Test Bank For Health Psychology 9th Edition Brannon

Test Bank for Health Psychology 9th Edition Brannon
Test Bank for Health Psychology 9th Edition

Brannon
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Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

True / False
1. The largest organ of the body is the skin.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
2. A recent study examined social rejection and found that the resulting emotional pain affected brain activity
similarly to physical pain.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
3. Based on recent research by Yoshino et al. (2010) on mood and pain, if Courtney is feeling happy, she should
experience less pain than when she is feeling sad.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
4. Efferent neurons carry nerve impulses away from the brain, whereas afferent neurons carry nerve impulses toward the
brain.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
5. Acute pain has no benefit to the person experiencing it.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
6. Delmar constantly complained to his wife Merna about pain in his knee. Merna decided to stop sympathizing with
Delmar and to withhold any sort of positive reinforcement to his pain behaviors, so we would expect Delmar to stop
feeling pain in his knee.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
7. In general, women are much more sensitive to pain than men.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
8. The gate control theory assumes that pain experiences can be increased or decreased by
mechanisms in the brain and spinal cord.
a. True
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b. False
ANSWER: True
9. Medication is an important treatment for people with low back pain, and undermedication is a serious problem for these
patients.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
10. Surgery is not a successful treatment for many people with low back pain.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
Multiple Choice
11. The ______ system allows us to interpret certain sensory information as pain.
a. somatosensory
b. endocrine
c. skeletal
d. muscular
ANSWER: a
12. Primary afferents convey sensory impulses to the

a. spinal cord.
b. peripheral nervous system.
c. brain.
d. motor neurons.
ANSWER: a
13. Myelinated afferent neurons are called

a. A fibers.
b. beta afferents.
c. C fibers.
d. delta afferents.
ANSWER: a
14. More than half of all sensory afferents are

a. A-beta fibers.
b. A-delta fibers.
c. C fibers.
d. myelinated.

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ANSWER: c
15. Sherman stubbed his toe on the sidewalk. His sensation of pain traveled first to the
a. muscles in the foot.
b. brain.
c. spinal cord.
d. cranial nerves.
ANSWER: c
16. This system conveys sensory information from the body to the brain.
a. Endocrine system
b. Digestive system
c. Somatosensory system
d. Immune system
ANSWER: c
17. _________ neurons carry nerve impulses away from the brain and toward the muscles.
a. Efferent
b. Afferent
c. Beta afferents
d. Delta afferents
ANSWER: a
18. Nociception refers to the process of perceiving ________.

a. stress
b. pain
c. anger
d. oxygen
ANSWER: b
19. Stimulation of the A-delta fibers, since they are myelinated, leads to a _______, whereas the unmyelinated C fibers
often result in _____________.
a. “slow pain” response; “fast pain” response
b. “no pain” response; “slow pain” response
c. “fast pain” response; “slow pain” response
d. “no pain” response; “fast pain” response
ANSWER: c
20. Afferent fibers group together after leaving the skin, forming a _____.
a. nerve
b. cell
c. cell body
d. ganglion cell
ANSWER: a
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21. Nerves are:

a. entirely afferent.
b. entirely efferent.
c. a mixture of both.
d. not any of these.
ANSWER: c
22. The branches of nerve bundles are _______ tracts, which route information _______ the brain; and _______ tracts,
which route information _______ the brain.
a. motor, toward; sensory, from
b. sensory, toward; motor, from
c. dorsal, toward; sensory, from
d. sensory, inside; motor, inside
ANSWER: b
23. When pain is experienced in some other location than the site where the pain was inflicted, this is called
a. phantom limb pain.
b. referred pain.
c. prechronic pain.
d. chronic recurrent pain.
ANSWER: b
24. If you receive exactly the same painful stimulus to your hand or your back, which will feel more pain, and why?
a. Your back, because it has larger surface area
b. Your hand, because it has much thinner skin
c. Your back, because it has more pain receptors
d. Your hand, because it has more pain receptors
ANSWER: d
25. PET scan and fMRI imaging show that pain stimuli activate which parts of the brain?
a. The primary and secondary somatosensory cortices
b. The primary somatosensory cortex and thalamus
c. The anterior cingulate cortex and the cerebellum
d. Many areas of the brain, including all of these
ANSWER: d
26. Recent research gave participants __________ to reduce people’s feelings of social pain.
a. a shock
b. a hug
c. Tylenol
d. Morphine
ANSWER: c

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27. Participants who are socially excluded show more activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, similar to people who are
experiencing _____________.
a. physical pain
b. depression
c. anxiety
d. all of the above
ANSWER: a
28. _____ are chemicals that carry information between nerves.

