Introduction to Computational

Fluid Dynamics and Heat

Transfer

Lecture 1
Objective
 Governing Equations.

 Numerical Methods.

 Types of PDEs and BCs.

 Taylor series expansion
(Discretization).

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Governing Equations
Physical engineering problems can be presented in the form of PDE.
• Mass transport:

• Transport of linear momentum in x-direction (Navier-Stokes):

• Energy transport:

• Heat Diffusion equation:

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Numerical Methods PDEs
BCs
ICs

Numerical Exact solution

Complicated problems solution
Simple problems
(closed-form)

Discrete points Finite Finite Elements, continuous function

i-1 i i+1 Difference Element e1 e2
Method Method

Taylor series
Linear
algebraic
equations

Accuracy
Stability
Consistency

Convergence
Solution

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Types of PDEs
General two-dimensional PDE:

• Elliptic equation, B2 - 4AC < 0

Ex: Steady state heat diffusion – Unidirectional flow

• Parabolic equation, B2 - 4AC = 0

Ex: Boundary layer

• Hyperbolic equation, B2 - 4AC > 0

Ex: Compressible flow

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Types of BCs
1. Dirichlet BC (first type):

Ex: Constant temperature at the wall (T = To)

2. Neumann BC (second type):

Ex: Constant heat flux at the wall (q” = -k.dT/dx)

Insulated wall (dT/dx = 0)

3. Robin BC (third type):

Ex: Convection heat transfer from the wall (-k.dT/dx = h(T-T∞)

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Taylor series expansion
BC # 4
Spatial operators: Computational domain
1- (i) in x-direction i,j+1
2- (j) in y-direction
i-1,j i,j i+1,j
Uniform mesh (∆x, ∆y) BC # 1 BC # 3
Y
For non-uniform mesh: i,j-1

(∆x2/ ∆x1) < 1.5 ∆y

∆x
BC # 2
X

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Discretization schemes
1st derivative:

X-direction:
1st order accurate, first derivative forward differencing scheme

X-direction:
1st order accurate, first derivative backward differencing scheme

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Subtract

2nd order accurate, first derivative central differencing scheme

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2nd derivative:

Add

2nd order accurate, second derivative central differencing scheme

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