Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition Nolan Test Bank

Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

3rd Edition Nolan Test Bank

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Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

1. The _____ curve forms a symmetrical and mathematically defined bell-shaped pattern.
A) standard
B) unstandardized
C) normal
D) nonlinear

2. Distributions of scores drawn from a normally distributed population approach the

normal distribution as the:
A) number of scores increases.
B) number of scores decreases.
C) variance increases.
D) variance decreases.

3. A z score is a measure of:

A) how far away from the mean a score is in terms of standard deviations.
B) how far away from the mean a score is in terms of inches.
C) the strength of the relationship between two variables.
D) the strength of the relationship between a score and its mean.

4. To compare two scores that are measured on different scales, one needs to transform the
scores into:
A) standard deviations.
B) means.
C) z scores.
D) population parameters.

5. A _____ represents the number of standard deviations a particular score is from the
mean average.
A) z score
B) standard mean
C) standardization score
D) percentile score

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 6. The process of standardization involves the conversion of raw scores to _____ scores.
A) linear
B) standard
C) normal
D) nonlinear

7. Two students from two different schools recently took a science test. The first student
correctly answered 34 questions and the second student correctly answered 48
questions. What can be concluded from the two students' test scores?
A) The second student is smarter than the first student.
B) The two students did equally well on the exam.
C) The two students cannot be compared because no standardization procedure was
used to permit comparisons.
D) The two students cannot be compared because the scores did not form a linear
curve.

8. The mean of the distribution of a set of z scores is:

A) always 0.
B) always 1.
C) the same as the mean of the distribution of raw scores.
D) the score corresponding to the 50th percentile in the raw score distribution.

9. A person with a z score of 0 would have a raw score equal to:

A) the lowest score in the distribution of raw scores.
B) the mean of the distribution of raw scores.
C) the highest score in the distribution of raw scores.
D) zero.

10. The z distribution _____ has a mean of _____.

A) always; 0
B) sometimes; 0
C) always; 1
D) sometimes; 1

11. The z distribution _____ has a standard deviation of _____.

A) always; 0
B) sometimes; 0
C) always; 1
D) sometimes; 1

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12. Which of these z scores from a single distribution of scores corresponds to the raw score
farthest from the mean of the distribution?
A) –2.3
B) –1.5
C) 0.8
D) 1.2

13. Any raw score can be converted into a z score, as long as you know the _____ and
_____ of the distribution.
A) median; mean
B) median; standard deviation
C) mean; standard deviation
D) mean; range

14. Adam scored 70 on his final exam. His class's average score was 50, with a standard
deviation of 10. How many standard deviations is Adam's score from the mean?
A) 1 standard deviation above the mean
B) 1.5 standard deviation below the mean
C) 2 standard deviations above the mean
D) 2 standard deviations below the mean

15. If a distribution of scores has a mean of 55 and a standard deviation of 5, then a score of
70 has a z score that is _____ standard deviation(s) from the mean.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

16. If a distribution of scores has a mean of 90 and a standard deviation of 10, then a score
of 70 has a z score that is _____ standard deviation(s) _____ the mean.
A) 2; below
B) 1; above
C) 1; below
D) 2; above

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17. Gibson (1986) asked a sample of college students to complete a self-esteem scale on
which the midpoint of the scale was the score 108. He found that the average
self-esteem score for this sample was 135.2, well above the actual midpoint of the scale.
Given that the standard deviation of self-esteem scores was 28.15, what would be the z
score for a sample participant whose self-esteem score was 101.6?
A) –1.19
B) –0.23
C) –0.87
D) 0.97

18. Adam scored 70 on his final exam. His class's average score was 50, with a standard
deviation of 10. What is Adam's z score?
A) –1
B) 1
C) –2
D) 2

19. Jenna scored 40 on a standardized test of reading ability where the mean score is 50 and
the standard deviation is 10. Based on this information, what is Jenna's z score?
A) –2.0
B) 2.0
C) 1.0
D) –1.0

20. The first step in calculating a z score is calculating:

A) a standard deviation score.
B) the raw scores and subtracting from the mean of the sample.
C) the difference between a particular score and the population mean.
D) the difference between a particular score and the sample mean.

21. The second step in calculating a z score is expressing the obtained values in:
A) standard deviation units.
B) linear form.
C) nonlinear form.
D) distribution of means.