a. Afferent neurons
b. Efferent neurons
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Interneurons
ANSWER: c
29. _______ are neurochemicals that help modulate, or lessen, the experience of pain.
a. Endorphins
b. Interneurons
c. Glutamates
d. Proinflammatory cytokines
ANSWER: a
30. Mark got paint stripper in his eye and the hospital gave him morphine, so he was feeling no pain when he got home.
Why was this drug most likely effective?
a. Because the brain is most accepting of novel types of chemicals
b. Because its properties resemble those of natural brain chemicals
c. Because it stimulates the brain to release its own neurochemicals
d. Because the mechanisms of opiates may involve both (b) and (c)
ANSWER: d
31. These proteins produced by the immune system increase pain sensitivity, along with increasing fatigue and sickness:
a. proinflammatory cytokines.
b. endorphins.
c. opiates.
d. both a and b.
ANSWER: a
32. The dorsal horns are located in the

a. brain stem.
b. kidneys.
c. midbrain.
d. spinal cord.
ANSWER: d

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33. The substantia gelatinosa is
a. in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.
b. in the midbrain region, adjacent to the thalamus.
c. composed of a gelatin-like material that surrounds the lower portion of the brain.
d. a hypothetical structure that has not yet been confirmed.
ANSWER: a
34. Which structure is most capable of modulating sensory input?

a. Primary afferents
b. Secondary afferents
c. Substantia gelatinosa
d. Spinothalamic tract
ANSWER: c
35. Sensory input information passes through what brain structure?

a. The parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex
b. The pons
c. The cerebellum
d. The thalamus
ANSWER: d
36. What brain structure contains a representation of the skin’s surface?

a. Somatosensory cortex
b. Parietosensory area
c. Sensorimotor cortex
d. Occipital cortex
ANSWER: a
37. Neurotransmitters like _____ decrease pain, but those like ________ increase the experience of pain.
a. serotonin . . . dynorphin
b. endorphins . . . glutamate
c. substance P . . . serotonin
d. endorphins . . . enkephalins
ANSWER: b
38. Which of the body's own neurochemicals does NOT have opiate-like effects?
a. Bradykinin
b. Enkephalins
c. Endorphins
d. Dynorphin
ANSWER: a

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39. Which of the following structures located in the midbrain relieves pain when activated?
a. The medulla
b. Dorsal horn neurons
c. Periaqueductal gray
d. Substantia gelatinosa
ANSWER: c
40. Pain is usually defined as

a. a sensory experience only.
b. an emotional experience only.
c. neither a sensory nor an emotional experience.
d. both a sensory and an emotional experience.
ANSWER: d
41. Victoria has just cut her hand with a sharp knife. The pain she feels can best be described as
a. acute.
b. pre-chronic.
c. chronic intractable.
d. chronic.
ANSWER: a
42. Which of these is NOT a distinction between chronic and acute pain?
a. Acute pain is usually adaptive; chronic pain is not.
b. Acute pain is physical; chronic pain is psychological.
c. Chronic pain is frequently reinforced environmentally; acute pain needs no such reinforcement.
d. Chronic pain has no biological benefit; acute pain warns the person to avoid further injury.
ANSWER: b
43. Henry Beecher reported that many soldiers wounded at the Anzio beachhead during World War II experienced
______ pain.
a. chronic, intractable
b. stress-related
c. severe, excruciating
d. very little
ANSWER: d
44. What proportion of people report feeling no immediate pain from scrapes, cuts, or burns compared to people feeling
no immediate pain from stab wounds, sprains, or broken bones?
a. Approximately 25% fewer
b. Fewer than half as many
c. Almost twice as many
d. About three times more
ANSWER: c
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45. Not all people in ERs for accidental injuries report pain, but all people who are tortured experience pain. What can
explain this difference?
a. Beliefs
b. Expectations
c. Lack of control
d. Any or all of these
ANSWER: d
46. Kyle is experiencing headaches and his partner has taken over the household chores. Research by Pence et al. (2008)
would suggest that Kyle’s headaches are likely to
a. increase in intensity.
b. decrease in intensity.
c. completely disappear.
d. disappear until his partner makes him do the chores again.
ANSWER: a
47. This personality trait has been associated with a “pain-resistant” personality.
a. Conscientiousness
b. Extraversion
c. Neuroticism
d. There is no “pain-resistant” personality.
ANSWER: d
48. Physicians are likely to underestimate the pain of

