltaV cabinet will be isolated and monitored by a leakage
detector. Once leakage is detected the source should be located and eliminated.
Current imbalance relays as shown in the DeltaV cabinets can be set to monitor phase
imbalance. This imbalance can be an indication of an issue such as loss of one of the three
phases or a component failure.
Offshore applications use the hull of the ship or platform as the ground reference. Leakage
current to and throughout the structure will result in a build-up of non-conductive
oxidation, i.e. electrolysis. Therefore, it is important to detect and eliminate the cause of
the leakage.
The following detection methods are used to maintain the integrity of the hull, to assure
the availability of the process, and to protect personnel and property:
Differential ground fault protection is a process of detecting an imbalance in the pole
current with respect to a ground, either functional earth or protective.
Differential current monitor is the method and/or device to measure the pole current
imbalance by means of current transformers (CT). This is the most general term for
current monitoring in that it can measure a single pole with respect to ground; pole to
pole; multiple pole current sharing; or multiple pole and the ground leakage.
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Differential relays are used in conjunction with Differential current monitors to achieve a
level of protection in cases of current imbalance by interrupting circuits with faults. In
cases with multiple power sources they may also be used to reconfigure circuit power
from the fault to the non-fault circuits.
Residual current devices (RCD) – Measures imbalance in power lines. These RCDs will detect
if the current supplied has an equal and opposite current through the return pole
conductor(s). If leakage is detected, the RCD interrupts all poles. The interrupt can be fast
acting or delayed. Two types of RCDs are RCCB and RCBO listed below.
Residual-current circuit breaker (RCCB) opens power circuits when a current imbalance exists
between the poles.
Residual-current circuit breaker with overcurrent protection (RCBO) – protect against
current imbalance between the poles, short-circuit, overloads, and earth faults by
interrupting power circuits during an event.
Residual current relays are used in conjunction with Residual current devices to achieve a
level of protection in cases of current imbalance by interrupting circuits with faults. In
cases with multiple power sources they may also be used to reconfigure circuit power
from the fault to the non-fault circuits.
Earth Leakage detectors (ELD) are used in a grounded power system, such as low voltage AC
power, DC power, or signal wires.
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) as defined by Article 100 of the NEC “A device
intended for the protection of personnel that functions to de-energize a circuit or portion
thereof within an established period of time when a current to ground exceeds the values
established for a Class A device.” The Class A devices will trip when the current to ground is
<= 6mA. GFCIs are primarily used in North America with applications in residential and
office environments. The GFCIs are in the form of receptacle or breaker and can be
considered a non-inclusive subset of differential ground fault protection.
Another method of increasing power availability is using a high-resistance grounding
system. If you use floating or high-resistance ground, insulation and interrupt devices
must be sufficiently sized to accommodate the possibility of line-to-line fault conditions.
Residual current devices (RCDs) should also be incorporated on the supply lines to quickly
detect leakage current and provide power interruption if required.
Although AC power and isolated input or output field power can be floating, the DeltaV DC
power must remain solidly grounded.
WARNING
Use only DeltaV isolated AC I/O products with floating or high-resistance ground. DeltaV
AC discrete I/O products are tested and certified for use with solidly grounded AC systems
and should not be used on a floating or high-resistance ground.
Note
Isolated AC channels are permitted.
Emerson bulk power supplies can provide up to 1500 VDC isolation from AC power and
must be installed in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions. AC power and
grounding is governed by the applicable codes and regulations and is independent of the
DeltaV DC power requirements.
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If you are using a high-resistance ground, install a surge protection device (SPD) with
filters immediately before the DeltaV bulk power supply. SPDs protect the integrity of the
DeltaV system from re-strike transients. Re-strike transients are generated in HRGs to find
system faults.
3.6 Protection from surges and lightning

It is often estimated that 60% of process interruptions come from surges or noise from
industrial equipment. In regions with moderate to high rates of lightning strikes, 40% of
process interruptions are due to lightning, either directly or indirectly. Therefore, DeltaV
power requires surge protection for the highest integrity systems. All systems should be
reviewed for adequate protection from surges and noise to ensure the reliability and
availability of the DCS controls.
It is beyond the scope of this manual to provide guidance for designing lightning-
protection systems or recommend surge protection devices for service entrance power.
Refer to NFPA 780 Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems: 2017 and the
IEC 62305 series Protection against lightning for more detailed information about lightning
protection techniques.
There are similarities between surge management for industrial applications and surge
management for lightning. Industrial applications as in IEC 61131-4:2004 include surge
management for lightning in the exposed areas of plants and other disruptive
electromagnetic pulse (EMP) events internal to the facility, but the lightning control
specifications focus only on surges from atmospheric discharge events. The following
figure from IEC 61131-4:2004 shows typical EMC Immunity Zones for an industrial
application. Power and signals need to be appropriately conditioned for the environment,
availability, and integrity level required for the process application.
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Figure 3-6: EMC immunity zones
A similar correlation can be made from the lightning protection zone (LPZ) of the figure
below.
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Figure 3-7: Lightning protection zones
Higher availability and integrity require greater protection from surges. Lightning
protection zones, immunity zones, and hazardous location zones do not have a perfect
one-to-one correlation. For example, immunity zone C is similar to LPZ1; immunity zone B
is similar to LPZ2; and immunity zone A is similar to LPZ3.
One common misbelief is that surge suppression is not necessary if the process is in an
area with a low risk of lightning. It is prudent to include isolation, such as a UPS or isolation
transformer, with surge suppression at every zone boundary to maintain high availability
and high integrity in industrial applications. For an example, refer to Figure 3-6.
Surge protection devices (SPD) are designed to specific standards such as UL 1449:2015
Standard for Safety Surge Protective Devices for North America, and Internationally in IEC
61643-11:2011Low-voltage surge protective devices -Part 11 Surge protective devices
connected to low-voltage power systems – requirements and test methods. This manual uses
the UL type designation for SPDs, which classifies the SPD class as Type 1, Type 2, and Type
3.
Low-voltage (LV) service entrances from LPZ0 to LPZ1 should have a Type 1 SPD. If your
application requires high availability or high integrity, you should use SPDs regardless of
the frequency of lightning in the area.
SPD should be coordinated between LPZs to limit energy entering more sensitive LPZs.
DeltaV products meet industrial surge requirements and criteria listed in IEC
61326-1Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use – EMC
requirements – Part 1: General requirements Table 2 – Immunity test requirements for
equipment intended to be used in an industrial electromagnetic environment. For control
systems located entirely within and powered in a Zone C or LPZ 3, no additional surge
protection should be required. However, some degree of filtering and isolation, such as
that provided by an isolation transformer, may still be necessary.
Figure 3-7 shows standalone DeltaV systems that are powered from separately derived
sources, such as those in Figure 3-2 and Figure 3-3. This is often the case in remote
buildings that are not close to the main plant grounding system. These remote DeltaV
centers will require separate localized grounding, such as a triad. When there are several
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remote systems that are in close proximity, cost can be minimized by connecting to local
grounding busses with a single DIG/triad. For installations where the distance to the
separately derived source is greater than 100m, the best engineering practice is to include
SPDs for mitigation of noise interference in DeltaV systems. All surge protection devices
should be designed in a coordinated effort as seen in Figure 3-5 and Figure 3-6. Surge
protection devices used with remote DeltaV enclosures as depicted in should be SPD Type
3. The SPD in the enclosure below will protect transients from Line-Line and Line/Neutral-
Ground. Unwanted energy will dissipate through the remote triad and/or the ground at
the separately derived source. When a transient event occurs, the energy will seek
multiple paths back to the origin. In a system with multiple ground points, SPD ground to
triad or SPD ground to plant ground grid, the unwanted energy dissipates more quickly
and has less influence on the control system. The following figure illustrates grounding of
SPDs for DeltaV.
Figure 3-8: SPD Grounding for DeltaV
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If the DeltaV system is farther than 100 m (300 ft) from the power distribution source, or if
there is a high lightning or disruptive risk, install SPDs as shown in Figure 3-8. In addition to
the surge suppression provided by SPDs, these devices also enable the creation of a
separately derived ground. The SPDs do not provide a galvanically isolated ground as
could be established by an isolation transformer, but they do provide good isolation,
enabling the grounding system to mitigate interference.
Field wiring may also require surge suppression if the signals enter a protection zone
outside the zone the controller and cards are in. When SPDs are used with field wires it is
best to have SPDs at both ends of the field transmitter/receiver pair.
In small systems, such as a remote CHARM enclosure, the DC Ground and the Chassis
Ground can be connected inside the enclosure and taken to a low impedance ground.
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Figure 3-9: Isolated CHARM enclosure with SPDs
3.7 Why clean power?

From a service entrance, plant distribution networks can drop AC input voltage by five
percent or more between the entrance and the power connections to various portions of
the control system. Additionally, electrical disturbances can be induced on plant power
lines by surges and starting transients from large motors and other loads connected to the
plant AC distribution system. These disturbances can cause momentary line-voltage
reductions as well as possible wave-shape distortions such as spikes. Starting large motors
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may momentarily drop line voltage up to 15%. To maintain adequate power quality,
electrical disturbances must be designed around or controlled.
To operate your DeltaV system at the highest level of integrity (that is, to maintain the
system with the least amount of disruptive events due to power anomalies), a properly
designed power conditioning system should be considered.
DeltaV requires clean AC power. Clean AC power is a sinusoidal wave that maintains its
characteristics with both linear and non- linear loads. The following commonly used
standards address power quality:
• IEEE 1159-2009 Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality
• IEEE 519-2014 Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical
Power Systems
• EC 61000-3-11 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Limitations of voltage changes, voltage
fluctuations and flicker in public low voltage supply systems
• IEC 61000-3-12 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Limits for harmonic currents produced
by equipment connected to public low voltage systems
• IEC 61000-4-30 Testing and measurement techniques – Power quality measurement
methods
Table 2‑3 and Table 2‑4 list the most prevalent factors that influence the quality of power.
Common causes for power quality issues with corresponding recommendations for
corrective measures can also be found in the tables.
CAUTION
Any three-phase source, such as transformer or UPS, providing power to a DeltaV system
must only power DeltaV products, safety systems, or the control system. Therefore, no
VFDs, HVAC, motors, fans, compressors, ballasts, and so on shall be connected to any
output phase of a transformer or UPS that is also used to power the DeltaV system.
Table 3-3: Solutions for power interference: UPS or CVT?

Type of Possible effect Common causes Preventive Comment
interference measures
Interruptions DeltaV restart. Utility faults, load UPS or CVT UPS or CVT
switching, DeltaV systems
breaker trips, or powered by
equipment Emerson bulk
failures. power supplies
can withstand
power
interruptions up
to 20 ms.
Sag Possible DeltaV Start-up loads UPS or CVT DeltaV systems
restart if voltage drawing excessive powered by
drops below current, Emerson bulk
lower power equipment faults. power supplies
supply limit. can withstand
sags up to 20 ms.
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Table 3-3: Solutions for power interference: UPS or CVT? (continued)

Undervoltage Loss of power to Utility faults or UPS or CVT DeltaV systems
the DeltaV load changes. powered by
system. Emerson bulk
power supplies
can withstand loss
of power up to 20
ms
Swell Possible power Loads shifting, UPS or CVT
supply damage if utility faults.
voltage remains
at increased levels
greater than
power supply
limit.
Overvoltage Possible power Loads shifting, UPS or CVT
supply damage if utility faults.
voltage remains
at increased levels
greater than
power supply
limit.
CAUTION
The primary power source should be free of power interruptions longer than 20 ms. A
power interruption longer than 20 ms can cause loss of configuration data, process data,
and even loss of process control.
Table 3-4: Additional solutions for power interference

Impulse transient Impulse Lightning causing Use appropriate Typically, bulk
transients in voltage gradients surge protection supplies are
excess of 1,500 V in excess of 1,500 devices (SPD). certified to have
may destroy V. The SPD should either double or
channel or system be sized for the reinforced
if transient is on worst surge area insulation to
power feeds. that either the withstand 1,500
power or shields V. The DeltaV
enter. system is
protected with
transient voltage
suppression to
1,500V.
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Table 3-4: Additional solutions for power interference (continued)

Oscillatory Data loss with Overall system Double
transient possible damage. response to conversion UPS
impulse or load with filtering.
switching from
inductive or
capacitive loads.
EFI/RMI noise Data loss, system Transmitters, Isolation

corruption. faulty equipment, transformer
ineffective (common mode
grounding, close <1.5MHz), filter
proximity to (normal mode 10
EMI/RFI source. KHz to 10 MHz)
UPS with filtered
output
Notching Data loss, system Variable Filters or UPS with Isolate VFDs.
corruption. frequency drives filtered output. Never allow
(VFDs), welders, generating
lighting. devices, such as
VFDs, to use the
same power feed
or an adjacent leg
on a three-phase
system.
Harmonics Overheating Non-linear loads. Could correct at
which can shorten the source with
the life of power active harmonic
supplies. filter, Harmonic
Mitigating
Transformer
A double-conversion uninterruptible power supply can also mitigate most power quality
issues. Isolation transformers are an excellent means to significantly reduce common-
mode noise, typically up to 750 kHz. The isolation transformer also allows for a separately
derived source of power that creates a stable ground reference point close to the DeltaV
system. Filters are a readily available solution for normal-mode noise reduction in the
range of a few hertz up to 10 MHz. Surge suppressor/filters can prevent surge voltages
from indirect lightning or large upstream power faults from damaging control equipment.
They also reduce normal-mode noise. A power quality evaluation of the site can easily
determine the best solution to meet your individual requirements.
A UPS that supplies power to control systems should be double-conversion type. Typically,
its input voltage is provided from a low voltage (100 VAC to 600 VAC) feeder, with either
single- or three-phase power. The AC power from the source is rectified to DC and used as
leveling power to maintain batteries or to supply energy for a flywheel. The inverter stage
produces harmonic-free AC sine wave output using power from the DC storage section -
batteries or a flywheel. Use only a UPS that reproduces high-quality sine waves. A UPS that
produces sine waves rich in harmonics is detrimental to control systems.
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Most UPS devices provide a degree of protection from power failure, power sag, and
power surges. However, some provide an excellent solution for most of the power quality
issues found in the tables above.
A bypass transformer with static switchover allowing for UPS maintenance is either
supplied as an integral component or can be connected externally to the UPS. If you are
using the type of UPS recommended above, select a shielded bypass transformer.
Some UPS models provide three-phase output power. When using a UPS with a three-
phase output, all phases should be connected only to the control system and to non-
interfering equipment. Never connect one phase to the DeltaV system and another phase
to a different device, such as a VFD or air-conditioning unit.
3.8 How to establish and maintain clean power

Most industrial applications share power with a wide variety of devices including large
motors, furnaces, large lighting systems, and HVAC systems. Control applications that can
tolerate disruptive events require little or limited consideration for power quality.
However, if your application requires a high degree of consistent system integrity with
minimal disruption, careful consideration for methods to achieve and maintain clean
power is important. Use the following flowchart and the options on the following pages as
guidance to achieve the most economical and effective solution for your site's AC power
requirements.
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Figure 3-10: Power distribution decision flowchart
3.8.1 Single AC source

Option A
Highest integrity
• UPS with the following features:
— Neutral/ground bond point to establish a separately derived ground reference
— Power failure, power sag, and power surge protection
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— Capable of regulating under-voltage and over-voltage input power

— Line noise elimination, frequency variation correction, switching transient filter
harmonic interference filter
• UPS to DeltaV cabinet distance of less than 100 meters
— Surge suppressor/filter prior to bulk supply
— Bypass isolated transformer with single isolated shielding
— Power lines in armored cable or metal conduit (optional)
Option B
• Surge suppressor/filter prior to bulk supply (optional if signal shields are not located in
Zone 0 or Zone 1 lightning area)
• Bypass isolated transformer with single isolated shielding
• Power lines in armored cable or metal conduit (optional)
Option C
• Isolation transformer
• Neutral/ground bond point to establish a separately derived ground reference
• Transformer to DeltaV cabinet distance of less than 100 meters
Option D (clean-power: AC source <100m)

Option E (clean-power: AC source <300m)

• Surge suppressor/filter prior to bulk supply
• Power lines in armored cable or metal conduit
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CAUTION
Emerson defines clean power for DeltaV according to the descriptions in EN 61000-3-11
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-11: Limitation of voltage changes, voltage
fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems –Equipment with rated current
≤75 A and subject to conditional connection, and EN61000-3-12: Electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC) –Part 3-12: Limits for harmonic currents produced by equipment
connected to public low-voltage systems with input current >16A and ≤75 A per phase.
3.8.2 Two AC sources

Option F
Highest integrity
AC source (1 & 2)
Option G
Highest integrity
AC source (1)
AC source (2)
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Option H
AC source (1 & 2)
Option I (clean-power: AC source <100m)

AC source (1 & 2)
• Surge suppressor/filter prior to bulk supplies (optional if signal shields are not located
in Zone 0 or Zone 1 lightning area)
Option J (clean-power: AC source <300m)

AC source (1 & 2)
• Surge suppressor/filter prior to bulk supplies
• Power lines in armored cable or metal conduit
CAUTION
Emerson defines clean power for DeltaV according to the descriptions in EN 61000-3-11
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-11: Limitation of voltage changes, voltage
fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems –Equipment with rated current
≤75 A and subject to conditional connection, and EN61000-3-12: Electromagnetic
3.9 Isolation to protect from power quality issues

It is extremely important to isolate the AC ground system from undue noise and transients
emanating from other equipment. An isolation transformer is one of the most cost-
effective means to provide clean AC power to electronic devices such as PCs, network
switches, and AC/DC power supplies. AC powered devices in the control system such as
workstation computers, servers, and network communication gear, can be very sensitive
to poor AC power quality and inadequate grounding. It is important to protect these
devices from transient noise emanating from process equipment. Experience has shown
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that it is prudent to install a separately derived source as can be accomplished with an

isolation transformer. Designing an isolation transformer into the original system will be
less expensive than adding it during plant startup or after a period of troubled operation.
Isolation transformers have been successfully used for many years to supply clean power
for control systems, medical systems, and computer centers. The isolation transformer
also provides a location to establish a separately derived ground. For a comparison of the
attenuation benefits for the various degrees of shielding available, refer to the following
table.
Table 3-5: Typical transfomer attenuation
Type of shielding Attenuation ratio Typical attenuation
No shield 10:1 12 dB to 20 dB
Single shield 1000:1 50 dB to 60 dB
Double shield 10,000:1 65 dB to 90 dB
Triple shield 100,000:1 90 dB to 120 dB
In addition to the common-mode rejection provided by isolation transformers, many

transformers can be purchased with filters on their output stage. The filter attenuates
normal-mode noise. Shielded transformers with filtered outputs provide noise reduction
from a few hertz to up to 750 kHz in both common and normal mode.
3.9.1 Isolation transformers

Some literature defines isolation transformers as transformers with a one-to-one primary-
to-secondary ratio. The voltage at the output (secondary/load side) is equal to the voltage
at the input (primary/source/line side). In this manual, we use isolation transformer to
refer to any transformer that provides galvanic isolation between the primary and
secondary. This galvanic isolation allows a means to establish a separately derived system.
The transformer may be three phase or single phase; step-up, step-down, or one-to-one;
and provide shielding or filtering.
An isolation transformer should be installed between the commercial power source and
the main AC power disconnect panel for a DeltaV system. For best isolation, each building
or site containing DeltaV instruments should have a dedicated isolation transformer and
distribution network. Other systems, such as emergency shut-down (ESD) systems must
have their own isolated source of power.
When DeltaV systems are spread across different locations in the same building and the
distances between the instruments and their AC power sources are more than 100 m (300
ft), each group of DeltaV instrumentation should have its own isolation transformer. Based
on field experience, both electrical resistance and induced electrical noise can become
factors affecting reliable system operation when longer lengths are used.
There are many considerations when choosing an isolation transformer. Will single-phase
or three-phase power be available? Does the power environment or area necessitate
single-shielded or double-shielded transformers? Are there other specialized isolation
transformer types, such as ferroresonant, harmonic mitigating, or k-factor transformers,
that are required to meet your need? Considerations should also include the hazardous
area classification requirement.
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Single- or double- shielded isolation transformers--Many factors influence the choice of

selecting the proper isolation transformer. The level of power quality desired to maintain
the process availability is the most important consideration. Most applications require an
isolation transformer with a single shield between the primary and the secondary winding.
However, in some industrial areas the poor power quality may lend itself to choosing a
double shielded isolation transformer. In addition to the isolation transformer reducing
power line interference, the Isolation transformer also provides a means to develop a
separately derived ground.
K-factor transformers--Todays electronics cause harmonic rich non-linear loads. Because
of potential safety concerns from overheating using standard three phase transformers
with non-linear loads K-factor transformers were developed. Transformers with a larger K-
factor can tolerate more harmonics while operating within the temperature range of their
insulation. A K-factor of 1 indicates a linear load. Typical values of K-factors are 4, 9, 13, 20,
30 and 40. In addition to the design of these transformers to accommodate increase in
eddy currents resulting in greater heat generation, the neutral return must be oversized to
at least 1.73 (√3) for possible unwanted harmonic current in addition to the sizing
requirements for the phase to neutral current. These transformers do not reduce the
triplen harmonics which are additive in the neutral conductor, they simply tolerate them.
In K-factor transformers the triplen harmonics can not only pass phase to phase, but also
from secondary side to the primary conductors. Therefore, if a K-factor transformer is used
as an isolation transformer it is recommended that the transformer be double shielded to
prevent the harmonics from being transferred from secondary to primary or vice versa.
Harmonic mitigating transformers (HMT)--Shielded three phase delta-wye transformers
with zig-zag wye configuration, known as Harmonic Mitigating Transformers, are a good
solution for isolating imbalanced loads from the main plant power feed. Since harmonic
cancelation is accomplished in the transformer’s flux the oversized neutral is not required.
Triple harmonics are not passed from the secondary to the primary as they are with
standard delta-wye or k-factor transformers because their energy is eliminated due to the
flux cancelation in the secondary windings. HMT are also known as phase shifting
transformers and are available with the typical phase shift configured for -15°, 0°, +15°,
and 30° shifts. To maintain sinusoidal voltage waveforms with minimal harmonic
distortion, multiple HPT with complementary phase shift to other HMT are required
through the facility. In addition to the flux cancelation form the core secondary windings
multiple HMT with proper phase shifting provide sine wave recombination to offer very
efficient clean power. The location of HMT is optimized when these transformers are
placed close to (∼50 ft. from) the source power bus. Because the isolation transformers
that are most advantageous for DeltaV should be located as close as possible to the DeltaV
equipment and HMT are further optimized by a coordinated effort from a system
perspective, little if any benefit is realized from HMT over shielded delta-wye transformers
for three phase isolated power.
Ferroresonant transformers as isolation transformers--Constant Voltage Transformers
(CVT) or Ferroresonant Transformers are transformers designed to be in the state of near
core saturation. By maintaining the core in the saturation region, the transformers can
tolerate frequency shifts; voltage fluctuation, such as sag and swell; transient interference,
half cycle ride through, and provide harmonic isolation. To maintain this level of stability a
tuned tank circuit is used by connecting galvanically isolated windings with capacitors. The
circuit is used to create a passive filter by manipulating the core flux to compensate for
most unwanted interference. The trade-off with this CVT is that efficiencies vary greatly
with load. At full load the efficiency is comparable to the efficiency of standard isolation
transformers in the range of 93% to 96%. However, at half load the CVT is between 75%
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and 85% efficiency. The resonate tank circuit of a CVT requires additional core material
which adds to the weight and also increases the audible noise. For most industrial
locations if noise and weight is not an issue the CVT if sized properly is an excellent choice
for an insolation transformer.
3.9.2 Protection from other equipment on AC power grid

Best practice is to provide separate AC power for the DCS. Noise producing equipment
should not be connected to this power source. Devices such as variable frequency drives
(VFD), AC and DC Motors, ballasts, heaters, compressors, and HVAC connected to the
plant power can cause electrical noise disturbances which if not addressed can adversely
interfere with the process control systems. Various devices are available for noise
suppression.
Noise-suppression devices used for isolation of interfering sources from plant power:
• Power filter/conditioners
— Reactors
— Chokes
— Transformer reactor combination
— Line conditioners
— Harmonic mitigating transformers
— Active harmonic canceling filters
— Voltage regulating power sources
— Constant Voltage Transformer
— Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
• Motor-generator sets
3.10 Backup/redundancy for higher availability
3.10.1 Backup power recommendations

Backup power may be required to achieve defined levels of reliability and availability for
process control systems. You can back up the source only or back up every power supply in
the control system, such as backup power for every controller. As a minimum, you should
back up all critical portions of the control system.
Consider backup power if:
• Power loss causes a process reaction that creates a hazardous condition or an extensive
loss of product.
• The primary power source has a history of failure or of fluctuations beyond the
specified tolerance of equipment input power.
• The process requires electrical power for control because there are no non-electrical
means available for control.
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• The primary power source cannot meet the 20-millisecond requirement for
uninterrupted power.
• Power loss from a commercial power source is probable.
• Power loss requires manual setting of relays or solenoids.
• Power loss can cause the process to enter an uncontrollable state.
• Power loss causes a process reaction that creates a hazardous condition or an extensive
loss of product.
An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is a recommended backup means. Small supplies
are available to back up selected plant areas. Large supplies are available to back up entire
systems. When large supplies back up control equipment spread across plant areas, each
area must be electrically isolated in a manner duplicating primary source isolation.
3.10.2 Types of redundancy

