Article 3 Bill of Rights

Prepared by: Elmer Rivera Linga

The Bill of Rights is the declaration and
enumeration of the individual rights and
privileges and is designed to protect
violations against individuals and a
limitation upon the power of the state.
No person shall be deprived of life,
liberty, or property without due
process of law nor shall any person be
denied of the equal protection of the
laws.
Due Process of Law Due process of law is
meant that if a person is deprived of life,
liberty, or property by the State, it must
be done only under the authority of a
valid law and after compliance with the
regular methods of procedure prescribed
by the law.
The right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever
nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable,
and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall
issue except… upon probable cause to be
determined personally by the judge after
examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce,
and particularly describing the place to be
searched and the persons or things to be seized.
Valid Search and Arrest Warrants
1. Must be issued upon “probable cause.”
2. “Probable cause” must be determined personally by the
judge.
3. Such judge must examine under oath that complainant and
the witnesses that he may produce.
4. The warrant must particularly describe the place to be
searched and the person or thing to be seized.
An evidence obtained illegally is
inadmissible in any proceeding. Any
evidence acquired illegally is excluded
from being considered by the judge, there
is a great probability that the accused
may be acquitted.
1. A person who is validly arrested may be searched in his
person.
2. An officer who legally enters a premise and sees an illegal
object may seize it.
3. A moving vehicle, with reasonable suspicion, may be
stopped and searched for criminal activity.
4. One who consents to be searched maybe searched without a
warrant.
5. Searches may be made without a warrant at customs or
airports prior to boarding.
1. When the person to be arrested has committed, is actually
committing, or is attempting to commit an offense.
2. When an offense has in fact been committed, and he has
personal knowledge of facts indicating that the person to be
arrested has committed it
3. When the person is an escapee from a penal establishment.
(1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be
inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when
public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by
law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding
section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
Letters
Messages
Emails
Telephone calls
NO! Anti-Wiretapping Law Anti-Terrorism Law
Court-Authorized taps are allowed for the
crimes of: “treason, espionage, provoking war
and disloyalty in case of war, piracy, mutiny in
the high seas, rebellion, conspiracy and proposal
to commit rebellion, inciting rebellion, sedition,
conspiracy to commit sedition, kidnapping.”
No law shall be passed abridging the
freedom of speech, of expression, or of
the press, or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble and petition the
government for redress of grievances.
Why is this guaranteed in the Constitution?
1. Essential for the search of truth.
2. Essential for democracy to work.
3. Essential for the citizens to promote self-realization and
self-determination.
Libel
A public and malicious imputation of a crime, or
of a vice or a defect, real or imaginary, or any
act, omission, condition, status or circumstance
tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or
contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to
blacken the memory of one who is dead.
(Revised Penal Code)
(a)any work, taken as a whole, appeals to the
prurient interest…
(b) the work depicts or describes in a patently
offensive way, sexual conduct…
(c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks
serious literary, artistic, political or scientific
value.” (Miller v California)
No law shall be made respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and
enjoyment of religious profession and worship,
without discrimination or preference, shall
forever be allowed. No religious test shall be
required for the exercise of civil or political
rights.
1. State may not establish or sponsor a
religion.
2. Prohibits the direct support of
institutional religion.
3. Prohibition on direct and indirect aid if
the support means preference of one
religion to the other.
1. State can’t prohibit a person from
choosing his/her religion.
2. State can’t force a person from
choosing his/her religion.
The liberty of abode and of changing the
same within the limits prescribed by law