a. Asian Americans.
b. African Americans.
c. European Americans.
d. no ethnic group; doctors treat all patients equally.
ANSWER: b
49. According to the gate control theory, emotions such as ______ could increase pain by opening the gate, whereas
emotions such as _____ could decrease pain by closing the gate.
a. happiness; depression
b. joy; anxiety
c. anxiety; happiness
d. depression; anxiety
ANSWER: c
50. Matthew is running a marathon and trips over a pile of acorns, but finishes the race. Afterward, he finds out his ankle
is sprained. What theory best accounts for the fact that Matthew did not immediately stop running after tripping?
a. Specificity theory of pain
b. Gate control theory of pain
c. Delayed gratification theory of pain
d. None of the above theories of pain
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ANSWER: b
51. People in pain frequently receive attention and sympathy, which may provide ____________ for these pain behaviors.
a. reinforcement
b. negative scheduling
c. punishment
d. generalization
ANSWER: a
52. In some cultures, people undergo initiation rituals that call for them to have their body pierced, cut, tattooed, burned,
or beaten. These individuals.
a. feel no pain during these initiation rituals.
b. show little or no pain from accidental injuries.
c. feel pain, but are culturally trained not to show it.
d. offer proof that pain is completely psychological.
ANSWER: c
53. What is the relationship between the experience of pain and some types of psychopathology?
a. People with personality disorders have heightened pain perception.
b. People with pain-prone personalities tend to have borderline personality disorder.
c. People with pain-resistant personalities tend to have bipolar disorder.
d. It is unclear whether psychopathology leads to chronic pain, or vice versa.
ANSWER: d
54. During childbirth, women in some cultures exhibit many more signs of pain than women in other cultures. This
observation shows that
a. the experience of pain varies from culture to culture.
b. cultural practices can influence the expression of pain.
c. natural childbirth produces less pain than opiate drugs.
d. women showing little pain during labor are using self-hypnosis.
ANSWER: b
55. With regard to gender,

a. women sense pain more quickly than men.
b. women are more likely to hide their pain.
c. men are more likely aware of their pain.
d. men are less likely to report their pain.
ANSWER: d
56. Specificity theory hypothesizes that

a. a person's interpretation of pain is more important than tissue damage in determining the intensity of
pain.
b. acute pains tend to intensify over time.
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c. the experience of pain matches the amount of tissue damage or injury.

d. chronic pain can become acute over time.
ANSWER: c
57. Which of these findings casts doubt on the specificity theory of pain?
a. Researchers have failed to find specific skin receptors devoted to relaying pain.
b. Phantom limb pain occurs in 70% of amputees.
c. Injury can occur without pain, such as that experienced by the soldiers at Anzio beach.
d. All of these are challenges to the validity of the specificity theory of pain.
ANSWER: d
58. The theory of pain proposed by Melzack and Wall has been called the _____ theory.
a. gate control
b. sensory decision
c. cognitive-emotional
d. tension-reduction
ANSWER: a
59. According to the gate control theory of pain, the structure that is the likely location of the gate is
a. the substantia gelatinosa.
b. the ventral horns of the spinal cord.
c. the transverse section of the medulla.
d. supraspinal nerve endings.
ANSWER: a
60. According to the gate control theory of pain, the spinal cord
a. mechanically relays sensory input information.
b. modulates the input of sensory information.
c. does not have the physiological capacity to affect pain perception.
d. is less important in pain perception than the cerebellum.
ANSWER: b
61. The gate control theory of pain assumes

a. the physiological reality of pain.
b. the nature of motor output factors in pain perception.
c. that chronic pain is heavily influenced by both spinal cord and brain activity.
d. that sensory input is not the only factor in pain perception.
ANSWER: d
62. Melzack proposed the _______ theory, which is an extension of the gate control theory.
a. sensory decision
b. specificity
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c. neuromatrix
d. cerebellar
ANSWER: c
63. According to the neuromatrix theory, the neuromatrix is a network of brain neurons composed of loops between
a. the thalamus and the cortex.
b. the cortex and limbic system.
c. the thalamus and limbic system.
d. both (a) and (b) rather than (c).
ANSWER: d
64. Valid and reliable measures of pain are important to health psychologists primarily because
a. such measurements permit accurate evaluation of various pain therapy programs.
b. self-reports are more useful than physiological measures.
c. pain is a product of both physiological and emotional factors.
d. behavioral assessments are more reliable and valid.
ANSWER: a
65. Which of these methods have been used to measure pain?