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22. The symbol for the population standard deviation is:
A) .
B) .
C) .
D) s.

23. The symbol for the population mean is:

A) .
B) .
C) .
D) m.

24. The formula for calculating a z score is:

A) z = ( – X)/.
B) z = ( – X)/ .
C) z = (X – )/.
D) z = (X – )/.

25. On the first statistics exam, the class average was 70 with a standard deviation of 6.
Adam scored 82. What is his z score?
A) –1.0
B) –2.0
C) 6.0
D) 2.0

26. According to the 2012–2013 annual report of the American Psychological Association's
survey of faculty salaries in graduate departments of psychology, the average salary for
a new (less than 3 years) full professor was $92,000 with a standard deviation of
$32,845. What is the z score of a new full professor making $95,500?
A) –0.62
B) –0.11
C) 0.11
D) 0.62

27. The first step in converting a z score into a raw score is multiplying the z score by the:
A) population variance.
B) raw score.
C) population standard deviation.
D) population mean.

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28. The second step in converting a z score into a raw score is:
A) adding the mean of the population to the product obtained from multiplying the z
score and standard deviation.
B) subtracting the mean of the population from the product obtained by multiplying
the z score and standard deviation.
C) dividing the mean of the population into the product obtained by multiplying the z
score and standard deviation.
D) multiplying the mean of the population and the product obtained from multiplying
the z score and standard deviation.

29. The formula for calculating the raw score from a z score is:
A) X = z() + .
B) X = z()/ .
C) z = ( – )/X.
D) z = (X – )/.

30. The mean for the population is 80 with a standard deviation of 5. Given a z score of
1.45, what is the raw score?
A) 72.75
B) 83.45
C) 85.00
D) 87.25

31. The mean for the population is 67 with a standard deviation of 8.78. Given a z score of
2.56, what is the raw score?
A) 89.48
B) 75.78
C) 44.52
D) 69.56

32. Daniel wanted to know his approximate score on the final exam for his mathematics
class. His professor hinted that his score was well above the class average. The
professor announced that the mean for the class final exam was 88 with a standard
deviation of 7. Given Daniel's z score of 1.67, what is the raw score for his exam grade?
A) 76.31
B) 99.69
C) 102.45
D) 96.99

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33. A _____ is a distribution of z scores.
A) normal curve
B) z distribution
C) standard linear distribution
D) standardization

34. The z distribution is a normal distribution of _____ scores.

A) sample mean
B) population mean
C) standardized
D) raw

35. The z distribution is equivalent to a distribution of _____ scores.

A) mean
B) linear
C) z
D) raw

36. Two students recently took algebra class tests. The students are at different schools but
wanted to compare their performance. The first student scored 80 on the test. Her class
average was 90 with a standard deviation of 10. The second student scored 50. Her class
average was 50 with a standard deviation of 10. Which student did better?
A) first student because she had a higher score
B) second student because she had an average score
C) first student because she performed better relative to her class
D) second student because she performed better relative to her class

37. Which score is more extreme: 0.32 or –0.45?

A) 0.32
B) –0.45
C) z scores do not allow us to assess this.
D) Scores with different signs cannot be compared.

38. A distribution of scores has a mean of 20.2 with a standard deviation of 0.89. Compare a
score of 21.23 with a z score of 1.2. Which statement is correct?
A) The score of 21.23 is greater.
B) The z score of 1.2 is greater, resulting in a raw score of 21.27.
C) The z score of 1.2 is lower, resulting in a raw score of 19.13.
D) The z score of 1.2 is greater, resulting in a raw score of 25.13.

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39. z scores are useful because they:
A) allow us to convert raw scores to mean scores, compare scores from different
samples, and transform populations into samples.
B) transform linear scores into nonlinear scores, convert nonlinear scores back into
linear scores, and allow us to obtain comparisons between nonlinear and linear
scores.
C) give us an understanding of where a score falls in relation to the mean of its
underlying population, allow comparisons to be made between scores from
different distributions, and permit the transformation of z scores into percentiles.
D) reduce the probability of Type I and Type II errors, allow us to compare raw scores
with standard scores, and permit the transformation of raw scores into percentiles.