shall not be impaired except upon lawful
order of the court. Neither shall the right
to travel be impaired except in the
interest of national security, public safety,
or public health, as may be provided by
law.
Freedom of Movement Liberty of
Abode Liberty of Travel No one is
compelled to change his/her home
except in accordance with law.
Villavicencio v Lukban Can be
impaired, but not arbitrarily. Grounds:
National security, public safety, and
public health.
The right of the people to information on
matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records, and
to documents, and papers pertaining to
official acts, transactions, or decisions, as
well as to government research data used
as basis for policy development, shall be
afforded the citizen, subject to such
limitations as may be provided by law.
1. National security matters
2. Confidential diplomatic matters
3. Trade secrets and banking transactions
4. Identity of informants in criminal
investigation
The right of the people, including those
employed in the public and private
sectors to form unions, associations, or
societies for purposes not contrary to law
shall not be abridged.
Private property shall not be taken
for public use without just
compensation.
Eminent Domain Taking Usage
Compensation The property must be
private in nature. The property must
be used for public use. Just
compensation must be given to the
owner. Compensation must be equal
to the property’ market value.
No law impairing the obligations of
contracts be passed.
Free access to the courts and quasi-
judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any
person by reason of poverty.
1) Any person under investigation for the
commission of an offense shall have the right to be
informed of his right to remain silent and to have
competent and independent counsel preferably of
his own choice. If the person cannot afford the
services of counsel, he must be provided with one.
These rights cannot be waived except in writing
and in the presence of counsel.
(2)No torture, force, violence, threat,
intimidation or any other means
which vitiate the free will shall be
used against him. Secret detention
places, solitary, incommunicado, or
other similar forms of detention are
prohibited.
(3) Any confession or admission obtained
in violation of this or Section 17 hereof
shall be inadmissible in evidence against
him.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil
sanctions for violations of this section as
well as compensation to and rehabilitation
of victims of torture or similar practices,
and their families.
 1. You have the right to remain silent when questioned.
2. Anything you say or do may be used against you in a court of
law
3. You have the right to consult an attorney before speaking to
the police and to have an attorney present during questioning
now or in the future.
4. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for
you before any questioning, if you wish.
5. If you decide to answer any questions now, without an
attorney present, you will still have the right to stop answering
at any time until you talk to an attorney.
6. Knowing and understanding your rights as I have explained
them to you, are you willing to answer my questions without an
attorney present?
Rights of a Person under Investigation
1.Right to remain silent
2.Right to counsel
3.Rights to be informed of such rights
Prohibitions on, are enumerated as:
1.Secret Detention Places (safe-houses) 2.
Solitary Detention 3.Incommunicado
Detention Places
Self-Incrimination An act of accusing oneself to
a crime for which a person can then be
prosecuted. Inadmissibility of Forced Confession
and Admission Admission Confession An act,
declaration or omission of party as to a relevant
fact. Declaration of an accused acknowledging
his guilt of the offense charged, or of any
offense necessarily included therein.
All persons, except those charged with
offenses punishable by reclusion
perpetua when evidence of guilt is
strong, shall, before conviction, be
bailable by sufficient sureties, or be
released on recognizance as may be
provided by law. The right to bail shall not
impaired even when the privilege of the
writ of habeas corpus is suspended.
Excessive bail shall not be required.
1.Right to be presumed innocent.
2.Bail: “mode short of confinement which
would, with reasonable certainty, insure the
attendance of the accused.”
3.Bail is not warranted if: a. the offense is
punishable by reclusion perpetua and b.
evidence of guilt is strong.
 (1) No person shall be held to answer for
a criminal offense without due process of
law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be
presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and
shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel,