a. Self-reports
b. Behavioral assessment
c. Physiological measures
d. All of these
ANSWER: d
66. The Visual Analog Scale is considered to be

a. a self-report measure.
b. an evoked potential measure of pain.
c. a behavioral assessment of pain.
d. a pain questionnaire.
ANSWER: a
67. The most widely used pain questionnaire was developed by Ronald Melzack and is known as the
a. Melzack and Wall Pain Questionnaire.
b. Visual Analog Scale.
c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
d. McGill Pain Questionnaire.
ANSWER: d
68. A personality inventory sometimes used to assess pain is the

a. California Personality Inventory.
b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

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c. Edwards Personality Schedule.

d. Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey
ANSWER: b
69. Heart rate predicts perceptions of pain, but only for ________.
a. children
b. the elderly
c. men
d. women
ANSWER: c
70. Which of these techniques measures muscle tension as an index of pain?

a. Electromyography
b. Thermography
c. Blood flow in the temporal artery
d. Heart rate
ANSWER: a
71. _____ pain is the most common of all syndromes of pain with a lifetime incidence rate of more than 99%.
a. Headache
b. Low back
c. Burn
d. Knee
ANSWER: a
72. Rosa suffers from recurrent attacks of pain that are accompanied by exaggerated sensitivity to light, loss of appetite,
and nausea. From these characteristics you would diagnose Rosa as having
a. migraine headaches.
b. tension headaches.
c. cancer pain.
d. phantom limb pain.
ANSWER: a
73. With regard to migraine headaches,

a. men are somewhat more likely than women to have migraines.
b. women are much more likely than men to have migraines.
c. women are slightly more likely than men to have migraines.
d. women and men are about equally susceptible to migraines.
ANSWER: b
74. Carlos is a 45-year-old civil engineer who has never had a migraine headache. His chances of a first migraine are
a. very high.

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b. about 50/50.
c. very low.
d. nonexistent.
ANSWER: c
75. What type of pain has a gradual onset, sensations of tightness around the neck and shoulders, and a steady ache on
both sides of the head?
a. Lower back pain
b. Migraine headache
c. Cluster headache
d. Tension headache
ANSWER: d
76. Wendy suffers from headaches that occur nearly every day for about a month, but then go away for about a year or
more. From this description, it appears that Wendy suffers from
a. cluster headaches.
b. migraine headaches.
c. tension headaches.
d. none of the above.
ANSWER: a
77. The two most common types of pain are

a. cancer and headache.
b. arthritis and low back.
c. headache and low back
d. cancer and low back.
ANSWER: c
78. Which of these conditions may contribute to low back pain?

a. Pregnancy
b. Improper lifting of heavy objects
c. Aging
d. All of these
ANSWER: d
79. Low back pain has many causes. About what percent of back pain patients have an identified, physical cause for their
pain?
a. 20%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. About 40% of men and about 60% of women
ANSWER: a

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80. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis
a. affects young and old equally.
b. affects primarily men.
c. is an autoimmune disorder.
d. affects primarily older people.
ANSWER: d
81. Chronic pain affects approximately ____ of the population in the United States.
a. 50%
b. 10%
c. 75%
d. 30%
ANSWER: d
82. The three primary kinds of headaches are

a. migraine, cluster, chronic.
b. chronic, tension, cluster.
c. migraine, cluster, tension.
d. tension, migraine, chronic.
ANSWER: c
83. What types of headaches are more common in men than in women?
a. Chronic
b. Cluster
c. Migraine
d. Tension
ANSWER: b
84. International studies show almost ____ of all cancer patients’ pain was untreated.
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 50%
d. 90%
ANSWER: c
85. Jesse’s leg was amputated when he was 20. Almost 10 years later, he still occasionally feels pain in that missing limb.
This pain is called
a. missing limb pain.
b. phantom limb pain.
c. amputation pain.
d. neuroses.
ANSWER: b
86. For phantom limb pain, the pain is more likely in the missing limb when:
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a. there was much pain before the amputation.

b. there was no pain before the amputation.
c. all phantom pain has the same intensity.
d. the limb that was amputated was a leg.
ANSWER: a
87. _______ occurs when the body needs more and more of the drug to reach the same effect, and _______
occurs when removal of the drug causes withdrawal symptoms.
a. Withdrawal; dependence
b. Dependence; withdrawal
c. Tolerance; dependence
d. Dependence; tolerance
ANSWER: c
88. The tendency to catastrophize is associated with

a. magnification of pain.
b. lessening of pain.
c. no differences in perception of pain.
d. magnification of pain, but only with other people present.
ANSWER: a
89. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to be effective in relieving pain for
a. headache patients.
b. fibromyalgia patients.
c. patients with AIDS pain.
d. all of the above patients.
ANSWER: d
90. One variation of cognitive behavioral therapy encourages participants to _____ their pain and focus their attention on
valued activities.
a. deny
b. accept
c. enjoy
d. commit to
ANSWER: b
91. Medical procedures used in pain management have traditionally included

a. cognitive therapy.
b. drugs.
c. surgery.
d. both drugs and surgery.
ANSWER: d
92. What is true about opiate drugs?