• Power feeds – separate substations
• Generators
• Uninterruptable Power Supplies
• Bulk Power
• AC/DC per Cabinet
• AC/DC per Enclosure
• DC/DC
UPS systems can be replaced by backup generator units, as long as the generator or any
filtering placed on the generator output provides AC power within required DeltaV
product specifications. Be sure to follow the generator manufacturer's grounding
requirements.
Most larger facilities have the capability of obtaining power from multiple sources. Many
plants have an option of separate feeds from utility sub-stations, solar, wind, or
generators. If the highest availability is an important consideration it is best to provide the
entire power stream from separate feeders if possible. While it is ideal to have a UPS
system and a Generator system to maintain ride-thru during minor to sustained power
interruptions, your own process requirements will dictate the best power solution for your
facility.
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DeltaV system cabinets and enclosures
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4 DeltaV system cabinets and

enclosures
4.1 Environmental considerations
A combination of temperature, humidity, dust (such as fly-ash and carbon), and corrosive
vapors (such as hydrogen sulfide) can cause gradual performance degradation,
intermittent failures, and complete breakdown of a control system. For maximum product
availability and expected mean time between failures (MTBF), specified operating
conditions must be maintained.
Adverse environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and pollutants must be
identified and corrected. Various means for identifying environmental conditions are
commercially available. Environmental specifications for DeltaV products are provided in
the DeltaV DVD Documentation Library. Contact your Emerson Local Business Partner or
Field Sales Office (LBP/FSO) for assistance in locating these documents. Refer to
Environmental Considerations for more information.
4.1.1 Environmental areas

Most control system instruments are designed to operate in one of the following
environmental areas:
• Manned control or computer rooms with tightly controlled environmental conditions.
These areas are normally air conditioned for temperature and humidity control and
include filtering of harmful vapors.
• Areas of controlled environmental conditions with wider ranges. Typically, these areas
are rack rooms containing controllers, I/O interface cards, and power supplies.
• Areas of controlled environmental conditions with even wider ranges. Typically, these
areas use special enclosures and sealed transmitters and transducers to protect
instrumentation.
Each area includes operating conditions, as defined in ISA Standard 51.1-1979 (R1993),
Process Instrumentation Terminology. For control system instruments, very important
conditions are ambient temperature, relative humidity, harmful vapors, and
electromagnetic interference.
ISA Standard 51.1-1979 (R1993), Process Instrumentation Terminology includes the following
definitions of limits:
Reference Operating Limits--Range of operating conditions within which changes in
performance characteristics are negligible.
Normal Operating Limits--Range of operating conditions within which changes in
performance characteristics are within design specifications. The limits can include
operating influences which are conditions that affect performance characteristics within a
range.
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Operative Limits--Range of operating conditions to which a device may be subjected

without permanent impairment of operating characteristics. Upon returning to normal
operating limits, a device may require adjustment to restore its normal performance. For
DeltaV products, re-adjustment is normally not applicable.
Storage & Transportation Limits--Range of ambient conditions within which a device
may be stored or transported.
4.1.2 Dust and corrosive vapor cntrol

Environments of airborne dust and corrosive vapor are classified as G1 through GX. Refer
to ANSI ISA-S71.04-2013, Environmental Conditions for Process Measurement and Control
Systems: Airborne Contaminants, for descriptions and classifications. Environmental control
equipment is selected based on the area classification.
4.1.3 Temperature control

Cooling, heating, or ventilation systems are required if the temperature of the air
surrounding control instruments is outside of the instrument's nominal specified
operating temperature range.
A common misconception is that the equipment can successfully operate at the limits of
the product’s specifications, such as temperature. However, in case of prolonged extreme
temperature, product degradation will occur much more rapidly. For more information,
refer to Effects of Heat And Air Flow Inside an Enclosure.
For room or area temperature control, the amount of cooling, heating, or ventilation is
found by calculating the heat load caused by the instruments and adding an allowance for
personnel, lighting, other power equipment, and heat gain or loss through walls and
windows. The total heat load is the quantity of heat that must be removed from the
equipment area within a given period. Cooling, heating, and ventilation systems must be
large enough to handle the load.
When room or area temperature cannot be economically controlled, enclosures can be
used. Within enclosures, component placement and airflow around them must be
considered.
See the white paper Effects of Heat and Airflow Inside an Enclosure for more details. It is
available from your Emerson local business partner or field sales office (LBP/FSO).
4.1.4 Humidity control

Relative humidity must be maintained within specified instrument operating ranges. Low
relative humidity allows electrostatic buildup and discharge, which can permanently
damage instruments. High relative humidity can result in corrosive vapors dissolving in
moisture condensed on the instruments and forming acids, which can also permanently
damage instruments. Refer to Environmental Considerations for more information.
4.1.5 Environmental control during transport and storage

All instruments should be transported and stored within their specified temperature limits,
relative humidity limits, environmental classifications, and static protection. Most
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instrument damage from corrosive environments occurs either during storage or during
construction periods, when instruments are already installed but not protected from a
poorly controlled environment.
Emerson electronic components are supplied in static protective packaging. These
Emerson-supplied DeltaV components are often removed from their packaging and
installed in an enclosure by a fabrication or integration facility. Protection from damage
due to static must be taken during installation in an enclosure and during transport. Refer
to . for more information. The DeltaV DCG bar should be grounded to the enclosure
chassis with a temporary jumper until final installation and connection of the permanent
ground system. Refer to Figure 4-1 for an example.
4.1.6 Using protective enclosures

DeltaV products are G3 rated. Enclosures are available to protect DeltaV systems from
harsher environments. Enclosures typically range from simple sheet-metal boxes to
hazardous area rated enclosures. Enclosures must dissipate internal heat so that
temperatures do not exceed ratings for installed equipment.
Refer to Emerson’s control drawings for enclosure requirements appropriate for your
process area.
Enclosure placement must consider the space needed to service, remove, or replace
installed equipment.
To determine the correct enclosure, consider the following:
• Emerson’s applicable control and installation drawings
— Maximum external ambient temperature
— Maximum allowed internal temperature of the enclosure.
— Maximum rated temperature for any device in the enclosure
— Power dissipation of enclosed devices, especially power supplies (usually the
greatest source of internal heat)
— Correct I/O carrier mounting
— Adequate airflow through DeltaV I/O cards
— Wiring, raceways, and other hardware within the enclosure must allow for adequate
airflow through DeltaV I/O cards and power supplies.
— Physical dimensions of devices to be enclosed
— Placement of devices to be enclosed
— Risk of equipment damage caused by harsh environments
— Enclosure designs must consider the impact of temperature on the individual
components within the enclosure.
— Temperature sensors within the enclosure should be placed in a location to best
capture and alarm the worst-case temperature on the components.
— The enclosure design and location of fans or other methods of providing cooling or
heating must avoid hot spots within the enclosure.
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— Heat-producing components such as power supplies should be placed high in the

enclosure.
— Calculate the cooling requirements within an enclosure using the heat load
information available for the DeltaV components. Refer to Installing Your DeltaV
Digital Automation System or DeltaV Books Online for more information.
— DeltaV CHARMs enclosures are not designed to be mounted in direct sunlight. Use a
heat shield or other covering if the location is exposed to direct sunlight.
Refer to Appendix H for more information, and work with your Emerson local business
partner or field sales office (LBP/FSO) to obtain proper enclosures.
4.1.7 Industry standards for environmental conditions

Refer to the following industry standards for more environmental information:
Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use - EMC Requirements,
Publication IEC 61326-1 (2012-07). International Electrotechnical Commission.
Publication IEC 61326-3-1 (2017). International Electrotechnical Commission.
Publication IEC 61326-3-2 (2017). International Electrotechnical Commission.
Environmental Conditions for Process Measurement and Control Systems: Temperature and
Humidity, ISA-S71.01-1985. International Society of Automation.
Environmental Conditions for Process Measurement and Control Systems: Airborne
Contaminants, ANSI/ISA-S71.04-2013. American National Standards Institute/International
Society of Automation.
4.2 DeltaV power quality

DeltaV power sources must be clean and free of noise. Highest integrity designs include
clean power sources with surge protection. Highest integrity with the highest availability
requires redundant clean power sources with surge protection.
Impulse transients exceeding 1,500 V on power feeds can destroy a channel or an entire
system. Lightning causes voltage gradients exceeding 1,500 V. Appropriate surge
protection devices (SPD) should be considered. The SPD should be sized for the worst
surge area that either the power or the shields enter. Typically, bulk supplies are certified
to have either double or reinforced insulation to withstand 1500 V. The DeltaV system is
protected with transient voltage suppression to 1,500 V.
Emerson recommends that power for noise-producing equipment mounted in the cabinet
or enclosure be fed from a separate utility AC source. Small systems may not allow for a
separate utility AC source. For these systems, the noise-producing equipment such as
fans, utility receptacle, and AC cabinet lighting are to be powered on the line side of the
SPDs for the DeltaV equipment.
Note
LED luminaires are better than fluorescent luminaires for DeltaV cabinets and enclosures.
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Note
DC fans in DeltaV cabinets or enclosures must be non-commutating.
Refer to DeltaV power and power quality for more detailed information about power
quality.
4.2.1 Filtering and surge suppression

Highest-integrity designs include filtering and surge-suppression devices (SPDs) on the
incoming power feeds to DeltaV power supplies.
• Type 3 SPDs are appropriate for DeltaV.
• If surge suppression is included in the field instruments connected to DeltaV, a
matching suppression device must be provided for the DeltaV I/O.
• Proper grounding for the SPDs is shown in the diagrams later in this chapter.
Refer to DeltaV power and power quality for further guidance on filtering and surge
suppression.
4.2.2 AC/DC bulk power supplies

AC/DC DeltaV bulk power supplies may be mounted in the same enclosures with the
DeltaV hardware or in separate bulk power supply cabinets.
The output power quality of bulk power supplies, which power the DeltaV DC system
power supplies (SPS), is very important. Large electrical noise amplitudes and large power
variations on the output can be passed through to controllers and I/O cards if they are
greater than the filtering provided by the DeltaV system power supplies and hardware.
AC/DC bulk power supplies available from Emerson are preferred over third-party units
because they have been evaluated for optimum performance with DeltaV basic process
control systems (BPCS) and DeltaV safety instrumented systems (SIS). In addition, they
have compatible certifications with DeltaV.
However, if you purchase bulk power supplies from a third-party vendor, make sure the
supplies you purchase meet or exceeds the specifications listed in DeltaV Books Online.
Select supplies with temperature ratings appropriate for the installation environment. If
necessary, install them in protective enclosures that can provide adequate temperature
control and additional environmental control.
Bulk power supply basic features
• Built-in alarm contacts
• Redundancy module for high-availability applications
• Adjustable voltage output
• Visual fault indication
• DIN-rail or panel mounting
• Fully certified for area of installation
• Must provide double or reinforced insulation from Primary to Secondary.
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High-availability designs use AC/DC bulk power supply redundancy and DeltaV system
power supply (SPS) redundancy. A redundant bulk supply can be mounted in the same
enclosure as a primary bulk supply or in a separate enclosure. In either case, the redundant
supply must be connected to the same DC ground bus (DCG) as the associated primary
supply.
If a redundant DeltaV DC system power supply backs up a primary DeltaV DC system
power supply, the redundant supply must be located on the same carrier system as the
primary supply.
Redundant power supplies must be sized such that if one supply fails, its backup power
supply has the capacity to power the entire load. A new installation should include
capability for expansion. A rule of thumb is to size the power supply for a maximum load of
70%.
4.3 DeltaV power and grounding schema options

and examples
The DeltaV Basic Process Control Systems (BPCS) carrier-based IO and CHARMs are not
required to follow a specific recommended wiring scheme. However, Emerson encourages
you to follow our highest integrity recommendations for power and grounding installation
practices. Emerson has included recommendations that are considered less than the
highest integrity for an installation for added flexibility in selecting the design that best
matches the application’s requirements. Designs with less than the highest integrity
power and grounding recommendations should be reviewed with Customer Support and
the designated projects team from Emerson during the design phase and construction
phases to ensure that they meet the customer’s goals for the installation.
To convert AC power to the 24 VDC power required for products such as system power
supplies (SPS), CHARM I/O card (CIOC), safety instrumented system (SIS) products, and DC
field power, a bulk power configuration is normally used. It is sometimes preferable to
create a separate AC to DC panel that is accessible only by qualified electricians. If the
system contains only DC I/O cards, field technicians can service the DeltaV panels without
working near AC voltage sources above 50 V. Refer to NFPA70E:2015 Standard for Electrical
Safety in the Workplace.
Typically, 100 VAC to 230 VAC at 50 Hz or 60 Hz is supplied from power disconnect panels
fed from double conversion uninterruptable power supplies (UPS) or through isolation
transformers to the AC panel. A sufficiently sized disconnect is located before each bulk
power supply.
For higher availability, AC feeds from two independent power sources supply the two bulk
supplies. DC power from one bulk power supply feeds the primary DeltaV system power
supply (SPS), CIOC, CHARMs smart logic solver (CSLS), or smart logic solver (SLS). The DC
Power from the second bulk power supply feeds the secondary SPS, CIOC, CSLS or SLS. DC
Power from the two Bulk Power supplies are then fed into a dual redundancy module to
power the DeltaV I/O field power requirements. If one of the AC feeds fail or one of the
bulk power supplies fail, the redundancy module shifts the load to the remaining power
supply.
All configurations should be weighed from a cost-benefit perspective. If the highest
integrity and highest availability is justified, a design with a combination of redundant bulk
power supplies and redundant clean power sources is required. Filter/Surge Suppression
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should be included if the AC power is not provided from a Dual Conversion UPS or an
isolation transformer.
For the highest availability, four bulk AC to DC power supplies are provided AC from the
two independent power sources with their DC outputs connected through redundancy
modules for the Primary and Secondary DeltaV System Power Supplies (SPS).
Highest integrity installations can also be accomplished utilizing a redundant pair or pairs
of AC to DC bulk power supplies in N+1 configurations.
4.3.1 Bulk power supply example designs

The following figures provide guidance that covers typical best practices for the schema
powering and grounding the DeltaV systems.
The figures in this chapter show several possible methods, with varying integrity and
varying availability, for providing power to S-Series or M-Series DeltaV hardware. These
bulk power schemes could also be utilized to feed DeltaV CHARMs enclosures.
WARNING
In all cases, the 24 VDC return (-) terminal of the power supplies feeding DeltaV must be
connected to DeltaV DC ground. The bussed DC ground wire is connected to the DC
ground isolated bus (DCG). For wiring inside DeltaV cabinets, Emerson recommends 14
AWG (2.5 mm2) minimum wire size. Wire inside DeltaV cabinets must be large enough to
handle the maximum current of the largest bulk power supply during a fault condition.
Figure 4-1shows a simplex bulk power supply feeding simplex system power supplies
similar to the ones shown in Figure 4-8. Loss of the AC feed results in a loss of power to the
system power supplies. This results in a controller shutdown. The field power is supplied
from a separate AC to DC bulk power supply.
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Figure 4-1: Simplex DeltaV bulk power supply
Figure 4-2 shows a higher availability with redundant bulk power supplies to feed the
simplex system power supplies in Figure 4-8. Each bulk power supply receives AC from a
different clean power source and provides DC power to the simplex system power supplies
through a redundancy module. Loss of one of the AC feeds does not result in a loss of the
system power supplies. However, a high voltage spike that gets through a bulk power
supply, or a power supply that fails to a high DC voltage might result in loss of the system
power supplies and a controller shutdown. The field power is supplied from a separate
redundant AC to DC power supply pair with a redundancy module.
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Figure 4-2: Redundant bulk power for simplex controllers
Filter/surge-suppression devices are added in the following figure for added protection if
the AC power sources are not provided from a UPS or Isolation transformer or if the area
has a high susceptibility to lightning or disruptive power events.
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Figure 4-3: Redundant bulk power simplex cntroller with surge protection
Figure 4-4 shows higher availability using two bulk power supplies to independently feed
the primary and secondary System Power Supplies. DeltaV field instrumentation power is
fed from a redundant pair of bulk power supplies.
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Figure 4-4: Redundant independent bulk power supplies for redundant controllers
Each bulk power supply receives AC from a different clean power source and provides DC
power to either a primary system power supply or a secondary system power supply. The
primary bulk supply backs up a primary system power supply and the secondary bulk
power supply backs up a secondary system power supply. The field power is supplied from
a separate redundant AC to DC power supply pair with a redundancy module. In this
scheme, the failure of an AC power sources or the loss of one of the bulk supplies will result
in the primary controller switching its control to the secondary controller. The controllers
are fully redundant and designed to switchover the control bumpless.
The practice of connecting a set of power supplies through OR’ing diodes with a common
connection to the primary and secondary System Power Supplies is not recommended.
This method was followed for many years as a lower cost approach to providing power
supply redundancy. With the OR’ing diode approach, a single point failure between the
Primary and Secondary DeltaV controllers connected to the same voltage supply can
occur. This method can result in process upsets when high DC voltage causes both the
primary and secondary controllers to shut down. While not a normal failure mode, a power
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supply can fail at higher than the acceptable DC voltage for the System Power Supply,
resulting in a controller shutdown. Additionally, a high voltage spike might pass through a
DC power supply and result in the primary and secondary shutdown on high voltage. Clean
power and surge protection from Isolation/Regulation transformers or additional SPDs are
required for feeding power supplies in this OR’ing diode schema due to the added risk. If a
project decides to utilize this approach, the risks need to be fully understood and
evaluated with the customer and project team.
Figure 4-5 shows the highest availability and highest integrity scheme. This configuration
provides a redundant power supply pair with a redundancy module for each the primary
and the secondary system power supply feeds. For highest integrity, it includes filter/surge
suppression devices (SPDs) added on the AC feeds to the bulk power supplies. This is
important if the AC power sources are not from a double conversion UPS or from proper
isolation transformers. These SPDs might also be required if the AC power feeds to the
bulk power supplies are long or if the area has a high susceptibility to lightning or
disruptive power events.
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Figure 4-5: Highest integrity and highest availability
Note
Field power supplies are not shown.
This scheme avoids a signal point of failure in the power feed circuits. Each pair of bulk
power supplies would have feeds from two independent clean power sources. Loss of a
single AC feed or loss of a single bulk power supply does not result in a loss of power to any
of the system power supplies.
A separate redundant pair of bulk power supplies with redundancy module would supply
field instrumentation power.
Highest integrity requires AC from dedicated clean power. This can be accomplished with
isolation transformers or UPSs, or by adding filter surge suppression.
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4.3.2 DC/DC bulk power supplies

If you use existing plant DC, isolate the plant power from process instrumentation by using
24 V DC/DC power supplies certified for your location to provide the DeltaV 24 VDC
power. For redundant 24 VDC power, use two DC/DC power supplies, each wired
separately. Transient noise due to other equipment connected to the 24 VDC supply
system, or transient noise induced on long DC cable runs, can interfere with the control
system. For the highest integrity, install a surge suppression device immediately before
the DC/DC converter. When power is provided from a plant DC source, a separately
derived ground will be accomplished by the use DC/DC power supplies. DC/DC supplies
assures criteria A is maintained as stated in IEC 61326-1, which states that equipment will
operate normally in the presence of a potential disruptive event (refer to Figure 3-2).
Figure 4-6 and Figure 4-7 provide examples of applications using existing 24 VDC power
systems.
Figure 4-6: Simplex Plant DC Power
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Figure 4-7: Redundant 24 VDC Plant Power
The power supply configuration in Figure 4-7 can supply power to DeltaV systems such as
those shown in Figure 4-9, Figure 4-11, and Figure 4-12.
For additional information, refer to DC distribution system and to DC feed to DeltaV
CHARMs enclosure fom bulk power supply cabinets or from plant DC power systems.
4.3.3 DeltaV DC system power supply (SPS)

The DeltaV DC/DC system power supply (SPS) provides additional filtering for the DeltaV
controllers and carrier-mounted I/O Cards. The SPS receives DC power from bulk power
supplies or other in-plant DC sources. The SPS accepts input power at 24 VDC.
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Note
M-Series system power supplies are available for use with AC power feeds or 12 VDC bulk
power supply feeds. Emerson recommends using 24 VDC bulk power supply feeds to the
DeltaV hardware for all new or upgraded installations.
4.3.4 DC power wire size

Select the size and length of DC power wiring to minimize the voltage drop between a DC
bulk power supply and the DeltaV hardware (typically 3% or less as described NFPA 70
Article 210.19). Wire sizes between the DC bulk power supply source and the DC power
distribution system are often between 6 and 14 AWG (16 to 2.5 mm2), dependent on the
design of your bulk power supply system.
Although 14 AWG is frequently used inside cabinets, caution should be exercised, because
larger wire sizes may be necessary to accommodate for losses in the cable. Design for the
worst case to ensure that the voltage, with the system fully loaded, meets Emerson’s
voltage recommendations in this manual and in DeltaV Books Online.
4.3.5 Adjusting system power supply input voltage

When all system power supply wiring is complete and before process startup, measure
voltages across the DeltaV System Power Supply (SPS) input terminals. Emerson
recommends measuring voltages at SPS input terminals because measuring at the bulk
power supply does not account for losses. If the bulk supplies have voltage-adjustable
outputs, adjust each bulk supply to obtain 24 +/- 0.2 V at each SPS.
Note
For M-series systems with 12 VDC SPS input, adjust the voltage to obtain 12.3 VDC.
Consider adding a voltage check to your regular preventative maintenance schedule.
4.3.6 Equalizing supply output voltage with redundancy

modules
If your system power supply redundancy, balancing the load between bulk power supplies
is a best practice. Some power supplies include load-sharing circuitry, but in other cases
you should adjust the voltage outputs. Set the voltage outputs of two power supplies to
within 0.2 V.
4.4 DeltaV cabinet and enclosure grounding

For system power supplies powered by 24 VDC, or M-Series SPS fed from AC power
sources, connect the SPS return to the DCG bus bar, as shown in the following figures.
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Figure 4-8: Simplex S-series controller
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Figure 4-9: Redundant S-series controller
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The following figure shows a redundant M-series System Power Supply (SPS) with
extended power.
Figure 4-10: M-series with extended carrier power
Note
For M-Series systems with 12 VDC SPS input, do not attach the SPS return to the carrier
ground terminal. The SPS provides the ground reference through the 12 VDC return.
Note
Never daisy-chain the DC return to bulk power supplies and then to the DCG bus bar. This
creates DC return current flow in the DCG bus bar. Always tie an individual wire from the
negative or return of each bulk power supply to the DCG bus bar.
DC ground wires should always be as short as possible and, where several are routed to a
DCG bus bar, should be routed as close to each other as possible.
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4.4.1 Chassis ground (CG)

The DeltaV cabinet/enclosure chassis ground (CG) bus internal to the enclosure provides
the low impedance path to the DeltaV Instrument Ground (DIG) as described in Ground
Design For DeltaV. Connect the incoming power feeds’ equipment grounding conductors,
all internal components’ chassis grounds, enclosure doors, and the cabinet ground stud to
this bar. The best practice is to connect signal cable shield bars to the chassis ground
bus(CG).
Connect this CG bus to the Local Area DeltaV Chassis Bus bar, or directly to the DeltaV
Instrument Ground (DIG), with properly sized ground cables as defined in Ground Design
For DeltaV.
Chassis ground must remain separate from all DC ground reference connections. In a
group of bayed enclosures, grounds should be routed to the center enclosure when
possible.
4.4.2 DC ground (DCG)

The DeltaV DC ground system (DCG) is the isolated ground reference for DeltaV. It
maintains a stable, low-noise reference for DeltaV signal returns and DC power-supply
commons. The DCG is what IEC refers to as functional earth or functional earthing, and what
NFPA 70 National Electrical Code refers to as an isolated grounding system.
DCG
Connect the negative returns of the DC power supplies to the DCG bus. To avoid ground
loops and prevent DC- currents from flowing through DCG, make only one connection
from the DC- for a power supply or redundant power supply pair to DCG. You can make
this connection within the DeltaV cabinet or within the DC bulk power supply cabinet if it
is separate from the DeltaV cabinet. The wiring diagrams in this manual show this
connection in the DC bulk power supply cabinets when the bulk power supplies provide
power to multiple DeltaV cabinets. This ensures a solid return reference for the DC power
supplies and minimizes possible currents flowing through DCG.
Note
If your DeltaV system includes a PK controller and any form of power injection, connect
the 0 V return of the PK controller to DCG and make no other connection from the DeltaV
system to DCG. Injecting power is common in large DeltaV systems for which the system
power supply alone may be inadequate. Power is typically injected between rows of
carriers according to the system power requirements.
DC ground busses inside the enclosure are isolated from the enclosure metal and serve as
the termination point for DC grounds to maintain a zero equipotential.
DeltaV components operate on DC. A signal change is quantified as the change from a
reference. The DC negative is the reference used by DeltaV. DeltaV components that are
connected to DC negative references at different potentials can yield inaccurate
measurements. Referencing all DC negatives by terminating at one reference point and
isolating/insulating the references from all external sources that could bias the reference
potential ensures the functionality and accuracy of the signals.
DC ground wires should be insulated to avoid unintentional ground loops that can occur if
bare ground wires touch metal enclosure framing or each other.
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After installation and prior to process startup, verify these DCG wires and bus bar are
properly isolated from the CG and cabinet enclosure. Refer to the checklists in Power And
Grounding Audit Worksheets for verifying site power and grounding.
Connect the enclosure DCG bus to the local area DeltaV DC bus bar, or directly to the DIG.
4.4.3 Shield termination and grounding

Ground shields at one end only to prevent ground loops. If a shield is connected to a carrier
shield bar or a CG bus, do not connect it to the field device. Figure 5-1, Figure 5-2, and
Figure 5-4 are illustrations of correct shield ground connections.
Ground shields to a chassis ground and not to the DC ground. Shield grounding at the DCS
cabinet can be accomplished using the DeltaV carrier shield bars, or by installing a
separate shield bar. Shield bars are to be connected to the CG bus.
M-series horizontal and vertical narrow shield bars

When carriers are plugged into each other, carrier shield bar continuity may be
accomplished with jumpers, and then one connection made from the chain to a CG
ground bus. However, when carriers are connected by carrier extenders, never jumper
shield bars across the extension. At extensions, connect shield bars to a CG ground bus as
shown in Figure 4-10.
S-series and M-series vertical wide shield bars

For S-series and M-series vertical wide shield bars, shield bar continuity is maintained
through the carrier backplane connectors. Figure 4-11 and Figure 4-12 illustrate this for S-
series.
CHARMs shield bars

Shield bar continuity is maintained through the baseplate backplane connectors, as shown
in Figure 4-11.
4.4.4 Supplying additional power to extended I/O carriers