40. What percent of scores fall beyond 3 standard deviations away from the mean?
A) more than 10
B) 10
C) 5
D) less than 1

41. In a normal standard curve, approximately _____ percent of scores fall within 1
standard deviation from the mean.
A) 34
B) 46
C) 96
D) 68

42. In a normal standard curve, approximately _____ percent of scores fall within 2
standard deviations from the mean
A) 34
B) 48
C) 96
D) 68

43. Given the properties of the standard normal curve, we know that _____ percent of all
scores fall below the mean and _____ percent fall above the mean.
A) 68; 68
B) 50; 50
C) 34; 34
D) 48; 48

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44. In a normal standard curve, which percentile corresponds to a z score of –1.0?
A) 34
B) 68
C) 16
D) 45

45. In a normal standard curve, what percentile corresponds to a z score of 1.0?

A) 84
B) 68
C) 96
D) 45

46. According to _____, as sample size increases, the distribution of _____ assume a
normal curve.
A) the central limit theorem; sample scores
B) the central limit theorem; sample means
C) the z-score distribution; population scores
D) hypothesis testing; raw scores

47. A _____ is composed of means based on samples rather than raw scores.
A) distribution of means
B) distribution of z scores
C) standardized distribution
D) percentile distribution

48. A distribution of means would be more likely to have a(n) _____ compared to a
distribution of raw scores.
A) higher variance
B) lower variance
C) higher standard deviation
D) equal standard deviation

49. Repeated sampling of _____ approximates a normal curve, even when the underlying
population is skewed.
A) means
B) standard deviations
C) scores
D) population parameters

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50. Because of _____, skewed distributions approximate normal curves when means are
based on larger samples.
A) sampling with replacement
B) the central limit theorem
C) hypothesis testing
D) z scores

51. When creating a distribution of means, it is important that whatever scores are sampled
to compute the means are:
A) placed back into the population for additional sampling.
B) separated out from the population so that they cannot be re-sampled.
C) recorded in order to create a distribution of scores.
D) balanced across the mean so that extreme scores are controlled.

52. The term _____ is used for the distribution of means in place of the term standard
deviation.
A) standard variance
B) population variance
C) mean variance
D) standard error

53. The symbol for the standard error is:

A) M.
B) S.
C) M.
D) S.

54. The formula for the standard error is:

A)  M =  / N .
B)  S =  / N .
C)  M =  x / N .
D)  S =  x / ( N − 1).

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55. The distribution of means based on a sample size of 45, pulled from a population
distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, would have a standard
error of:
A) 2.24.
B) 3.00.
C) 25.82.
D) 0.33.

56. If samples have at least _____ scores, the distribution of means will most likely
approximate a normal curve.
A) 30
B) 50
C) 88
D) 100

57. Sample means based on at least _____ scores tend to approximate a normal distribution,
even when the underlying population is skewed.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 30
D) 50

58. As sample size _____, the spread of distribution of means _____.

A) increases; increases
B) decreases; stays the same
C) increases; decreases
D) decreases; decreases

59. As sample size _____, the spread of distribution of means decreases.

A) shrinks
B) decreases
C) increases
D) remains constant

60. As sample size increases, the spread of distribution of means _____.

A) increases
B) remains unaffected
C) decreases
D) cannot be predicted

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61. As sample size _____, the spread of distribution of means increases.
A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains constant
D) cannot be predicted

62. As sample size decreases, the spread of distribution of means _____.

A) increases
B) remains unaffected
C) decreases
D) cannot be predicted

63. When calculating a z score for a distribution of means, the z score is referred to as a:
A) standard score.
B) standardized score.
C) z statistic.
D) central limit theorem.

64. Since one rarely has access to an entire population, one typically calculates the mean of
a sample and:
A) compares that to the z distribution.
B) computes a standardized score for that mean.
C) compares that to a distribution of means by calculating a z statistic.
D) standardizes that using information about the center and spread of the population of
scores.

65. The formula for z based on the mean of a sample is:

A) z = (M – M)/S.
B) z = (X – M)/S.
C) z = (X – M)/M.
D) z = (M – M)/M.