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a. They are effective analgesics.

b. They produce dependence.
c. They produce tolerance.
d. They do all of these.
ANSWER: d
93. About what percentage of people who receive opiate is at risk of addiction?
a. less than 1%
b. more than 5% but less than 25%
c. about 50%
d. almost 100%
ANSWER: a
94. Systems for self-paced administration of analgesic drugs

a. overcome the problem of undermedication
b. increase the probability of patient addiction.
c. lead to overmedication in c. 45% of patients.
d. are responsible for causing all these results.
ANSWER: a
95. Aspirin-type analgesic drugs are most effective in

a. treating gastric disorders.
b. relieving cancer pain.
c. treating injuries accompanied by inflammation.
d. treating patients who are candidates for surgery.
ANSWER: c
96. Analgesic drugs are effective for pain control, but

a. most people misuse these drugs by taking dangerous amounts.
b. NSAIDS are more effective than opiates.
c. anesthetic drugs are preferable for controlling chronic pain.
d. antidepressant drugs may also help treat some types of pain.
ANSWER: d
97. Bailey has tried many treatments for chronic back pain. His treatment of last resort would probably be
a. surgery.
b. TENS.
c. opiates.
d. opiates.
ANSWER: a
98. Researchers have found that transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
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a. is effective for acute but not chronic pain.

b. increases pain during stimulation, but patients report less pain after stimulation.
c. is not found to be very effective for relieving pain.
d. has no advantage over other medical methods.
ANSWER: c
99. The type of spinal stimulation that is most effective in controlling pain is
a. transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).
b. implanted devices that stimulate the spinal cord.
c. subcutaneous chemical stimulation (SCS).
d. alternating stimulation of the peripheral nerves near the site of injury and stimulation close to the
spinal cord.
ANSWER: b
100. Relaxation training has been used successfully to

a. treat rheumatoid arthritis.
b. treat low back pain.
c. treat headache pain.
d. treat all of these.
ANSWER: d
101. Behavior modification techniques rely most heavily on

a. classical conditioning concepts.
b. operant conditioning principles.
c. observational learning theory.
d. cognitive learning strategies.
ANSWER: b
102. Wilbert Fordyce, along with others advocating a behavior modification view of pain, claimed that
a. pain itself is rewarding to the individual pain patient.
b. pain sensations can be eliminated by the use of behavior modification.
c. pain behaviors may have reinforcing consequences for the pain patient.
d. cognitive therapy is the most effective means of pain control.
ANSWER: c
103. Pain authority Frank Andrasik proposed that pain traps occur when
a. situations push people experiencing pain toward chronic pain.
b. a person with a pain-prone personality experiences pain.
c. A-delta fibers are stimulated at the same time as C fibers.
d. a person experiences pain at the same time as some positive situation.
ANSWER: a

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104. In behavior modification programs for pain management, pain behaviors are
a. ignored.
b. punished.
c. rewarded.
d. Any of these.
ANSWER: a
105. What might be a reinforcer for pain behavior?

a. The sensory input
b. The motor output
c. The disapproval of family members
d. Monetary compensation for injury
ANSWER: d
106. In comparison to behavior modification techniques, cognitive therapy