A single set of System Power Supplies may not supply the current requirements for
multiple carriers filled with cards that require more power. Additional System Power
Supplies can be installed to power the additional carrier loads. Refer to DeltaV Books
Online for information about using additional System Power Supplies. Figure 4-10, Figure
4-11, and Figure 4-12 show recommended solutions for M-series and S-series power and
grounding with extended carrier power.
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Figure 4-11: S-series redundant extended power to left extender
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Figure 4-12: S-series redundant extended power between extender and carriers
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4.4.5 Power and grounding for DeltaV CHARMs

Because CHARMs are often used in remote locations, they usually have dedicated local
redundant power supplies. If CHARM I/O subsystems are powered by AC sources, the
power must be very clean. This clean power is usually obtained by isolation transformers
located close to the CHARM cabinet. For higher availability and higher integrity, provide
power from UPS circuits or a combination of a UPS for the primary power and an isolation
transformer for the secondary power. In addition to the UPS and isolation transformers,
type 2 surge suppressors can be installed before the isolation transformers. If the distance
between the transformer and the DeltaV enclosure is greater than 100 meters, a type 3
SPD should be installed before the bulk power supplies as shown in Figure 4-7. In an area
highly susceptible to noise, both the type 2 and type 3 SPDs should be installed in their
respective locations to obtain the highest integrity and availability.
A clean power source for DeltaV is considered power that is at or better than stated in EN
61000-3-11 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-11: Limitation of voltage changes,
voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems –Equipment with rated
current ≤75 A and subject to conditional connection, and EN61000-3-12: Electromagnetic
Separately derived ground and power source close to the

CHARMs enclosure
If the distance to the AC power source is short (less than a few meters); communication to
the DeltaV controller is through fiber; and there is no galvanic connection to any other
field devices, then the chassis ground and DC ground can be connected together inside
the cabinet. This permits the use of one cable from the junction box (JB) to the next
ground location. For example, if the optically isolated CHARM JB is attached to the steel
girder on a drilling rig with the transformers also mounted to the steel directly under the
JB, then weld the ground bar to the steel close to the transformers to establish both a
separately derived protective earth and JB equipment ground (earth).
Power and grounding scenarios for CHARMs enclosures

24 VDC power for the CHARMS can be provided with Power Supplies within the CHARMs
enclosure, from Bulk Power Supply Cabinets, or from Plant DC power systems.
The following figure shows a high-integrity power and grounding scheme for a CHARM
enclosure.
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Figure 4-13: High-integrity power and grounding for a CHARM enclosure
The following figure adds surge suppression devices to achieve the highest integrity
design if the isolation transformer is not close to the CHARM enclosure or if the area
includes a high risk of electrical noise.
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Figure 4-14: Highest-integrity power and grounding for a CHARM enclosure
Customers with a separate isolated shield ground system

Some customers maintain a separate Isolated Shield grounding scheme. The following
design adds a third isolated shield ground bar to support the customer’s standard for
maintaining an isolated shield ground system, and meets Emerson’s best practice of
keeping shield grounding separate from the DC ground system.
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Figure 4-15: High-integrity CHARM with added shield bus
DC feed to DeltaV CHARMs enclosure fom bulk power supply

cabinets or from plant DC power systems
Bulk 24VDC power can be supplied to the CHARMs cabinet. A DC/DC power supply is
recommended for distances greater than 100 ft. or when using an existing plant DC
distribution system. For more information, refer to DC distribution system, and to DC/DC
bulk power supplies.
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Figure 4-16: CHARMs with DC supply
4.4.6 Warning Labels

Warning labels are a best practice, very important for personnel safety, and required by
local codes. Warning labels are required by the applicable codes and regulations and often
require multiple languages per these codes. Refer to Warning Labels for some examples of
typical warning labels.
4.4.7 Power and grounding in hazardous areas

Power and grounding design for hazardous areas must meet the applicable codes and
regulations for the regional area of installation and must be implemented in accordance
with the manufacturer’s control drawings or installation instructions. In applications
where flammable vapors, liquids, or gases may be present, special wiring practices or
other special handling must be used. The design and installation must be implemented by
qualified design personnel.
In North America, hazardous locations are separated into three Classes based on the
explosive characteristics of the materials. The classes of material are further separated into
Divisions or Zones based on the risk of fire or explosion that the material poses. The Zone
system has three levels of hazard. The Division system has only two levels.
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Table 4-1: Hazardous material classes, divisions, and zones

Hazardous material Class/Division system Zone system
Gasses or vapors Class I, Division 1 Zone 0
Class I, Division 2 Zone 1
Zone 2
Most DeltaV control products can be installed in Class I Division 2, and Zone 2 in egress
protection IP54 enclosures. The range of DeltaV products can interface to field
instrumentation in Hazardous areas including Class I Division 1, Class I Division2, Zone 0,
Zone 1, and Zone 2. Refer to NFPA70 Article 500 and IEC 60079 series.
IEC 60079-14:2013 defines Zones as follows:
Hazardous area--area in which an explosive atmosphere is present, or may be expected to
be present, in quantities such as to require special precautions for the construction,
installation and use of equipment.
Zones--hazardous areas classified into zones based upon the frequency of the occurrence
and duration of an explosive atmosphere.
Zone 0--place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of
flammable substances in the form of gas or vapour is present continuously or for long
periods or frequently.
flammable substances in the form of gas or vapour is likely to occur in normal operation
occasionally.
flammable substances in the form of gas or vapour is not likely to occur in normal
operation but, if it does occur, will persist for a short period only.
NFPA 70:2017 Article 500 defines Class I locations as locations in which flammable gases,
flammable liquid–produced vapors, or combustible liquid–produced vapors are or may be
present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.
Qualifications of personnel
In accordance with IEC 60079-14: 2013, the design of the installation, the selection of
equipment, and the erection of DeltaV shall be carried out only by persons whose training
has included instruction on the various types of protection and installation practices,
relevant rules and regulations, and general principles of area classification. The
competency of persons shall be relevant to the type of work to be undertaken.
Appropriate continuing education or training shall be undertaken by personnel on a
regular basis.
Note
Competency may be demonstrated in accordance with a training and assessment
framework relevant to national regulations or standards or user requirements.
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Control drawings and installation instructions

Emerson provides control and installation instructions as part of the documentation
installed with DeltaV. These are available through Guardian support. The qualified system
design personnel must verify the latest control and installation documents for the system
being designed. Contact Emerson’s Local Business Partner or Field Sales Office to obtain a
copy of the current documentation for the version of DeltaV you are using. Refer to Effects
of Heat And Air Flow Inside an Enclosure for a listing of Emerson’s control and installation
documents.
Zone 1 carrier power and grounding

For information about DeltaV Zone 1 equipment wiring, see Drawing 12P3292, DeltaV
Type KJ7000 Series Zone 1 I/O System Installation Instructions, and general installation
information in DeltaV Books Online.
Intrinsic safety considerations

Incorporating intrinsically safe I/O systems
Intrinsically safe (IS) I/O systems are approved for instrumentation in hazardous areas.
DeltaV IS solutions do not require separate barriers and are easy to install.
The following requirements are important to consider in IS applications:
• Entity parameters must be verified and documented for intrinsically safe circuits.
• Codes and regulations require separation between intrinsically safe circuits and non-
intrinsically safe circuits.
• Shielding and grounding installation must meet all applicable codes and regulations
• Surge protection may be required if the risk assessment identifies susceptibility to
lightning or other surges, in accordance with IEC 60079-25:2010 section 12.
• Design must follow the vendor’s control and installation documents.
When using original equipment manufacturer (OEM) intrinsically safe I/O systems, consult
the manufacturer's power and grounding instructions for proper interface with DeltaV
systems.
For more intrinsic safety information, refer to ISA-RP12.06.01-2003, Recommended Practice
for Wiring Methods for Hazardous (Classified) Locations Instrumentation Part 1: Intrinsic
Safety; IEC 60079-11, Explosive atmospheres– Part 11: Equipment protection by intrinsic safety
"i"; IEC 60079-14, Explosive atmospheres – Part 14: Electrical installations design, selection and
erection; IEC 60079-25, Explosive atmospheres – Part 25: `Intrinsically safe electrical systems;
and NFPA70 National Electrical Code Article 504 Intrinsically Safe Systems.
IS CHARMs
IS CHARMs do not require separate barriers. Control drawings for IS CHARMs system can
be found in Appendix E. The IS circuit is a galvanically isolated circuit, isolated from earth in
accordance with IEC 60079-14:2013 Section 16.2.3 a.
The DC power supply reference for the CHARMs is to be connected to the isolated DC
ground bus.
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The following excerpt is from IEC 60079-25:2010 Section 11 Earthing and bonding of
intrinsically safe systems:
In general, an intrinsically safe circuit shall either be fully floating or bonded to the
reference potential associated with a hazardous area at one point only. The level of
isolation required (except at that one point) is to be designed to withstand a 500 V
insulation test in accordance with the dielectric strength requirement of IEC 60079-11.
Where this requirement is not met, the circuit shall be considered to be earthed at that
point. More than one earth connection is permitted on a circuit, provided that the circuit is
galvanically separated into sub-circuits, each of which has only one earth point.
Screens shall be connected to earth or the structure in accordance with IEC 60079-14.
Where a system is intended for use in an installation where significant potential
differences (greater than 10 V) between the structure and the circuit can occur, the
preferred technique is to use a circuit galvanically isolated from external influences such as
changes in ground potential at some distance from the structure. Exercise particular care if
part of the system is intended to be used in Zone 0 or Zone 20 locations or when the
system has a very high level of protection so as to conform to EPL Ma requirements.
The following is from IEC 60079-14:2013 Section 16.3 Installations to meet the requirements
of EPL “Ga” or “Da”:
If part of an intrinsically safe circuit is installed in locations requiring EPL “Ga” or “Da” such
that the apparatus and the associated apparatus are at risk of developing hazardous
potential differences within the locations requiring EPL “Ga” or “Da”, e.g., through the
presence of atmospheric electricity, a surge protection device shall be installed between
each non-earth bonded core of the cable and the local structure as near as is reasonably
practicable, preferably within 1 m, to the entrance to the locations requiring EPL “Ga” or
“Da”. Examples of such locations are flammable liquid storage tanks, effluent treatment
plants and distillation columns in petrochemical works. A high risk of potential difference
is generally associated with a distributed plant and/or exposed equipment location, and
the risk is not alleviated simply by using underground cables or tank installation.
The surge protection device shall be capable of diverting a minimum peak discharge
current of 10 kA (8/20 μs impulse according to IEC 60060-1, ten operations). The
connection between the protection device and the local structure shall have a minimum
cross-sectional area equivalent to 4 mm2 copper.
Note
The IEC acronym EPL refers to Equipment Protection Level, which is related to Hazardous
Area Zones.
IS CHARMs shield bars

Several methods for connecting the screens to earth are viable. Signal cable screens must
be connected in a method that meets the codes and regulations for your region. One
method is to connect the baseplate screen to the CG ground bus bar, which is connected
to the hazardous area ground system through the DIG, as shown in the following figure.
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Figure 4-17: IS CHARMs enclosure
Flexibility is provided with IS CHARMs to separate IS and non-IS shields. IS baseplate shield
bars are isolated from non-IS baseplate shield bars. The following figure references both
the IS and non-IS shield bars to the CG bar.
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Figure 4-18: IS with non-IS CHARMs enclosure
Some customers request a separate IS Isolated Ground system in the CHARMs enclosure
connected to the hazardous area ground system.
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Figure 4-19: IS CHARMs with separate IS shield bus
These ground methods provide proper electrical grounding for the IS CHARMs system. For
more information, refer to ISA-RP12.06.01-2003 Recommended Practice for Wiring Methods
for Hazardous (Classified) Locations Instrumentation Part 1: Intrinsic Safety.
IS carrier-based cards
The DeltaV M-Series IS power supply and Localbus Isolator provide isolation between M-
Series IS cards and the Delta non-IS system. The DC output of the IS power supply
connects directly to the IS I/O cards through the carrier backplane. The Localbus Isolator
electrically isolates IS I/O cards from non-IS I/O cards. The following figure shows the
locations of the power supply and isolator on the IS I/O carrier.
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Figure 4-20: IS Carrier based IO cards
The DC reference for the carrier is connected from the carrier grounding lug to the DC
ground bus. The carrier shield bar is connected to the chassis ground (CG) bus. These
grounds provide proper electrical ground for the I/O cards and the IS power supply. Power
leads to the IS power supply are connected to a 24 VDC bulk power supply. The IS power
supply negative (-) terminal is grounded through the DC return reference ground at the
bulk power supply negative (-) terminal.
4.4.8 Power and grounding for DeltaV Safety Instrumented

Systems (SIS)
DeltaV Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) are required to follow the highest integrity
recommendations for installation, power, and grounding to meet warranty and support
criteria. SIS includes all installations with SLS1508 or CSLS in part or whole.
Safety critical SIS component power

Safety Critical SIS components, such as SIS logic solvers and SISNet Repeaters, require 24
VDC power. Although the power connectors on SLS1508 logic solvers and SISNet
Repeaters have two positive and two negative terminals, never daisy-chain power. Daisy-
chaining can result in a loss of power to downstream modules or repeaters if power is
removed or lost at upstream modules or repeaters. In addition, a fault on one component
of the daisy chain devices can impact all components.
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Using bulk power supplies in DeltaV SIS systems

DeltaV SIS systems should always use highest-availability and highest-integrity redundant
power schemes with bulk power supplies in the schemes. If one bulk supply fails, the other
bulk supply takes up the whole load. The following figures all show highest-integrity power
and grounding schemes with varying levels of availability. Highest integrity designs
include surge/filters to provide clean power to the DeltaV SIS systems. This can be
accomplished with Type 3 SPDs for the CHARMs power supplies. Isolation transformers or
double conversion UPSs are acceptable if close to the CHARMs. If the distances from the
power sources are further away, or if there is a high lightning or disruptive risk, additional
SPDs will be required. Refer to DeltaV power and power quality.
Figure 4-21: SLS redundant power - high integrity with good availability
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Figure 4-22: SLS redundant power with isolation transformers and surge suppression
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Figure 4-23: SLS redundant power - highest integrity with highest availability
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Figure 4-24: SLS Highest integrity and highest availability - surge protection and
isolation transformers
Logic Solver configurations

The following two figures show power configurations for smart logic solvers (SLS). Figure
4-25 shows the SLS powered by one 24 VDC feed from a redundant bulk power supply
source. This scheme might be used with a smaller system that can accept a safe shutdown
on power events. Figure 4-26 shows a Logic Solver powered by two independent 24 VDC
feeds, one from the primary and one from the secondary bulk power supply source. This
eliminates risk of a shutdown due a signal point of failure on the common feed. This
method is recommended for added availability. In each case, note that the SIS power
supply return, DeltaV power supply return, and system power supply return are grounded
at the DC ground bus, as required.
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Figure 4-25: SLS with single feed
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Figure 4-26: SLS with redundant independent feeds
The following figure shows the highest-integrity power and grounding scheme for a
CHARMs SIS enclosure with injected power.
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Figure 4-27: CSLS Highest integrity power and grounding with injected power
The following figure shows redundant injected field power connected to a SIS CHARMs
and Logic Solver enclosure.
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Figure 4-28: CSLS CHARMs with redundant field power injection
Additional references
In addition to the power and grounding information in this chapter, the following
documents contain application and installation information you need for your DeltaV SIS
system:
• D800025, Installing Your DeltaV SIS™ Process Safety System Hardware.
• D800028, DeltaV SIS Accessories Installation and Safety Manual.
• D800032, DeltaV SIS Process Safety System Safety Manual.
• D800033, DeltaV SIS Users Guide.
• D800056, DeltaV SIS™ CHARMs Smart Logic Solver Hardware Installation.
• D800057, DeltaV SIS™ CHARMs Smart Logic Solver Hardware Reference.
• D800058, DeltaV SIS with Electronic Marshalling Safety Manual.
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5 Signal wiring
Minimizing electrical noise induced on process control input and output (I/O) signals is
extremely important for reliable operation of any control system. Many external sources
can produce electromagnetic interference (EMI) on I/O signals. In addition, digital
communication systems, traditional discrete signals, and fast-switching discrete signals
can make the inside of a system enclosure the hottest area for electrical interference,
often as cross-talk. This chapter describes best practices for minimizing electrical noise
induced on I/O signals.
5.1 Selecting cables

For analog signals, Emerson recommends using shielded, twisted-pair cable to reduce
noise.
Note
Using multi-pair cables can reduce installation costs. If you use multi-pair cables, use
shielded, twisted-pair wires with an overall metallic shield and a drain wire.
Very-low-amplitude signals, such as millivolt, thermocouple, and resistance-temperature

signals, require more protection from noise. Use commercially available, individually
shielded, single-pair or multi-pair cables specifically made for these applications. The
cables must be separated from AC circuits, especially from AC circuits containing motor or
generator control solenoids, similar types of circuits with relatively high inrush currents,
and solid-state switching circuits.
Various industry standards, such as IEEE 518-1982, IEEE Guide for the Installation of Electrical
Equipment to Minimize Noise Inputs to Controllers from External Sources1, describe noise
identification and classification as well as recommended wiring practices.
5.2 Best signal wiring practices

This section contains guidelines based on best engineering practice. You should follow
these guidelines unless a good technical reason exists at your plant not to follow them.
You must consider the risks if you apply alternative methods.
• Use appropriately sized signal wire. DeltaV I/O termination blocks accept up to 3.3
mm2 (12 AWG) stranded or solid wire. Wire sizes between 0.8 mm2 and 2.1 mm2 (18
AWG and 14 AWG) are typically used. To select the appropriate wire size, determine
the maximum current expected or the maximum voltage drop permissible, and the
wire length.
• Terminate signal cable shields to ground at one end only. Terminating cable shields to
ground at both ends of a signal wire can result in a ground loop. You can terminate the
shield to a cable-shield ground bar.
1 This standard has been withdrawn but it contains much useful information.
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• Terminate unused conductors to ground at one end only. Terminating unused

conductors to ground at both ends of a wire can result in a ground loop. You can
terminate an unused conductor to chassis ground.
• Isolate ungrounded shield ends so that there is no possibility for the shield to touch
other wires or metal objects. You can use heat-shrink tubing or tape wrap to isolate the
shield.
• Do not daisy-chain carrier shield bars not adjacent to one another. Connect shield bars
individually to chassis ground (CG) bus bars in the enclosure.
• Leave at least one pair of spare leads in a multi-pair cable. Having 20% spares in multi-
pair cables is a common recommendation.
5.3 Protecting I/O signals from AC line noise

Interference from inductive coupling can occur when signal cables are routed close to, and
especially parallel to, AC lines such as power lines. It also can occur when control system
equipment is not sufficiently separated from transformers, motor controllers, variable
frequency drives, rotating machinery, or other high-power equipment.
Long runs of adjacent cables have a greater potential for noise coupling than short runs.
Therefore, the longer the adjacent run, the greater the amount of spacing and shielding
required. Redundant shielding can provide additional noise protection in situations where
the recommended distances cannot be met, but such shielding must be evaluated on a
case-by-case basis.
Different types of cable can also reduce AC noise. For example, the cable recommended
for variable frequency drive (VFD) applications also provides excellent shielding for AC
power lines. Instrument cable with metallic outer armor provides shielding but also adds
cost.
To minimize the electrical noise effects from AC power lines, provide separation for
parallel runs of twisted-pair signal cables from AC power cables. Guidelines and
recommendations for proper separation between signal cables and AC power cables were
documented by IEEE. Reference IEEE Std. 518-1992,IEEE Guide for the Installation of Electrical
Equipment to Minimize Noise Inputs to Controllers from External Sources. Similar guidelines
have also been documented in Process Industry Practices Process Control PIP PCCEL001,
Instrumentation Electrical Design Criteria.
The following table summarizes these guidelines into three installation groups: signal
cables in metal conduit separated from power cables in metal conduit, signal cables in
cable tray from power cables in metal conduit or signal cables in metal conduit from
power cables in cable tray, and signal cables in cable tray from power cables in cable tray.
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Table 5-1: Minimum cable separation distances

Voltage Current Minimum Minimum Minimum
distance distance distance
between between between
twisted-pair twisted-pair twisted-pair
signal cables in signal cables to signal cables to
metal conduit to AC power cables AC power cables
AC power cables – tray to metal – tray to tray
in metal conduit conduit
50 to 250V < 20 A 8 cm (3 in.) 10 cm (4 in.) 15 cm (6 in.)
0 to 1000V 20 to 800 A 30 cm (12 in.) 46 cm (18 in.) 66 cm (26 in.)
• Conduit and cable tray spacing are defined as follows:

— Conduit spacing: Minimum distance between the outside surfaces of conduits.
— Cable tray spacing: Minimum distance between the top of one tray and the bottom
of the tray above or between the sides of adjacent trays. Trays based on metal,
solidly grounded, with good ground continuity
• Separate twisted-pair signal cable from devices that generate magnetic fields by
a minimum of 1.5 m (5 ft) in tray or a minimum of 0.75 n (2.5 ft) in metal
conduit. Emerson recommends 3-4.5 m (10-15 ft).
• Use shielded, twisted-pair cable with approximately eight crossovers per foot
(26 crossovers per meter). Shielded, twisted-pair cable is five to six times more
effective in reducing noise coupling than shielded cable alone.
• Emerson strongly recommends use different cable trays for signal cables and AC
power lines. If you cannot use different trays, make sure that you maintain
minimum cable separation distances. Using tray dividers can help maintain
separation.
• For non-intrinsically safe low-level I/O signals, use continuous (non-spliced)
cable from signal source to receiver. Do not run low-level I/O signals parallel to
high- current or high-voltage lines.
• Where magnetic fields from AC power lines are a source of interference, use
twisted power leads to reduce field strength.
• If signal cables and AC power lines must cross, do so at right angles. Power lines
should be twisted on both sides of the crossing for at least the recommended
distances.
• If signal cable is individually shielded and grounded at one end according to
cable-shield guidelines, you can use armored cable grounded at both ends
instead of conduit. Make sure that the signal cable is insulated from the armor.
• You can use metal conduit for physical support and to reduce EMI interference.
5.3.1 Shield ground

Properly grounding signal cable shields helps ensure proper system operation by reducing
electromagnetic and electrostatic interference in signal wiring. To provide a ground path
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for this interference, connect shields at a single point only, either to a DeltaV shield bar or
to a well-grounded field device.
Individual pairs of wiring carrying a signal should have the pair shield grounded at one
point. That point can be at the field device, at a junction box, or at the DeltaV enclosure.
Emerson recommends grounding signal cable shields at the DeltaV enclosure. Consistency
in selecting the location of a single grounding point reduces the risk of creating ground
loops, and makes it easier to troubleshoot grounding issues.
One exception to the grounding recommendation is thermocouple shielding. Some
thermocouples are isolated from the sheath and some are not. If the sheath is in electrical
contact with the metal thermowell, the shield may be bonded to earth in the field. In that
case, bonding again at the DeltaV enclosure, for example, would create a ground loop that
could induce unwanted energy onto the thermocouple leads.
Emerson strongly recommends connecting I/O cable shield grounds to chassis ground and
not to DC ground. This is a requirement rather than a recommendation for SIS equipment.
Chassis ground routes electrical noise back to the source, whereas DC ground is a passive
ground that creates a zero equipotential reference for the control system. Connecting
cable shield grounds to DC ground introduces electrical noise and can cause errors. All
drawings in this manual show shields connected to chassis ground.
Be sure to strip the insulation of shield wires properly at the grounded end and wrap them
at the ungrounded end. Refer to the following figure for examples.
Figure 5-1: Proper shield management
Note
Keep the stripped length of wire as short as possible. 1-3 in. is typical.
5.3.2 Communication grounding
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Minimizing electrical noise induced on I/O signals is extremely important for reliable
operation of any control system. Many external sources can produce electromagnetic
interference (EMI) on I/O signals. In addition, digital communication systems, traditional
discrete signals, and fast-switching discrete signals can make the inside of a system
enclosure the most susceptible area for electrical interference, often as cross-talk.
5.3.3 Electrical noise influences

Control system reliability can be substantially reduced when a system is subjected to
unusually high amounts of electrical noise. Different system components can be affected
to different degrees. The following observations of effects have been made during
troubleshooting of many systems:
• Properly installed, traditional (classic, non-digital communication) I/O products that
use 4-20 mA analog I/O signals are influenced to a lesser degree by electrical noise.
• High-frequency electromagnetic noise generated by AC drives, insulated-gate bipolar
transistor (IGBT) power-switching devices, and other sources can affect control
products from any supplier.
• Digital data signals used in bus communication systems may be susceptible to
electrical noise if the systems are not properly installed.
• If noise spikes on power supply ground to +24 VDC are greater than 1 V peak to peak,
locate the noise source and take remedial action.
5.4 I/O signal cable runs

The following figures show termination methods for cable shields.
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Figure 5-2: Instrument shielding details
Notes
1. Refer to the instrument manufacturer’s documentation and DeltaV Books Online
for detailed information about signal termination.
2. Use 14 AWG (2.5 mm2) to 18 AWG (0.75 mm2) stranded, twisted-pair wire with
overall shield and drain wire.
3. Use cable specified for thermocouple signals with overall shield and drain wire.
4. Ground shield at thermocouple for grounded thermocouples.
5. Ground shield at carrier shield bar for ungrounded thermocouples.
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6. Use three/four conductor cable specified for RTD signals with overall shield and
drain wire.
7. Shields should extend to within 2 in. of termination. For ends that are not
terminated, trim and cover with tape or heat shrink to prevent accidental
grounding.
8. Pass-through only. Shields are grounded at one point only.
9. Normally, the signal is isolated from the case in four-wire transmitters. Therefore,
grounding the case does not cause a ground loop.
Figure 5-3: Three- and four-wire instrument shielding details
Notes
grounding.
4. Pass-through only. Shields are grounded at one point only.
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6. Three-wire transmitters require a return path to the transmitter for the 4-20 mA
signal.
Figure 5-4: I.S. instrument shielding details
Notes
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3. Intrinsically safe (I.S.) installations must conform to local codes and regulations.
Refer to NEC Article 504, IEC 60079-11, and IEC 60079-25. See also ANSI/ISA RP12.6
Wiring practices for hazardous (classified) locations, instrumentation, Part 1: Intrinsic
Safety.
4. Devices must be I.S. certified if not considered a "simple apparatus." Refer to IEC
60079-11.
5. I.S. devices, cables, and connections shall be clearly marked and identifiable. Where
color is used for this purpose, it shall be light blue. Refer to IEC 60079-11.
grounding.
8. I.S. CHARMS are intrinsically safe through galvanic isolation. A barrier is not
required.
5.5 Low-level I/O signal cable runs through

junction boxes
It is preferable to run low-level signal lines directly between sensing devices and the I/O
terminal blocks, but the lines may be run through junction boxes and marshalling panels if
the integrity of the shield is not broken.
Thermocouple cables require special handling. You can run them through junction boxes
and marshalling panels if you install special connection blocks to maintain the integrity of
the signal. However, it is better to run thermocouple cables continuously between sensors
and I/O terminals.
Multiple-pair cables specifically manufactured for multiple runs of the same sensing device
type may be used. Each pair must contain individual shielding. For adequate cable
support, conduit may be used.
5.6 Resistor-capacitor snubbers