66. When data are sampled from a normal population, the sample data approaches a normal
distribution as sample size increases, thus making sample size important in relation to
the normal curve.
A) True
B) False

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67. Standard scores are raw scores that are compared to percentiles.
A) True
B) False

68. A z score is the distance a score is from the mean of its distribution, expressed in units
of variance.
A) True
B) False

69. A z score is the distance a score is from the mean of its distribution, expressed in units
of standard deviation.
A) True
B) False

70. If you have a z score of 0, then you have a raw score equal to the mean.
A) True
B) False

71. Any raw score can be converted into a z score, as long as you know the mean and
median of the distribution.
A) True
B) False

72. Any raw score can be converted into a z score, as long as you know the median and
standard deviation of the distribution.
A) True
B) False

73. The standard deviation of the z distribution is 1.0.

A) True
B) False

74. The standard deviation of the z distribution is 0.

A) True
B) False

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75. The mean of the z distribution is 0.
A) True
B) False

76. The mean of the z distribution is 1.0.

A) True
B) False

77. A negative z score will convert into a raw score that is above the mean of its
distribution.
A) True
B) False

78. A positive z score will convert into a raw score that is below the mean of its distribution.
A) True
B) False

79. A negative z score will convert into a raw score that is below the mean of its
distribution.
A) True
B) False

80. A positive z score will convert into a raw score that is above the mean of its distribution.
A) True
B) False

81. Because a z score is the number of standard deviations a score is from its mean, the first
step in converting a z score back to a raw score is multiplying the z score by the standard
deviation.
A) True
B) False

82. In a distribution with a mean of 150 and a standard deviation of 20, a z score of –2.0
would convert into a raw score of 110.
A) True
B) False

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83. A z score allows one to compare scores to each other, but not when they are based on
different scales.
A) True
B) False

84. When comparing two z scores to assess performance on an exam, one would conclude
that a student with a z of –2.7 outperformed someone with a z of 1.3 because the first
score is more extreme.
A) True
B) False

85. At a z score of 0, your score is at the 50th percentile.

A) True
B) False

86. Less than 5 percent of the distribution of scores falls beyond a z score of +/–1.0.
A) True
B) False

87. The percentage of area under the curve for a negative z score will be negative.
A) True
B) False

88. One implication of the central limit theorem is that a distribution of means will be less
variable than a distribution of scores taken from the same population.
A) True
B) False

89. Even when the distribution of scores in the population is not normal, the sampling
distribution of the mean will approach normality as sample size increases.
A) True
B) False

90. A z statistic is used to refer to a distribution of scores.

A) True
B) False

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91. When attempting to create a distribution of means, we sample with replacement; that is,
we do not put the data back in the sample after we have computed the mean of those
data.
A) True
B) False

92. A distribution of means is comprised of many, many means of samples, all of the same
size.
A) True
B) False

93. Means are less extreme than scores because, with means, extreme observations are
combined with more average observations or scores in the opposite direction.
A) True
B) False

94. The distribution of means is less variable than the distribution of scores.
A) True
B) False

95. Standard error is the variance of a distribution of means.

A) True
B) False

96. Standard error is the standard deviation of a distribution of means.

A) True
B) False

97. The standard deviation of a distribution of means will be larger than the standard
deviation of a distribution of scores.
A) True
B) False

98. A z score computed for a sample mean is called a z statistic.

A) True
B) False

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 99. A z score allows assessment of the percentile of a raw score, but an equivalent
assessment of a sample mean cannot be made.
A) True
B) False

100. The standard deviation of a distribution of sample means is smaller than the standard
deviation of the population when the sample size is 2.
A) True
B) False

101. The formula for the standard error is  M =  / N .

A) True
B) False

102. The formula for the standard error is  S =  / N .

A) True
B) False

103. The formula for z based on the mean of a sample is z = (M – M)/M.

A) True
B) False

104. A distribution of a small set of scores is _____ likely to be normally distributed than a
distribution of a large set of scores when the scores are drawn from a normally
distributed population.

105. As you increase the size of a sample, the distribution of the sample will approach the
_____ as long as the underlying population is normally distributed.

106. The number of standard deviations a particular score is from the mean is the _____.

107. A person who scored exactly at the mean of the distribution of raw scores would have a
z score of _____.

108. When converting a z score into a raw score, we begin by multiplying the z score by the
_____.

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109. A normal distribution of standardized scores is called the _____ distribution.

110. Two scores that are based on two different scales can be directly compared once they
are converted into _____.

111. In the z distribution, _____ percent of scores fall above the mean.

112. Approximately 96 percent of all scores fall within _____ standard deviations of the
mean.

113. A z score of –1.0 is equivalent to the _____ percentile.

114. A z score of _____ is equivalent to the 16th percentile.

115. In the z distribution, _____ percent of scores fall below the mean.

116. In the z distribution, 50 percent of scores fall below the _____.

117. Approximately 68 percent of scores fall within _____ standard deviation(s) of the mean.

118. Approximately 46 percent of scores fall between the mean and _____ standard
deviation(s) above the mean.

119. In the z distribution, _____ percent of scores fall between the mean and a z score of 1.0,
or between the mean and a z score of –1.0.