to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and
public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face,… …and
to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of
witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf.
However, after the arraignment, trial may proceed
notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided
that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear
is unjustifiable.
Philippine Criminal Justice System Presumption of
Innocence “…no person shall be convicted unless the
prosecution has proved him guilty beyond
reasonable doubt.” But in Prima Facie cases… Prima
Facie (denotes evidence that that would prove a
particular proposition); then the burden of proof
changes.
Right to Be Heard includes:
1. Right to be present at the trial
2. Right to counsel
3. Right to an impartial judge.
4. Right of confrontation
5. Right to compulsory process to secure the
attendance of witness.
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
shall not be suspended except in cases of
invasion or rebellion when the public
safety requires it.
Writ of Habeas Corpus A writ, a legal action, that
requires a person under arrest to be brought
before a judge or a court. An order issued by a
judge to a person detaining another to bring the
detainee to court and to justify his detention. “It
is to inquire into all manner of involuntary
restraint as distinguished from voluntary, and to
relieve a person therefrom is such restraint is
illegal.”
All persons shall have the right to a
speedy disposition of their cases
before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or
administrative bodies.
Remedy! The aggrieved party can ask a
dismissal of a case through mandamus.
Mandamus: is a judicial remedy — in the form
of an order from a superior court, to any
government subordinate court, corporation of
public authority— to do (or forbear from doing)
some specific act which that body is obliged
under law to do (or refrain from doing) — and
which is in the nature of public duty, and in
certain cases one of a statutory duty.
No person shall be compelled to be a
witness against himself
Right Against Self-Incrimination Self-
Incrimination: the constitutional right of a
person to refuse to answer questions or
otherwise give testimony against himself or
herself which will subject him or her to an
incrimination. A person may incriminate
himself/herself by: a. Testimony b. Private
books c. Private letters
(1) No person shall be detained solely by reason
of his political beliefs and aspirations. (2) No
involuntary servitude in any form shall exist
except as a punishment for a crime whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted.
(1)Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading
or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty
be imposed, unless for compelling reasons involving heinous
crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death
penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion
perpetua.
(2) The employment of physical, psychological,
or degrading punishment against any prisoner or
detainee, or the use of substandard or
inadequate penal facilities under subhuman
conditions shall be dealt with by law.
Punishments must be: Furman v Georgia:
1.Must not be severe as to degrade the dignity
of human beings.
2.Must not be applied arbitrarily.
3.Must not be unacceptable to contemporary
society.
4.Must not be excessive.
No person should be imprisoned for debt or
non- payment of a poll tax.
If a person debts and can not pay his
indebtedness, can he be imprisoned, as
payment, for it? NO! But if a person has
committed a crime relating to non-
payment of debts, through bad faith or
malice, i.e., Estafa, yes, he can be
imprisoned
Bad Faith Latin: Malafides Means double
mindedness or double heartedness in
duplicity, fraud, or deception. Can be
expressed through faith, belief, attitude,
and loyalty.
No person shall be twice put in jeopardy
of punishment of the same offense. If an
act is punished by a law and an
ordinance, conviction or acquittal under
either shall constitute a bar to another
prosecution for the same act.
Double Jeopardy “…To be prosecuted more than
once for the same offense..”
Double jeopardy ends:
1.Once the accused is acquitted or convicted.
2.Dismissal of the charges.
No ex-post facto law or bill or attainder
shall be enacted.
Ex-Post Facto Law A. Which makes a criminal
an action done before passing a law, which
was innocent when done and punishes such
action B. Which aggravates the crime C. Which
changes the punishment and inflicts greater
punishment. D. Which alters the legal rules of
evidence.
 Lesson 2
History of Transportation
Prepared by: Elmer Linga
 Introduction