a. is less effective.
b. is more solidly based in learning theory.
c. places more emphasis on the interpretation of events.
d. has a longer tradition of use for pain management.
ANSWER: c
107. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a type of _______ which has been found effective for _______.
a. relaxation training; managing chronic pain
b. behavioral therapy; alleviating acute pain
c. cognitive therapy; ameliorating acute pain
d. cognitive-behavioral therapy; chronic pain
ANSWER: d
108. Of these medical and psychological interventions for managing chronic pain, __________ is/are probably the most
effective.
a. surgery
b. opiate drugs
c. biofeedback
d. cognitive behavioral therapy
ANSWER: d
109. Isaiah suffers from chronic pain and is considering a mindfulness-based intervention to help manage it. Based on
research findings, what should he consider?
a. Mindfulness is less expensive but also less effective than drugs.
b. Mindfulness helps pain by avoiding catastrophizing judgments.
c. Mindfulness is less effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy.
d. Mindfulness can reduce perceived pain, but not improve mood.
ANSWER: b
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Essay
110. Jonathan has just cut his left hand while chopping onions. Trace the sensory input from finger to brain,
mentioning the important structures in the nervous system.
ANSWER: A. In the skin, the cut activates primary afferents.
1. The neurons that relay pain are called nociceptors.
2. Large A-beta fibers and smaller A-delta fibers are stimulated and rapidly transmit neural
impulses toward the spinal cord.
3. Although more difficult to stimulate, the cut would activate small C-fibers, and these
neural impulses would also travel to the spinal cord.
B. Sensory afferents form nerves that travel toward the spinal cord, either in sensory nerves or
mixed nerves.
C. Sensory input enters the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.
1. Many primary afferents synapse with secondary afferents in the dorsal horns, but other
primary afferents continue to the brain.
2. The arrangement and interconnections of laminae of the dorsal horns receive sensory
input, modulate it, and relay these messages toward the brain,
D. Sensory input travels to the brain by way of the spinal cord and crosses from the left side of
the body to the right side of the brain.
E. Sensory neurons synapse in the thalamus, and then go to the right somatosensory cortex in
the parietal lobe of the forebrain.
1. The primary somatosensory cortex maps those receptors in the hand, providing a
representation of the hand in the brain.
2. The somatosensory cortex is involved with interpretation of the sensory input, most
likely as pain.
111. Did Jonathan’s cut finger hurt? What experiences and psychological factors might increase or decrease his
experience of pain?
ANSWER: A. Jonathan’s cut finger most likely hurt.
1. If Jonathan has a congenital insensitivity to pain, then the cut did not hurt, but this
disorder is very unusual.
2. The type of pain that he experienced was acute pain.
B. Jonathan’s pain would probably be increased if
1. He was alone and had no distracting stimuli.
2. He was depressed or anxious.
3. He was looking at the cut when he cut himself.
4. He focused on his cut finger.
5. He thought about how much the cut hurt.
6. He had been rewarded previously for experiencing and complaining about pain.
C. Jonathan’s pain would probably be decreased if
1. He was involved with some other activity in addition to chopping onions when he cut
himself; for example, if he was talking to someone, listening to music, or watching television.
2. He was not looking at his hand when the injury occurred.
3. He did not look at his finger after the cut so that he did not see the extent of his injury.
4. He pressed tightly on the cut finger, stimulating other neurons in addition to the ones
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carrying pain messages and partially blocking the pain.

5. He experienced some other type and location of pain immediately after cutting his
finger; for example, if he dropped the cutting board on his toe.
6. He believed that men should not be bothered by minor injuries or that he was the type of
man who should not feel pain by such an injury.
112. Differentiate among the three stages of pain.

ANSWER: A. Acute pain
1. This type of pain is the most common, produced by injury from lacerations, dental work,
surgery, burns, abrasions, cuts, and other injuries.
2. This type of pain is adaptive, signaling injury to body tissue and alerting the person to
avoid further injury.
B. Pre-chronic pain
1. This type of pain is experienced between acute and chronic pain.
2. The experiences that occur during this period may make the critical difference in the
alleviation of pain or the onset of chronic pain.
C. Chronic pain
1. This type of pain persists after the period of healing has been completed and is often
experienced without detectable tissue damage.
2. This type of pain is often involved with situations that elicit reinforcement for the person
who is in pain such that continued pain ensures reinforcement although it also ensures pain.
3. This type of pain never has a biological benefit but takes a substantial
psychological toll on both the sufferer and the family
113. Discuss the statement "Injury does not necessarily equal pain."
ANSWER: A. This statement reflects the variability of the experience of pain.
B. Some types of injuries are more likely to result in pain than other types.
1. Broken bones, sprains, and stab wounds are more likely to produce immediate pain than
cuts, scrapes, and burns.
2. Unintentional injuries are less likely to produce pain than intentional injuries; for
example, people who have been tortured all report pain, regardless of the severity of their injuries.
C. Some people are more likely to experience pain than others.
1. Soldiers wounded during battle in World War II were less likely to experience pain than
civilians with comparable injuries.
2. Operant conditioning produces pain, and people who have prior experience with a type
of pain are more likely to experience pain in similar circumstances.
3. Individual variations in pain perception are attributable to situation and experience.
a. Evidence does not support a pain-resistant (or pain-prone) personality type.
b. Ethnic and gender differences in pain perception may be attributable to cultural and
gender roles than allow the display of pain behaviors and also to sensory and perceptual differences
in pain.
114. Compare the specificity and the gate control theory on their emphasis of psychological factors in pain.
ANSWER: A. Specificity theory explains pain by hypothesizing that specific pain fibers and pain pathways
exist.
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1. This theory views pain as mechanistic signaling of tissue damage.

