Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology The Human Challenge, 14th Edition

Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology The Human

Challenge, 14th Edition

To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

https://testbankbell.com/download/test-bank-for-cultural-anthropology-the-human-chal
lenge-14th-edition/

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Chapter 7 – Patterns of Subsistence

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The process organisms undergo to achieve a beneficial adjustment to a particular

environment, which not only leads to biological changes in the organisms but also impacts
their environment, is called
a. accommodation.
b. acculturation.
c. adaptation.
d. assimilation.
e. incorporation.
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Adaptation OBJ: 1
MSC: Pickup

2. Among the Tsembaga of Papua New Guinea, there is a relationship between the physical and
social environments that involves ritual slaughter in order to re-establish harmony. What
animal is slaughtered to reduce pressure on the local environments?
a. Dogs
b. Sheep
c. Pigs
d. Goats
e. Cows
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Adaptation OBJ: 1
MSC: New

3. According to “Surviving in the Andes,” Aymara Indians adapted to high altitude by having
approximately _____ % of greater pulmonary diffusing capacity through their expanded heart
and lungs.
a. 10
b. 15
c. 20
d. 30
e. 40
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Adaptation OBJ: 1
MSC: Pickup

4. The Aymara Indians, who live in the mountains of Bolivia, have become biologically adapted
to their environment by being
a. short legged and barrel chested and surviving on lower oxygen content.
b. long legged and extremely thin in comparison to the rest of the nation.
c. short legged and very narrow chested and surviving on higher oxygen content.
d. excellent climbers with an extraordinary sense of balance.
e. long legged and stocky chested because of enlarged heart and lungs.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Adaptation OBJ: 1
MSC: Pickup
97
5. A system composed of both the natural environment and all living organisms within it is
called a(n)
a. biodome.
b. ecological diversity system.
c. ecoscape.
d. ecodome.
e. ecosystem.
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Adaptation OBJ: 1
MSC: New

6. The Comanche and the Cheyenne were quite different culturally until they moved out onto the
Great Plains and made use of the horse to hunt the buffalo and raid settled peoples. They then
became more similar in cultural adaptations, a process called
a. pre-adaptation.
b. transformed evolution.
c. convergent evolution.
d. parallel evolution.
e. ecological evolution.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Adaptation OBJ: 5
MSC: Pickup

7. The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people

whose ancestral cultures were already rather alike is called
a. convergent evolution.
b. parallel evolution.
c. constant evolution.
d. adaptation.
e. diffusion.
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Adaptation OBJ: 5
MSC: Pickup

8. What principle of evolution is best illustrated in the example of the changes that occurred to
the Cheyenne when they moved out onto the Great Plains from the Great Lakes region?
a. They gave up a hunting and gathering lifestyle in order to begin producing food
b. They gave up growing crops in order to pursue hunting and gathering
c. They became settled and developed a very complex form of political organization
d. They left subsistence farming, began to work for the railroad companies, and
become dependent on industrial society
e. They left behind their culture to converge into that of the dominant U.S. society
ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: Food-Foraging Societies
OBJ: 1 MSC: New

98
 9. Which of the following statements about Easter Island and the Rapanui is not correct?
a. The Rapanui first settled the island about 800 years ago.
b. When the Rapanui arrived, 75% of the land was densely forested.
c. The Rapanui raised pigs and also fished for subsistence.
d. A large rat population on the island contributed to the ultimate destruction of the
Rapanui.
e. When the Dutch arrived to the Island in 1722, there were no more than 3,000
Rapanui remaining.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Food-Foraging Societies
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

10. In anthropology, geographic regions where a number of societies have similar ways of life are
known as
a. culture cores.
b. parallel life styles.
c. convergent evolution.
d. culture areas.
e. social areas.
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Food-Foraging Societies
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup

11. The concept that states humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their
cultural development is called
a. advancement.
b. evolution.
c. progress.
d. success.
e. convergence.
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Food-Foraging Societies
OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup

12. The oldest and most universal mode of subsistence is

a. food foraging.
b. subsistence farming.
c. hunting.
d. pastoralism.
e. fishing.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: Food-Foraging Societies
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup

99
13. Today, food-foraging societies
a. are found only in the world’s most marginal areas.
b. make up the majority of the world’s population.
c. have not existed for 1,000 years.
d. have their pick of the best environments.
e. represent a primitive, undeveloped way of life.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Food-Foraging Societies
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup

14. All of the following statements except one correctly describe food-foraging societies. Which
is it?
a. They are egalitarian.
b. They are small nomadic groups living within a fixed territory.
c. They are primitive because they did not progress to a higher level.
d. They are not very aggressive or warlike.
e. They live in marginal areas of the world today.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Food-Foraging Societies
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup

15. The average number of people in a food-foraging group is

a. 750-1,000.
b. 500-750.
c. 250-500.
d. 100-250.
e. less than 100.
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Food-Foraging Societies
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup

16. The number of people that can be supported by the available resources at a given level of
technology is called the
a. ecosystem.
b. carrying capacity.
c. culture core.
d. population density.
e. culture area.
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Food-Foraging Societies
OBJ: 2 MSC: New

17. To say that food-foraging societies are egalitarian means that

a. there are no status differences.
b. the only status differences are age and sex.
c. everyone is equal except women.
d. men are usually subordinate to women.
e. children are the center of community life and adults have no distinctions in status.
ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup

100
18. Food-foraging societies are egalitarian because
a. humans, in their natural state, like to share.
b. it is unnatural for some people to be richer than others.
c. their mobility and type of technology limits the accumulation of surplus
possessions.
d. they are constantly threatened by starvation.
e. their king told them to be that way.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup

19. Among food foragers, social equality is marked in all of the following except:
a. strict division of labor.
b. rarity of warfare.
c. communal property.
d. social egalitarianism.
e. distribution of resources.
ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 2 MSC: New

20. The transition from food foraging to food production first took place about _____ years ago in
_____.
a. 15,000; Nile River region
b. 5,000; Tigris Euphrates area
c. 10,000; Southwest Asia
d. 7,000; the Highlands of Mesoamerica
e. 3,000; Yangtze River Valley
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

21. Which of the following is most likely to require cooperative hunting skills?
a. Bow hunting
b. Net hunting
c. Spear hunting
d. Rifle hunting
e. Dart hunting
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

101
22. The cultivation of crops using hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes is a type of farming
called
a. agriculture.
b. slash-and-burn.
c. horticulture.
d. low-tech farming.
e. pastoralism.
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

23. The extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is
subsequently burned, and crops then planted among the ashes is known as slash-and-burn
cultivation. It is also called
a. intensive agriculture.
b. complex farming.
c. simple agronomy.
d. swidden farming.
e. extensive cultivation.
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

24. In what country do we find the Mekranoti?

a. Paraguay
b. Brazil
c. Venezuela
d. Colombia
e. Thailand
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup

25. Three years after planting their gardens, the Mekranoti are left with only
a. manioc.
b. sweet potatoes.
c. pineapple,
d. tobacco.
e. bananas.
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup

102
26. In the Americas, the crop complex that was most adaptive and typical was
a. wheat, barley, flax, rye, and millet.
b. rice, yam, and taro.
c. maize, beans, and squash.
d. manioc, wheat, and cotton.
e. rhubarb, rice, and turnips.
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 4 MSC: New

27. One of the most significant characteristics of the food-producing way of life was the
development of
a. permanent settlements.
b. mobile populations.
c. skillful hunters.
d. lower population.
e. increased egalitarianism.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

28. Someone who uses irrigation, fertilizers, and the plow to produce food on large plots of land
is known as a/an
a. horticulturalist.
b. agriculturalist.
c. pastoralist.
d. forager.
e. industrialist.
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

29. What was the primary goal of the Cusichaca Trust research and applied work in the
Patacancha Valley of Peru?
a. Alteration of dietary intake to improve nutrition
b. Development of new seeds more adapted to the climate
c. Development of new markets throughout the valley
d. Revival of ancient farming techniques
e. Introduction of domestic animals to revive pastoralism
ANS: D DIF: Conceptual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

103
30. Pastoralists are like food foragers in that
a. both have some members of the group who remain behind to protect the camp.
b. both now live in areas that are marginal, where land is not suitable for farming.
c. both count on flexibility to get the game they hunt.
d. both engage in occasional horticulture.
e. women are the ones who primarily contribute to daily food intake.
ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

31. Food producers who specialize in animal husbandry, and who consider their way of life to be
ideal and central to defining their identities, are called
a. food foragers.
b. horticulturalists.
c. agriculturalists.
d. pastoralists.
e. industrialists.
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

32. The Bakhtiari are a

a. pastoral group who raise goats and sheep.
b. pastoral group who raise pigs and cows.
c. foraging group with an extensive home range.
d. horticultural group that raises manioc and bananas.
e. horticultural group that raises taro, yams, and wheat.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