The history of transportation can be conveniently—if

over-simply--divided into period during which motive
power was most characteristically furnished by human
and animal muscle, by such natural forces as wind and
gravity, and by fuel-operated machines.
Manpower
Stone Age man’s transportation of firewood and of animals killed in the hunt
probably led to the invention of the sled. From the sled early man may have
got the idea for ski pieces of smooth board resembling sled runners but worn
on the feet of the hunter—and later of snowshoes. The first watercraft, the
man-powered raft and canoe, probably evolved from the floating log. The
greatest advance in land transport after the sled was the wheel, probably first
invented in the TigrisEuphrates Valley sometime before 3500 BC. The ancient
Egyptians took little or no part in the invention. The great blocks of stone that
went to make the pyramids were floated on barges down the Nile River and
then moved over land on sleds running on rollers. Gangs of slaves dragged the
blocks of stone by means of large ropes, while other slaves at the rear of sled
picked-up the rollers over which the sled had passed and hurried around and
place them at the front. To raise the blocks of stone to their positions in the
pyramids, the Egyptian built ramps.
Animal Power
But while human muscle power was still in
widespread use for transport in ancient Egypt, animal
muscle power was being widely exploited in the
other river valley civilizations. The ox, the ass, and
the camel were tamed somewhere in the Middle
East by 3000 BC. In arctic snows the reindeer, which
can carry a load of about 130 lbs. (60 kg.) without
much effort, is still widely used. In the higher
altitudes of the Himalayas the yak, a species of ox, is
used as pack animal. In India the beast of burden is
often the elephant. In Peru the llama is domesticated
and used as pack animal.
Animal Power
The horse was tamed somewhere in its native habitat on
the steppes of Central Asia. The invention of the bit and
bridle before 3000 BC gave steppe folk control of the horse
for riding. The stirrup was not invented until Roman times,
probably somewhere in Western Asia. The earliest known
stirrups have been found in South Russia in tombs dating
from between 100 BC and 400 AD. Until the invention of
horse collar, about 900 AD, horses were harnessed like
oxen. A yoke passed over the withers, and a strap
tightened on the horse’s chest when it pulled, half
strangling the animal. The Romans, knowing little
anatomy, did not realize that a good harness for the ox
was a very poor harness for the horse.
Animal Power
This fact explains why the horse was little used as a draft
animal until late in the middle ages, whereas the ox almost
universally used as draft animal from 3000 BC. Where the
horse was used for transportation during the middle ages, it
was mainly as a pack carrier at its sides. Another invention
that played a great part in the history of transportation was
the horseshoe. In its wild state the horse can gallop for long-
distance on soft grass of the Asiatic steppes. But if it is
driven on a hard, metal road its soft hoofs soon become
broken and it goes lame. An iron horseshoe, mailed around
the edge of the hard hoof, stops the hoof from breaking
away. It appears that the iron horseshoe was invented in
Gaul about the time of Julius Caesar, and taken to Britain
soon afterward.
Wind Power
Primitive man may have hoisted crude sails of skins on his
rafts of canoes, for there is clear evidence of the migration
of peoples over wide stretches of ocean long before 3000
BC. The ships of Egypt, Phoenix, and Greece were driven
partly by a large square sail of mid ships and partly by
oars. The war gallery, in which a greater degree of
maneuverability was needed, had narrower lines and
depended more on oars than did the trading vessels. In
other parts of the world the original dugout canoe
developed into different kinds of watercraft. In the North
Sea a ship that was sharp at both ends, like canoe,
developed, where as the Mediterranean type of vessel had
a rounded stern. In the Pacific, through rafts remained in
the use in some regions, a completely different type of
oceangoing watercraft, the outrigger canoe, developed.
 Wind Power
In Chinese waters at junk appeared. Mediterranean ships were all
carvel built, that is, the planks were placed side by side like the
boards on a floor, and the cracks between the boards made
watertight with tar. The ships of the North Sea, however, were
made of overlapping planks, or clinker built. North Sea ships had
only one steering oar, placed on the “steer board”, or starboard,
quarter, whereas the Mediterranean ships had two steering oars
one on each side of the stern. The rudder that is used for steering
in modern ships did not make its appearance until about 1200 A.D.
A great aid to sea transportation reached Europe about 1300 AD in
the form of the ships compass, a device first known among Chinese
sailors and then transmitted by the Arabs. An important
improvement in ship-building took place about 1450 AD with the
development of the three-master ship. Thereafter the story of sea
transportation is largely the story of the conquest of the whole
globe by the three mastered skin.
Roads and Vehicles