2. This theory does not take individual variability or psychological factors into account in
the experience of pain.
B. The gate control theory of pain emphasizes physiology but includes behavioral and
situational influences.
1. Pain has motivational and emotional components, which are affected by experience and
expectation.
2. Incoming stimuli are modulated in the spinal cord by the “gating” mechanism in the
substantia gelatinosa.
3. The central control trigger is a brain mechanism that activates a descending control
system that may modulate or suppress pain.
115. What are the advantages and disadvantages of physiological measures, behavioral assessments, and self-
report measures of pain?
ANSWER: A. Self-reports include rating scales, pain inventories, and standardized objective tests.
1. Advantages include the ability to capture the patients’ feelings and subjective aspects of
pain, the simplicity of administration for ratings scales, and the psychometric sophistication of
standardized tests like the McGill Pain Questionnaire and the MMPI.
2. Disadvantages include the problems in definition of some of these tests, the high reading
level of some tests, and the questionable validity of applying a personality test such as the MMPI to
diagnose pain.
B. Behavioral assessments include observation by significant others or by trained professionals.
1. Advantages include direct observability, the opportunity to observe the person in many
settings by significant others, and the reliability of ratings that can be achieved by trained
professionals.
2. Disadvantages include the lack of observability of some aspects of pain and the lack of
strong relationship between some behaviors and pain.
C. Physiological measures include muscle tension, autonomic indices, and temperature.
1. Advantages include objectivity of measurement and freedom from subject and observer
bias.
2. Disadvantages include the lack of a strong relationship between autonomic
indices and pain severity.
116. Evaluate the success and hazards of medical interventions for pain.
ANSWER: A. Medical treatments for pain have been more successful and carry less risk in treating acute
rather than chronic pain.
B. Analgesic drug treatments are common for acute pain and are sometimes used for chronic
pain.
1. NSAIDs such as aspirin are very common and successful in managing mild to moderate
pain, but their side effects make them unsuitable for some patients.
2. Opiate drugs are very successful in relieving severe pain, but they produce tolerance and
dependence, creating the potential for abuse and making these drugs risky for treating chronic pain;
these properties have created public fear of their hazards, resulting in their underuse in situations of
severe pain.
C. Surgery
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1. Cutting the nerves that carry sensory input or lesioning the central nervous system can
bring relief from pain.
2. The hazards often outweigh the potential benefits, because any effect, including unpleasant ones,
may be permanent; surgery usually does not produce relief from chronic pain; and the surgery itself
is hazardous.
117. What are the similarities and differences of behavior modification and cognitive therapy as used for pain
management? How does cognitive behavior therapy combine these approaches?
ANSWER: A. Behavior modification
1. Has the goal of shaping behavior; cognition or feelings are not a concern.
2. Has been used as a treatment for the control of pain, with the assumption that pain can be
reinforcing for some people because they receive positive reinforcement for expressing pain.
B. Cognitive therapy
1. Employs the persons’ thoughts and feelings and assumes that behavior is shaped by
these cognitive processes.
2. Can be used for pain management to help people change their attitudes and cognitions
about the experience of pain.
C. Similarities
1. Both use a psychological approach.
2. Both share the goal of changing behavior.
3. Many cognitive therapy approaches, such as pain inoculation, combine cognitive and
behavioral techniques, making a cognitive behavioral technique.
D. Differences
1. The two approaches emphasize different routes to their similar goals of behavior change;
behavior modification through the shaping of overt behavior and cognitive therapy through changes
in cognitions.
2. Cognitive therapies work toward improving patients’ feelings of efficacy, the feeling that
they can be effective in dealing with their problems, whereas behavior modification deals only with
overt behaviors.
3. Cognitive therapies tend to emphasize self-management, whereas behavior modification
programs tend to rely on reinforcement from others to change behavior.
E. Cognitive behavior therapy combines the techniques and goals of the cognitive and
behavioral approaches.
1. It works toward changing attitudes and thoughts.
2. It includes behavioral goals.
3. Cognitive behavioral therapy is more effective for stress and pain
management than either cognitive therapy or behavior modification.
118. Eric hurt his back two years ago when he was at work, and since that time he has experienced periods
during which he could not work because of his low back pain. Workers’ compensation has helped financially
during those times, but his wife has been burdened by doing Eric’s chores and caring for him when he is
incapacitated. His physician is reluctant to continue his prescription of opiate analgesics but understands that
Eric’s back pain is a problem and would like to get him into a program that would help his pain. After
reviewing the options, recommend a program for Eric.
ANSWER: A. Eric receives reinforcement for his pain behaviors, including

Name: Class: Date:
1. Monetary compensation.
2. Supportive care from others.
3. Relief from work and family responsibilities.
B. A behavior modification program might help Eric exhibit fewer pain behaviors.
1. This type of program would probably teach Eric’s family to ignore his chronic
complaints about his pain and encourage him to resume his normal life’s activities.
2. This program would probably systematically reinforce Eric’s desirable, normal
behaviors such as getting up without complaints of pain, getting dressed, interacting with his family,
and so forth.
3. Such programs tend to be successful in helping patients to be more active and to request
less medication.
C. A cognitive or cognitive behavioral therapy program might be a good alternative if Eric has
the motivation to self-regulate his behavior.
1. Such programs place more responsibility on the patient and on the desire to change one’s
own behavior than behavior modification programs do.
2. A cognitive pain management program would include stages in which Eric would
reconceptualize his pain and the role of psychology in the perception of pain, acquire new skills to
cope with pain, and follow-through the reconceptualization and learning by practicing these skills.
3. Some research has indicated that Eric might make slower progress in a
cognitive pain management program but that his gains would increase, making this type of program
potentially more successful than a behavior modification program.
119. Summarize some salient characteristics, including one similarity between, and the relative effectiveness of,
ACT and mindfulness as pain management techniques.
ANSWER: A. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT):
1. Is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

2. Encourages patients to accept their pain more,
3. While focusing attention on other activities and goals they value.
4. May particularly help chronic pain patients.
a. Disability and distress can result from trying to control pain directly.
5. A meta-analysis has found ACT significantly reduced pain intensity and improved physical
functioning.
6. ACT may be another good alternative to traditional CBT for chronic pain management.
7. ACT shares a common focus on acceptance of pain with mindfulness-based interventions.
B. Mindfulness:
1. Involves deliberately focusing one’s attention on the present moment

2. Without judging, but with acceptance
3. To achieve a quality of awareness or consciousness.
4. For chronic pain, mindfulness-based interventions work to increase awareness and
acceptance of all sensations, including physical discomfort and pain,
5. And the emotions accompanying those sensations.
6. Recent research finds mindfulness and CBT interventions both significantly reduced pain in
>40% of patients, contrasting with only 25% of patients who received usual care.
7. Mindfulness can decrease anxiety and depression, which can thereby reduce perceptions of
Test Bank for Health Psychology 9th Edition Brannon
Name: Class: Date:
pain.
8. Mindfulness reduces people’s tendency to catastrophize about their pain.
9. Mindfulness interventions teach patients to attend closely to bodily sensations without
judging how severe, debilitating, or permanent they may be.
a. Patients may realize their pain is less frequent than they believed, and
b. Observe factors that decrease or increase their pain.
10. Several studies have found that by decreasing catastrophizing, mindfulness

decreases pain.
11. Some experts have suggested that since they are non-pharmacological and relatively
inexpensive, mindfulness-based interventions could be effective as the first step in treating chronic
pain.
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Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

1. The largest organ of the body is the skin.

5. Acute pain has no benefit to the person experiencing it.

7. In general, women are much more sensitive to pain than men.

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Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

12. Primary afferents convey sensory impulses to the

13. Myelinated afferent neurons are called

14. More than half of all sensory afferents are

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Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

18. Nociception refers to the process of perceiving ________.

Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

21. Nerves are:

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Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

28. _____ are chemicals that carry information between nerves.

32. The dorsal horns are located in the

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Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

34. Which structure is most capable of modulating sensory input?

35. Sensory input information passes through what brain structure?

36. What brain structure contains a representation of the skin’s surface?

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Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

40. Pain is usually defined as

Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

48. Physicians are likely to underestimate the pain of

Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

55. With regard to gender,

56. Specificity theory hypothesizes that

Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

c. the experience of pain matches the amount of tissue damage or injury.

61. The gate control theory of pain assumes

Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

65. Which of these methods have been used to measure pain?

66. The Visual Analog Scale is considered to be

68. A personality inventory sometimes used to assess pain is the

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Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

c. Edwards Personality Schedule.

70. Which of these techniques measures muscle tension as an index of pain?

73. With regard to migraine headaches,

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Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

77. The two most common types of pain are

78. Which of these conditions may contribute to low back pain?

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Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

82. The three primary kinds of headaches are

Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

a. there was much pain before the amputation.

88. The tendency to catastrophize is associated with

91. Medical procedures used in pain management have traditionally included

92. What is true about opiate drugs?

Chapter 07: Understanding and Managing Pain

a. They are effective analgesics.

94. Systems for self-paced administration of analgesic drugs

95. Aspirin-type analgesic drugs are most effective in