33. What is a primary labor activity of Bakhtiari women and girls?

a. Spinning wool into yarn
b. Herding sheep through difficult mountain passes
c. Tilling soil to raise yams and sweet potatoes
d. Gathering roots and berries
e. Hunting elephants
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

34. Which of the following statements about the Bakhtiari khans is not correct?
a. They are tribal leaders within this pastoral group.
b. They give away all of their possessions to gain prominence.
c. They spend most of lives in the mountains.
d. Many of them are well educated.
e. Some are elected and some inherit their positions.
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 3 MSC: New

104
35. All of the following statements about peasants are true except:
a. they are associated with urban areas.
b. they are often caught in a web of poverty.
c. they exist within societies of intensive agriculture.
d. they are exploited by more powerful groups.
e. they are large-scale producers of crops.
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 6 MSC: New

36. Mass food production is a characteristic of which type of food production?

a. Swidden
b. Slash and burn
c. Industrial
d. Horticultural
e. Pastoralism
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 6 MSC: New

37. Agribusiness is associated with all of the following except:

a. reduction of labor costs.
b. driving down wages.
c. maximizing employee benefits.
d. maximizing profits.
e. expanding markets.
ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 6 MSC: New

38. A society in which human labor, hand tools, and animal power are largely replaced by
machines, with an economy primarily based in big factories, is called a(n)
a. foraging society.
b. horticultural society.
c. pastoral society.
d. agricultural society.
e. industrial society.
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 6 MSC: New

39. Which innovation is considered the beginning of the industrial revolution?

a. Rifle
b. Hoe
c. Airplane
d. Steam engine
e. Wheel
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 6 MSC: New

105
 40. Which part of the U.S. chicken is a primary export to China?
a. Legs
b. Breasts
c. Wings
d. Feet
e. Necks
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: Food-Producing Societies
OBJ: 6 MSC: New

TRUE/FALSE

1. If a group is well adapted to its environment, it will never change as long as conditions remain
the same.

ANS: F REF: Adaptation OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup

2. An anthropologist would probably find it difficult to define what “progress” is.

ANS: T REF: Adaptation OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup

3. The process of adaptation establishes a continually changing balance between the needs of the
population and the potential of its environment.

ANS: T REF: Adaptation OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup

4. All broad-chested individuals are adapted to the low oxygen levels of high altitude.

ANS: F REF: Adaptation OBJ: 1 MSC: New

5. The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people

whose ancestry was otherwise distinct is called parallel evolution.

ANS: F REF: Food-Foraging Societies OBJ: 5

MSC: New

6. Archaeologists have not been able to identify the first settlers of Easter Island.

ANS: F REF: Food-Foraging Societies OBJ: 3

MSC: New

7. A culture area is a geographic region in which a number of different societies follow a similar
(not necessarily identical) pattern of life.

ANS: T REF: Food-Foraging Societies OBJ: 3

MSC: Pickup

8. People started shifting to food-producing ways of life about 10,000 years ago.

ANS: T REF: Food-Producing Societies OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

106
 9. About 3 million people live by food foraging in the world today.

ANS: F REF: Food-Foraging Societies OBJ: 2

MSC: Pickup

10. To say differing sex roles among food foragers are compatible with the biological differences
between men and women supports the assertion that they are biologically determined.

ANS: F REF: Food-Foraging Societies OBJ: 2

MSC: Pickup

11. Frequent nursing of children over as many as 4 or 5 years acts to stimulate ovulation among
food foragers such as Bushman. As a consequence, women give birth to more offspring at
shorter intervals.

ANS: F REF: Food-Foraging Societies OBJ: 2

MSC: Pickup

12. Among foragers, most groups have home ranges within which all resources are open to any
members of the group.

ANS: T REF: Food-Producing Societies OBJ: 2

MSC: New

13. According to the original study, the Mekranoti Kayapo had to work hard to get enough
produce from their gardens.

ANS: F REF: Food-Producing Societies OBJ: 3

MSC: Pickup

14. Unlike agriculturalists, horticulturalists always produce a small surplus.

ANS: F REF: Food-Producing Societies OBJ: 4

MSC: Pickup

15. Anthropologists have sometimes found that older framing techniques are more adaptive than
newer ones.

ANS: T REF: Food-Producing Societies OBJ: 3

MSC: New

16. Plows are a particular tool associated with agricultural societies.

ANS: T REF: Food-Producing Societies OBJ: 4

MSC: New

17. The Bakhtiari are pastoralist nomads who shepherd their herds throughout the Iran-Iraq border
area.

ANS: T REF: Food-Producing Societies OBJ: 3

MSC: Pickup
107
 18. Peasants typically have too little land to break the cycle of poverty.