The Romans brought road building to its highest

point of perfection in ancient times. The Roman road
network reached a total of about 50,000 mi. (80,000
km.), with “feeder” roads branching out from the
main highways. The roads were costly because
Roman road engineers assumed that deep
foundations, formed by layer after of heavy stones
were necessary to make roads that would carry
heavy traffic for many years. This theory was not
completely abandoned until John L. Mc Adam
perfected the macadamized road in England about
1815.
Roads and Vehicles
Realizing that dry native soil would support any weight. Mc
Adam made the surface of his roads completely watertight
and curved so that main would run off them as off a roof.
He did this pounding and rolling a layer of small stones
into a hard surface. This road remained the best that could
be devised until the rubber tires of the last country.
Significant improvement of road vehicle began with the
adoption of coach spring about 1650. In the mid 18th
century English roads were so bad that coaches could
average only about 4 mph (6.4 km/h), and the mail was
usually carried by boys on horses for delivering the mail.
The first mail coach run in March 1785 and by 1800 the
English mail coach system was in full swing.
Roads and Vehicles
Canals, railways, and steamboats. The improvement in roads, in
the horses and in coaches had solved the problem of fast
transportation of passengers and light freight, but there still
remained the problem of heavy transportation. This problem was
met first by the development of canals and later by railroads. In
1761, the Duke of Bridgewater arranged with an engineer, Jones
Brindley, to Manchester, 7 mi. (11 km) away. As a result the price
of coal dropped by half, while still allowing the Duke plenty of
profit on his investment. Brindley’s success led to England, in
particular was covered by a network of canals. The first American
canal, opened in 1825, connected Lake Erie with the Hudson
River at Albany. English canals fell into decay with the coming of
the railroad. William Mardlock and Richard Trevthick had made
early types of locomotives before 1800.
Roads and Vehicles
But it was George Stephenson who pushed through the final stages of the
fully developed railway locomotive. Stephenson built his first model in
1814 for use in hauling trucks of coal. The first railroad was the Stockton
and Darlington Line, begun in 1825. The second, the Liver Pool and
Manchester, followed in 1829. At first, it was certain that these early
crude locomotive should be more satisfactory than horses. It was
assumed that locomotives would not be able to haul heavy loads up an
incline, since the wheels, it was thought, would spin without gripping the
rails. This theory was later found to be false, but only after long sections
of English lines, at great cost, had been made as near horizontal as
possible. By 1840 the English railways had put nearly all the main
coaching companies out of business, and the road ceased to be an
important factor in inland transportation until the automobile era began
about 1900. In the USA, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company began
work on the first American railroad in 1828.
Roads and Vehicles
Construction of Canada’s first railroad, the Champlain
and St. Lawrence, began in 1832. The development of
the steamboat proceeded simultaneously with the
development of the steam locomotive. Here the
steam engine was to impart a rotary motion to
paddle wheels. The first successful steamboat
journey in USA was made by Robert Fulton’s
Clermont up to the Hudson River in 1807. By 1811
the first steamboat appeared on the Ohio River,
inaugurating the great steam boating era on the
inland waterways.
 The Automobile
In England for some times after 1800 it seemed that the future
of mechanical road transportation with the steam carriage.
Stem traction engines were a familiar sight on many roads
throughout the world toward the end of the 19th century. The
future of mechanical road transport, however, lay with vehicle
driven by the internal combustion engine, the invention of
which usually attributed to the FrenchmanEtiene Lenoir. By
1865 there were 400 Lenoir gas engines in France doing such
light work as cutting chaff and driving of the modern
automobile when he put toward the invention ofthe modern
automobile when he put one of this as engines in a carriage
and drove around his factory.
The Automobile
This carriage also made a journey of some miles
to Paris. Two German inventors, Nicolaus Otto
and Gottlieb Daimler, also pioneered the
manufacture of gas engines, and Daimler later
became a successful manufacturer of
automobiles. At the same time a small array of
inventors was at work in various countries on the
development of early types of automobiles. The
invention of the pneumatic bicycle tire by Scott,
John Boyd Dunlop in 1988 gave a tremendous
impetus to this early work.
Air Transport
Not until the development of the internal combustionengine can
the era of air transportation be said to have begun. Men were
making balloon and flights, however, or more than a century
before Wilbur and Orville Wright made their famous first flight at
Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA, in 1903. The progress of air
transportation was hastened by World Wars I and II. An
important advances in aircraft propulsion occurred with the
invention of the jet engine. Until this invention practically every
great advance in transportation techniques had been the result
of the application of the principle of rotary motion. The jet
engine has made possible speeds that could never had been
attained by the rotary action of the air-crew is effective only in
the earth’s atmosphere. The rocket, however is effective beyond
the earth’s atmosphere, and its development has opened up the
era of space exploration and interplanetary travel.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
 The Word Traffic
Originates from Greco Roman word “Trafico” with
reference to the movement of people that dates
back from the dawns history: from domesticated
horse-drawn wheels to horseless carriage. The
Greek originally “Trafriga” after the early horse
drawn chariots with spoke wheels. If servants of
Rome are to believed, there is no dispute that the
word “trafico” is a Greco-Romano word, but the
word traffic was created from the famous
“Trafalgar Square,” the hub-center of commerce
and culture in the heart of London.
 The Word Traffic
But in Latin, the word traffic is denominated as
“Commercium” with reference to the movement
and control of goods in transit from un-wheeled
axle to horseless carriage. This intellectual
disclosure of discoveries only reinforced the
universal dictum that traffic refers to the
movement of people goods and not vehicle.
Perhaps this is the missing jewels in the systematic
traffic management.
Legal Basis in Traffic Management.

