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Ch. 1
Ch. 1
Ch. 1
School of Elements
SCHOOL SECTION 1
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY MT EDUCARE LTD.
Answers :
1. periods 2. decreases
3. 7 4. 2
5. 2 6. 0
7. donate 8. varies gradually
9. ramains the same 10. metals
11. gains or shares 12. Helium
13. 2, 8 14. metal
15. metalloids 16. alkali metals
17. alkaline earth metals 18. halogens
19. remain the same 20. 2
21. Atomic number 22. upper right hand corner
23. increases 24. metallic to Non-metallic
25. II A 26. 18 or zero
27. triad 28. Newlands Law of octaves
29. metalloids 30. gallium.
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2. Column I Column II
(i) Alkali metals (a) II A group
(ii) Alkaline earth metals (b) I A group
(iii) Halogens (c) zero group
(iv) Noble gases (d) VII A group
Ans. (i - b), (ii - a), (iii - d), (iv - c).
3. Column I Column II
(i) Helium (a) Halogen
(ii) Chlorine (b) Alkaline earth metal
(iii) Hydrogen (c) H
(iv) Magnesium (d) Noble gas
Ans. (i - d), (ii - a), (iii - c), (iv - b).
4. Column I Column II
*(i) Sodium (a) Non-metal
(ii) Sulphur (b) Lanthanide
(iii) Manganese (c) Metal
(iv) Cerium (d) Transition metal
Ans. (i - c), (ii - a), (iii - d), (iv - b).
5. Column I Column II
(i) Mendeleev (a) Russian scientist
(ii) Dobereiner (b) German scientist
(iii) Newlands (c) Englishman
Ans. (i - a), (ii - b), (iii - c).
Q.I (C) State whether the following statements are true or false. If false
write the corrected statement :
1. Atomic number is the number of protons or electrons in the nucleus.
Ans. True.
2. Fourth and fifth periods are longest periods.
Ans. False. Fourth and fifth periods are long periods, 6th period is the longest
period
3. Newlands arranged elements based on their atomic number.
Ans. False. Newlands arranged elements based on their atomic mass.
4. Mendeleev was the first scientist to create a periodic table for the elements.
Ans. True.
5. Mendeleev arranged 63 elements in the periodic table.
Ans. True.
6. Eka boron is known as Germanium.
Ans. False. Eka boron is known as Scandium
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MEMORISE :
To get the molecular formula of a compound:
Eg: Sodium chloride
Symbol Na Cl
Valency 1 1
Criss cross Na 1 Cl 1
i.e. NaCl – Extra Information.
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MEMORISE :
Electropositivity is the property of an atom to donate electrons when
combined in a compound. Electronegativity is the property of an atom to
accept electrons when combined in a compound. – Extra Information.
2. Metallic character decreases across a period.
Ans. 1. Metals have a tendency to lose electrons and are said to be electro positive.
2. As we move across a period, the atomic number and the nuclear charge
increases. So, the atomic size decreases.
3. As a result, electrons are more tightly bound to the nucleus and more
amount of energy is needed to remove an electron from the outermost
shell. So, metallic character decreases across the period.
MEMORISE :
Nuclear charge is the positive charge on the nucleus of an atom.
– Extra Information.
3. Non-metallic character increases across a period.
Ans. 1. Non-metals have a tendency to gain electrons.
2. As we move across a period, the atomic number and the nuclear charge
increases. So, the atomic size decreases.
3. As a result, the electron that is gained is pulled more strongly. So,
non-metallic character increases across the period.
4. Atomic size decreases across a period.
Ans. 1. Atomic size is defined as the distance between the centre of the nucleus
of an atom to its outermost shell.
2. Across a period, the nuclear charge increases. Nuclear charge is the
positive charge on the nucleus of an atom. Also, across the period
electrons are added to the same shell. So, electrons experience greater
pull from the nucleus.
3. Therefore, atomic size decreases across a period.
5. Atomic size increases down the group.
Ans. 1. Atomic size is defined as the distance between the centre of the nucleus
of an atom to its outermost shell.
2. As we go down the group, the number of shells increases and so the
nuclear distance from valence electrons increases.
3. The nuclear charge also increases but increase in number of shells
dominates over increase in nuclear charge. So, atomic size increases
down the group.
6. Valency varies gradually across a period.
Ans. 1. In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged in increasing
order of atomic number (Z).
2. Atomic number is related to the electronic configuration.
3. As the atomic number increases, the number of valence electrons
increases. The first element has one electron in its outermost shell
while the last element in a period has either completed duplet or octet.
4. So, valency varies gradually across a period.
7. Elements in a particular group have similar chemical properties. OR
Elements in the same group show same valency
Ans. 1. Position of an element in the periodic table is related to its electronic
configuration. The elements of a particular group have the same number
of electrons in the outermost shell (i.e. valence electrons).
2. Chemical properties of an element depends on the number of electrons
in the valence shell. Eg, Chemical properties of sodium and potassium
in group I A are similar.
3. Hence, elements in a particular group have similar chemical properties.
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SCHOOL SECTION 11
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In the above table, Ti is the eighth element with respect to Al, but does not
show similar properties. Similarly, Cr is different from Si. The elements
Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe and Co, Ni do not show similarities as per Newlands law.
5. Explain the merits of Mendeleevs periodic table.
Ans. 1. Mendeleev was the first who successfully classified all known elements.
2. Mendeleev kept some blank places in his periodic table. These vacant
spaces were for elements that were yet to be discovered. He also
predicted properties of these elements even before they were discovered.
Later they were found to be correct.
