DLSU GEN MATH REVIEWER

SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS, LINEAR INEQUALITIES ,LITERAL EQUATIONS, AND

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
In Exercises 1–3, solve and check each linear equation.
1. 7x + 4 = x + 16 2. 3(x - 2) + 7 = 2(x + 5) 3. 5x - (2x + 2) = x + (3x - 5)

In Exercises 4–6, solve each formula for the specified variable. Do you recognize the formula?
If so, what does it describe?
4. A = lw for w 5. D = RT for R 6.

In Exercises 7–9, solve each linear inequality

7. 2x - 11 < -3(x + 2) 8. -4(x + 2) > 3x + 20 9. 1 - (x + 3) ≥ 4 - 2x

Solve each equation in Exercises 10–12 by the method of your choice

10. (2x + 7)2 = 25 11. 3x2 - 12x + 12 = 0 12. 9 - 6x + x2 = 0

FUNCTIONS AND GRAPH

DLSU POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION REVIEWER


 Smooth, Continuous Graphs

Polynomial functions of degree 2 or higher have graphs that are smooth and continuous. By
smooth, we mean that the graphs contain only rounded curves with no sharp corners. By
continuous, we mean that the graphs have no breaks and can be drawn without lifting your pencil
from the rectangular coordinate system.
 The behavior of the graph of a function to the far left or the far right is called its end behavior.
Although the graph of a polynomial function may have intervals where it increases or decreases,
the graph will eventually rise or fall without bound as it moves far to the left or far to the right .
 In terms of end behavior, only the term of highest degree counts, as summarized by the Leading
Coefficient Test.

 Zeros of Polynomial Functions

If f is a polynomial function, then the values of x for which f(x) is equal to 0 are called the zeros of f.
These values of x are the roots, or solutions, of the polynomial equation f(x) = 0. Each real root of
the polynomial equation appears as an x-intercept of the graph of the polynomial function.
 Multiplicity and x-Intercepts
If r is a zero of even multiplicity, then the graph touches the x-axis and turns around at r. If r is a
zero of odd multiplicity, then the graph crosses the x-axis at r. Regardless of whether the
multiplicity of a zero is even or odd, graphs tend to flatten out near zeros with multiplicity greater than
one.
 The Intermediate Value Theorem for Polynomial Functions
Let f be a polynomial function with real coefficients. If f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs, then there is
at least one value of c between a and b for which f(c) = 0. Equivalently, the equation f(x) = 0 has at
least one real root between a and b.
 Turning Points of Polynomial Functions
If f is a polynomial function of degree n, then the graph of f has at most n −1 turning points.
 1. Use the Leading Coefficient Test to determine the graph’s end behavior.
2. Find x@intercepts by setting f(x) = 0 and solving the resulting polynomial equation. If there is an
x - intercept at r as a result of (x - r)k in the complete factorization of f(x), then
a. If k is even, the graph touches the x - axis at r and turns around.
b. If k is odd, the graph crosses the x - axis at r.
c. If k > 1, the graph flattens out near (r, 0).
3. Find the y - intercept by computing f(0).
4. Use symmetry, if applicable, to help draw the graph:
a. y - axis symmetry: f(-x) = f(x)
b. Origin symmetry: f(-x) = -f(x).
5. Use the fact that the maximum number of turning points of the graph is n - 1, where n is the
degree of the polynomial function, to check whether it is drawn correctly.

Practice Exercises
In Exercises 1–10, determine which functions are polynomial functions. For those that are, identify the
degree.

In Exercises 11–14, identify which graphs are not those of polynomial functions.
In Exercises 15–18, use the Leading Coefficient Test to determine the end behavior of the graph of
the given polynomial function. Then use this end behavior to match the polynomial function with its
graph. [The graphs are labeled (a) through (d).]