1. Republic Act No. 4136, “The Land

Transportation Code of the Philippines, as
Amended”.

2. Republic Act No. 7160, “The act providing

for a Local Government Code of 1991”.
 Definition of Traffic Management
Traffic Management presupposes an
understanding of the motivation behind
the behaviour of motorist, commuters, and
pedestrians. Any attempt to redirect their
behaviour without understanding will not
be able to effectively solve the traffic
problems.
Innovative Policy to Address Traffic
Problems
1. Reiterate the use of public roadways as a
matter of privilege and not as a matter of
right.
2. All forms of privatization of public
thoroughfares should be controlled.
3. Must encourage the development of a
mass transport system and de-emphasize the
use of private vehicles.
The Main Task Required to Improve Traffic
Management

1. Consolidate the single road used handbook,

all the traffic laws, rules and regulations,
guidelines, must be revised and issued yearly.
2. Ensure that each traffic user is trained and
disciplined.
3. Revalidate all drivers’ licenses and all
certificates of vehicle registration.
The Main Task Required to Improve Traffic
Management

4. Clear the road network of obstructions.

5. Streamlining the traffic adjudication
process.
6. Fast-track the shift to a mass transit system.
7. Complete the basic framework of the road
network.
Causes of Traffic Congestion

1. Immediate
Congestion grows most obviously and at
alarming rate primarily in areas experiencing
rapid population growth, which cause parallel
increase in the ownership and use of
automobiles.
Causes of Traffic Congestion
2. Long –Term
Commuting during certain hours add
considerably to traffic congestion. The so called
“rush-hours” are concentrated in relatively short
period each day, mainly from 7:00 to 9:00 in the
morning and from 5:00 to 7:00 in the evening,
when most people rush to and from work.
Strategies in Resolving Traffic Congestion
1. Supply-Side Strategy
Expansion of the peak-hour carrying
capacity of an area’s transportation system
seems to be the most intuitively obvious
response to greater congestion can be
implemented through diverse means: 1)
Building more roads or widening existing ones in
areas that have experienced rapid growth;
and 2) making transportation systems more
efficient.
Strategies in Resolving Traffic Congestion

2. Demand Side

One of the demand-side tactics
transportation economist advocate is peak-hour
pricing. This is achieved by charging all drivers
who use crowded highways during peak-hours a
toll large enough to discourage many others
from doing so.
Strategies in Resolving Traffic Congestion

 Another demand side strategy is shifting peak

hour trips to other times of the day. This may
be achieved by adopting flextime policies or
even four-day weeks. Changing week hours
would slightly more effective at reducing
congestion in the morning.
Congestion

One of the main issues for traffic management is

congestion. Proper traffic management can prevent
congestion or reduce the consequences of
congestion by for example rerouting of the other
traffic. Congestion occurs when the traffic demand
exceeds the road capacity. This can occur when the
traffic infrastructure capacity is not sufficient to
handle normal (peak) traffic volumes (usually at
bottlenecks, such as tunnels, bridges, lanedrops,
onramps, weaving sections etc.),
Congestion

when the capacity is reduced by e.g. traffic

incidents, road works or weather (e.g. rain,
snow) or when the demand is higher than
usual, e.g. in case of large events or
evacuations. Solutions are therefore either
reducing the traffic demand or increasing the
road capacity.
Congestion
Congestion has negative consequences for
safety and security, because accident risk is
higher in or near congestion (e.g.
approaching the tail of a traffic jam causes a
relatively higher accident risk) and travel times
to certain locations will be longer. Ambulances
will have difficulty to arrive at an emergency
location due to the longer travel times and
due to the other traffic blocking the access to
the incident.
Congestion
This can be handled with incident
management. It is also a security issue,
since the police may also be hampered
by congestion to reach security relevant
locations.
Dynamic traffic management

Dynamic traffic management has the

objective to improve traffic safety and the
utilization of the transport infrastructure.
Dynamic Speed Limits
Dynamic Traffic Management Measures
are:
Dynamic Speed Limits
Speed limits that may vary over time and
take account the real time traffic, road and
weather conditions. Dynamic speed limits can
be shown to the drivers with a lane signalling
system.
Ramp metering
Ramp metering
Ramp metering is the use of traffic signals
at freeway on-ramps to manage the rate
of automobiles entering the freeway.
Ramp metering systems have proved to
be successful in decreasing traffic and
improving driver safety .
Dynamic Route Information Panel (DRIP)
Dynamic Route Information Panel (DRIP)
One of the dynamic traffic management
measures is providing information by means of
variable message signs, in The Netherlands
called DRIP (elsewhere in the world known as
Variable Message Sign or VMS). The
information on a DRIP should enable motorists
to make a better route choice, based upon
the current traffic situation.
Dynamic road marking
Dynamic road marking
Dynamic road marking can be used to
actively adapt the road layout in
response to varying traffic conditions
and therefore have the potential to
increase road capacity, thus reducing
congestion .
Road works management
Road works management

Using traffic management in order to

minimize traffic delays due to road works.
Many principles from road works
management can also be applied when
roads are blocks due to a security issue.
Traffic Management Centre
Traffic Management Centre
A Traffic Management Centre monitors and
manages the road network. Whether an
accident is causing congestion on the
highway or roadwork has traffic diverted, the
TMC coordinates with responding agencies
and uses Intelligent Transportation Systems
(ITS), to assist in managing the flow of traffic.
 LESSON 4

PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC
- it refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles,
either powered by combustion system animal drawn
vehicle, from one place to another for the purpose of safe
travel
- originated from Greco-Roman word Trafico and Greek
word Traffiga, origin of which is not known
THE 5’ES OF TRAFFIC
ENFORCEMENT
- the action taken by the police, such as arresting,
issuing traffic citation ticket and providing warning to
the erring driver for the purpose of deterring and
discouraging and or preventing such violation
THE 5’ES OF TRAFFIC

2. EDUCATION
- the process of giving training and practice in
the actual application of traffic safety
knowledge
THE 5’ES OF TRAFFIC

3. ENGINEERING
- the science of measuring traffic and travel, the
study of basic laws relative to the traffic law and
generation; the application of these knowledge to
the professional practice of planning, deciding, and
operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient
transportation of persons and goods
THE 5’ES OF TRAFFIC
4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/ ENVIRONMENT
- the study of potentially disastrous population
explosion, changes in urban environment due to the
scale and density of new urban concentration and
new activities carried out, air pollution, water
pollution and crowding, transport congestion which
result therein
THE 5’ES OF TRAFFIC
5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY
- deals with the benefits and adverse effects of
traffic to our economy
MANAGEMENT
- it is an executive function such as planning,
organizing, Directing and supervising, coordinating
operating recording and budgeting traffic affairs
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC
Land Transportation Office
- tasked to enforce laws, rules and regulation governing the registration of
motor vehicles, operation of motor vehicle and traffic rules and regulation as
provided by RA 4136 as amended.
Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board
- tasked to regulate transport route
- regulate franchising
- prescribe fare rates
- investigate traffic cases
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC
Land Transportation Office
- perform judicial function
- promulgate rules
- impose and collect fees
- formulate and enforce rules and regulation for transport operation
for promotion of safety and convenience of public
- coordinate with concerned agencies and enforce E.O. NO
125,124-A and E.O. 202 dated June 19,1987
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND
COMMUNICATIONS
- in charge of planning programs coordinating
implementing and perform administrative function and
promotion development and regulation of dependable and
coordinated network of transportation and communication
in order to have fast, safe, efficient and reliable postal
transportation and communication services (EO No. 125.)
METRO MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (MMDA)

- created under RA. 7924 and sets policies

concerning traffic in Metro Manila, coordinates and
regulates implementation of program related to
traffic
CONGRESS AND LOCAL COUNCIL
- the branch of government primarily tasked to
create laws for the welfare of the public.
JUDICIARY
- the branch of government that interprets the law
through adjudication of cases.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT GROUP (TMG)
- the basis service of the PNP tasked to direct and
control traffic, perform accident investigation, enforce
the laws and issue citations.
AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Department of Public Works and Highways

- has responsibility of determining traffic flow planning
approval of program and budget finding of construction
and maintenance of road and instrument
LOCAL PUBLIC WORKS AND ENGINEERING
OFFICES
- local government units and instrumentalities that
have the same function as the DPWH
- perform such powers within their territorial
boundary.