COMSATS University Islamabad

Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road Lahore

Ph: 042-99203109 Fax: 042-99205253
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Spring 2020
Course Title: Wireless Communication Systems Course Code: EEE464 Credit Hours: 3(3,0)
Course Dr. Saleem Akhtar Programme Name: BSETE, BSEEE
Instructor/s:
Semester: 8th Batch: Fall 2016 Section: A Due Date: March 27, 2020
Assignment 3 Maximum Marks: 10
Important Instructions / Guidelines:

• Show work and explain reasoning. The description must be supported by relevant figures and mathematical
expressions, where required. All the figures should be legible and neatly drawn, where applicable.
_

Solution to be Submitted: Problem 5, 7

Part A: Assigned Reading: Rappaport Chapter 6.12.1 & Goldsmith 6.3 (upto 6.3.1, 6.3.2, 6.3.4)
1. How does a fading multipath channel affect performance of digital modulation schemes?
2. How can we evaluate the performance of digital modulation schemes in slow flat-fading channels?
3. How are the amplitude distributions and power distributions related in slow flat-fading channels?

Part B: Practice Problems

4. (a) Given that binary DPSK modulation has a bit error probability of
Eb
1 −
Pe = e N0
2
in AWGN, find the probability of error for DPSK in a Rayleigh flat-fading channel.

Solution Hints:
1. For Binary DPSK in AWGN channel: probability of error

𝐸𝑏 1 − 𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑒 ( ) = 𝑒 𝑁𝑜
𝑁𝑜 2

𝐸𝑏
= Avg. value of SNR in AWGN channel
𝑁𝑜

𝑋
1
2. pdf of Signal to Noise ratio in Rayleigh Fading channel = 𝑃(𝑋) = 𝛤 𝑒 −𝛤 X≥0

Where X is instantaneous Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) in Rayleigh Fading channel

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 𝛼 2 𝐸𝑏
𝑋=
𝑁𝑜

𝐸𝑏 ̅̅̅̅
𝛼 2 𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏
Average Signal to Noise ratio in Rayleigh Fading channel = 𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑋) = 𝛤 = 𝑎𝑣𝑔. = = =
𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑜

same as AWGN Channel

3. For Binary DPSK in AWGN Rayleigh Fading channel, probability of error can be computed as

∞
1
𝑃𝐸 = ∫ 𝑃𝑒 (𝑋) 𝑃(𝑋)𝑑𝑋 =
−∞ 2(1 + 𝛤)

𝐸 1
Probability of error for DPSK in AWGN channel at a specific SNR 𝑁𝑏 = 𝑋: 𝑃𝑒 (𝑋) = 2 𝑒 −𝑋
𝑜

Therefore, probability of error for Binary DPSK in AWGN Rayleigh Fading channel:

b. If the average SNR for a Rayleigh faded DPSK signal is 30 dB, what is the probability of error at
the receiver? Compare it with simple AWFN channel without Rayleigh fading.

Solution Hints:
1
Probability of error for DPSK AWGN and Rayleigh Fading channel: 𝑃𝐸 =
2(1+𝛤)

Here Γ = 30 dB ≈=103 = 1000

5. Binary FSK (noncoherent) has a probability of error in AWGN given by

Eb
1 −
Pe = e 2 N0
2
a. Derive the probability of error over a local area for binary FSK in a Rayleigh flat-fading channel.
Solution Hints:

1. For Binary FSK (noncoherent) in AWGN channel: probability of error

𝐸𝑏 1 − 𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑒 ( ) = 𝑒 2𝑁𝑜
𝑁𝑜 2

𝐸𝑏
= Avg. value of SNR in AWGN channel
𝑁𝑜

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 𝑋
1
2. pdf of Signal to Noise ratio in Rayleigh Fading channel = 𝑃(𝑋) = 𝛤 𝑒 −𝛤 X≥0

Where X is instantaneous Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) in Rayleigh Fading channel

𝛼 2 𝐸𝑏
𝑋=
𝑁𝑜

𝐸 ̅̅̅̅
𝛼 2 𝐸𝑏 𝐸
Average Signal to Noise ratio in Rayleigh Fading channel = 𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑋) = 𝛤 = 𝑎𝑣𝑔. 𝑁𝑏 = 𝑁𝑜
= 𝑁𝑏 =
𝑜 𝑜

same as AWGN Channel

3. For Binary FSK (noncoherent) in AWGN Rayleigh Fading channel, probability of error can be
computed as

∞
1
𝑃𝐸 = ∫ 𝑃𝑒 (𝑋) 𝑃(𝑋)𝑑𝑋 =
−∞ (2 + 𝛤)

𝐸𝑏
Probability of error for Binary FSK (noncoherent) in AWGN channel at a specific SNR = 𝑋:
𝑁𝑜
𝑋
1
𝑃𝑒 (𝑋) = 𝑒 − 2
2

b. To achieve a BER of 10-3, how much additional signal power is a required in a Rayleigh fading
environment as compared to AWGN channel? Give your answer in dBs.