ANS: T REF: Food-Producing Societies OBJ: 6

MSC: New

19. An economy dominated by machines and based on big factories is an industrial society.

ANS: T REF: Food-Producing Societies OBJ: 6

MSC: New

20. The largest poultry broiler processing plant in the U.S. is located in Detroit, Michigan.

ANS: F REF: Food-Producing Societies OBJ: 6

MSC: New

SHORT ANSWER

1. What is cultural evolution?

ANS: Will vary REF: Adaptation MSC: New

2. Compare and contrast convergent and parallel evolution, and provide an example of each.

ANS: Will vary REF: Adaptation MSC: New

3. How do the Tsembaga balance the needs of the population with the needs of the environment?

ANS: Will vary REF: Adaptation MSC: Pickup

4. Define “culture area,” using the Plains as an example.

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Foraging Societies MSC: Pickup

5. What were the sources of environmental destruction on Easter Island? How could this have
been prevented?

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Foraging Societies MSC: New

6. How does Ju/’hoansi food sharing help us understand the concepts of adaptation and
ecosystem?

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Foraging Societies MSC: Pickup

7. Compare the relative contribution of males and females to the diet of food foragers.

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Foraging Societies3 MSC: Pickup

8. What does it mean for a society to be called “egalitarian”?

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Producing Societies MSC: New

108
 9. What is the average birth interval for the Ju/’hoansi? Why is it so low?

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Foraging Societies MSC: New

10. Describe the planting sequence of a Mekranoti garden.

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Producing Societies MSC: Pickup

11. What type of subsistence do we find among the Mekranoti? Discuss.

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Producing Societies MSC: New

12. What is horticulture, and how it is different from agriculture?

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Producing Societies MSC: New

13. What are the primary characteristics of crop-producing societies?

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Producing Societies MSC: New

14. Who is Ann Kendall, and what is the significance of her research?

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Producing Societies MSC: Pickup

15. Compare and contrast mixed farming with pastoralism.

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Producing Societies MSC: Pickup

16. Use the Bakhtiari to describe the key features of pastoralism.

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Producing Societies MSC: Pickup

17. Who are the khans among the Bakhtiari?

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Producing Societies MSC: New

18. What is the role of peasants in an urban society?

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Producing Societies MSC: New

19. What does it mean to be an agribusiness?

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Producing Societies MSC: New

20. What happens with a typical 6-lb. chicken butchered by a Mexican immigrant working for
minimum wage in a Mississippi poultry plant?

ANS: Will vary REF: Food-Producing Societies MSC: New

109
ESSAY

1. Explain the role of adaptation in cultural survival.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

2. Discuss the differences between cultural evolution and progress, giving at least three specific
examples.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

3. What does it mean for a culture to be adaptive?

ANS: Will vary MSC: New

4. Discuss why cultural evolution is sometimes confused with progress.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

5. How does Ju/’hoansi social organization relate to the subsistence pattern of hunting and
gathering? How is Ju/’hoansi society likely to change as the foraging way of life is eroded?

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

6. The Mekranoti Kayapo employ what has come to be known as slash-and-burn agriculture.
Describe the benefits of this style of farming in the tropics. What would be the consequences
of a U.S.-style of agriculture in the tropics?

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

7. A stable society does not necessarily mean a static one. Providing examples, explain why this
statement is true.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

8. Compare and contrast the food-foraging society with that of the food-producing society.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

9. To fit into an ecosystem, humans must have the potential to adjust to or become a part of it.
Provide examples of human groups that have successfully adapted to their ecosystem.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

10. Discuss how the Neolithic Revolution changed human society.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

110
Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology The Human Challenge, 14th Edition

11. Explain how the new subsistence strategies that have developed over the past few centuries
have impacted culture, both positively and negatively.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

12. Critique the Western notion of “progress” from an anthropological viewpoint.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

13. Describe the connection between water and mobility to a food-foraging society.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

14. Explain the differences between horticultural societies and those which use agriculture to
sustain their society.

ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup

15. Using Ann Kendall’s applied work in Peru as an example, discuss what we can learn from our
ancestors in terms of adaptation.

ANS: Will vary MSC: New

16. What challenges are associated with industrial food production?

ANS: Will vary MSC: New

17. Compare rural peasants to those who work today for agribusiness. What challenges do they
share and how are they distinct?

ANS: Will vary MSC: New

111

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters