EXPERIMENT No.

5
To Study Cut Section Model of Four Stroke Petrol Engine
5.1 Introduction:
Any type of engine which drives heat energy from the combustion of fuel or any other
source and converts this energy into mechanical work is known as a heat engine. Four stoke
petrol engine is an internal combustion heat engine, in which the piston completes four
separate strokes while turning the crankshaft.
The four stroke petrol engine contains four strokes:
1) Intake Stroke.
2) Compression Stroke.
3) Power Stroke.
4) Exhaust Stroke.

Fig. 5.1 Four Stroke Petrol Engine

5.2 Parts of Four Stroke Petrol Engine:

5.2.1 Piston:
A piston is a disk which is used in four stroke petrol engine to moves upward and
downward to derive motion.

Fig. 5.2 Piston

5.2.2 Spark Plug:
It is an electric plug used in four stroke petrol engine to provide an electric spark to the
fuel for combustion.

Fig. 5.3 Spark Plug

5.2.3 Crankcase:
The case in which all the components of engine are placed and moved to produce
mechanical work is known as crank case.

Fig. 5.4 Crankcase

5.2.4 Carburetor:
A carburetor or carburetor is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion in
four stroke petrol engine.

Fig. 5.5 Carburetor

5.2.5 Connecting Rod:
Connecting rod is used in four stroke petrol engine to connect piston and crankshaft.

Fig. 5.6 Connecting Rod

5.2.6 Crankshaft:
Crankshaft is connected with a piston through connecting rod, which rotates when piston
moves upward and downward.

Fig. 5.7 Crankshaft

5.2.7 Top Dead Center (TDC):

Top dead center is the maximum distance that a piston can cover upwards.

Fig. 5.8 Top Dead Centre (TDC)

5.2.8 Bottom Dead Center (BDC):
Bottom dead center is the minimum distance that a piston can cover downwards.

Fig. 5.9 Bottom Dead Centre (BDC)

5.2.9 Inlet & Exhaust Valve:

Inlet & Exhaust valves are used to control the amount of mixture of air and fuel in the
cylinder. It controls the flow of air fuel mixture.

Fig. 5.10 Inlet & Exhaust Valve

5.3 Four Stroke Petrol Engine:

In four stoke petrol engine the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the
crankshaft.
The four stroke petrol engine contains four strokes:
1) Intake Stroke.
2) Compression Stroke.
3) Power Stroke.
4) Exhaust Stroke.
5.3.1 Intake Stroke:
Intake stroke is also known as induction or suction. In this stroke the inlet valve is at open
position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing vacuum
pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion. In intake stroke the piston moves
downwards to increases the volume to allow a fuel-air mixture to enter the chamber. This
stroke of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center
(B.D.C.). The piston is moving down as air is being sucked in by the downward motion
against the piston.

Fig. 5.11 Intake Stroke

5.3.2 Compression Stroke:

Compression stroke begins at button dead center (B.D.C), or just at the end of the suction
stroke, and ends at top dead center (T.D.C). In this stroke the piston compresses the air-
fuel mixture to generate power stroke. The intake valve is closed, and the piston moves
up the chamber to the top. This compresses the fuel-air mixture. At the end of this stroke,
a spark is provided to the compressed air-fuel mixture for combustion. Both the intake
and exhaust valves are closed during this stage.

Fig. 5.12 Compression Stroke

5.3.3 Power Stroke:
Power stroke is also known as combustion stroke. This is the start of the second
revolution of the four stroke petrol engine. At this point the crankshaft has completed a
full 360 degree revolution. As the fuel reaches the end of its combustion, the heat
released by burning air-fuel mixture increases the pressure which causes the gas to push
down the piston and create the power output.

Fig. 5.13 Power Stroke

5.3.4 Exhaust Stroke:

Exhaust stroke is also known as outlet stroke. During the exhaust stroke the piston, once
again, returns from bottom dead center (B.D.C) to top dead center (T.D.C). The exhaust
valve is open when the piston reaches the bottom, which removes the burned air-fuel
mixture gas through the exhaust valve when piston moves upward.

Fig. 5.14 Exhaust Stroke

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