In Exercises 19–23, use the Leading Coefficient Test to determine the end behavior of the graph of
the polynomial function.
19. f(x) = 5x3 + 7x2 - x + 9 20. f(x) = 11x3 - 6x2 + x + 3 21. f(x) = 5x4 + 7x2 - x + 9

22. f(x) = 11x4 - 6x2 + x + 3 23. f(x) = -5x4 + 7x2 - x + 9

In Exercises 24–28, find the zeros for each polynomial function and give the multiplicity for each zero.
State whether the graph crosses the x - axis, or touches the x - axis and turns around, at each zero.
24. f(x) = 2(x - 5)(x + 4)2 25. f(x) = 3(x + 5)(x + 2)2 26. f(x) = 4(x - 3)(x + 6)3

27. f(x) = x3 - 2x2 + x 28. f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + 4x

In Exercises 29–33, use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that each polynomial has a real
zero between the given integers.
29. f(x) = x3 - x - 1; between 1 and 2 30. f(x) = x3 - 4x2 + 2; between 0 and 1

31. f(x) = 2x4 - 4x2 + 1; between -1 and 0 32. f(x) = x4 + 6x3 - 18x2; between 2 and 3

33. f(x) = x3 + x2 - 2x + 1; between -3 and -2

In Exercises 34–36
a. Use the Leading Coefficient Test to determine the graph’s end behavior.
b. Find the x-intercepts. State whether the graph crosses the x - axis, or touches the x -axis and turns
around, at each intercept.
c. Find the y-intercept.
d. Determine whether the graph has y - axis symmetry, origin symmetry, or neither.
e. If necessary, find a few additional points and graph the function. Use the maximum number of
turning points to check whether it is drawn correctly.
34. f(x) = x4 - 2x2 + 1

35. f(x) = -2(x - 1)2(x + 2).

36. f(x) = x3 + 2x2 - x - 2

 Summary, Review, and Test   341

100. Use the graph of f in the figure shown to draw the graph of In Exercises 105–106, find the midpoint of each line segment with
its inverse function. the given endpoints.
y 105. (2, 6) and ( - 12, 4)
106. (4, - 6) and ( -15, 2)
4
3
2 y=f x In Exercises 107–108, write the standard form of the equation of
1 the circle with the given center and radius.
x 107. Center (0, 0), r = 3
–4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4
108. Center ( -2, 4), r = 6
–2
–3 In Exercises 109–111, give the center and radius of each circle and
–4
graph its equation. Use the graph to identify the relation’s domain
and range.
In Exercises 101–102, find an equation for f -1(x). Then graph f 109. x 2 + y2 = 1
and f -1 in the same rectangular coordinate system. 2 2
110. (x + 2) + (y - 3) = 9
101. f(x) = 1 - x 2, x Ú 0 102. f(x) = 1x + 1
111. x 2 + y2 - 4x + 2y - 4 = 0
2.8
In Exercises 103–104, find the distance between each pair of points.
If necessary, express answers in simplified radical form and then
round to two decimal places.
103. ( -2, 3) and (3, - 9) 104. ( - 4, 3) and ( -2, 5)

Chapter 2 Test
1. List by letter all relations that are not functions. 2. Use the graph of y = f(x) to solve this exercise.
a. {(7, 5), (8, 5), (9, 5)} y
b. {(5, 7), (5, 8), (5, 9)} y=f x
5
c. y 4
3
2
1
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5
x –2
–3
–4
–5

a. What is f(4) - f( -3)?

d. x 2 + y2 = 100
b. What is the domain of f ?
e. y c. What is the range of f ?
d. On which interval or intervals is f increasing?
e. On which interval or intervals is f decreasing?
f. For what number does f have a relative maximum? What
is the relative maximum?
x
–5 5 g. For what number does f have a relative minimum? What
is the relative minimum?
h. What are the x@intercepts?
i. What is the y@intercept?
342  Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs

3. Use the graph of y = f(x) to solve this exercise. 26. Passing through ( - 4, 6) and perpendicular to the line whose
y
equation is y = - 14 x + 5
27. Write an equation in general form for the line passing
4
through ( -7, -10) and parallel to the line whose equation is
3
2
4x + 2y - 5 = 0.
1 28. In Section 2.4 (Example 3), we worked with data involving
x the increasing number of U.S. adults ages 18 and older living
–4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4
alone. The bar graph reinforces the fact that one-person
–2 y=f x households are growing more common. It shows one-person
–3 households as a percentage of the U.S. total for five selected
–4
years from 1980 through 2012.

a. What are the zeros of f ? One-Person Households as a Percentage

b. Find the value(s) of x for which f(x) = -1. of the U.S. Total
c. Find the value(s) of x for which f(x) = -2. y
d. Is f even, odd, or neither? 
30% 30%
e. Does f have an inverse function?

27.4
f. Is f(0) a relative maximum, a relative minimum, or 25% 25%

26.7
Percentage of the

Percentage of the
25.8
24.6
neither?

22.7
20% 20%

U.S. Total

U.S. Total
g. Graph g(x) = f(x + 1) - 1. 
h. Graph h(x) = 12 f 1 12 x 2 . 15% 15%
i. Graph r(x) = - f( - x) + 1. 10% 10%
j. Find the average rate of change of f from x1 = - 2 to 5% 5%
x2 = 1.
x
In Exercises 4–15, graph each equation in a rectangular coordinate 0 10 20 30 40

1980
1990
2000
2010
2012
system. If two functions are indicated, graph both in the same Years after 1980
system. Then use your graphs to identify each relation’s domain Year
and range. Source: U.S. Census Bureau
4. x + y = 4 5. x 2 + y2 = 4
a. Shown to the right of the bar graph is a scatter plot
6. f(x) = 4 7. f(x) = - 13 x + 2 with a line passing through two of the data points.
2 2
8. (x + 2) + (y - 1) = 9 Use the two points whose coordinates are shown by
2 if x … 0 the voice balloons to write the point-slope form of
9. f(x) = b an equation that models one-person households as
- 1 if x 7 0
a percentage of the U.S. total, y, x years after 1980.
10. x 2 + y2 + 4x - 6y - 3 = 0
11. f(x) =  x and g(x) = 12  x + 1 - 2 b. Write the equation from part (a) in slope-intercept form.
2
12. f(x) = x 2 and g(x) = -(x - 1) + 4 Use function notation.
13. f(x) = 2x - 4 and f -1 c. If trends shown by the data continue, use the model from
part (b) to project one-person households as a percentage
14. f(x) = x 3 - 1 and f -1
of the U.S. total in 2020.
15. f(x) = x 2 - 1, x Ú 0, and f -1
29. Find the average rate of change of f(x) = 3x 2 - 5 from
x1 = 6 to x2 = 10.
In Exercises 16–23, let f(x) = x 2 - x - 4 and g(x) = 2x - 6.
f(x + h) - f(x) 2x - 3 if x Ú 3
30. If g(x) = b , find g( -1) and g(7).
16. Find f(x - 1). 17. Find . 3 - x if x 6 3
h
18. Find (g - f)(x).
f In Exercises 31–32, find the domain of each function.
19. Find a b(x) and its domain. 3 7
g 31. f(x) = +
20. Find (f ∘ g)(x). 21. Find (g ∘ f)(x). x + 5 x - 1
22. Find g(f( -1)). 32. f(x) = 32x + 5 + 72x - 1
23. Find f( - x). Is f even, odd, or neither? 7 2
33. If f(x) = and g(x) = , find (f ∘ g)(x) and the domain
24. Determine if the graph of x 2 + y3 = 7 is symmetric with x - 4 x
respect to the y-axis, the x-axis, the origin, or none of of f ∘ g.
these. 7
34. Express h(x) = (2x + 3) as a composition of two functions
In Exercises 25–26, use the given conditions to write an equation f and g so that h(x) = (f ∘ g)(x).
for each line in point-slope form and slope-intercept form.
35. Find the length and the midpoint of the line segment whose
25. Passing through (2, 1) and ( - 1, -8) endpoints are (2, -2) and (5, 2).