120. A z score of 0 is equivalent to the _____ percentile.

121. A z score of +1.0 is equivalent to the _____ percentile.

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122. The primary assertion of the _____ is that a distribution of sample means approaches a
normal curve as sample size increases.

123. With large sample sizes, the shape of the distribution of the means will be _____.

124. When creating a distribution of means, it is important to retain all observations in the
distribution for future sampling; this is known as sampling with _____.

125. A distribution of means is _____ variable than a distribution of scores.

126. The standard deviation of a distribution of means is called the _____.

127. Distributions of means computed from samples of at least _____ observations usually
produce an approximately normal curve.

128. A _____ is a z computed on a sample mean rather than a raw score.

129. Tests such as the SAT, ACT, and GRE are referred to as standardized tests. (a) What is
meant by standardization? (b) What is the value of standardization?

130. Mary learned that the average GPA in her school is 3.6 with a standard deviation of 0.3.
(a) If her GPA is a 3.0, what is her z score? (b) What do we know about the percentile of
Mary's GPA score? Reflect on what this might tell us about Mary's school.

131. Here are some fictional scores: 33, 55, 54, 65, 44, 65, 44, 66. Calculate a mean and a
standard deviation. Calculate a z score for a raw score of 65.

132. The average score on a final exam for a mathematics class was 88 with a standard
deviation of 5. Daniel scored 88, a score in the average range. (a) What is Daniel's z
score? What formula did you use, if any? (b) Describe the nature of the z distribution by
providing its mean and standard deviation and explaining their values.

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133. A local college reported that the average SAT score of its students is 1100 with a
standard deviation of 44. If a student scored 948 on the SAT, what is the student's z
score? What formula must you use to solve this problem? Show your work.

134. A local college reported that the average SAT score of its students is 1100 with a
standard deviation of 44. If a student had a z score of 3, what would be the student's
SAT score? What formula must you use to solve this problem? Show your work.

135. Steve scored 77 out of a possible 100 on his midterm calculus examination. The
distribution of the class had a mean of 68 and a standard deviation of 8.8. A friend of
Steve's who is in a different calculus class scored 78 out of a possible 100. His class
distribution had a mean of 68 and a standard deviation of 16. Relative to the
performance of their classes, who did better?

136. James scored 68 on his English class final and was devastated by his low grade. His
class distribution had a mean of 55 and a standard deviation of 6. Matt was quite proud
of his score of 98 for his Spanish language class. His class distribution had a mean of 88
with a standard deviation of 7. Who did better relative to their class?

137. A researcher was studying the relationship between IQ and apple consumption in a
sample of 25 participants. One of his research participants had an IQ score of 115.
Knowing the IQ scores have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percent
of individuals have IQ scores lower than this participant? The average IQ score for the
entire sample was 110. What proportion of samples of this size would have average IQ
scores lower than this group of 25 apple eaters?

138. Here are some fictional scores: 33, 55, 54, 65, 44, 65, 44, 66. (a) Calculate the standard
deviation of this sample of scores. (b) Assume that the population from which this
sample was drawn has the same standard deviation, and calculate the standard error.
What formula is needed to obtain the standard error? (c) Explain why the standard error
and standard deviation are different.

139. As the size of a sample drawn from a normal population increases, the shape of the
distribution:
A) percentile.
B) raw score.
C) range.
D) standard error.

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140. A(n) _____ is the number of standard deviations a score is from the mean.
A) raw score
B) interval score
C) z score
D) standard error score

141. A z score of –1.0 is _____ a z score of –2.0.

A) the same as
B) lower than
C) higher than
D) more standard than

142. A z score of –1.0 is _____ a z score of 1.0.

A) the same as
B) less extreme than
C) more extreme than
D) just as extreme as

143. A z score of 0 is equivalent to the:

A) standard deviation.
B) mean.
C) standard error.
D) variance.

144. A distribution has a mean of 600 with a standard deviation of 50. A z score of 1.73
converts into a raw score of:
A) 513.50.
B) 651.73.
C) 686.50.
D) 1088.00.