Solution Hints:

1. Probability of error for Binary FSK (noncoherent) in AWGN channel at a specific SNR X:

1 𝑋
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑒 − 2 = 10−3
2

X =10.94 dB = SNR required simple AWGN channel (without fading)

2. Probability of error for Binary FSK (noncoherent) in AWGN and Rayleigh Fading channel:

1
𝑃𝐸 = = 10−3
2+𝛤

Γ ≈ 30 dB = SNR required considering Rayleigh Fading also (Noise AWGN, Fading Rayleigh)

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 3. Therefore, additional power needed for noncoherent Binary FSK to overcome Rayleigh Fading for
Comparable BER in AWGN Channel:

Rayleigh Fading Margin = Δ = Γ – X ≈ 19 dB

6. Consider a cellular system with log-normal shadowing plus Rayleigh fading. The large-scale propagation
follows the simplified path loss model

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑑
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑) = 𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑜 ) − 10𝑛 log10 [ ]
𝑑𝑜

with d0 = 100m, path loss exponent n = 2.5 and shadowing standard deviation of σ = 6dB.

Assume a noise power spectral density of No = 10−16 mW/Hz, a signal bandwidth of 30 KHz, a carrier
frequency of 900 MHz, nondirectional antennas, and the transmit power limited to 150 mW.
The signal modulation is BPSK. The service provider has determined that it can deal with an outage
probability of 0.01, i.e. 1 in 100 customers are unhappy at any given time. In non-outage condition, the
voice BER requirement is Pb = 10−3.

a. Given the propagation model for this system (simplified path loss, shadowing, Rayleigh fading
and AWGN), find the maximum cell size that can achieve this performance.

Solution Hints:
1
1. For BPSK modulation in Rayleigh fading channels 𝑃𝑏 = 4Γ
Minimum SNR required (dB) = Γ ≈ 24 𝑑𝐵

In derivation of this formula both AWGN and Rayleigh fading considered

2. 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 𝑁𝑜 . 𝐵𝑊 = −115.23 𝑑𝐵𝑚

3. Receiver Sensitivity level = = Noise Floor (dBm) + Minimum SNR required (dB)

4. Let Maximum T-R separation for 99% coverage probability = dmax

Boundary Coverage Probability = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏. [𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) ≥ 𝛾] = 99% = 0.99

Due to lognormal shadow fading

𝛾−𝑃 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏. [𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) ≥ 𝛾] = 𝑄 ( ) = 0.99
𝜎
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
γ−𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑄 −1 (0.99) =
𝜎
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = −77.25 𝑑𝐵𝑚
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
5. But we also know that 𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑜 ) − 10𝑛 log 10
(𝑑𝑜
)

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 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 𝐿𝜆2
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑜 ) =
(4𝜋)2 𝑑𝑜 2

Pt = 150 mW Gt = 1 Gr = 1 L=1

6. Solving for 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1256.6 𝑚

b. Ignoring the Rayleigh fading and considering only the path loss, shadowing and AWGN, find the
maximum cell size that can achieve this performance and compare it with the result obtained in
Part (b).

Solution Hints:
1. For BPSK modulation in AWGN only channel (ignoring Rayleigh fading)
𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑄 (√2 ) = 𝑄(√2Γ) = 10−3
𝑁𝑜

𝑄 −1 (10−3 ) = √2Γ
Minimum SNR required (dB) = Γ ≈ 6.53 𝑑𝐵

2. 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 𝑁𝑜 . 𝐵𝑊
3. Receiver Sensitivity level = Noise Floor (dBm) + Minimum SNR required (dB)

4. Let Maximum T-R separation for 99% coverage probability = dmax

Boundary Coverage Probability = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏. [𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) ≥ 𝛾] = 99% = 0.99