3. In the periodic table, some gaps were left by Mendeleev for unknown
elements that could be found in the future. Three such unknown
elements were named as Eka-Boron, Eka-Aluminium and Eka-Silicon.
Even the properties of these unknown elements were predicted and
these were found to accurate.
Predicted element Actual element discovered after
Eka-boron Scandium
Eka-Aluminium Gallium
Eka-Silicon Germanium
Comparison of properties of eka-aluminium and gallium.
Eka-Aluminium Gallium
Atomic weight About 68 69.72
Density of solid 6.0g/cm3 5.9g/cm3
Melting point Low 29.78
Valency 3 3
Method of discovery Probably from its spectrum Spectroscopically
Oxide Ea2O 3 Ga 2 O 3
Density = 5.5 g/cm3 Density = 5.8 g/cm3
Soluble in acids and bases Soluble in acids
and bases
4. When noble gases were discovered later, they were placed in
Mendeleev’s periodic table without disturbing the positions of other
elements.
MEMORISE :
Spectrum : A vacuumised cylindrical discharge tube is taken and filled
with hydrogen gas (whose spectrum is to be obtained). Electric current is
passed through it.
Hydrogen (Z=1), so
Total number of protons = total number of electrons = 1
The electron present in the first shell absorbs electrical energy and goes
in an excited state, i.e jumps to the next shell. As a result, the atom
becomes unstable. To gain stability, the electron emits the same amount
of energy that was absorbed and comes back to its ground state. This
energy emitted is in the form of light. This light when passed through a
prism, gets dispersed to give coloured bands. This is spectrum. This similar
to dispersion of white light when passed through the prism. The spectrum
of each element is unique as fingerprints vary from person to person. This
method of obtaining the spectrum is spectroscopy. – Extra Information.
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SCHOOL SECTION 13
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MEMORISE :
Position of hydrogen : Hydrogen is at the head of table 1A and it has one
valence electron much like the other members of group. However hydrogen
is not considered as part of group 1A because chemically it is a non-metal
whereas all other members of group are strong alkali metals. In fact
position of hydrogen in periodic table is unresolved. – Extra Information.
10. Explain the zig-zag line in the periodic table.
Ans. 1. On the basis of electronic configuration of elements, the periodic table
is divided into four blocks namely, s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block.
2. The elements of s-block (except hydrogen), d-block and f-block are all
metals.
3. In the p-block, all the three types of elements, i.e metals, non-metals
and metalloids are present.
4. A zig-zag line separates the metals on the left side form the non-metals
on the right side of the periodic table.
5. The bordering elements along the zig-zag line are the metalloids. These
are Antimony (Sb), Germanium (Ge), Boron (B), Silicon (Si),
Arsenic (As), Tellurium (Te), Polonium (Po). They show intermediate
properties and are called as metalloids or semi-metals.
MEMORISE :
The zigzag line on the periodic table, sometimes referred to as the
Hays-McDaniel line, distinguishes between the metals and non metals.
It is also called as stair case. – Extra Information.
11. Explain the term periodic properties and explain the following trends of
the periodic table with respect to :
1. Valency 2. Metallic character *3. Atomic size.
Ans. 1. Valency :
(a) In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged in
increasing order of atomic number (Z). Atomic number is related to
the electronic configuration.
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Li Be B C N O F
Down the group, the number of shells increases. So, although the
nuclear charge increases, the attraction to the outermost electron
decreases. So, down the group, the atomic size increases.
Cl
Br
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ACTIVITY : 1.3
Q. Consider isotopes of oxygen 16O and 18O. Would you able to place them
in Mendeleev’s periodic table ?
Ans. No, we cannot place 16O and 18O in Mendeleev’s periodic table.
Q. Find resemblance between hydrogen and alkali metals by writing
compounds of both with chlorine, sulphur and oxygen.
Ans. Alkali metals are : Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr.
H2O Na 2 O
H2S Na 2 S
HCl NaCl
Hydrogen and alkali metals form similar formulae with, oxygen, sulphur
and chlorine.
Q. Find out a pair of elements from the periodic table where higher mass
element is placed before lower mass element.
Ans. Co Ni ; Te I
(58.9) (58.7) (12.8) (12.7)
ACTIVITY : 1.4
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ACTIVITY : 1.6
ACTIVITY : 1.8
ACTIVITY : 1.9
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2. Read the following descriptions and decide whether the element belongs
to metal or non-metal. Justify your answer.
(a) Element ‘X’ has atomic number 11.
(b) Element ‘Y’ has atomic number 16.
Ans. (a) Element X is a metal. Its electronic configuration is (2, 8, 1). The element
has a tendency to loose one electron making it metallic in nature.
(b) Element Y is a non-metal. Its configuration is (2, 8, 6). Therefore there
is a tendency to accept the electrons rather than to loose, making it
non-metallic in nature.
5. Identify the main characteristic of the elements given below from their
description.
(a) Element P is in O group element.
(b) Element Q is in group 1 with atomic number 19.
(c) Element R is a d-block element and its two outermost shells are
incomplete.
(d) Element S is f-block element.
(e) Element T has two different atomic masses.
Ans. (a) It is an inert gas.
(b) It is a metal with one electron in the outer shell.
(c) It is called a transition element and is metallic in nature.
(d) They are either lanthanides or actinides with three incomplete
outermost shells and metallic in nature.
(e) They are isotopes of element T.
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GLOSSARY
AMAZING FACTS
The noble gas Xenon lasers can cut through materials that are so tough
even diamond tipped blades will not cut.
Astatine is the rarest element on Earth (approx 28g in the Earth's entire
crust.)
SCHOOL SECTION 23
S.S.C. Marks : 20