145. A distribution has a mean of 1.57 with a standard deviation of 0.24. A z score of –0.62
converts into a raw score of _____, whereas a z score of 0.62 converts into a raw score
of _____.
A) –1.42; 1.42
B) –1.81; –1.33
C) 1.42; 1.72
D) 1.81; 1.33

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146. Approximately _____ percent of scores fall between the mean and a z score of 1.
A) 32
B) 34
C) 48
D) 50

147. Approximately _____ percent of scores fall within 1 standard deviation from the mean.
A) 34
B) 68
C) 86
D) 96

148. According to the _____, as the sample size increases, the distribution of means assumes
a normal shape.
A) standard normal curve
B) central limit theorem
C) law of applied statistics
D) characteristics of the standard error

149. The _____ is a distribution composed of many sample means.

A) standard normal curve
B) central limit theorem
C) standard error
D) distribution of means

150. Compared to a distribution of scores, the distribution of means has less spread because:
A) extreme scores are averaged with less extreme scores or those in the opposite
direction.
B) sample size is smaller for means than for scores.
C) standard error replaces standard deviation.
D) central tendency pulls scores to the mean, resulting in less variability.

151. A common measure of spread for a distribution of scores is the standard deviation, and a
common measure of spread for a distribution of means is the:
A) standard deviation.
B) variance.
C) standard error.
D) interquartile range.

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152. For a distribution of scores, the standard deviation is 30. If we create a distribution of
means, drawn from that distribution, based on a sample size of 10, what is the standard
error?
A) 0.33
B) 3.00
C) 5.48
D) 9.49

153. The _____ is a specific bell-shaped curve.

A) raw score
B) mean distribution
C) standard score
D) normal curve

154. Making meaningful comparisons of variables, even when they were measured on
different scales, requires converting those variables to a common scale. This process is
called:
A) standardization.
B) z distributing.
C) normalization.
D) central conversion.

155. The formula (X – )/ is used to calculate a:

A) raw score.
B) standard deviation.
C) z score.
D) mean distribution.

156. The formula z() +  is used to convert a _____ to a _____.

A) raw score; z score
B) z score; raw score
C) raw score; standard error
D) z score; standard error

157. The _____ is a normal distribution of z scores.

A) standard normal distribution
B) mean distribution
C) raw score distribution
D) linear distribution

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158. At the age of 7, John is one of the tallest kids in his class. John is just a few inches
shorter than his older brother Matthew, who, at the age of 12, is one of the shortest kids
in his class. Which statement would be true if their heights were converted to z scores?
A) John's positive z score would exceed Matthew's z score, indicating that he is taller.
B) John's z score for his age group would be less than Matthew's in his respective
distribution.
C) Matthew would have a negative z score and John would have a positive z score.
D) John's z score would be twice the magnitude of Matthew's z score.

159. z scores allow comparison of scores from:

A) different distributions.
B) linear distributions.
C) nonlinear distributions.
D) standard errors.

160. Approximately _____ percent of scores fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
A) 100
B) 96
C) 68
D) 34

161. Approximately _____ percent of scores are more than 1 standard deviation from the
mean.
A) 68
B) 96
C) 50
D) 32

162. Two percent of scores fall between the z scores _____ and _____.
A) –2; 2
B) 1; –1
C) 2; 3
D) 3; 4

163. The central limit theorem asserts that as sample size increases:
A) the standard error increases.
B) the distribution of means becomes more normal.
C) the means become more dispersed with greater variability.
D) our confidence in the results decreases.

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164. The standard deviation of a distribution of means is called the:
A) raw score.
B) interval.
C) z score.
D) standard error.

165. _____ is the symbol that describes the spread of scores.

A) 
B) 
C) M
D) M

166. _____ is the symbol that describes the spread of means.