Due to lognormal shadow fading

𝛾 − ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏. [𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) ≥ 𝛾] = 𝑄 ( ) = 0.99
𝜎
γ − ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑄 −1 (0.99) =
𝜎
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = −94.78 𝑑𝐵𝑚
𝑑
5. But we also know that ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑜 ) − 10𝑛 log10 ( 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑
)
𝑜

𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 𝐿𝜆2
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑜 ) =
(4𝜋)2 𝑑𝑜 2

Pt = 150 mW Gt = 1 Gr = 1 L=1

6. Solving for 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6297.96 𝑚 ≅ 6.3 𝑘𝑚

7. Consider a cellular system with circular cells with radius equal to 500 meters. Assume propagation
follows the simplified path loss model

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 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑑
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑) = 𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑜 ) − 10𝑛 log10 [ ]
𝑑𝑜

with d0 = 1m, 𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑜 ) = 5 𝑑𝐵𝑚 and n = 3.

Assume the signal experiences log-normal shadowing on top of path loss with σ = 4 dB as well as
Rayleigh fading. The system bandwidth is B = 200 KHz, and the noise PSD is N0 = 10−14 W/Hz.
Assuming BPSK modulation, we want to find the cell coverage area (percentage of locations in the cell)
where users have average 𝑃̅𝑏𝑒𝑟 less than 10−3.

a. Ignoring the Rayleigh fading as well as shadow fading and considering only the path loss and
AWGN, find the percentage of locations in the cell where under BPSK modulation, 𝑃̅𝑏 < 10−3.

Solution Hint:

1. For BPSK modulation in AWGN only channel (ignoring Shadow as well as Rayleigh fading)
𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑄 (√2 ) = 𝑄(√2Γ) = 10−3
𝑁𝑜

𝑄 −1 (10−3 ) = √2Γ
Minimum SNR required (dB) = Γ ≈ 6.53 𝑑𝐵

2. 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 𝑁𝑜 . 𝐵𝑊 ≅ −87 𝑑𝐵𝑚

3. Receiver Sensitivity level = 𝛾 = Noise Floor (dBm) + Minimum SNR required (dB)

4.

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑜 ) − 10𝑛 log10 [ ]
𝑑𝑜

If ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) ≥ 𝛾 , there is no uncertainty in the coverage area, there will be 100% coverage within the area

𝑈(𝛾) = 100%

If ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) < 𝛾 , 𝑈(𝛾) < 100%

b. Ignoring the Rayleigh fading and considering only the path loss, shadowing and AWGN, find the
percentage of locations in the cell where under BPSK modulation, 𝑃̅𝑏 < 10−3.

Solution Hints:
1. For BPSK modulation in AWGN only channel (ignoring Rayleigh fading)
𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑄 (√2 ) = 𝑄(√2Γ) = 10−3
𝑁𝑜

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 𝑄 −1 (10−3 ) = √2Γ
Minimum SNR required (dB) = Γ ≈ 6.53 𝑑𝐵

2. 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 𝑁𝑜 . 𝐵𝑊
3. Receiver Sensitivity level = 𝛾 = Noise Floor (dBm) + Minimum SNR required (dB)

4.

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑜 ) − 10𝑛 log10 [ ]
𝑑𝑜

𝑆𝐹𝑀 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) − 𝛾
−𝑆𝐹𝑀
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏. [𝑃𝑟 (𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) ≥ 𝛾] = 𝑄 ( ) = 0.87
𝜎
σ 4
4. = = 1.33
𝑛 3

percentage of locations = 𝑈(𝛾)

Use Formulae in Slides # 75 or Curves (Slide # 78) for Chapter 4

c. Considering all the propagation conditions for this system (simplified path loss, shadowing, and
Rayleigh fading, AWGN), find the percentage of locations in the cell where under BPSK
modulation, 𝑃̅𝑏𝑒𝑟 < 10−3.)

Solution Hints:
1
1. For BPSK modulation in Rayleigh fading channels 𝑃𝑏 =
4Γ
Minimum SNR required (dB) = Γ ≈ 24 𝑑𝐵

2. 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 𝑁𝑜 . 𝐵𝑊

3. Receiver Sensitivity level = 𝛾 = Noise Floor (dBm) + Minimum SNR required (dB)

4. Rest of the procedure is same as Part (b)

d. Compare and comment the results obtained in Part (a), Part (b) and Part (c).

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