For discrete input and output signals, resistor-capacitor (R-C) snubbers may be necessary
to suppress electrical arcing. Refer to DeltaV Books Online for information about snubbers
you can use for suppression.
5.7 I/O bus signal wiring

I/O bus systems, such as Fieldbus, AS-Interface, DeviceNet, and Profibus, must be properly
designed and installed. Otherwise, EMI and other electrical noise can produce errors in
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signals received and transmitted by system instruments. Ground loops in shields are
particularly harmful to bus communication.
Many of the same issues that affect I/O signal wiring also affect I/O bus wiring. However,
each bus protocol is subject to other issues. The following list provides a few examples:
• Standards set by the designated authority for the bus protocol.
• Digital communications speed or baud rate. Profibus DP is capable of up to 12
megabaud while Fieldbus is capable of only 31.24 kilobaud.
• Underlying physical layer. For example, Fieldbus, Profibus PA, and AS-I use Manchester
data encoding.
5.8 HART wiring

Current loops for communicating data back from a sensor as well as powering the field
device have been around for approximately 50 years. These current loops gained
popularity due to electrical noise tolerance and ease of installation compared to older
methods, such as pneumatics. The first loop-powered field devices had a current range of
10-50 mA. Modern devices have a current range of 4-20 mA. In the mid-1980s,
Rosemount added a new twist: Highway-Addressable Remote Transducer (HART)
communication. The HART protocol uses the Bell 202 modem frequency shift keying (FSK)
physical layer to allow data to be overlaid onto the current loop. Overlaying this data
allows much more information to be transmitted back and forth from the device to the
control system.
HART specifications include both communications protocol and hardware. For more
information about HART specifications, refer to the new FieldComm Web site: http://
www.fieldcommgroup.org/
5.9 AS-interface wiring

The Actuator Sensor Interface (AS-i) is a digital, serial, bi-directional communications
protocol and I/O bus system that connects binary on/off devices, such as actuators,
sensors, and discrete devices, to a DeltaV controller through an AS-i card and the I/O
subsystem.
The two-conductor AS-i cable supplies both power and data for field devices. An AS-i
network can include branches. Refer to AS-i specifications and standard IEC 62026-2 for
design and engineering details. For more information on AS-i and installation of AS-i
devices, refer to the AS-i Web site: http://www.as-interface.net/ .
The AS-i system is based on a completely floating system. Therefore, an AS-i system is
never grounded. Only field device cases should be grounded to the nearest CG points,
such as pipes and building steel. These items must provide a good electrical ground to the
plant ground grid. The power supply is grounded through the AC ground in the AC power
distribution system. Neither conductor of the AS-i communication bus is grounded. In
instances where a secondary flat cable supplies supplemental power to field devices,
follow the power supply manufacturer’s installation manual for properly grounding the
voltage return (negative).
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Note
Emerson recommends against connecting AS-i devices directly to AS-i card terminals. Use
one AS-i cable to connect the AS-i card to the power supply and use another AS-i cable to
connect to field devices. If using extenders and repeaters, refer to their data sheets for
additional cable recommendations.
The following figure shows typical AS-i power and grounding. For more information on AS-
i and installation of AS-i devices, refer to the AS-i Web site: http://www.as-interface.net
Figure 5-5: AS-i bus grounding and power
5.10 DeviceNet wiring

DeviceNet provides single-cable connection of field devices (for example, limit switches,
photoelectric cells, valve manifolds, motor starters, drives, and operator displays) to a
DeltaV controller through a DeviceNet Interface card and the I/O subsystem. Grounding
specifications for a DeviceNet segment are in accordance with what was known as the
Open DeviceNet Vendors Association and is now called ODVA, Inc.
It is very important that you understand DeviceNet specifications before attempting an
installation. These specifications, along with general user guidelines, are available through
the DeviceNet Web site: http://www.odva.org. DeviceNet is documented under IEC
62026-3.
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Note
When replacing the DeviceNet card in a DeltaV system, refer to the related Knowledge
Base Articles (KBA)s for information about properly wiring specific DeltaV DeviceNet cards.
The following important power and grounding guidelines apply to DeviceNet:

• 24 VDC power connects to the DeviceNet cable.
• You can use more than one 24 VDC power supply, depending on the load requirements
of connected devices.
• If you are using multiple power supplies, the power supply common voltage must not
vary more than 5 VDC between any two points on the network.
• The current should never exceed the cable and connector ratings.
• ODVA specifications require bonding the shield/drain of device multi-pair conductors
to chassis ground at a single point.
• ODVA specifications describe specific methods to maintain proper signal and ground
isolation. Use only devices designed according to those specifications. For example,
multiple DeviceNet power supply positives should be isolated from each other.
• The maximum length of the shield ground conductor to chassis ground is 3 m (10 ft).
• To avoid ground loops, ensure that there is only one ground point for the entire
network. That single ground point should be as near as possible to the physical center
of the network.
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Figure 5-6: DeviceNet power and grounding
5.11 FOUNDATION fieldbus wiring

FOUNDATION fieldbus (FF) is a digital, serial, bi-directional communications bus that
interconnects field devices, such as actuators, sensors, and discrete devices, with process
controllers. FF systems must be properly designed and installed. EMI and other electrical
noise can produce errors in signals received and transmitted by system instruments.
Refer to the DeltaV manual Fieldbus Installations in a DeltaV Digital Automation System
(D800003) for information about installing an FF system. Emerson recommends verifying
proper operation before commissioning the system. Record the verification results in the
Fieldbus Segment Checkout Form in the manual referenced above. The manual is available
from your Emerson local business partner or field sales office (LBP/FSO).
For more information about FF specifications, refer to the FieldComm Web site: https://
www.fieldcommgroup.org/. FF is a subsection of IEC 61158.
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The following important grounding guideline applies to FF:

FF shields and drains are bonded to chassis ground. The shields and drain wires for the
segment conductors should be grounded at a single point to reduce ground loops.
5.12 Profibus DP wiring

Profibus DP is a digital, serial, bi-directional communications protocol and I/O bus system
that can be used to connect analog and discrete field devices to a DeltaV controller
through a Profibus DP Interface card and the I/O subsystem. The shielded, two-conductor
Profibus DP cable passes data to and from field device and the interface card. Profibus DP
field devices use external sources for field device power.
Complete Profibus DP specifications are needed to properly install a Profibus DP system.
Specifics can be found on the Profibus Trade Organization (PTO) Web site: https://
www.profibus.com/. Profibus DP is a subsection of IEC 61158.
If you use the internal terminal block terminator, you do not need an external terminator,
but you cannot connect additional Profibus devices to terminals A2 and B2.
The following important power and grounding guidelines apply to Profibus DP:
• PTO specifications require cable shields to be connected to an equipotential ground
system. In other words, they connect all ground systems, such as functional ground,
equipment ground, and chassis ground together in an equipotential ground mesh. This
is a distinctly different recommendation from other I/O protocols, in which cable
shields are connected to the chassis ground bus bar.
• Profibus DP specifications require bonding of the shield at every field device.
The following figure shows typical power and grounding connections for a Profibus DP
system. These connections are valid when an external terminator is used. Another Profibus
DP system could be connected to A2 and B2 in a similar manner as the system shown.
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Figure 5-7: Profibus DP power and grounding
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6 Ground Design For DeltaV

Grounding has three main purposes: protecting people from harm, protecting equipment
from damage, and protecting the integrity of processes and data. The primary purpose of
the DeltaV system ground is to protect the integrity of processes and data in the DeltaV
system. The DeltaV system ground is not intended to provide safety grounding (which
protects people) or fault grounding (which protects equipment). However, the guidelines
in this chapter are compatible with best practices in safety and fault grounding for your
facility.
The DeltaV system ground consists of the direct current ground (DCG) and chassis ground
(CG) subsystems. Other sources may refer to DCG as isolated ground or instrument
ground and to CG as safety ground or protective earth. The following section defines the
types of ground discussed in this chapter by explaining their specific purposes and
functions.
6.1 Grounding purposes and functions

Chassis ground provides a low-impedance path for unwanted electrical energy to return
directly to its source. A low-impedance path reduces the possibility of the energy affecting
the control system adversely. Some sources refer to this ground as AC ground.
DC ground is an isolated ground that provides a common equipotential for the control
system. The DC ground should normally be free of unwanted electrical energy.
Safety ground, also called protective earth, protects personnel from injury resulting from
defective supply feeds. For example, if the insulation of the line side of a 120 VAC power
conductor becomes frayed, causing the conductor to be in direct contact with a properly
grounded metal enclosure, a protective interrupt, such as a fuse or circuit breaker, opens.
The ground conductor must be sized as large as the maximum AC conductor feeding the
load. This conductor should follow the same path as the line conductors to their source,
that is, first disconnect or separately derived source.
High-frequency ground systems improve signal integrity by reducing noise caused by
machinery such as variable-speed drives, welders, and commutated DC motors.
Interference and transients from other instrumentation and equipment is also greatly
reduced with a properly constructed high-frequency ground system. Skin effect causes
high-frequency signals to travel close to the surface of conductors. For this reason, only
the outermost part of cables carries the high-frequency interference. For example, a 500
kHz signal uses 100% of the copper in a 32 AWG wire, but only 36% of the copper in an 18
AWG wire. High frequency with respect to control systems often encompasses a broad
band of frequencies starting as low as 10 kHz. A properly constructed high-frequency
ground system uses the surface area of large conductors to minimize interference.
Stable DC reference ground is a low-impedance ground (1 Ω to 5 Ω) between the ground
system—triad or plant grid—and earth that maintains the control system at a stable
reference. Utility power and lightning systems should have their own grounding systems.
The best practice is to connect all ground systems together. However, there is finite
impedance interconnecting each ground system. There are also impedance variations
between all points of the same system. When a fault occurs, it creates a short-duration
voltage gradient where the fault contacts the localized ground. If the control system has a
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low impedance to its DeltaV Instrument Ground (DIG), such faults have less significant
effects on the DeltaV Instrument Ground (DIG) potential.
Lightning protection refers to preventing nearby lightning strikes from harming personnel
or damaging property.
Lightning mitigation refers to minimizing the risk of equipment failure caused by
lightning. For DeltaV this is accomplished by keeping the DeltaV grounding systems close
together and interconnected. All metal enclosures are connected to the safety ground
system. Separately derived systems, such as isolation transformers and UPSs, should be as
close to the DeltaV systems as possible. Case studies have shown that induced energy
because of lightning strikes have disrupted and even damaged instrumentation
equipment due to variance in ground potentials at multiple locations. Keeping all metal
components connected to the safety ground system equalizes induced voltages. Multiple
eddy current paths minimize the need for any single conductor to shunt the equalization
current.
Equipotential ground means that every location in the grounding network is at the same
potential voltage. This is the ideal solution for any grounded system. There are many
grounding methods that can achieve this goal. IEC 60364-4-44, Low-voltage electrical
installations - Part 4-44: Protection for safety - Protection against voltage disturbances and
electromagnetic disturbances, is an excellent source for grounding topologies. When
connecting ground cables, avoid excessive service loops in the cables that can form
inductors. The ground cables should be in as direct a path as possible. When crossing
power lines, maintain as great a separation as possible and ensure that ground cables
cross at right angles to power cables.
6.2 Control system ground considerations

Inadequate or faulty system ground networks are among the most common causes of
control system faults. Proper ground networks can greatly increase personnel safety and
significantly improve control system operation by eliminating the effects of potential
deficiencies in the AC power quality. For example, good AC neutral grounding usually
minimizes or eliminates stray currents which can induce noise and operational errors into
the system.
Glitches in system operation are often traced to electrical ground faults only after hours
are spent checking the system itself. The extra time and effort spent in installing a good
ground network is usually rewarded by easier startup and more reliable operation.
Emerson suggests that you review IEEE Standard 1100-2005 (IEEE Emerald book),
Recommended Practice for Power and Grounding Sensitive Electronic Equipment, for
additional information on industry-accepted methods to obtain good power and ground.
6.3 Maintaining ground integrity

No matter how good your process control system is, it cannot perform well if the power
and ground systems have degraded over time. Field experience shows that the number
one issue with unmaintained power and ground systems is poor electrical connections.
Connections can corrode, loosen, and break. Therefore, it is imperative that you schedule
periodic, detailed inspection of your power and ground systems. Preventive maintenance
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in this area can be rewarded with big savings from continuous, reliable control system
performance.
6.4 Grounding a control system effectively

The following guidelines can help you obtain effective grounding:
• Provide a ground network dedicated to the control system. Do not connect the
dedicated DeltaV ground network with other plant ground systems until they meet at
the earthing electrode network.
• Ground enclosures according to applicable codes and regulations as well as industrial
standards.
• Connect all enclosures within a group to the same ground point.
• Do not run DeltaV ground conductors in trays or raceways with AC conductors or
energized conductors. Maintain a minimum of 30 cm (12 in.) of separation between AC
conductors and DeltaV ground conductors.
• Use insulated ground conductors to avoid unintentional ground loops that can occur if
a bare conductor touches other conductive materials, including concrete, metal
enclosure framing, or another bare conductor.
• Provide a low-impedance, high-integrity ground path between all instrumentation and
DeltaV system plant ground connections. Create a common equipotential so that all
components have a common reference point for the entire control system. This
includes control system power sources, instrumentation, and DeltaV.
• Keep ground conductors as short as possible. Long runs make conductors more
susceptible to unwanted electrical noise.
• Verify that any unused ground wires are disconnected at both ends.
• Design the ground network so that it is accessible for testing and maintenance. The
design and installation of the grounding system should protect the system from
damage due to physical hazards such as foot traffic, vehicles such as forklifts, chemical
spills, low points on building walls, wall corners, or-low hanging conductors.
• Ground resistance recommendation for a new earthing electrode network is 1 Ω. For
the highest integrity ground system design, this resistance is the measurement of the
grounding triad or other components of the earthing electrode network without
connection to an underground grid or ground ring. This same 1 Ω is required for
locations such as hospitals and communication systems requiring high reliability. The
maximum recommended resistance for a control system ground is 5 Ω.
• Use insulated grounding conductors unless the conductors are part of the earthing
electrode network and are used below grade.
• Although you can run ground conductors in ferrous conduits and raceways, the
conduits and raceways must themselves be properly grounded. In general, Emerson
recommends using non-ferrous conduits and raceways. Most importantly, do not run
AC power conductors alongside DeltaV system ground conductors. You may consider
not using conduit or raceways at all.
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• Use appropriately sized conductors. Conductor size in a noise-abatement system is not

based on fault current. Fault current, under normal conditions, should not run through
this portion of the ground system design. Fault current through the DeltaV system
ground could create a process upset. The size of the conductors is to dissipate
unwanted transient energies.
• Do not connect large conductors to smaller conductors on the path from the control
system to earth. Those connections create choke points, or high-impedance points,
that can cause unwanted high-frequency energies to follow a lower-impedance path to
a control system component.
• Design bus bars with enough connections for the number and sizes of cables to be
connected. Connecting too many cables to a bus bar can increase impedance, reducing
the effectiveness of the ground system. It also makes maintenance difficult.
• Follow the industry standard for bend radius of grounding conductors. This minimum
bend radius is 8 times the overall diameter of the single insulated conductor. (Refer to
NFPA 70 Article 300.34 and IEC 60092-352.)
• Do not daisy-chain ground conductors between individual enclosures or cabinets. This
increases the chance that an unwanted anomaly can propagate from one enclosure to
the next enclosure.
6.5 Using existing ground networks

If you plan to use an existing ground network--for example, one that was built for use with
an older control system that is being replaced or supplemented—you should consider the
following:
• Will the existing ground network provide the required level of power quality? For
example, Emerson recommends that the earthing electrode network measure 1-5 Ω of
resistance. The following steps can help ensure that your network meets that
recommendation:
— Add more electrodes, ground rods or plates to increase surface area contact with
the soil.
— Use longer ground rods to increase surface area contact with the soil.
— Use a chemical ground to decrease soil resistivity.
— Remove or repair any connections or bond points in the ground system that are
corroded.
— Make sure there are no coatings such as paint or grease on the electrodes that can
reduce the surface area electrical contact.
• Corrosion, inappropriate connections and disconnections, and increased soil resistivity
can degrade a grounding network over time. Industry standards include visually
inspecting the entire control system ground once a year, and checking the resistance
of the earthing electrode network at least once every 5 years.
• Older ground systems may not meet the requirements of newer control technologies.
For example, HART communications are especially susceptible to ground loops.
• If the ground system has not been well maintained, it is often more effective and
economical to replace the existing ground system.
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6.6 Types of ground systems

There are many grounding methods that work very well to achieve common equipotential
for grounding. IEC 60364-4-44, Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 4-44: Protection for
safety - Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances, is an
excellent source for grounding topologies. This section provides a good sampling of some
common grounding topologies.
6.6.1 Star or single-point ground

DeltaV functions extremely well using a star grounding topology as shown in the following
figure. Note that grounds are terminated on local area ground busses before final
termination at the DIG. This method can save significant cable costs.
Figure 6-1: Single-point star grounding system
6.6.2 Mesh star ground network

Many control systems today are preassembled in structures with raised floors. This type of
installation facilitates a mesh star ground system as shown in the following figure. When
connecting the DeltaV chassis ground to the mesh, the ground cable or ground straps
should be as short as possible. Mesh squares must be less than 2 m per side2. All mesh
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crossings should be exothermically welded or tightly bolted, maintaining corrosion-free

joints with a typical joint resistance of 500 μΩ3
Figure 6-2: Mesh star ground network
2 EC 60364-4-44, Low-voltage Electrical Installations Part 4-44: Protection for safety - Protection against voltage disturbances and
electromagnetic disturbances, Ed. 2.0, 2007.
3 IEEE Standard 1100-2005, Recommended Practice for Power and Grounding.
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Figure 6-3: Hybrid star mesh ground network
6.7 Organizing the ground network

A high-quality dedicated ground is used with DeltaV systems to provide a return path to
earth and to provide a reliable reference for precise measurement and control. The DeltaV
instrument ground should be isolated from all ancillary equipment and external feed
grounds to a point as close to the earthing electrode network as possible.
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Figure 6-4 illustrates an effective, organized ground network. It brings all grounds to a
single point on the plant ground grid. In this configuration, ground connections cannot
produce ground loops. The network includes CG and DCG ground busses located in
enclosures, isolated master or local ground busses for each local area, a DeltaV
instrumentation ground (DIG), with a dedicated connection to the plant ground grid.
The following figure shows separation of DeltaV system ground and plant ancillary
equipment and feeds.
Figure 6-4: Separate DeltaV ground
Notes
1. Conductor used to bond the source neutral ground of a separately derived
instrument power system to the DeltaV Instrumentation Ground (DIG), as required
by NEC 250-30(a)(2), CSA C22.1 Section 10. Refer to Table 6-2.
2. Conductors used to provide a low-impedance ground path for the DC power system
and for EMI/RFI noise protection for instruments and field wiring installed in
enclosures.
3. Conductor used to connect the DeltaV Instrument Ground (DIG) directly to the
plant ground grid. This conductor also provides a low impedance ground path for
EMI/RFI noise, as required by NEC 250-54-Supplemental Grounding Electrode
250-50(a)(2). Refer to Table 6-2.
4. The DeltaV Instrumentation Ground must be effectively bonded to building steel
[refer to NEC 250-50(b)], and building steel must be properly grounded to earth
ground.
5. Chassis ground bus and isolated DC ground bus (isolated from chassis) used to
provide reference ground for devices installed in the enclosure grouping. For
distances greater than 10 ft (3 m) between the AC or DC ground bus and isolated
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master or local ground bus, use stranded, insulated 1/0 to 4/0 AWG (50 to 120
mm2). For distances less than 10 ft (3 m), 2 AWG (35 mm2) cable may be used.
Refer to Table 6-2.
6. Side-by-side enclosures bolted together, but open to each other.
7. Cable used to bond grouped enclosures where an AC ground bus and a DC ground
bus are installed in open-sided grouped enclosures. Be sure to strap grouped
enclosures together; do not depend on bolts to provide ground. Use 12 mm (0.5
in.) wide, braided grounding strap for distances up to 15 cm (6 in.). For longer
bonding, use insulated 10 AWG (6 mm2) wire. Refer to NEC Table 250-122 and Article
250-119.
8. Enclosures in a local area, or side-by-side bolted together with panels between
enclosures. Each enclosure requires its own CG bus and DC ground bus. Use
stranded, insulated 14 to 12 AWG (2.5 to 4 mm2) between instrument and shield
grounds and the CG and DCG busses.
9. Local area ground busses are not necessary if a master ground bus will suffice. See
Controlling Ground System Costs in text.
10. A and Z depict the end points of ground paths. For optimum EMF protection, the
maximum path length is 100 m (300 ft). Use cables as described in the notes above.
6.8 Improving the earthing sub-system
6.8.1 Resistance, reactance, and impedance

Resistance is the opposition to current in a circuit when a voltage is applied. Reactance is
the opposition to current in a circuit specifically when a voltage with an alternating current
is applied. Reactance is directly proportional to the frequency of the alternating current.
Impedance includes both resistance and reactance. Large cables are recommended for
grounding because the surface area provides a low-resistance path to ground for high-
frequency transients. As the frequency of unwanted energy increases, that energy begins
to travel on the surface, or skin, of the conductor rather than through the core of the
conductor. Kinks in the conductor, and running the conductor through ferrous conduit,
increase the reactance and thus increase the impedance. Reducing the size of a cable
causes a linear increase in resistance but can cause an exponential increase in reactance.
Reducing the impedance of the path to ground enables unwanted energy to return to its
source instead of interfering with the control system. A low-impedance path to ground
minimizes the effects of natural and man-made transients.
6.8.2 Soil resistivity

Different types of soil have varying levels of resistance to electricity because of their
chemical composition. Soil with high levels of electrolytes such as dissolved salts, bauxites,
carbon, and iron, has lower resistivity. There are several methods for measuring soil
resistivity, including the Wenner method and use of soil sampling. The Wenner method is
a four-point method of determining resistivity by injecting a known current into the earth
with two probes and reading the voltages with the two other probes. If you know the
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voltage and the current, you can calculate the resistance. Soil sampling places soil samples
in specially designed boxes to measure the resistance with laboratory instruments.
The chemical composition of soil and its resulting resistivity varies vastly from one
geographic area to another, and even from one stratum to another.
The following table lists typical and average resistivity for several types of soil. The table is
based on Table 10, Resistivity of Soils and Resistance of Single Rods, in IEEE 142-1991, IEEE
Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems.
Table 6-1: Resistivity of soils and resistance of single rods
Soil Description Average Resistivity (Ωm) Resistance of 16 mm (5/8 in.)
x3m
(10 ft) Rod (Ω)
Well-graded gravel 600-1,000 180-300
Poorly graded gravel 1,000-2,500 300-750
Clayey gravel 200-400 60-120
Silty sand 100-800 30-150
Clayey sand 50-200 15-60
Silty or clayey sand with slight 30-80 9-24
plasticity
Fine sandy or silty soil 80-300 24-90
A change of soil moisture from 0 to 30% (by weight) can decrease soil resistivity from 1
MΩ-m to below
10 Ω -m.
Soil compaction can either increase or decrease soil resistivity. If the soil is so compact that
moisture is forced out, the resistivity will be higher. However, if the compaction decreases
the distance between conductive soil components, the resistivity will be lower.
You can decrease the soil resistivity of the earthing electrode network in several ways.
Adding minerals such as coke breeze (carbon) or salts, adding other conductive elements
or compounds, and adding moisture to the soil all decrease resistivity.
Surface area – Having more surface area of the earthing electrode network in contact with
the soil decreases the ground resistance. A linear increase in soil resistivity requires an
exponential increase in surface area. The amount of surface area can be calculated before
construction and adjusted during construction.
A well-designed DeltaV Instrument Ground often consists of a network of ground rods
commonly referred to as a triad. However, depending on the soil resistivity, your network
may require more or fewer than three ground rods. You can estimate the number of
ground rods required based on the soil resistivity where the rods will be installed. Emerson
recommends a documented verification of resistance before finalizing installation (e.g.,
before paving over the soil). Your network may require additional measures to achieve the
optimal 1 Ω to earth. Recognized industry guidance for the distance between ground rods
is 2X the ground rod length. Closer distances might work and meet the requirements, but
are less efficient due an overlapping sphere of influence between rods.
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To take an example, one 16 mm (5/8 in.) x 3 m (10 ft) ground rod installed in 100 Ωm soil
has a calculated resistance of approximately 30 Ω to earth. Using three rods at the same
depth, ∼6m (20 ft) apart, results in approximately 13 Ω.
Corrosion of grounding components can create points of higher resistance where
components are bonded. An example of this is copper sulfate forming where bare copper
comes into contact with sulfur compounds in the soil.
6.8.3 Design and installation practices that ensure low

impedance
• Do not reduce the size of the ground conductor in the pathway from enclosures to
earth. Large conductors leaving enclosures must not be connected to smaller
conductors on the path to the DIG, or on the path from the DIG to earth.
• Ensure that the bend radius of all ground conductors meets the industry standard of 8 x
diameter, as discussed elsewhere in this chapter.
• Do not enclose ground conductors in ferrous conduit or raceways.
• Use bus bars for connecting conductors rather than clamping multiple conductors
together.
• Design your system to minimize the effects of corrosion above and below grade.
Corrosion can increase the overall resistance over time, reducing the effectiveness of
the ground system. The following factors contribute to corrosion:
— Soil conditions – Highly acidic soils and moisture can attack below-grade earthing
system components.
— Cathodic reactions – Ground leakage current and contact between dissimilar metals
can result in higher resistance over time because of corrosion.
— Chemical reactions – Reactions with nearby chemical elements and compounds can
cause grounding components to erode.
• There are two methods of bonding sub-earthing components such as sub-earth
electrodes, i.e., ground rods, and conductors. These primary methods are cad welding
and clamping, sometimes known as Burndy clamping. Both methods have positive
attributes. For example ,the clamping method allows for maintenance and inspection,
a priority with any ground system installation. The Cad welding method, if done
correctly, creates a solid bond and low resistance. However, it makes later inspection,
testing, and modification more difficult.
• Make sure that all ground rods (or ground components) are placed in ground wells of
sufficient size to allow a visual check as well as maintain the rod. It can be very difficult
to use the necessary tools to disconnect and then reconnect conductors from a ground
rod in a small confined space such as a 8-inch pipe used as a ground well. It can also
disrupt local operations if it becomes necessary to dig in and around a rod to gain
access.
• Try to avoid covering much of the earth electrode network with asphalt or other
impervious cover. Impervious cover causes the soil to lose moisture and increases soil
resistivity.
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• Inspect sub-earth grounding components near grade by digging a few inches of soil
away from the rods, conductors, or straps. In many cases, you can see or feel corrosion
just at the surface.
• Test the earth electrode network as described in IEEE Standard 81-2012, IEEE Guide for
Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a
Grounding System.
You can reduce the resistance of your grounding system by doing the following:
• Decrease soil resistivity by adding non-corrosive, conductive salts or other soil
additives.
• Increase conductor sizes.
• Bond all below-grade grounding components with uninsulated (bare) conductors to
add to the overall sub-earth portion of the ground system.
• Increase the surface area of the grounding components in contact with the soil. For
example, you can use longer grounding rods or increase the number of grounding
rods.
6.8.4 Ground conductor sizing

Ground wire size is very important. Unwanted noise must be grounded through low-
impedance wire to ensure that noise is adequately attenuated and not re-radiated. The
recommended wire sizes listed in Table 6-2 normally provide adequate attenuation. Use
stranded wire, not solid wire. In general, stranded wire provides both lower impedance
and better noise attenuation than solid wire. The braided cable with construction
descriptors in Table 6-3 may be used as an alternative to Table 6-2. Braided cable has less
impedance per foot than normal stranded cable, usually offers greater flexibility, and is
smaller and lighter.
For a single enclosure such as a CHARMs enclosure, or a group of adjacent enclosures with
a relatively small number of I/O points, you can connect the chassis ground and the DC
ground busses together at the cabinet. Ensure that the wire size, distances, and number of
I/O points are within the specifications listed in Table 6-2.
Table 6-2: Ground wire sizing
I/O points Cable length (ft)
10 25 50 100 300
64 8 AWG / 10 8 AWG / 10 8 AWG / 10 6 AWG / 16 2 AWG / 35
mm2 mm2 mm2 mm2 mm2
128 8 AWG / 10 8 AWG / 10 6 AWG / 16 2 AWG / 35 1/0 / 50 mm2
mm2 mm2 mm2 mm2
256 8 AWG / 10 6 AWG / 16 2 AWG / 35 1/0 / 50 mm2 2/0 / 70 mm2
mm2 mm2 mm2
512 6 AWG / 16 2 AWG / 35 1/0 / 50 mm2 2/0 / 70 mm2 3/0 / 95 mm2
mm2 mm2
1024 2 AWG / 35 1/0 / 50 mm2 2/0 / 70 mm2 3/0 / 95 mm2 4/0 / 120 mm2
mm2
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Table 6-2: Ground wire sizing (continued)

10 25 50 100 300
2048 1/0 / 50 mm2 2/0 / 70 mm2 3/0 / 95 mm2 4/0 / 120 mm2 ---
4096 2/0 / 70 mm2 3/0 / 95 mm2 4/0 / 120 mm2 --- ---
8192 3/0 / 95 mm2 4/0 / 120 mm2 --- --- ---
Table 6-3: Braided cable construction types (as an alternative)

10 25 50
64 24-7-30 24-7-30 24-7-30
128 24-7-30 24-7-30 48-22-36
256 24-7-30 48-22-36 24-32-30
512 24-32-30 24-32-30 24-44-30
1024 24-32-30 24-44-30 2(24-32-30)
2048 24-44-30 2(24-32-30) 2(24-35-30)
4096 2(24-32-30) 2(24-35-30) 3(24-32-30)
8192 2(24-35-30) 3(24-32-30) ---
6.8.5 Ground bus construction

Ground bus bars should be made of copper, nickel-plated copper, copper-clad steel, or
hard brass (B16). Ground busses are available from local industrial electronics suppliers, or
you can fabricate your own. DC ground busses mount on isolated brackets to electrically
isolate them from an enclosure. Busses normally allow screw connections for wiring lugs.
Lugs should accept wire sizes of 6 AWG to 4/0 AWG (16 to 120 mm2). In purchasing or
fabricating bus bars, observe the following guidelines:
• Select or design a bus bar for the number of conductor connections necessary and the
conductor size specified in Figure 5-2. For example, if you are building a remote cabinet
with 96 CHARMs I/O points, and the distance to the nearest ground connection is 100
m (300 ft), use a bus bar with a single 1/0 (50mm2) conductor connection point and
multiple 14 AWG (2.5 mm2) conductor connection points.
• Use isolating standoffs when mounting DC bus bars.
• Do not double up on a connection point with more than one conductor. For example,
do not place two lugs on one bus bar hole or more than one conductor under the same
terminal clamp.
• Use two-hole lugs for ground conductors.
• The holes in the bus bars should be of the correct size and dimensionally placed for the
lugs used.
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• Torque lug bolts to specification, and mark each bolt to provide a visual indication if
the bolt has moved after being torqued.
• Field wiring may also require surge suppression if the signals enter a protection zone
outside the zone which includes the controller and cards. When SPDs are used with
field wires it is best to have SPDs at both ends of the field transmitter/receiver pair.
• If a coating is required to protect against corrosion, use a clear coating material to
allow visual inspection of the bolt, lug, and copper.
• Use Belleville (conical spring) washers on the lug bolts to maintain consistent force in
varying temperatures.
• Label ground bars for identification.
The following figure shows a commercially available ground bar suitable for use with
DeltaV. This kind of ground bar is typically used in data centers. Verify the ground bars
materials are compatible with the environment where the bars will be installed.
Figure 6-5: Local area ground bus
The following figure shows properly installed isolating standoffs for a ground bar.
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Figure 6-6: Ground-bar isolating standoffs
6.8.6 Recommended method of connecting ground cable to a

ground bar
DeltaV recommends a modified PANI method for connecting ground conductors. PANI
stands for “producers, absorbers, non-isolated equipment, and isolated equipment,” and
it allocates specific areas of a ground bar for bonding. The PANI method prevents noise
producers from coupling into the DeltaV ground system. DeltaV recommends a modified
PANI method for the DIG (or master reference ground bus bar), as shown in the following
figure.
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Figure 6-7: Modified PANI method
6.8.7 Marking ground components

To aid in ground wire identification, use identifiable insulation colors (such as green or
green with a yellow stripe) or another labeling method that meets country codes. NFPA 70
(NEC) allows color coding using colored electrical tape at the ends of conductors. Europe
and other world areas following IEC standards restrict the use of green and yellow striped
wire to protective earth conductors. Follow the standards in use in your area.
Emerson recommends isolating DeltaV bus bars from other equipment grounds and
labeling them as follows:
FOR CONTROL SYSTEM GROUND ONLY.
All bus bars associated with the control system, including enclosures, should be clearly
identified as to their location and purpose.
6.9 Enclosure grounding

A well-grounded conductive enclosure minimizes effects of electromagnetic interference
(EMI) on equipment and prevents accidental shock hazards to personnel. Enclosure
grounding should be bonded with a conductor connected to the local CG reference point.
Emerson recommends keeping the DeltaV DC ground system isolated from chassis
ground until the single-point connection at the DIG. Figure 5-2 shows grounding that
retains proper separation. In a group of enclosures, grounds should be routed to the
center enclosure if possible.
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6.9.1 Grounding for CHARMs and remote enclosures

For small DeltaV systems with low I/O counts, such as single CHARMs enclosures, all
system grounds can be connected to a single local ground, as shown in Figure 3-8.
6.10 Multi-story Buildings

The following figures show grounding for DeltaV systems in multi-story buildings. Note
the following good grounding practices shown in the figures:
• Local area CG and DCG bars are installed on every other floor.
• All ground systems are bonded to the plant ground grid.
• The control system ground is connected to the plant ground grid at a location as far as
possible from all other ground subsystems, such as lightning mitigation and high-
energy ground.
• DeltaV CG and DCG systems meet at the DIG as their single-point common ground
reference.
• The neutral-to-ground connection of a separately derived power source is bonded to
the same DIG as the DeltaV systems it feeds.
• A separate building (Building B at bottom right of each figure) with a separately derived
power source and DeltaV system has its own DIG, triad, and separate connection to the
plant ground grid.
Note
Installing more CG and DCG bars on floors with numerous DeltaV systems can save cabling
costs.
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Figure 6-8: Multi story building with one power source
The following figure shows grounding for DeltaV systems with multiple separately derived
power sources on multiple stories. The neutral-to-ground connection of each power
source is bonded to a local safety ground bar before the DIG.
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Figure 6-9: Multi-story building with multiple power sources
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7 Appendices
7.1 Interference And Transients
7.1.1 Static coupling

Static coupling, also called capacitive coupling, can occur when signal shields run parallel
to nearby noise sources. Motor commutation, variable frequency drives, and tools such as
welders can all result in static coupling interference. The following figure shows two return
paths for noise resulting from static coupling.
Figure 7-1: Return paths for static coupled interference
The dashed return path through DeltaV represents the path noise takes when the shields
are tied to the isolated instrument ground. The noise returns to the location where the
chassis ground and DC ground are first connected to building steel. At that point a parallel
path is established. Some current will travel through building steel, with the remainder
following the copper to steel, then to its source.
• Noise tends to return to its source following the path of least resistance.
• Steel is 10 times more resistive than copper.
• However, because of the skin effect and the multiple paths in the steel, the path
through steel is 4.5 times less resistive overall than the copper path.
Connecting signal shields to building steel ensures that noise returns to its source more
efficiently.
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7.1.2 Voltage differentials

Voltage differentials can result from lightning, utility failures, equipment failures, and
many other events common in industry. For example, if lightning strikes one side of a
structure and DeltaV signal wires travel into the area near the lightning strike, static
coupling can be induced on signal shields even if the associated DeltaV enclosure is in a
different part of the structure. The following figure represents a fault that causes a voltage
differential in a facility.
Figure 7-2: Static coupling caused by voltage differential
Typically, voltage differential faults that result from equipment failure, utility faults, or
lightning create a transient signal that subsides with a type a diminishing ring similar to
the gate function (sin(x)/x). However, the decay more closely resembles a zero-order
Bessel function. Because noise tends to return to its source, the actual elevation in impulse
voltage at one area establishes a differential with respect to more remote locations.
Multiple paths through steel and copper grounds eventually equalize due to the heating
(I2 •R) losses throughout the numerous return eddy paths.
7.1.3 Inductive coupling

When signal wires are close to high current conductors, such as the down conductor on a
lightning system, lightning strikes induce a current on its air terminal and possibly the
signal conductors too. A voltage differential is established on the wire and ground system
which dissipates through numerous eddy current paths as the induced interference
attempts to return to its source. The most direct path is the one in which the shield is
connected to building steel as close as possible.
Industry example: A 55 KV precipitator used to covert ash into small pellets that can be
collected was located at the top of a multistory chimney. The ground conductor was an
exposed copper wire traversing the length of the chimney into the ground grid. This
ground cable was also connected to building steel on every floor. A signal cable was run in
parallel to the precipitator's ground wire, which caused a 90 VPP transient to be coupled
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onto the signal during the precipitation process. This coupling process was due to
inductive coupling as shown in the following figure.
Figure 7-3: Inductive coupling from down-conductor into signal cable
7.2 Shield Earthing For High-integrity Ground

Systems
Perform a cost/benefit evaluation when choosing the proper location to land the shield
drain wires. There is a definite cost savings associated with connecting both the DC
ground and the Chassis Ground (CG) together. This requires only one functional ground
connection to the DeltaV Instrumentation Ground (DIG). If however, the highest integrity
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ground system yielding the least amount of disruptive events is required, then the shields
should be connected to the CG for the following reasons:
• Noise tends to return to its source following the path of least resistance.
• Scientific evidence confirms that noise on shields connected to DC ground adversely
influences system integrity. The Pin 1 Problem first recognized by Neil Muncy and
documented in his 1994 Audio Engineering Society paper has been confirmed in
multiple studies. Although this issue has been of particular concern to audio engineers,
the conclusion applies to all engineering disciplines including control systems.
• Standard recommending shields be connected to enclosure or chassis ground:
• ANSI/ISA-RP12.06.01-2003 Recommended Practice for Wiring Methods for Hazardous
(Classified) Locations Instrumentation Part 1: Intrinsic Safety requires that shields be
connected to equipment or chassis ground.
Equipment manufacturers are continually designing products to be smaller, with less
weight, and at an increased savings. This has led to products operating at higher
frequencies resulting in electrical components, such as indictors and transformers, being
much smaller. Emerson has been and will remain a leader in providing a power and
grounding solutions for controlling equipment designed for today's adverse environments
as well as unforeseen future applications.
7.3 Earthing And Grounding
7.3.1 Designing an earth ground system

An adequate earth ground is extremely important for both personnel safety and correct
operation of a control system. The earth ground absorbs stray AC or induced EMI currents
from equipment grounds and safely grounds the currents to earth. This section provides
guidelines for constructing a good earth ground.
Building steel is not a good earth ground for process control systems. Sometimes, control
room grid systems, if they meet the requirements for good earth grounds (described
below), can be used for a control system ground. In all cases, construction of and
connection to earth grounds must be made in accordance with local, state, and federal
codes.
Several process industry sources recommend a ground system resistance of one ohm or
less between the control system ground and true earth, with a maximum resistance of 5
Ω. A resistance of 1 Ω or less minimizes the possibility of phantom errors in the control
system caused by voltage drops in the ground system.
The control system ground must be at least as good as any other system ground in the
plant. For example, if a ground used with a radio communication system has one-ohm (or
less) resistance to true earth, the control system ground must have 1 Ω (or less) resistance
to true earth. Both ground systems must be referenced to the plant ground grid.
For a plant ground grid, multiple ground rods are much preferred over a single rod
because:
• Rod-to-earth contact resistance of the individual rods are effectively placed in parallel,
reducing overall resistance.
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• Personnel safety is enhanced because ground contact does not depend on a single rod.
The distance between rods in a multiple rod system must not be greater than twice the
immersion depths of the rods. For more information on installing and testing ground
systems, you may wish to obtain the publication, Getting Down to Earth from the Megger
Group Limited.
If an existing grid is accessible and the grid-to-true-earth meets the resistance
requirements, the existing grid can be used for the control system ground. If the existing
grid is not accessible or the resistance is not within specifications, a new grid is required.
One point (preferably at a ground rod) on the grid and close to the control system is used
for the DeltaV dedicated connection. The control system ground is connected to the
chosen ground rod with 4/0 AWG (120 mm2) shielded, stranded-copper cable. The cable
at the rod end may be hydraulically crimped or thermally welded to the rod.
For cable to cable connections, thermal welding historically provides good long term
integrity. Field experience infers that hydraulic crimping may provide better integrity for
cable-to-rod or cable-to-building connection due to occasional difficulty in making reliable
thermal welds of these joints.
Figure 7-4: Example design for plant ground grid
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Figure 7-5: Typical Ufer ground system below grade
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Figure 7-6: Example connecting existing ground rods
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Figure 7-7: Example connecting to an existing counterpoise
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Figure 7-8: Example connecting to an existing ground grid
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Figure 7-9: Example connecting to Ufer ground
Note
Refer to Figure 7-4 for footing detail.
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Figure 7-10: Example connecting to existing buried steel plate
7.4 Earth Grounds in Water And Ice

Sometimes, good earth grounds by definition are not possible, such as earth grounds on
oil and gas platforms and where the earth is more likely to be ice or permafrost. Yet, it is
still imperative to ground AC equipment for personnel safety and to ground EMI signals for
proper control system operation.
For oil and gas platforms anchored to the sea bottom, one of the platform legs is the
connection to earth ground. For floating platforms, a leg or some metal structure
submerged deep in the sea is earth ground. All ground systems on a platform must be
connected to the same point so that they all have equal earth ground resistance.
For ice or permafrost locations, steel beams can be driven into the permafrost as far as
practical. Two beams located at opposite corners of the control system building are
recommended. One beam provides earth ground for AC equipment and the other beam
provides earth ground for the control system. Both beams should provide equal ground
resistance, and each should be as close to one ohm resistance to earth as possible.
Sometimes, resistance considerably higher than one ohm may be the best that can be
had. You simply attempt to obtain the best earth ground possible. Be sure to use good
bonding methods when connecting ground cables to the beams.
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7.4.1 Testing an earth ground

The electrical resistance of an earth ground system must be tested to ensure that the
system meets requirements. The total resistance of the ground system is comprised of the
resistance of the ground cable connection to the grid, the resistance of the metal used in
the plant ground grid, the resistance of the contact between the grid and earth, and the
resistance of the earth itself. For a DeltaV system, the recommended earth ground
resistance is 1 Ω or less with a maximum resistance of 5 Ω.
There are several methods for testing earth ground resistance. The three-point (or Fall of
Potential) method, the two-point (or Direct) method, and the Slope method are
frequently used. Various manuals are available from tester manufacturers and consulting
firms which detail earth ground resistance testing. Also, IEEE Standard 81, IEEE Guide for
Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground
System, contains descriptions of these methods.
Note
Several Internet sites contain helpful information about earth ground resistance
measurements and methods. Use an Internet search engine to search for “earth ground
resistance measurement.” Fluke Products and other vendors include application notes for
earth ground measurements.
An earth ground tester is used to determine the total resistance of an earth ground
system. The tester contains an electric current source and connections for probes.
When earth ground systems must provide 5 Ω or less resistance, the resistance of the test
leads can no longer be assumed to be negligible, especially since the leads can be many
feet or meters long. Therefore, lead resistance should be measured and subtracted from
the earth ground reading.
Three-point testing method

In this method, an electric current passes through earth between a current probe (C) and
the ground grid being tested (E). At a point between these locations, a third probe (P) is
inserted in the ground. Standardized tables give recommended distances between C, E,
and P locations to obtain accurate measurements. A typical point for P is 62% of the
distance between C and E, as measured from E. The distance between C and E depends on
the depth of the ground rods.
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Figure 7-11: Three-point method for testing earth ground
Table 7-1: Depths and measuring points for three-point testing method
Depth of ground rods at point Points E and P Points E and C
E
6 ft (1.8 m) 45 ft (13.7 m) 72 ft (22.0 m)
8 ft (2.4 m) 50 ft (15.2 m) 80 ft (24.4 m)
10 ft (3.0 m) 55 ft (16.8 m) 88 ft (26.8 m)
12 ft (3.7 m) 60 ft (18.3 m) 96 ft (29.3 m)
18 ft (5.5 m) 71 ft (21.6 m) 115 ft (35.1 m)
20 ft (6.1 m) 74 ft (22.6 m) 120 ft (36.6 m)
30 ft (9.1 m) 86 ft (26.2 m) 140 ft (42.7 m)
Resistance value is obtained by measuring the current between C and E and the voltage
between P and E. Many earth ground testers convert these measurements to resistance
and show the resistance on an ohmmeter. Ohm's Law can be used to determine the
resistance if an ammeter and voltmeter are used on the tester.
It is recommended that measurements be made and recorded in several directions from
the ground system and the values entered in a table. The values will indicate good earth
ground areas and also high resistance areas to be avoided. Since earth ground resistance
varies with changes in ground moisture and temperature, resistance measurements
should be made at different times during a year.
Two-point testing method

The two-point method, although not as accurate as the three-point method, can be used
when there is insufficient area to lay out probe locations for the three-point method. Area
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can be limited by obstacles such as buildings, highways, railroads, and by other ground
systems where the electrical currents in those systems could influence the measurements
of the system under test. Also, if measurements are attempted inside the perimeter of a
ground grid system, inaccurate readings can result.
The setup reduces the distance necessary to make a measurement. Terminals P and C are
tied together and connected to a known adequate ground system, such as that of a power
utility neutral ground. Then, earth ground resistance can be measured between the known
system and the system under test. If a voltmeter is used in conjunction with an ammeter,
the voltmeter is connected between P/C and E.
Figure 7-12: Two-point method for testing earth ground
Slope testing method

The Slope method can also be used when area for inserting probes is limited. This method
uses a setup similar to the two-point method, except that the probe P/C is moved to
several locations in a straight line, and a measurement is taken at each location. Locations
are typically 20%, 40%, and 60% of the initial P/C distance to E. With these measurements,
a slope coefficient is calculated and the result compared to a standard table. From the
table, the best location for P/C can be found. Then, an earth ground resistance
measurement is again taken for this location, and recorded. Because this method is
subject to many extenuating influences, several measurements should be made in all
directions from the earth ground system to ensure the accuracy of the results.
Annually inspecting an earth ground system

As a preventive maintenance action, each connection on an earth ground system needs to
be checked annually. This check ensures that connections are tight, ground wires are in
good condition, and no contamination or corrosion exists that can compromise ground
system integrity.
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7.5 Effects of Heat And Air Flow Inside an Enclosure
7.5.1 General
Most DeltaV™ DCS and DeltaV SIS™ products, such as controllers, I/O cards, logic solvers,
and related items, are designed for natural airflow cooling. For maximum product
availability and expected unit lifetime, sufficient airflow through the products and proper
ambient air temperature in and around them must be sufficient to maintain the specified
operating temperature range.
Environmental conditions such as elevated temperature can cause gradual performance
degradation, intermittent failures, and malfunctions in all electronic equipment. To
prevent problems during the operation of both control and safety systems, consider the
effects of heat and airflow on equipment in enclosures when designing DeltaV systems.
7.5.2 Heat impact on mean time between failures (MTBF)

For optimum reliability, electronic equipment must operate within its normal operating
limits for ambient temperature, relative humidity, and hourly variations of these. When
the equipment is operated within the specified temperature, reliability based on mean
time between failure (MTBF) calculations can be expected. If the equipment is operated at
a higher temperature for long periods of time, the failure rate increases. Heat wears out
electronic components; as explained by the Arrhenius effect equation, for every 10° C
increase in operating temperature, the failure rate doubles. This behavior is not specific to
Emerson products. The reliability of any electronic component is affected by heat.
The chart below shows an example of the effective drop in the MTBF value for each 10° C
rise in operating temperature for a hypothetical device, during a hypothetical time period
ranging from 12.5 years to 200 years.
Table 7-2: Correlation between temperature and MTBF
Temperature MTBF
25° C 200 years
35° C 100 years
45° C 50 years
55° C 25 years
65° C 12.5 years
Consider the actual operating temperature when evaluating the useful life of electronic
equipment, including DeltaV and DeltaV SIS components.
7.5.3 Airflow considerations

Most DeltaV DCS and DeltaV SIS products, such as controllers, I/O cards, logic solvers and
related items, are designed for natural airflow cooling. For maximum product reliability,
sufficient air flow through them and proper ambient air temperature in and around them
141
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must be such that their specified operating temperature range is maintained. Proper
temperature levels promote good system health and product availability.
All DeltaV DCS and DeltaV SIS products are designed to operate within a specific
temperature range, for example, -40 °C to 70 °C. Consult the product datasheet for each
product to determine the specific temperature range. The published information indicates
the temperature range a product can withstand; however, running the product at the
higher end of the temperature range for long periods of time increases the failure rate of
electronic components.
7.5.4 Heat-related issues

The following are some heat-related issues identified during design reviews and
troubleshooting:
• Enclosure designs that do not allow adequate heat dissipation and airflow, resulting in
very high internal temperatures.
• Enclosure designs that lead to hot spots because of lack of air circulation in some areas
of the enclosure.
• Enclosures located in areas of higher ambient temperatures caused by, for example,
adjacent heat-producing equipment or direct sunlight.
• Equipment, interconnected wiring, and cabling inside an enclosure so tightly packed
that natural airflow is inhibited.
• Wiring raceway mounted too close to devices, cutting off adequate airflow, especially
if the raceway is packed with wiring and cabling.
• Devices with opposite-side cooling slots and adjacent products mounted too close for
adequate cooling air.
• Devices that should be mounted either vertically or horizontally for adequate airflow,
but are mounted otherwise.
• Heavy heat-producing devices in the enclosure, such as power supplies generating
high internal temperatures.
7.5.5 Solutions
Consider the following methods of improving heat dissipation:
1. Proper placement of pieces of equipment in relationship to each other, including
the following:
a. Power supplies
b. Raceways
c. Cable wiring into and out of the enclosure
d. Device placement for maximum air circulation
Note
When designing an enclosure, consider the minimum distances specified by the
equipment vendors. For DeltaV equipment, consult the planning and design
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documentation. The wiring must at least conform to NFPA, NEC, and applicable
local, regional, and national codes to ensure that it can conduct load safely without
overheating.
2. Consider auxiliary designs for cooling and air flow.

a. Use side and top vents to move cool air in and hot air out.
b. Use instrument air and vortex coolers. Consider a filter system on the input
line to ensure clean and dry air.
c. Allows positive pressure inside the enclosure.
d. Allows small amounts of air to improve airflow beyond convection alone.
e. Allows normally cooler instrument air (often used to control dew point) to
lower enclosure internal temperature.
f. Use heat sinks or cooling fans.
g. Mount products in such a way as to take advantage of the built-in cooling
openings.
h. Make sure the enclosure does not receive warm, moist air from other areas
through conduit openings.
3. Design circuits so that all the power does not dissipate inside an enclosure. For
example, some circuits such as an AS-Interface can be wired in parallel or series.
Series wiring dissipates more energy inside the unit and enclosure, whereas parallel
wiring dissipates more energy in the field devices.
4. Place enclosure fans so that they work more efficiently and effectively.
a. Locate fans to move air in such a way that enclosure sheet metal can
dissipate heat.
b. Locate fans to provide maximum airflow over and through all installed
devices. Sometimes, fans are mounted so that they are ineffective in actual
cooling or providing critical airflow. Fan placement is an important aspect of
the enclosure design. Consider the following guidelines when selecting the
fan location for your application:
1. Place fans in the bottom of the enclosure to create positive pressure,
and place vents at the top rear of the enclosure to exhaust the hot air.
This method can maximize cooling and airflow because it works with
the physics of convection currents.
2. Place exhaust fans at the top back of the enclosure and pull air through
from the bottom, creating negative pressure. The drawback to this
method is that air in connected conduits can be pulled in.
3. Roof cabinet fans have significant advantages over door cabinet fans
because roof fans generally have a bigger air-displacement capacity
than door-mounted fans. Additionally, the placement of roof fans
right above the equipment ensures a bigger cooling effect than door
fans.
5. Properly mounting devices with high heat loads
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a. Mount devices with high heat loads near the top of the enclosure so the heat
they dissipate does not pass around or through other devices.
b. Mount devices with high heat loads near the sides of the enclosure.
c. Mount devices with high heat loads in such a way that natural airflow
circulations (higher temperature on one side and cooler temperature on the
other) are generated.
6. Installing in a shaded area

a. Field enclosures exposed to direct sunlight are subject to solar energy
absorption which can raise the temperature inside the enclosure. Depending
on the environmental conditions, sun shades or sun shields should be
considered to lower the temperature for both the enclosure and the
electronic components.
b. The temperature range specified for some field enclosures expects
installation in a shaded area. Installation should follow the field enclosure
manufacturer’s recommendations and if needed, sun shades or sun shields
should be installed.
These methods can help maximum system availability and expected unit lifetime by better
controlling enclosure heat. Such control is fundamental to good enclosure design.
It is recommended to perform periodic audits to ensure proper temperature levels within
enclosures as well as identifying “hot spots.” Adequate airflow can be determined by
measuring the inside temperature at the top, middle, and bottom of the cabinet or
enclosure. However, thermal images are the preferred method to measure temperature. A
hot spot reading could be an indicator of a bigger issue that needs to be reviewed and
remedied. Among other things the audit should confirm that fan directions, fan speed and
that airflow is correct.
7.5.6 Measuring enclosure hot spots

After installing and starting up enclosure-mounted instruments, ensure adequate air flow
by measuring the inside temperature at the top, middle, and bottom of the enclosure.
Make measurements with the equipment powered and all fans running. The temperature
difference between the air entering the enclosure, air anyplace in the enclosure, and air at
the top of the enclosure should not be more than 18° F (10° C).
WARNING
Both AC power and 24 VDC power with large current capabilities are powering installed
equipment. To avoid personal injury and damage to equipment, use extreme caution
when making temperature measurements.
7.5.7 Maintenance considerations

Regular maintenance is very important. Air filters need to be cleaned or replaced
periodically. Clogged air filters will lead to poor air cooling, higher temperatures, and
shorter expected unit lifetime.
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7.5.8 Controlling humidity

Special emphasis must be placed on humidity control. When the atmosphere contains
corrosive vapors, average relative humidity must be kept below 50% to minimize the
possibility of condensation, but not below the minimum level in specified range where
damage can occur from electrostatic discharges.
CAUTION
Preventing condensation is extremely important. Corrosive vapors dissolving in
condensation turn into acids that slowly erode conductive lands, component leads,
connector pins, and other metal on electronic equipment. The equipment can become
damaged beyond repair.
7.5.9 Heating and cooling calculations

In most cases, there are two sources of heat within an instrument enclosure. One source is
heat generated by enclosed instruments; a second source is ambient heat surrounding the
enclosure. The second source may be heat gain or loss, depending on the temperature
difference between the inside and the outside of the enclosure.
You can calculate the amount of heating or cooling required to control enclosure
temperature. The equations below give approximate cooling requirements for heat
control within enclosures. For the rate of heat production surrounding enclosures, add an
allowance for personnel, lighting, power equipment, and heat gain or loss through walls
and windows. Air conditioning, heating, or ventilation systems must be sized large enough
to handle the requirements.
It is important that you determine the total power dissipation for power supplies and
process instruments in each enclosure. Power supplies are the main generator of heat in
enclosures. Heat dissipation for power supplies is normally fairly stable over their typical
power output range. Refer to the DeltaV manual Installing Your DeltaV Digital Automation
System and DeltaV Books Online to obtain product heat dissipation information.
Cooling calculations to control heat generated within

enclosures
To calculate the cooling required to control heat generated within an enclosure, add the
typical heat figures for each process instrument and other equipment contained in the
enclosure. If heat data is not available for an instrument, use the following formula to
develop the typical cooling required for the instrument:
qs = (Cs)(qr)(CLF)
where
qs = the cooling load, in BTU/hr.
Cs = the appliance coefficient, equivalent to device efficiency; that is, how much of the
power input is converted to heat. (In the absence of measured values, use 0.33).
145
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qr = the heat dissipated by the load, in BTU/hr; you can find this amount by multiplying the
load power in watts (W) by 3.4.
CLF = the cooling load factor; generally, it applies to intermittent operations. For
continuous operation, use 1.0.
With these assumptions, the equation becomes:
qs = 0.33(qr)
where
qr = 3.4 × V × I, for DC power
qr = 3.4 × V × I × pf, for single-phase AC power
qr = 3.4 × V × I × pf × 1.73, for three-phase AC power (assuming well-balanced loading of
each phase in a manner consistent with good engineering practice).
(V = input voltage; I = input current; pf = power factor)
The resultant cooling-load measurement units are BTU per hour. Convert the load to tons
of refrigeration by dividing by 12,000.
Example: Calculating heat generated within an enclosure
A group of enclosures in a rack-room contain various combinations of instruments. What
is the required cooling load?
First, add the electrical current drawn by the equipment in each enclosure. For this
example, the assumption is 270 A at 24 VDC total for all enclosures.
Next, apply the equation and determine the BTU per hour cooling required:
qs = 0.33 × 3.4 × 24 VDC × 270 A (DC)
qs = 7,271 BTU/hr
From this, the refrigeration requirement is:
Refrigeration = 7,271/12,000 = 0.61 tons
Cooling calculations to control heat transferred into

enclosures
When enclosures are installed in uncontrolled temperature areas, such as an operating
floor, the heat transmission through the enclosure walls may have to be considered. If the
outside temperature is higher than inside, then additional cooling is usually required. If the
outside temperature is lower, then reduced cooling, or none at all, may be adequate.
When installing equipment outdoors, solar loading, moisture migration, and so forth also
need to be considered.
The calculation for determining the cooling requirement to compensate for heat transfer
is:
qs = (U)(A)(∆t)
where
U = the heat transfer coefficient for the enclosure; if the enclosure is metal, use U = 1.
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A = the total exposed surface area of the enclosure (disregard unexposed surfaces such as
back panels on back to back enclosures or floor panels on floor-mounted enclosures.
∆t = the difference between the desired internal temperature and the temperature outside
the enclosure.
Example: Calculating heat transferred into an enclosure
Assume an enclosure with 36 ft2 exposed metal surface and a temperature that averages
40 °F hotter than the desired temperature inside the enclosure. The net heat gain is:
qs = (1)(36)(40) = 1,440 BTU/hr
From this, the refrigeration requirement is:
Refrigeration = 1,440/12,000 = 0.12 tons.
The 0.12 tons is the additional cooling required on top of cooling required for instrument
heat.
Calculating the effects of a pressurization system

When using a pressurized enclosure, the cooling or heating effect of the pressurized
system can be determined by using the following equation:
Cooling effect = 1.08 (CFM)(∆t) in BTU/hr
where:
CFM = cubic feet per minute of air flow.
∆t = the desired inside temperature minus the incoming air temperature of the
pressurizing system.
Example: Calculating the temperature effect of pressurizing an enclosure
Assume a NEMA 12 enclosure that is 4 ft by 4 ft by 1.5 ft and the desired internal
temperature is to be maintained at 75°F. For proper pressurization, the volume of
incoming air is the enclosure volume (24 cubic feet) times 0.05 (the percentage constant
for NEMA 12 enclosures) = 1.2 CFM. The incoming air temperature is 70°F.
The effective cooling of the incoming air is: Effect = 1.08(1.2)(75 - 70) = 6.43 BTU/hr
This figure is then used to determine the overall heat gain.
Note
If additional cooling is required, a vortex cooler can be added.
7.5.10 Conclusions
Achieving expected system reliability and longer expected unit lifetime is possible by
proper system design and maintenance. Please contact your local Emerson sales office for
information about maintenance programs to achieve maximum system availability.
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7.6 Wire Color Conventions

Color coding to indicate the functions of different conductors varies by electrical code,
industry practice, and world area. Industry groups have attempted to introduce
consistency in color-coding conventions and practices, but differences remain. Emerson's
DeltaV products are sold worldwide, and Emerson does not mandate any color-coding
convention. Installers must understand and comply with the requirements of authorities
having jurisdiction for the location of each installation. Electrical codes often mandate,
prefer, recommend, or mention color-coding conventions. The tables that follow provide
simplified examples of color-coding conventions in four common electrical codes. This list
is not all-inclusive, and various electrical codes contain exceptions and special cases that
you must observe.
1. Preferred or recommended.
2. Required.
3. Commonly used in industry but not mandated by NEC. Brown, orange, yellow, and
gray are commonly used for higher voltages. Black, red, blue, and white are
commonly used for lower voltages. AC ground is typically green, and DC ground is
often green/yellow.
4. Orange is required on the high leg of a 4-wire delta with midpoint grounding.
5. Required for greater than 60 V.
6. IEC/EN 60445-2017 - Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface.
7. C-22.1-15 - Canadian Electrical Code, Part I.
8. NFPA70-2017 - National Electrical Code.
9. Government of India General Specifications for Electrical Work-2013; SP 30 (2011):
National Electrical Code of India.
7.7 Emerson DeltaV Control And Installation

Drawings
The following table lists the current DeltaV control and installation drawings as of May
2017. Contact Emerson’s Local Business Partner or Field Sales Office to obtain a copy of
the current documentation for the version of DeltaV you are using.
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Table 7-3: DeltaV Control and Installation Drawings

Drawing Title or function Modules
12P1293 FM Div 2 Installation Drawing M-Series, SIS/SLS
12P2046 ATEX Zone 2 M-Series, SIS/SLS
Installation Drawing
12P5401 FM Div 2 Installation Drawing CHARM I/O
12P5402 FM Div 2 Installation Drawing S-Series
12P5403 ATEX Zone 2 Installation CHARM I/O
Drawing
12P5404 ATEX Zone 2 Installation S-Series
Drawing
12P1892 DeltaV™ Scalable Process M-Series IS
System, Class I Div. 2 with Class
I, II, III Div. 1 Field Circuits
Installation Instructions
12P1990 DeltaV™ Scalable Process M-Series IS
System with Zone 0 Field
Circuits Installation Instructions
12P2524 DeltaV™ IS I/O Code of Practice M-Series IS
for Installation and
Maintenance in Zone 2
Hazardous Areas
12P2822 Namur NE21 Installation All
Instructions
12P3292 Type KJ7000 Series Zone 1 I/O KJ7000 Series
System Installation Instructions
12P3517 KJ17xx Single/Four Port Fiber KJ1710X1, KJ1740X1
Switch Installation Instructions
12P6122 Installation Control Drawing IS- IS-CHARM Subsystem
CHARMs Subsystem
12P6123 Installation Control Drawing IS- IS-CHARMs
CHARMs
12P6523 ATEX/IECEx Installation IS-CHARM Subsystem
Instructions IS-CHARM
Subsystem
For ordinary non-classified locations, Marine Certified installations, and other information,
refer to the applicable D8000xxxxxx hardware installation and reference manuals.
7.8 Warning Labels

Cabinet and enclosure designs must provide proper shock protection and risk awareness
for the safety of personnel maintaining or troubleshooting the DeltaV system. As an
example, local region codes and regulations define access limits for non-electrically
qualified personnel exposed to energized circuits. These codes and regulations require
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only electrically qualified personnel to work at voltages equal to or greater than 50 VAC or
75 VDC. (NFPA70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace; EUR-Lex Directive
2014/35/EU)
The following are some examples of warning labels:
• If more than one bussed field power source is used at a bussed field power connector,
place a label near the connector. Add the following statement in appropriate local
languages to the label:
WARNING: MORE THAN ONE LIVE CIRCUIT. SEE INSTALLATION DIAGRAM.
• If AC and DC field power are connected to the same connector, it must be marked with
a warning label as follows in appropriate local languages:
WARNING: THIS CONNECTOR CONTAINS BOTH 120 VAC (OR 240 VAC) AND 24 VDC.
BE SURE TO DISCONNECT BOTH AC AND DC POWER BEFORE UNPLUGGING THE
CONNECTOR.
Although you mark a connector with the warning label, connecting AC and DC field power
on the same connector is never recommended. Lethal voltages are possible. Additionally,
it is never considered to be good engineering practice to connect both AC and DC power
to the same connector.
Warning labels should be in local language and are often required to be in multiple
languages as seen in the following figure.
Figure 7-13: Sample warning label
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7.9 Power And Grounding Audit Worksheets
7.9.1 Introduction
When a PlantWeb Automation System is first installed, or when the system is not
operating as designed, it is sometimes necessary to perform a site audit to determine
what factors could be contributing to the degraded performance. Often these factors are
external to the system and may include but not be limited to the power and grounding
quality.
7.9.2 Purpose
The worksheets in this section are intended to ensure the environment in which the
system is situated and the implementation of the power and grounding systems are
correct. This document has no other purpose and is not intended for issues outside of the
subject of power and grounding, or complications arising from power and grounding
issues, such as electrical noise and component failures.
Worksheets and associated data sheets are used to guide the audit. The checklists provide
a record of conditions at the time of inspection and are an integral part of the Emerson
Automation Solutions Systems Life Cycle approach. The records assure compliance and
are very helpful when used as part of an on-going maintenance program. Note that all
checklists may not be applicable to each particular situation and consideration should be
made for each and every audit.
7.9.3 Intended audience

The checklists are intended for use by Emerson personnel to perform a site and installation
evaluation. This document is intended to develop a report of work performed and the
findings, if applicable.
7.9.4 System audit during fault conditions

System faults are often of a sporadic nature, causing the symptoms to appear for a short
time only. It is important to capture measurements while the fault condition exists. The
nature of the fault condition may require measurements to be taken over time to
determine trends or to capture spurious events. It is important to document the duration
of monitoring and to note equipment being placed in and out of service and any process
or equipment upsets that occur during this time.
7.9.5 Product data sheets

Product data sheets and installation manuals are very important to verify the correct
implementation. Please assure the manuals and data sheets of all concerned equipment
are available before certification commences.
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7.9.6 Required equipment

Some or all of the following equipment is required to complete this worksheet:
• Power quality analyzer
• Clamp-on RMS (root mean square) ammeter (for AC and DC current measurements)
• Recording thermometer/humidity meter
• Fluke 199 or 200 MHz digital oscilloscope (for earth/noise verification)
• Calibrated 4-1/2 digit DVM with accuracy of ±0.05%, or better, true RMS algorithm.
• Fluke 124/125 - 20 MHz digital scope meter (for field capacitance verification of
Foundation Fieldbus segments)
• Relcom FBT-6 Fieldbus monitor
• Fluke 1625 earth ground tester (or equivalent)
• Clamp-on ground resistance tester, such as an AEMC 6416 or Fluke 1630
You can substitute other equipment that meets the specifications of the listed equipment.
Be sure to record the specific equipment used in the tables at the back of the checklist.
7.9.7 Definitions
Buildings – Location of nodes of DeltaV equipment that may or may not be located within
cabinets or enclosures, but more than likely will be mounted on panel-mounted DIN rails.
The building may be dedicated to the use of the control system or there may be a room
where the control system equipment and hardware are located within the building. The
building normally provides protection from weather and external elements, and controls
temperature and humidity for the equipment within. Buildings might be built by a
fabrication facility with some or all equipment installed and tested, then transported to
the final designated location. Additional names used for what is defined as building within
this document are:
• Enclosure, as in remote instrument enclosures (RIEs)
• Shelter
• Remote instrument buildings (RIBs)
Equipment may be mounted in a cabinet that protects the equipment from the elements
and meets the criteria for controlling the environment. Under these circumstances, use
this worksheet to verify the proper installation of DeltaV nodes.
Cabinet – Possible location of the panel-mounted DeltaV equipment in buildings. A
cabinet provides protection to the control hardware within a building. This can include
preventing errant intrusion by unauthorized personnel, facilitating further climate control
for the hardware, and segregating different areas of the control hardware from other
areas. An example of this might be a fire and gas system from the Basic Process Control
System (BPCS) or the power for the BPCS from the actual BPCS hardware it is powering.
Another name for a cabinet is an enclosure. Since this is common terminology for a
building as well, this document will use cabinet and building in its definition.
Earthing sub-system – This is the grounding system below grade. This could include the
DeltaV triad, plant grid, or building ground ring.
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Triad – Common name for a series of ground rods, which could commonly be three
ground rods and are part of the earthing sub-system. These series of ground rods could be
anywhere from a single to more than three rods. The number of rods used has more to do
with meeting the Emerson recommendation for a 1 ohm ground in the soil and the soil
resistivity.
Soil resistivity – This is a measurement of the ability of the soil to conduct electrical
energy. A high soil resistivity resists the flow of electrical energy and therefore requires a
larger amount of surface area in contact with the soil to conduct the same amount of
electrical energy as a low-resistivity soil.
7.9.8 Commenting
When commenting, please document the location of the verification. If possible, use
pictures to supplement the issue description.
7.9.9 Building installation worksheet

Verification of the proper grounding for buildings and shelters with multiple DeltaV nodes
Provided by Emerson Automation Solutions
Customer Name: _____________________________________________
Customer Contact: _____________________________________________
Location: _____________________________________________
Building Name/Designation: _____________________________________________
Good Engineering Practices / General Control System Components

Verification Answer If “No” Please comment
In the opinion of the auditor, Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
is the building safe to inspect,
externally or internally? If not
stop the audit and discuss
with client.
Are servers, workstations, Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
routers, etc. within the
building installed according
to accompanied specific
installation instructions and
manuals?
Have all hotfixes been applied Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
to the hardware and
software?
Are the proper procedures / Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
equipment used for
assembling / connecting
wiring, connectors and
terminations (power,
alarming, I/O, Busses,
network, etc.)?
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Does a spot check on the used Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:

assembly procedures (e.g.
crimping of terminations,
etc.) prove that proper
materials, tools and
procedures were used?
Visually inspect the interior Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
building HVAC system. Are
the filters clean and is the
system maintained? Does the
system seem sized for the
location and use for the
building? Is there anything
that could possibly affect the
ability of the HVAC system to
maintain appropriate
temperatures for the DeltaV
systems and components?
Visually inspect the exterior Yes / No / N.A. By:
of the building. Does the Date:
exterior show corrosion and
or excessive weathering?
Do the doors into building Yes / No / N.A. By:
show a proper seal to Date:
reasonably protect the
interior of the building from
the outside environment, i.e.,
dust and rain?
Are external building Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
connections, made during
site installation (e.g. power &
grounding) clearly tagged /
identified? Are these
connections properly bonded
and installed per best
practices, such as bolting
conductors to clean and
conductive surfaces?
Visually inspect the exterior Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
of the building HVAC system.
Is the system maintained and
in good working order?
Is all necessary Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
documentation present and
readily available for review?
Comments:
Environmental Conditions of Building

Please refer to the Product Data Sheets (PDS) for each control system component as
necessary
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Are the control components Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
exposed to weather and
environment? if the system is
still under construction will
these cause adverse effects?
Is the heating and Cooling Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
system within the Building
working properly? Is the
thermostat (temperature
control) set?
Is the temperature within the Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
Building within the limits
specified in the design?
(Measure at least one typical
or a worse case application if
necessary) (Note any devices
in the cabinet creating
possible excessive heat.)
Is there evidence of high Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
humidity or condensation
within the cabinets /
enclosures?
Is there any indication that Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
the control equipment has
been exposed to
temperatures and humidity
outside of the specifications
before this audit? Please use
the comments section to
provide detail.
Is the Building free of Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
contamination due to the
installation (e.g. drill
shavings, cement dust, dirt,
etc.)?
Are the Control System Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
components, any cabinets,
and the surrounding area free
of dirt / dust and properly
protected against
contamination from such?
Comments:
Power & Grounding Connections within the Building

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Are the internal grounding Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:

connections performed per
design, properly terminated
and labeled (proper size for
distance)?
Are the cable sizes and type in Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
accordance with the intended
use? (Insulated Vs. Un-
insulated, Solid wire vs. small
diameter multi strands, etc.)
Are the ground cable runs per Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
the DeltaV Power and
Grounding Guide and
conform to pertinent safety
regulations?
Verify that ground Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
conductors within the
Building are not run in ferrous
conduit or raceways.
Are the lengths of all Power Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
and Grounding cables from
the dedicated
instrumentation points
(power source and dedicated
plant ground connection) to
the system less than 200
feet / 60 meters and installed
as per design?
Is the Dedicated Yes / No / N.A. By:
Instrumentation Ground Date:
(DIG) for the Building
connected to the lowest
available dedicated
connection to true earth and
is this connection’s resistance
verified using one of the
methods as described in the
DeltaV Power and Grounding
Guide?
Is the DIG connection to true Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
earth also connected to the
Plant Power Grid system as
detailed in the DeltaV Power
and Grounding Guide?
Is the Dedicated Power Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
source for the control system
using a single neutral to
ground bond at the source,
which is connected to the
DeltaV Instrument Ground?
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Measure the neutral to Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:

ground (N/G) bond with a
high bandwidth oscilloscope
as described in the “Required
Equipment” Section. The N/G
Bond should measure less
than 1Vpp.
Are the applied Dedicated Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
Power sources using proper
redundancy and / or UPSes, as
intended by the customer?
Are all applicable power Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
connections and distributions
installed, inspected, tagged
and proved conforming to
local and national codes
applicable to the end user
(e.g. NEC, CSA, IEC, NEN,
etc.)?
Comments:
Signoff
Project Number
Emerson Lead Engineer
Date of Service
Customer Representative Signature #1
7.9.10 Cabinet installation worksheet

Verification of the proper installation of cabinets containing one or more DeltaV nodes
Provided by Emerson Automation Solutions
Customer Name: _____________________________________________
Location: _____________________________________________
Cabinet Name/Designation: _____________________________________________
Good Engineering Practices / General Systems

Verification Answer If “No” Please
comment
Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
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Are sources of Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:

voltage above 50V
properly isolated and
locked out per the
site Emerson/
Customer LOTO
procedures?
Are the proper Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
procedures /
equipment used for
assembling /
connecting wiring,
connectors and
terminations (power,
alarming, I/O, Busses,
network, etc.)?
Does a spot check on Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
the used assembly
procedures (e.g.
crimping of
terminations, etc.)
prove that proper
materials, tools and
procedures were
used?
Is redundancy Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
(controller, I/O,
Power, network, etc.)
properly identified &
tested?
Are Connections Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
which should be
made during site
installation (e.g.
power & grounding)
clearly tagged /
identified?
Are System Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
Diagnostics
performed with
expected
Are all firmware Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
revisions verified?
Is all documentation Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
present?
Comments:
Internal Environmental Conditions of Cabinet
Please refer to the Product Data Sheets (PDS) for each control system component as
necessary
Verification Answer If “No”, Please comment below
158
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Is the environment Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:

that system
components are
exposed to,
(temperature,
humidity, vibration)
as per design
specifications? If still
under construction
will these cause
adverse effects?
Are system Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
components free of
contamination (e.g.
drill shavings, cement
dust, etc.)
Is the surrounding Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
area free of dirt / dust
and properly
protected against
contamination of
such?
If this is a new Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
installation, will the
internal components
of cabinet subject to
conditions that do
not meet DeltaV
recommendations?
Comments:
Power & Grounding Connections

Please refer to the Product Data Sheet (PDS) for each control system component as
necessary.In the opinion of the auditor, is the cabinet safe to inspect externally or internally?
If not, stop the audit and discuss with client.
Are the Ground Conductors Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
properly terminated and
labeled?
In the opinion of the auditor, is Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
the cabinet safe to inspectAre
the cable sizes and type in
accordance with the intended
use? (Insulated Vs. Un-
insulated, Solid wire vs. small
diameter multi strands, size for
distance, etc.)
159
Appendices
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Is the bend radius of the Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:

ground conductors with the
cabinet and leading outside
of the cabinet meet DeltaV
recommendations of a
minimum of 8 times the
diameter of the cable? (∼4
inches for a 4/0 conductor or
16 cm for a 120mm2
conductor)
Are the cable runs per DeltaV Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
documentation and conform
to pertinent safety
regulations? Are the ground
conductors run in a cable tray
with power? Are the ground
conductors in parallel to AC
power conductors with less
than 12 inches or 31 cm
between them?
Are the lengths of all Power Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
and Grounding cables from
the dedicated
instrumentation points
(power source and dedicated
plant ground connection) to
the system less than 300
feet / 100 meters and
installed as per design?
Is the Dedicated Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
Instrumentation Ground (DIG)
connected to the lowest
available dedicated connection
to true earth and is this
connection’s resistance verified
using one of the methods as
described in the DeltaV
documentation?
Is the DIG connection to true Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
earth also connected to the
separately derived power
source for the cabinet?
Are the Dedicated Power Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
sources using a neutral to
ground bond at the source,
which is connected to the
DeltaV Instrument Ground?
160
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Are the applied dedicated Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:

Power sources using proper
redundancy and / or UPSes, as
intended by the customer
intended availability for the
cabinet?
Are all applicable power Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
connections and distributions
installed, inspected, tagged
and proved conforming to local
and national codes applicable
to the end user (e.g. NEC, CSA,
IEC, CE, NEN, etc.)?
Comments:
Cabinet Internals Page _____ of _____

Please refer to the Product Data Sheets (PDS)
for each control system component as
necessary
Complete this worksheet for each Cabinet

Is the enclosure Yes / No By:Date:
showing any signs of
external or Internal
environmental
damage?
(Corrosion, rust,
paint burns, paint
flakes, etc.)
Is the temperature Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
within the cabinets /
enclosures within the
limits specified in the
design (Measure at
least one typical or a
worst-case
application if
necessary)? (Note any
devices in the cabinet
creating possible
excessive heat.)
Check any cabinet
thermostats for
actuation and correct
settings.
Are there signs of high Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
humidity or
condensation within
the cabinets /
enclosures?
161
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Are all cable entries in Yes / No By:Date:

and out of the cabinet /
enclosure sealed?
Are the enclosures Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
properly positioned
and secured within
groups of enclosures,
e.g. properly bolted
together?
Are all tagged and Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
identified
connections (Power,
Grounding,
communications,
etc.) installed
properly? Do they
meet good
engineering practices
in their
interconnection?
Are all connections Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
solid and tightened?
Is there good
conduction in all
connections, no
corrosion or hanging
wire strands?
Are added metal Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
mounting parts,
doors, etc., which can
become live during
fault conditions,
properly bonded (e.g.
cutting screw / 6 mm2
or 12.7 mm braid
wire) to provide
equipotential under
fault conditions?
Are added metal Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
mounting parts
properly protected
against the possibility
of causing short
circuits e.g. when
doors are closed?
Is added equipment Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
properly mounted for
the intentioned
application
(vibration, shipping,
maintenance, safety,
etc.)?
162
Appendices
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Visually check the Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:

grounds in the
enclosure. Does the
Grounding at least
meet requirements of
Emerson’s
Documentation and
the customer’s
availability and
integrity
requirements?
Do all Conductors and Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
Fiber meet industry
standards for bend
radius in accordance
with Emerson
Documentation? This
should include fiber
optic cables, Ethernet
cables and ground
conductors.
Recommendations
are a minimum of 8
times the diameter of
an insulated cable
and 20 times the
diameter of the fiber
optic cable?
Are fiber cables and Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
individual fibers
properly protected
from damage?
Check the impedance Yes / No / N.A. Results: By:
and current flow of _________ Ohms Date:
the Enclosure AC
_________ AC mA
Grounding System.
(Grounding _________ DC mA
Conductor to
Earthing Subsystem)
163
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D800118X022
Check the impedance Yes / No / N.A. Results: By:

and current flow of _________Ohms Date:
the Enclosure DC
_________ AC mA
Grounding System
(Grounding _________ DC mA
Conductor to
Earthing Subsystem)
Please note that any
DC power to Ethernet
switches and DC
ground returns on
Bulk Power Supplies
may need to be
disconnected for a
valid test.
Calculate the DeltaV Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
Carrier Power
implementation
(Make sure that no
DeltaV Carrier is
carrying more than
8.5 Amps)
Are the used network Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
components and the
network installation as
per design?
Are all added cables Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
certified for the
application (e.g. CAT5
and Fiber optic),
properly terminated,
labeled and color-
coded?
Are all network Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
switches within the
cabinet grounded
properly to Chassis
Ground (CG)?
Are network cables Yes / No / N.A. By:Date:
routed and installed
conforming the
guidelines in the
DeltaV Books on Line?
Ethernet cables
between switches
and DeltaV
Controllers and CIOCs
should be double
shielded (metal cans
on both ends). All
other Ethernet cables
should be single
bonded.
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Comments:
AC Power System & Distribution for Each Cabinet Page _____ of _____
Use this sheet for cabinets with at least one source of AC
Power. Either the primary, secondary, or utility power must
be AC powered.
Enclosure Breaker Recorded Complete

Location: Location: Value
Verify that all AC powered devices are switched off or
disconnected, and locked out, with client approval.
Document client representative’s approval as necessary.
With disconnected AC power system, measure impedance of
system from all Line and Neutral connections to Ground
(Impedance MUST be High if the AC incoming feeds are
disconnected from the panel during this test. Neutral should
measure low impedance if connected to a solidly grounded
source)
With lockouts removed, proper permits in place, and proper
PPE, energize the AC power system.
Primary AC Voltage is within nominal voltage per the
engineering speciation of the cabinet. Use a true RMS DVM
for the measurements.
(Measured between Line and Neutral or phase to phase, as
applicable)
Measure the frequency of the Primary AC Source. This should
be within 1% of power frequency, +/- 0.6 Hz for 60 Hz systems
and +/- 0.5 Hz for 50 Hz systems.
If there is a Secondary AC Voltage is it within nominal voltage
per the engineering speciation of the cabinet? Use a true RMS
DVM measurements.
(Measured between Line and Neutral or phase to phase, as
applicable)
Measure the frequency of the Secondary AC Source, if used.
This should be within 1% of power frequency, +/- 0.6 Hz for 60
Hz systems and +/- 0.5 Hz for 50 Hz systems.
Check the Noise Level of the AC Power. Typical target is less
than 3% (example 3.6 VAC at 120VAC). Measure with an
oscilloscope. (Look for noise spikes and excessive noise levels
injected into the AC Power)
Ground to Neutral voltage is within specification (<+/-1.00V
Vpp, as measured with an oscilloscope)
Secondary AC Voltage is within specifications (Look for noise
spikes and excessive noise levels injected into the AC Power)
Ground to Neutral voltage is within specification
(<+/-1.00V Vpp, as measured with an oscilloscope)
165
Appendices
D800118X022
Switch ON or reconnect all AC powered utility devices, with

client approval.
Verify AC-powered fans, cooling devices, lights, etc. are not using
the same separately derived source of power as dedicated to the
control system.
Verify if all AC-powered fans, cooling devices, lights, etc. are
running and not showing signs of wear.
Verify that LEDs of all AC powered devices indicate normal.
Comments:
DC Power System & Distribution for Each Cabinet Page _____ of _____
Enclosure Breaker Recorded Complete
Location: Location: Value
Verify that all DC powered devices are switched off or
disconnected. Make a note if the Cabinet in use and cannot be
powered down and isolated.
With disconnected DC power system, measure impedance of
system from DC supply positive and negative connections to
chassis ground. (Impedance MUST be High.)
(Note: Internal to a cabinet, Isolated grounds are to be kept
separate from chassis grounds and therefore should have a high
impedance. This test is to insure AC and chassis grounds are
isolated from the DC isolated grounds. External to the cabinet,
isolated grounds meet chassis ground at the DIG, and therefore
would read low impedance. Certain networking components,
ie. Network Switches and CIOCs, have an impedance from their
DC- to Chassis Ground.)
Verify that power can safely be applied to the system. Isolate
power to the field as necessary to insure safety. Energize bulk
power supplies.
Measure the voltage at the Primary Bulk Power Supply or
Source.
Measure the voltage at the Secondary Bulk Power Supply or
Source.
If the System DC Power is using 24 VDC:
Verify that the Primary System Power Supplies (SPS) 24 VDC
inputs are within specifications. (Nominal setting is 24.2 to
24.6 VDC. Absolute maximum at an SPS input should be 28.8
VDC and 11 VDC at the last carrier.)
Verify that the Secondary SPS 24 VDC input are within
specifications. (Nominal setting is 24.2 to 24.6 VDC. Absolute
maximum at an SPS input should be 28.8 VDC and 11 VDC at
the last carrier.)
If the SPS DC Power is using 12 VDC:
166
Appendices
D800118X022
Verify that the Primary SPS 12 VDC input is within

specifications. (Verify 12.1 to 12.3 VDC at SPS input and 11
VDC at the last carrier.)
Verify that the Secondary SPS 12 VDC input is within
specifications. (Verify 12.1 to 12.3 VDC at SPS input and 11
VDC at the last carrier.)
Verify that the voltage drops are acceptable. (Typically 3 % or
less)
Measure the AC noise level of the Bulk Power Supply +V to
Chassis Ground @ a resolution of 5 ms/div on the Scope. This
should be done at the DeltaV SPS Input. (200 mV P-P normal
maximum, 1 VAC P-P absolute maximum)
(Make sure the scope filtering is off, Reading: 1 VACpp
maximum)
Measure the AC noise level of the Secondary Bulk Power
Supply +V to Chassis Ground @ a resolution of 200 ms/div on
the Scope. This should be done at the DeltaV SPS Input. (200
mV P-P normal maximum, 1 VAC P-P absolute maximum)
(Make sure the scope filtering is off, Reading: 1 VACpp
maximum)
Measure the voltage across any load sharing devices.
Measure the voltage from Input one to output and from Input
2 to output. A short will measure ∼0VDC. An open circuit will
measure full voltage. (Note that load sharing devices usually
will measure between .3 and .7 VDC from input to output.
Devices with high current loads will measure slightly higher
voltages.)
Verify if all DC powered fan’s and lights are operational and not
showing signs of wear.
Verify if LED’s of all DC powered devices indicate normal.
Comments:
Further comments and details of findings
List of Equipment Used with this Worksheet

Manufacturer Type Serial number Comments
Comments:
Signoff
167
Appendices
D800118X022
Project Number _____________________________________________

Emerson Lead Engineer _____________________________________________
Date of Service _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
7.9.11 Earthing installation worksheet

Verification of the proper grounding for buildings and shelters containing one or more
DeltaV nodes
Customer Name: _____________________________________________
Location: _____________________________________________
System Name/Designation: _____________________________________________
Building / Shelter Electrode Earthing Connections

Verification Answer
If “No” Please comment
Are the ground connections performed per Yes / No / N.A.
design, properly terminated properly
torqued (if applicable) and labeled?
Are the cable sizes and type in accordance Yes / No / N.A.
with the intended use and distance in
compliance to the DeltaV Power and
Grounding Guide? (Insulated Vs. Un-
insulated, Solid wire vs. small diameter multi
strands, etc.)
Are the conductor runs installed according to Yes / No / N.A.
the DeltaV Power and Grounding Guide and
conforming to pertinent safety regulations?
Are the lengths of all Power and Grounding Yes / No / N.A.
cables from the dedicated instrumentation
points (power source and dedicated plant
ground connection) to the system less than
300 feet / 100 meters and installed as per
design?
Are all applicable power connections and Yes / No / N.A.
distributions installed, inspected, tagged and
proved conforming to local and national
codes applicable to the end user (e.g. NEC,
CSA, IEEE, CE, NEN, etc.)?
168
Appendices
D800118X022
Is the Dedicated Instrumentation Ground Yes / No / N.A.

(DIG) connected to the lowest available
dedicated connection to true earth and is this
connection’s resistance verified using one of
the methods as described in the DeltaV
Power and Grounding Guide?
Is there a dedicated Plant GRID or ground ring Yes / No / N.A.
in use with the facility, specifically the area
under control? If so, Is the DIG connection to
true earth also connected to this Plant Power
Grid or ring system as detailed in the DeltaV
Power and Grounding Guide? (Note, the
connection of the DIG to the Plant Power Grid
to be at a location separated from Lightning
System Ground connections or AC Powered
Equipment grounding connections to the
Grid.)
Are the Dedicated Power sources using a Yes / No / N.A.
neutral to ground bond at the source, which
is connected to the DeltaV Instrument
Ground DIG)?
Are DeltaV ground cable routed with proper Yes / No / N.A.
separation from A/C Power conductors and
cables?
General Comments:
By:Date:
Earthing Electrodes
(Use if the site has an installed earth electrode system either standalone or in conjunction
with a plant grid or ground ring.)
Verification Answer
If “No” Please comment
Is the DeltaV Earthing Electrodes connected to Yes / No / N.A.

the DIG Bus Bar per the DeltaV Power and
Grounding Guide? The Grid or Ring should have
a separate connection to the DIG Bus Bar,
separate from the DIG connection to building
steel or rebar. Other methods, such as bonding
CG and DCG at the Earthing Electrodes, is
allowable, but not recommended. (Follow
Modified PANI order per DeltaV Power and
Grounding Guide)
Verify that there is access to all electrodes or Yes / No / N.A.

connections to the electrodes. This will allow
the recommended annual visual inspection as
well as any maintenance or testing
169
Appendices
D800118X022
Check the soil and electrodes where the Yes / No / N.A.

earthing electrode(s) or conductor(s) goes
below grade. Look for corrosion and valid
material conduction. Continuous water
covering the electrode may be indicative of
corrosion concerns.
Check for corroded connections, thermoweld Yes / No / N.A.
or clamping, between earthing components.
Check the resistance of the entire earthing sub- Yes / No / N.A.
system (Ground Rods) with a Clamp-on Ground
Resistance Tester. These checks should not
include any possible Plant Grid connections. The
targeted value should be 1 ohm and no more
than 5 ohms.
If the resistance measurement above is above 5 Yes / No / N.A.
ohms, recheck the earthing sub-system used for
DeltaV Grounding system using a 3-point
grounding test procedure. (IEEE Std 81) Use the
Fall of Potential Sheets for a single ground rod
below. Copy sheets if necessary. (Make sure to
calculate out the testing resistance from the
initial results)
General Section Comments:
By:
Date:
Fall of Potential Testing Page _____ of _____

# GR#1 (feet) Resistance GR#1 (feet) Resistance GR#1 (feet) Resistance
(ohms) (ohms) (ohms)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
170
Appendices
D800118X022
14
15
Comments:
List of Equipment Used with this Worksheet

Manufacturer: Type: Serial number Comments
Comments:
Signoff
Project Number
Emerson Lead Engineer
Date of Service
7.10 Environmental Considerations
7.10.1 Electrostatic Protection
Material sensitivity to static electricity

Static electricity can cause damage in two ways: through direct discharge and through
induction. Direct discharge occurs when a static-sensitive device comes in contact with
something that has a different electrical potential. For example, a person who is statically
charged can damage the device merely by touching it. Or, the device itself can be statically
charged, and then be damaged by coming into contact with a ground.
Statically charged objects also can cause inductive damage in a static-sensitive device. An
electrically charged object has a surrounding electrically charged field. If a static-sensitive
device moves through the field, and the field is strong enough, the field can induce a
damaging current in the device. The faster a device passes through the strong field, the
greater the chance for such damage.
Occasionally, electrostatic damage is severe enough to cause instant device failure. In this
case, normal testing usually reveals that the device failed. Unfortunately, devices
damaged by static electricity seldom fail outright. The usual result is degradation of the
171
Appendices
D800118X022
semi-conductor junctions in the device. Normal testing may indicate a properly

functioning device, although its function may be degrading. Devices with junction
degradation are also prone to erratic behavior at elevated temperatures. Such failures are
seldom traced back to their true cause.
Every semiconductor is, to some degree, static sensitive. Crystal and precision film
resistors are also susceptible to static. These devices can vary widely in their sensitivity.
Some can be damaged by less than 30 V, while others can withstand several thousand
volts. Since the sensory threshold for humans is about 3,000 V, damaging static voltage
usually goes undetected.
Protection against electrostatic damage is built into some devices, but the degree of
protection varies. Protection is never total. Protection built into MOS devices, for example,
lowers static sensitivity, but they still require proper handling. A common myth is that
devices mounted on printed circuit cards are protected from electrostatic damage. This is
not true. Printed circuit cards with static-sensitive devices should be protected using the
same handling procedures as used with individual static-sensitive devices.
Electrostatic sources
Static electricity is caused by physical contact, followed by separation, of dissimilar
materials. This means that static electricity can have an almost infinite number of sources.
The generated voltage potential depends upon the materials, the relative humidity, and
other factors.
Table 7-4: Common sources of static electricity
Means of static generation Electrostatic voltage
10 to 20 percent relative 65 to 90 relative humidity
humidity
Walking across carpet 35,000 1,500
Walking over vinyl floor 12,000 250
Working at a bench 6,000 100
Picking up a vinyl envelope for 7,000 600
work instructions
Picking up a common poly bag 20,000 1,200
from bench
Sitting and moving in a chair 18,000 1,500
padded with polyurethane
foam
Other common static electricity sources include the following:

• Clothing made from synthetic materials
• Rubber or plastic shoe soles
• Plastic tools, tote boxes, trays, and so forth (unless made from special antistatic plastic)
• Styrofoam packing material
• Cellophane wrappers and tape
172
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• Moving air (for example, air moved by solder suckers, heat guns, cold sprays)
Preventing static electricity buildup

Static buildup can be prevented by using antistatic objects, antistatic coatings, and
antistatic containers. An antistatic object is typically non-conductive and has a thin,
conductive surface layer built in. As long as this layer is intact and moist, it lets static
electricity dissipate. Common examples of antistatic objects are special antistatic plastic
bags, and plastic trays, tote boxes, work surfaces, and packing material.
Antistatic coatings are also available for products that are not already antistatic. The
coatings form a conductive, antistatic layer and can be applied to most nonconductive
surfaces. But, these coatings may not function forever or in all circumstances. If the
antistatic layer dries out or friction wears it away, it can no longer prevent static buildup.
Some cleaning agents can dry out or neutralize the layer.
Antistatic containers are available which prevent the buildup of static electricity in devices
placed inside. However, they do not provide complete protection from external static
fields.
Using grounding devices

Grounding devices are another way to prevent electrostatic damage. The most commonly
used grounding devices are grounded work surfaces, floor mats, and wrist straps. These
devices should be connected to a good earth ground, through a resistor of at least one
megohm. The resistor acts as a current limiter to prevent a possible shock hazard.
A grounded work surface drains to ground a static charge of a conductive object placed on
the surface. Grounded floor mats dissipate charges you may accumulate while walking on
carpet or vinyl tile if your shoes are conductive. (If your shoes have plastic or rubber soles,
use heel straps as well as grounded floor mats.) A grounded wrist strap drains static
charges from charges you may accumulate from friction between your clothes and you or
between your shoes and the floor. The wrist strap must be worn next to the skin, not over
clothing.
Remember that grounding devices cannot drain static charges from nonconductive
objects. For example, a statically charged nonconductive tote box placed on a grounded
conductive work surface does not lose its static charge. Likewise, grounded floor mats
cannot ground rubber-soled shoes unless the shoes have conductive heel straps. And
although a grounded wrist strap drains a static charge from your body, the strap cannot
ground a static charge in synthetic, nonconductive clothing.
Flooding the air with ions

Ionization is an effective and convenient way to prevent static buildup in a small area such
as a workstation. An ionizer floods the area with both positive and negative ions. The ions
neutralize any positive or negative static charges in the area, even charges on
nonconductive objects. Some ionizers produce a small amount of electromagnetic
interference that may affect sensitive test instruments. An ionizer may need more than a
minute to neutralize a strong static charge.
173
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Using static shielding containers

Containers made of a special conductive plastic or conductive coated cardboard prevent
electrostatic damage during transportation and storage of static-sensitive devices. Unlike
antistatic plastic, conductive plastic is conductive through its entire depth. Static shielding
containers take advantage of the Faraday cage effect; that is, if a hollow conductive object
is statically charged, the charge is only on the outer surface of the object. A device in a
closed static shielding container cannot be damaged by an external electrostatic discharge
or static field. To drain a static charge from the outside of a static shielding container,
merely touch the container to a grounded surface. The most common static shielding
container is a conductive plastic bag. Others are conductive tote and shipping boxes.
Handling static-sensitive devices

When handling static-sensitive devices, follow the guidelines below to prevent damage
caused by static electricity:
• Treat all printed circuit cards as static-sensitive devices and handle them as little as
possible. Many printed circuit cards contain static-sensitive devices. These devices vary
in their sensitivity to static electricity.
• Wear a grounded wrist strap whenever you handle printed circuit cards. Each enclosure
should have a grounded wrist strap with a protective 1 M Ω resistor. Connect the wrist
strap to a point in the enclosure that is connected to an AC ground bus or isolated local
or master ground bus. Before removing a card from a file, attach the wrist strap snugly
to your wrist and wait about 10 seconds before touching the card. Pull back shirt
sleeves so that they do not touch the card. Hold a card only by its edges; never touch
components, the printed circuit, or the edge connectors.
• Transport and store printed circuit cards in static shielding (not merely antistatic)
containers. As long as the container is sealed, electrostatic damage normally does not
occur. Use static shielding bags or boxes for storage and shipping of printed circuit
cards. The factory ships printed circuit cards in boxes with conductive liners. Labels on
these boxes identify the contents as static sensitive.
• Do not put static-generating material inside a static-shielding container with printed
circuit cards.
• Ground static shielding containers before removing printed circuit cards.
• Before removing cards from shipping containers, ground yourself and the box
conductive liner. Save such boxes for storage and future shipping of cards. Use only
antistatic or static shielding packing material.
• Work on or examine printed circuit cards only at a static-controlled work area with a
grounded wrist strap and a grounded table mat or table surface.
• Keep all static-producing materials well away from the work area. Ground all test
equipment at the work area.
7.10.2 Airborne contaminants size chart

Airborne contaminants can greatly reduce the reliability and life of electronic equipment.
The chart compares the relative size of common airborne contaminants and illustrates the
effective ranges of popular filters per American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air
174
Appendices
D800118X022
Conditioning Engineers (A.S.H.R.A.E.) standards. The chart is reproduced courtesy of

Cambridge Filter Corporation, Syracuse, NY 13221-4906.
Figure 7-14: Relative sizes of common air contaminants
7.10.3 Atmospheric dust size chart

Dust accumulating on electronic equipment can significantly affect its operation and
reliability. For proper filter sizing, some idea of the sizes of dust normally found in an
atmospheric sample is useful. The diagram on the following page provides dust sizes,
quantities, and percent by volume in a typical atmospheric sample. The diagram is
reproduced courtesy of Snyder General Corporation, Dallas, TX 75204.
175
Appendices
D800118X022
Figure 7-15: Size distribution of a typical atmospheric dust sample
Note
Atmospheric dust varies considerably in particle size as well as constituents. In the table
sample, there were very few particles found larger than 30 microns in average diameter.
With this as an upper limit, the particles were divided into six size ranges as indicated, with
Column 2 indicating the average particle size for each group. For example, the largest
group consisted of particles ranging between 30 and 10 microns - or an average of 20
microns. In this size range, the number of particles found was 1,000, as shown in Column
176
Appendices
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3. This represents the proportionate quantities by count and indicates the relative number
of particles in each size range based on 1,000 particles for the average 20 micron size.
7.10.4 Mechanical influences on the control environment

Mechanical influences are usually sinusoidal vibration and momentary shock.
Reciprocating pumps and compressors often cause vibrations and shock in a process
plant. Process control equipment continuously exposed to these effects may require
additional protection to prevent mechanical (structural) stress to the equipment.
Proper installation
In a vibration and shock environment, care must specifically be taken to properly anchor
all process control system components, especially controller and I/O cards, field
instrument electronics, instrument cases, and wire terminations. Small vibrations or shock
can affect terminations, cable integrity, and card connector integrity, causing a range of
faults from intermittent operation to complete failure.
Proper support and connection methods must be included in system design to minimize
faults. As a minimum, equipment must be installed per equipment installation
instructions, including proper tightening of mounting bolts, clamps, etc.
External protection methods

Methods are available to eliminate or minimize mechanical effects. One often used
method is the installation of isolation pads or vibration-absorbing foundations under
devices causing the effects. If offending devices cannot be so mounted, it may be
necessary to mount system cabinets and consoles on isolation pads or foundations.
Before a method is selected, the frequency and amplitude of vibrations and shock must be
measured. Then, isolation pads or foundations can be designed for adequate equipment
protection.
Product specifications
For vibration and shock limits for DeltaV products, see Environmental Specifications in the
manual, Installing Your DeltaV Digital Automation System. Any method used to minimize
mechanical influences should keep the influences below specified limits.
Note
Limits apply to infrequent events. Equipment exposed to continuous vibration or shock
may require additional mounting considerations. Consult your Emerson Automation
Solutions local business partner or field sales office (LBP/FSO) for more information.
7.10.5 Electromagnetic effects
Electromagnetic measurement
Signals from sources closer than one meter are called near field signals. Signals from
sources at a distance of one meter or greater are called far field signals.
177
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Near field signals consist of a radiation field and an induction field emitted by the radio
antenna. In the near field area, both the radiation field and the induction field are
important. At a distance from the antenna equal to the wavelength divided by 2 π , or
slightly less than wavelength λ/6, the radiation field and the induction field have equal
intensity.
Far field signals consist of a radiation field and a remnant of an induction field emitted by
the radio antenna. At distances of greater than one meter from the antenna, and in the
frequency range of most hand-held radios, only the radiation field is of concern. The
induction field at these distances has negligible effects.
Measuring radio signal field strength around enclosures should be part of a checkout
procedure before startup, and then periodically thereafter. However, significant errors can
occur if the measuring instruments are set up too closely to the antenna. And, in a near
field area, radio signal field strength usually cannot be calculated or tested in a repeatable
manner.
Radio operation in a near field area

If hand-held radios are used in the near field area of enclosures, and the doors are open,
the effect on the equipment can be unpredictable. Some claims have been made that
equipment will operate without negative effects under these conditions, but even though
no degradation initially may seem to occur, large near field signals can begin circuit
degradation that contributes to later circuit failures. Until a repeatable testing standard is
developed, no equipment design can be considered damage-resistant in near field signals,
nor can the equipment operation be considered predictable.
Applicable electromagnetic signal standards

In general, process control instruments are designed and tested to comply with
appropriate industry standards for electromagnetic immunity and emissions.
European harmonized standards
Instruments destined for both European and North American markets are tested
according to selected EMC directives of the European Union. The applicable standards are:
• Operator interface computers and workstations built around standard processing
workstations and computers from OEM suppliers are classified as Information
Technology Equipment. This equipment is typically installed in control rooms with
Class 1 environments. The equipment complies with standard EN55022 Class A or Class
B for emissions and standard EN50082-1.1992 for immunity.
• Rack-room equipment such as controllers and I/O subsystems is designed for
installation in Class 2 environments. This equipment is classified as Industrial
Equipment and complies with standard EN50081-2.1993 for emissions and standard
EN50082-2.1995 for immunity.
Product data sheets usually indicate the electromagnetic compliance standards to which a
product has been tested and meets.
Process control-specific standards
Instruments destined for North American markets are tested according to IEC Standard
61326-1, Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control, and Laboratory use-EMC
Requirement. The standard provides testing specifications for far field signals. Test
178
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procedures are done in accordance with this standard, which includes closed enclosure
doors and all equipment properly electrically grounded.
Determining EMI levels

Hand-held, two-way radios are often the most likely source of electromagnetic
interference around process control equipment. Measuring field strength from the radios
may not always be practical, but you can calculate approximate field strength.
For a field area of , use the following formula to calculate approximate field strength:
where
E = Electrical field intensity in V/m
d = Distance in m from antenna
p = Manufacturer’s advertised rating in W
λ= Wavelength in m
k = Coefficient found by testing
An analysis of tests run by the Electrical Research Association (E.R.A.) and the French
research department of Electricité de France (EdF) on hand-held two-way radios shows a
wide variation for the coefficient k. Tests of radios with power ratings between 0.5 W and
12 W at both VHF and UHF frequencies from six manufacturers showed a range of
coefficients from k = 0.45 to k = 3.35, with a mean of k = 1.6.
Therefore, the statistical average can be expressed as follows:
Because testing by EdF was done in a shielded enclosure, we can assume an efficient
ground plane, which could result in a higher value for k. However, because two-way radios
are usually held and keyed by plant maintenance people, ground planes are normally less
efficient and result in additional losses. With the additional losses, the expression above is
an adequate guide for approximating field strength.
Reducing EMI levels

In addition to instrument design, installation quality and operating methods affect
electromagnetic compatibility. Closed enclosure doors and proper equipment grounding
provide maximum protection from electromagnetic interference (EMI). Power and signal
leads run in rigid, metallic conduit that is solidly connected to a low-impedance ground
provide considerable protection.
To prevent signal-ground loops, electrically grounding the conduit at the power or signal
source end only and using non-conductive fittings to connect the conduit to enclosures is
179
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D800118X022
required for effective EMI protection. Refer to earlier chapters in this manual for detailed
electrical grounding information.
Using low-pass capacitive filters on instrument signal wires provide additional EMI
protection. Such filters are usually feed-through devices connected in series with
instrument wires.
Minimizing radiation from a source also minimizes EMI. Therefore, do not mount radio
antennas near a control system. Also, avoid using radio communication while performing
maintenance, especially when enclosure doors are open.
EMI effects on magnetic media

Some software media, including diskettes and magnetic tape, must be protected from the
effects of electromagnetic radiation. Protection is best when the media is kept away from
the source. Strong electromagnetic fields can permanently alter or erase data such as your
configuration databases on the media.
CAUTION
Magnetic media is especially sensitive to EMI. To prevent loss or corruption of stored data,
never use radio communication near magnetic media.
7.10.6 Corrosive Environments
Corrosion effects on the control system environment

Corrosive vapors as airborne contaminants can significantly decrease instrument life. In
severe cases, corrosive vapors can reduce an entire control system to an irreparable state
in less than a year. Even more critically, a severe corrosive environment can cause loss of
accurate process control in less than thirty days.
Classifying corrosive environments in the presence of

sulfides
Corrosive environments can be classified in terms of copper reactivity rates in the
presence of reactive sulfides.
Table 7-5: Copper reactivity rates
Mild Moderate Harsh Special
Class G1 Class G2 Class G3 Class GX
Less than 30011 Less than 1,00012 Less than 2,00013 Greater than 2,00014
1 Units are angstroms of film formation per 30-day exposure.

The table above lists average gas concentration levels for various contaminants in the class
ratings. These levels, for reference purposes, approximate copper reactivity levels listed
180
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in , if relative humidity is less than 50 percent. For a given gas concentration, the severity
level increases by one level for each 10 percent increase in relative humidity above 50
percent, and also increases by at least one level for a relative humidity rate of change
greater than 6 percent per hour.
Class G1 through GX ratings shown in the tables are taken from ISA Standard S71.04,
Environmental Conditions for Process Measurement and Control Systems: Airborne
Contaminants. The standard contains rating definitions and application information.
Emerson uses this standard as a guide for product design and environmental
measurement.
Table 7-6: Classification of chemically active contaminants in cm3/m3 (ppm)

Class G1 Class G2 Class G3 Class GX
Average value Average value Average value Average value
Contaminant Mild Moderate Harsh Special
Hydrogen sulfide ≤ 0.003 ≤ 0.01 ≤ 0.05 > 0.05
H2S
Sulphur dioxide ≤ 0.01 ≤ 0.1 ≤ 0.3 > 0.3
SO2
Chlorine Cl2 ≤ 0.001 ≤ 0.002 ≤ 0.01 > 0.01
(relative humidity
@ 50%)
Hydrogen fluoride ≤ 0.001 ≤ 0.002 ≤ 0.01 > 0.01
HF
Ammonia NH3 ≤ 0.5 ≤ 10 ≤ 25 > 25
Nitrogen Oxides ≤ 0.5 ≤ 0.125 ≤ 1.25 > 1.25
NOx
Ozone O3 ≤ 0.002 ≤ 0.025 ≤ 0.1 > 0.1
Classifying corrosive environments in the presence of

sulfides and chlorides
The information in is based on copper reactivity where airborne contaminants are reactive
sulfides. The information does not account for the synergistic effect of other
contaminants, such as chlorides. Typically, when chlorides are added to sulfides, especially
in the presence of high humidity, the combination causes copper reactivity to be worse
than the visual indication.
To obtain better indication of the combined effects of sulfides and chlorides, copper and
silver reactivity is measured to give an accurate indication of the potential for equipment
corrosion. Both passive reactivity coupons and active air-quality monitoring instruments
are available from various environmental controls suppliers such as Purafil Inc.
(www.purafil.com).
181
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CAUTION
Damage by corrosive atmospheres occurs to most control systems during initial
installation and at maintenance shutdowns. Also, if the system is stored in a harsh
environment or exposed to corrosive vapors when the environmental control system is not
operational, damage will occur.
Emerson Process Management recommends measuring the levels of corrosive gasses in

plant areas where the control system will be located (control rooms, rack rooms, and
preinstallation storage areas) with reactivity coupons, and then properly preparing the site
for adequate environment control before the control system is received. Such precaution
can prevent early instrument failure.
General method for identifying the environment

A general idea of the environment in your plant area can be determined by observing
exposed copper, such as power bus bars around switch gear and the trimmed ends of
copper power wires.
Table 7-7: Environmental characterization by visual changes in copper
Color of exposed copper Corrosion class
No visible change Class G1 (Mild)
Light golden-brown in 4 to 6 months, golden- Class G2 (Moderate)
brown in 12 months, or slow change over a
longer period
Flaking film in 3 to 6 months Class G3 (Harsh)
Blue or black in any time period1 Class G3 (Harsh) or Class GX (Special)
1 If copper turns black in about three weeks, the atmosphere is extremely harsh to electronic
components. You should either lower the corrosive level or move the equipment to another
location.
Humidity effects on reactivity results

The absence or presence of free moisture may attenuate or accelerate copper or silver
reactivity. For instance, when relative humidity is low, reactivity is slowed. Alternatively,
when relative humidity is high, reactivity speeds up. Both conditions can lead to
misinterpretation of the atmosphere. The slow rate can provide a false sense that a minor
problem exists, whereas a fast rate can do the opposite.
To minimize misinterpretation, compare the sulfide film formations on the silver and
copper coupons.
Table 7-8: Interpreting humidity effects
Ratio of silver sulfide (Ag2S) to copper sulfide Humidity indication
(CuS)
Ag2S ≤ 1.5 CuS Indicates low relative humidity
Ag2S > 0.5 < 1.5 CuS Indicates relative humidity has little effect
Ag2S ≤ 0.5 CuS Indicates high relative humidity
182
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When low relative humidity is indicated, it implies that very little moisture condensed onto
the coupons either because the atmosphere contained little moisture inherently or the
moisture was well controlled. The low humidity may have caused the copper sulfide film
formation to be attenuated. Additional testing of the environment is recommended.
When few humidly effects are indicated, relative humidity conditions present during the
test period are considered not to have had any unusual effect on the copper sulfide film
formation.
When high relative humidity is indicated, substantial moisture has condensed on the
coupons. The humidity may have caused the copper sulfide film formation to accelerate.
Consideration should be given to controlling the humidity in this environment.
7.10.7 Designing to environmental classifications
Mild (Class G1) environments

Most commercial personal computers and peripheral equipment with fan-cooled
electronics (consisting of multiple printed wiring boards and high-speed backplanes) will
survive exposure to a mild (Class G1) corrosive environment for a normal life of 10 years
with no appreciable corrosion-induced failures.
Moderate (Class G2) environments

Electronic assemblies designed with special attention to minimizing exposed copper and
silver can survive exposure to a moderate (Class G2) corrosive environment for a normal
life of 10 years with no appreciable corrosion-induced failures.
Methods of minimizing exposed copper and silver

• Using tin-lead plating on all copper lands.
• Using solder masks on both sides of circuit boards.
• Using components and plating which do not contain exposed silver.
• Using high-quality backplane connectors with tin-lead or gold over nickel plating.
Harsh (Class G3) environments

Only fully sealed electronic equipment can survive in harsh (Class G3) environments. Thus,
to survive a Class G3 environment, Class G1 and G2 equipment requires installation in
properly designed and sealed enclosures. For example, an I/O file that meets the Class G2
category can be used in a Class G3 environment if the file is first installed in a sealed
housing that provides an internal Class G2 environment.
Special (Class GX) environments

Electronic assemblies can survive exposure to Special Class GX environments with specially
designed and packaged equipment. Specifications for the equipment and packaging
depend on the application. Contact your Emerson Process Management local business
partner or field sales office for more information.
183
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DeltaV product specifications information

DeltaV systems have built-in resistance to certain classes of environmental conditions. In
addition, you can place DeltaV controllers, I/O instruments, and associated equipment in
environmentally protected enclosures. When products in an enclosure or area have
different ratings, the enclosure or area must be designed to protect the product with the
least resistance to a harsh environment.
Class G1 through GX specifications for DeltaV systems are listed in Installing your DeltaV
Digital Automation System. If your environment does not meet the specifications listed in
the appendix, you should consider using enclosures that provide the recommended
environment.
7.10.8 Dusty environments

Uncontrolled dust can significantly increase instrument failure rates. Dust can cause failure
by insulating instruments from proper heat dissipation and by providing electrical short
circuits through the dust buildup.
Minimizing the effects of dust

Normally, if instruments are installed in an atmosphere containing a particulate matter
concentration of less than 0.1 milligrams of particulates per cubic meter of dry air, the
effects of dust are minimized. Appendix F describes the size distribution of dust in a typical
atmospheric sample.
Protecting against dust

Methods are available to reduce particulate size in the surrounding air and minimize the
effects of dust contamination. One of the most commonly used methods is to size air-inlet
filters to meet the particulate size requirement. Another frequently used method is to
maintain positive pressure within instrument enclosures or the entire equipment room.
It is important to renew filters periodically and keep all dust control equipment operating
properly.
7.10.9 Modifying the environment
Modifying the control system environment

Controlling the environment to required specifications pays large dividends in extended
instrument life and overall system reliability. Depending on the severity of the
environment and the system application, alternate methods for controlling the
environment are available.
The four items that any method must control are temperature, humidity, dust, and
corrosive vapors. The show the size ranges of dust and other airborne contaminants in
typical atmospheres. Knowing the types and size of contaminants at the plant site helps in
determining the protection system needed.
184
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Note
Engineering a proper environment requires qualified and proven environmental experts
who can provide a total system approach. Experience indicates that a casual approach to
environmental control does not bring the expected results.
Installation of controlled-environment rooms

Often the best method for controlling a corrosive environment is the installation of system
instruments in an environmentally controlled room. This method may prove to be the
most cost-effective solution when flexibility of a plant application is not inhibited. A
controlled room not only protects equipment but it protects plant personnel also.
HVAC system considerations
In a controlled room, the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is
designed to provide the specified control of temperature, humidity, dust, and corrosive
vapors. It must maintain relative humidity under 50%, and it should have redundancy to
maximize reliability.
Humidity control considerations
Humidity is the most important factor affecting corrosion rates when corrosive vapors are
present. Control must include both the average relative humidity and the rate of change
per hour of the humidity. For example, maintaining relative humidity at 45 percent with
changes of less than 6 percent per hour reduces a moderate (Class G2) environment to a
mild (Class G1) one. An 80 percent relative humidity causes a harsh (Class G3)
environment when reactive chlorides are present at a concentration of 0.2 to 0.3 parts per
billion.
Construction considerations
Where a controlled room environment is required, a minimum positive pressure of 0.08
inches of water column (0.02 millibars) must be implemented and maintained. As a
minimum, door air-lock systems are required.
Different types of construction produce different issues. For instance, cinder block walls
are porous and allow outside contaminants to progress through the walls and eventually
contaminate room air. To inhibit contaminants, the walls must be sealed with a
waterproof coating, such as an epoxy-based or similar paint. The sealing, along with
positive pressure inside the room, effectively controls contaminant ingress. Concrete
floors can be a major dust source unless they are cleaned and sealed. The dust can clog air
filters and, in turn, may cause early instrument failure from excessive heat buildup.
Pipes, cables, and conduit passing through walls, floors, and ceilings require sealing to
maintain positive air pressure. Open pipes and conduit must be capped or plugged to
prevent air passage. Additionally, cooking, eating, and smoking activities must be
excluded from the room once the control system is installed.
Blast-proof rooms require special construction and sealing techniques. Experts and
contractors for this type of construction should be consulted.
Production floor and remote installations

For installations located on the production floor or in remote areas, several methods are
available to control the environment. If a small room cannot be built, sealed enclosures
185
Appendices
D800118X022
may be used. The criteria for environmental control in enclosures are the same as that for
control rooms. As with control rooms, the amount and types of control must be
determined and then designed into the enclosure. For example, control might include
temperature only, humidity and particulate filtration only, or particulate filtration only.
HVAC system considerations
If temperature control and humidity control are needed, they can be achieved using a
small HVAC unit mounted on the enclosure or a central unit that feeds several enclosures
in various locations.
Purging system considerations
Often, remote process areas experience high temperature and high relative humidity,
which change with weather and time of year. In addition, dust contamination may be high,
and high levels of corrosive gases may be present.
A destructive remote process area environment can be overcome by using a purging
system that supplies clean, cool, dry air or inert gas to pressurize an enclosure. Correct
enclosure size and type (normally plastic or fiberglass in a corrosive environment), and
maintaining air pressure of 0.08 inches of water column (0.02 millibars) in the enclosure
adds protection. Possible clean air sources are high quality instrument air and air from a
locally placed chemical and particulate filtration system.
Additionally, the purging system must be sized adequately to clean the air after an
enclosure door has been opened and then closed. Also, an enclosure should be located out
of direct sunlight.
Enclosure and room air pressure calculations

An approximate calculation can be made to determine the air flow in cubic feet per minute
(CFM) required to maintain air pressure between 0.08 (0.02 millibars) and 0.1 inches
(0.025 millibars) of water column. Calculation is made with the following formula:
Air flow = (C) (width x height x depth of the enclosure or room)
C is a constant percentage of the area volumes needed to maintain the correct air
pressure. Use the following chart to determine the value of C.
Table 7-9: Constant percentage

Enclosure type Percentage
NEMA 12 enclosure 5%
Blast proof room 1.5 to 3.0%
Sealed, concrete-block wall room 5 to 7%
Typical room construction 10 to 12%
Loose room construction 17 to 25%
Maintaining environmental control systems

Environmental control system maintenance is equally important as that of the process
control system.
186
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CAUTION
The importance of environmental control system maintenance cannot be
overemphasized. Failure of this system has a direct effect on the reliability of the process
control system. Once corrosion begins on process control equipment, the damage is
normally not reversible.
Air filters are usually ignored. However, clogged air filters directly contribute to early
instrument failure by inhibiting proper instrument cooling. Clogged or used up chemical
filters allow corrosive contaminants to surround instruments. Damaged air-lock seals or
propped-open air-lock doors allow contaminants to enter otherwise protected rooms or
enclosures. Periodic environmental control system maintenance must be part of overall
plant maintenance.
7.11 References
General reference
Joffe, Elya B. and Lock, Kai-Sang, Grounds for Grounding: A Circuit-to-System Handbook, IEEE
Wiley & Sons, 2010.
Ott, Henry, Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering, Wiley & Sons, 2009.
Vijayaraghavan, G., Brown, Mark, and Barnes, Malcolm, Practical Grounding, Bounding,
Shielding and Surge Protection, Elsevier, 2004.
Power transmission reference
Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, Westinghouse, 1950.
Reference books for personnel and property safety
Soares Book on Grounding and Bonding, 13th Edition, International Association of Electrical
Inspectors, 2017.
National Electric Code (NEC) 2017 Handbook,NFPA 70, 2017.
BS 7671:2008 Requirements for Electrical Installations 17th Edition, IET Wiring Regulations,
2008.
Cook, Paul, Commentary on IET Wiring Regulations 17th Edition BS 7671:2008 Requirements
for Electrical Installations, Institute of Engineering and Technology, 2008.
American standards
ANSI/ISA-RP12.06.01-2003, Recommended Practice for Wiring Methods for Hazardous
(Classified) Locations Instrumentation Part 1: Intrinsic Safety.
ANSI/ISA-12.12.01:2015 / CAN/CSA C22.2 NO. 213-15, Nonincendive Electrical Equipment for
Use in Class I and II, Division 2 and Class III, Divisions 1 and 2 Hazardous (Classified) Locations.
ANSI/ISA-TR12.12.04:2011 - Electrical Equipment in a Class I, Division 2/Zone 2 Hazardous
Location.
ISA Standard 51.1-1979 (R1993), Process Instrumentation Terminology.
ISA-71.01-1985 Environmental Conditions for Process Measurement and Control Systems:
Temperature and Humidity.
187
Appendices
D800118X022

Power.
Mechanical Influences.
ANSI/ISA-71.04-2013 Environmental Conditions for Process Measurement and Control Systems:
Airborne Contaminants.
ISA-84.00.01-2004 Part 1 (IEC 61511-1 Mod) - Functional Safety: Safety Instrumented Systems
for the Process Industry Sector - Part 1: Framework, Definitions, System, Hardware and
Software Requirements.
ISA-84.00.01:2004 Part 2 (IEC 61511-2 Mod) - Functional Safety: Safety Instrumented Systems
for the Process Industry Sector - Part 2: Guidelines for the Application of ANSI/
ISA-84.00.01-2004 Part 1 (IEC 61511-1 Mod) – Informative.
NFPA70:2017 National Electrical Code.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. IEEE standards
IEEE Standard 45, Recommended Practice for Shipboard Electrical Installations.
IEEE Standard 81-2012, Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth
Surface Potentials of a Grounding System.
IEEE Standard 142-2007, Recommended Practices for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial
Power Systems (Green book).
IEEE Standard 493-2007, Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and
Commercial Power Systems (Gold book).
IEEE 518-1982(1), Guide for the Installation of Electrical Equipment to Minimize Noise Inputs to
Controllers from External Sources (not currently supported by IEEE).
IEEE Standard 519-2014, Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Power Systems.
IEEE Standard 1050-2004, Guide for Instrumentation and Control Equipment Grounding in
Generating Stations.
IEEE Standard 1100-2005, Recommended Practice for Power and Grounding Electronic
Equipment (Emerald book).
IEEE Standard 1159:2009, Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality.
IEEE Committee Report, “List of Transmission and Distribution Components for Use in Outage
Reporting and Reliability Calculations,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
PAS 95(4)(July/August 1976), pp. 1210-1215.
UL 1449:2015, Standard for Safety Surge Protective Devices.
Canadian Standards Association standards
(CSA) C22.1 Canadian Electrical Code
(CSA) C22.2 No. 0.4-04 Bonding of electrical equipment
(CSA) C22.2 No. 14-13 Industrial control equipment
European international standards
188
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EN 61000-3-11 Ed. 1.0, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-11: Limits - Limitation of
voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems -
Equipment with rated current ≤ 75 A and subject to conditional connection.
EN 61000-3-12 Ed. 1.0, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-12: Limits - Limits for
harmonic currents produced by equipment connected to public low-voltage systems with input
current > 16 A and ≤ 75 A per
IEC 60038:2009, IEC Standard Voltages.
IEC 60079-0:2011-06, Explosive atmospheres – Part 0: Equipment – General requirements.
IEC 60079-7:2015-06, Explosive atmospheres – Part 7: Equipment protection by increased
safety "e".
IEC 60079-11:2011-06, Explosive atmospheres – Part 11: Equipment protection by intrinsic
safety "i".
IEC 60079-15:2010-01, Explosive atmospheres – Part 15: Equipment protection by type of
protection "n".
IEC 60079-18:2014-12, Explosive atmospheres – Part 18: Equipment protection by
encapsulation "m".
IEC 60079-25:2010-02, Explosive atmospheres – Part 25: Intrinsically safe systems.
IEC 60079-26:2014-10, Explosive atmospheres – Part 26: Equipment with equipment
protection level (EPL) Ga.
IEC 60079-28:2006-08, Explosive atmospheres – Part 28: Protection of equipment and
transmission systems using optical radiation.
IEC 60204-1, Ed. 5.1 2009, Safety of Machinery -Electrical equipment of Machines - Part 1:
General Requirements.
IEC 61326-1:2012-07, Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use -
EMC Requirements.
IEC 61326-3-1:2017 Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use - EMC
Requirements.
IEC 61326-3-2:2017 Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use - EMC
Requirements.
IEC 60364-1: Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 1: fundamental principles, assessment of
general characteristics, definitions.
IEC 60364-4-41: Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 4-41: protection for safety -
protection against electric shock.
IEC 60364-4-44: Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 4-44: protection for safety -
protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances.
IEC 60364-5-52: Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 5-52: selection and erection of
electrical equipment – wiring systems.
IEC 60364-5-54: Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 5-54: selection and erection of
electrical equipment - earthing arrangements and protective conductors.
IEC 61000-4-30: Testing and measurement techniques – Power quality measurement methods.
IEC 61131-4:2004, Programmable Controllers - Part 4: User guidelines.
189
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IEC 61140, Ed. 3.1 2009, Protection Against Electric Shock - Common Aspects for Installation
and Equipment.
IEC 61511-1 Ed. 1.0: 2003, Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process
industry sector - Part 1: Framework, definitions, system, hardware and software requirements.
IEC 61643-11:2011, Low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 11.
Lightning references
NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems, 2011. NUREG/CR-6866
ORNL/TM-2001/140, Technical Basis for Regulatory Guidance on Lightning Protection in
Nuclear Power Plants, 2011.
Lightning Protection for Engineers, National Lightning Safety Institute, 2016.
IEC 62305-1:2010, Protection against lightning - Part 1: General principles.
IEC 62305-2, Protection against lightning – Part 2: Risk Management.
IEC 62305-3, Protection against lightning – Part 3: Physical damage to structures and life
hazard.
IEC 62305-4, Protection against lightning – Part 4: Electrical and Electronic Systems Within
Structures.
US Military Handbook
MIL-HDBK-419A, Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic Equipment and Facilities
(Vol. 1 Basic Theory; Vol. 2 Applications), 1987.
190
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DeltaV Power and Grounding

Emerson Automation Solutions

Chapter 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................15

Chapter 3 DeltaV power and power quality.................................................................................. 17

Chapter 4 DeltaV system cabinets and enclosures........................................................................ 47

4.2 DeltaV power quality...................................................................................................................... 50

Chapter 5 Signal wiring................................................................................................................91

5.2 Best signal wiring practices ............................................................................................................ 91

Chapter 6 Ground Design For DeltaV.......................................................................................... 107

Chapter 7 Appendices................................................................................................................ 127

7.3 Earthing And Grounding............................................................................................................... 130

Preventing static electricity buildup.................................................................................................... 173

1 Preface: Read this section first

1.2 Conventions for colors in wiring diagrams

Table 1-2: Wire Colors in AC Wiring Diagrams

These conventions are based on International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

1.3 Using this manual

Figure 1-1: Using this manual

1.5 Conventions used in this manual

1.5.1 General definitions

Availability--Power and grounding designs and implementations that minimize process

1.5.2 Power and grounding definitions

2.1 Best engineering practices

2.2 Principles of proper site preparation

3 DeltaV power and power quality

2. 200 V and 220 V are also used in some countries.

3. 100/200 V are also used with 50 Hz and 60 Hz systems in some countries.

3.2 AC power from a grid

Figure 3-1: Typical power generation and distribution

Table 3-2: Causes of power disruptions

3.3 DeltaV AC distribution and grounding system

Figure 3-2: Isolated 3-phase system with redundant power

Figure 3-3: Isolated single-phase system with redundant power

3.4 DC distribution system

— Provides isolation from noise on the power lines.

Figure 3-4: Bussed DC power

3.5 Floating AC and high-resistance grounded

Figure 3-5: Three-phase floating power for marine applications

3.6 Protection from surges and lightning

Figure 3-6: EMC immunity zones

Figure 3-7: Lightning protection zones

Figure 3-8: SPD Grounding for DeltaV

Figure 3-9: Isolated CHARM enclosure with SPDs

3.7 Why clean power?

Table 3-3: Solutions for power interference: UPS or CVT?

Table 3-3: Solutions for power interference: UPS or CVT? (continued)

Table 3-4: Additional solutions for power interference

Table 3-4: Additional solutions for power interference (continued)

EFI/RMI noise Data loss, system Transmitters, Isolation

3.8 How to establish and maintain clean power

Figure 3-10: Power distribution decision flowchart

3.8.1 Single AC source

— Capable of regulating under-voltage and over-voltage input power

Option D (clean-power: AC source <100m)

Option E (clean-power: AC source <300m)

3.8.2 Two AC sources

Option I (clean-power: AC source <100m)

Option J (clean-power: AC source <300m)

3.9 Isolation to protect from power quality issues

that it is prudent to install a separately derived source as can be accomplished with an

In addition to the common-mode rejection provided by isolation transformers, many

3.9.1 Isolation transformers