A) 
B) 
C) M
D) M

167. The z distribution allows one to compare raw scores to distributions of scores with
_____ and means to distributions of means with _____.
A) z scores; z scores
B) z scores; z statistics
C) z statistics; z scores
D) z statistics; z statistics

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Answer Key
1. C
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. C
12. A
13. C
14. C
15. C
16. A
17. A
18. D
19. D
20. C
21. A
22. C
23. A
24. C
25. D
26. C
27. C
28. A
29. A
30. C
31. A
32. B
33. B
34. C
35. C
36. D
37. B
38. B
39. C
40. D
41. D
42. C
43. B
44. C

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45. A
46. B
47. A
48. B
49. A
50. B
51. A
52. D
53. A
54. A
55. A
56. A
57. C
58. C
59. C
60. C
61. B
62. A
63. C
64. C
65. D
66. A
67. B
68. B
69. A
70. A
71. B
72. B
73. A
74. B
75. A
76. B
77. B
78. B
79. A
80. A
81. A
82. A
83. B
84. B
85. A
86. B
87. B
88. A
89. A
90. B

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 91. B
92. A
93. A
94. A
95. B
96. A
97. B
98. A
99. B
100. A
101. A
102. B
103. A
104. less
105. normal curve
106. z score
107. zero, 0
108. standard deviation
109. z
110. z scores
111. fifty, 50
112. two, 2
113. 16th, sixteenth, 16
114. -1.0
115. fifty, 50
116. mean
117. one, 1
118. two, 2
119. 34
120. fiftieth, 50th
121. 84th
122. central limit theorem
123. normal
124. replacement
125. less
126. standard error
127. thirty, 30
128. z statistic
129. (a) Standardization is a way of converting individual scores taken from different normal
distributions and converting them to a shared normal distribution with a known mean,
standard deviation, and percentiles. (b) This process of standardization allows for the
meaningful comparison of variables that have mean measured on different scales. For
instance, the SAT and ACT are scored using different measurement scales, but the
process of standardization allows college admissions officers the ability to compare
applicants who took different college admissions exams.
130. (a) z = –2.0. (b) This GPA is very low, with only approximately 2 percent of GPAs

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 being lower and around 98 percent being higher. This school seems to have some
serious grade inflation or all of the students are extremely bright.
131. The mean for the scores is 53.25. The standard deviation for the scores is 11.31. The z
score for score 65 is 1.04.
132. (a) Daniel's z score is 0. The mean for the population is 88; a z score of 0 is equivalent to
the mean score. No calculations or formulas were needed given that Daniel's score is at
the mean and that it is 0 standard deviations from the mean average. (b) The z
distribution has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1.0. The z score
standardization converts raw scores into the number of standard deviations they are
from the mean. If a score is at the mean, it is therefore no standard deviations from the
mean, and results in a z score of 0. If a score is one standard deviation above the mean,
the z score is 1.0, positive or negative.
133. In order to solve this problem, we need to solve for z using the following formula:
z = (X – )/
z = (948 – 1100)/44
= –152/44
= –3.45
The student's z score is –3.45.
134. In order to solve this problem, we will need to solve for X using the following formula:
X = z() + 
X = 3(44) + 1100
= 132 + 1100
= 1232
The student's SAT score is 1232.
135. Steve's z score: (77 – 68)/8.8 = 9/8.8 = 1.02. His friend's z score: (78 – 68)/16 = 10/16 =
0.63. Although both scored relatively well and above the class averages, Steve
performed better on the calculus exam relative to his friend.
136. James's z score: (68 – 55)/6 = 13/6 = 2.17. Matt's z score: (98 – 88)/7 = –10/7 = 1.43.
Relative to the performance of their classes, James performed better on the exam
compared to Matt.
137. An individual with an IQ score of 115 is one standard deviation above the mean: (115 –
100)/15 = 1. Approximately 84% of individuals in the population have IQ scores lower
than 115. For a sample of 25 participants, a mean of 110 is two standard errors above
the mean: (110 100)/(15/25) = 2. A sample mean of this size is greater than 98% of all
means based on samples of this size.
138. (a) The standard deviation is 11.31. (b) In order to obtain the standard error, the
following formula is needed:  M =  / N . The sample size, N, is 8. The square root of
8 is 2.83. Dividing the standard deviation of 11.31 by the square root of the sample,
2.83, the standard error is 4.00. (c) The standard deviation of 11.31 is much larger than
the standard error of 4.00. While the standard deviation describes the spread of scores,
the standard error describes the spread of means based on a given sample size, in this
case, 8. Distributions of means have less variability than distributions of scores,
according to the central limit theorem.
139. A
140. C
141. C

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Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition Nolan Test Bank

142. D
143. B
144. C
145. C
146. B
147. B
148. B
149. D
150. A
151. C
152. D
153. D
154. A
155. C
156. B
157. A
158. C
159. A
160. B
161. D
162. C
163. B
164. D
165. B
166. D
167. B

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