Literature - Unit 4 - Other Literary Genres

21st Century Literature from the
Philippines and the World Unit 4:

Other Literary Genres
Table of Contents
Unit Objectives 3
Lesson 1: Genre Fiction 4

Warm-up! 5
Learn about It! 6
Check Your Understanding 15
Let’s Step Up! 16
Lesson 2: New and Emerging Literary Genres 17

Warm-up! 17
Learn about It! 19
Let’s Step Up! 21
Lesson 3: Electronic Literature 22

Warm-up! 22
Learn about It! 23
Let’s Step Up! 27
Lesson 4: Graphic Literature 28

Warm-up! 28
Learn about It! 29
Let’s Step Up! 31
Performance Task 32
Self-Check: How Well Did I Learn? 34
Wrap Up 35
Bibliography 36
GRADE 11/12 | 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
UNIT 4
Other genres of fiction have various differences with the major literary
genres that were discussed in the previous chapter. Unlike the
previously discussed genres, other literary genres are more formulaic
and are written mainly for entertainment. These other literary genres
are genre fiction, new and emerging literary genres, electronic
literature, and graphic literature. In this unit, you will learn about
these other genres of literature.
Unit Objectives
In this unit, you should be able to:
● differentiate genre fiction, emerging literary genres, electronic literature, and
graphic literature from one another;
● identify the different kinds of genre fiction, emerging literary genres, electronic
literature, and graphic literature; and
● analyze and discuss a given text of genre fiction, emerging literary genres, electronic
literature, or graphic literature.
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Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
Lesson 1: Genre Fiction
What stories do you like to read? Which books do you and
your friends share? Some of you may like reading fantasy,
horror, adventure, or romance stories or novels. These are
called genres.
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Warm-up!
Triad Activity:
Form a group of three. The following box contains the different genres of popular fiction. Find
all 8 genres. Share your answers in class.
H A D V E N U R E T S E N G L I M S H L
H I R V C F R O M N C E H O R R Y H D I
I R W Y W E R C H F I Y W Y Z W S I D T
S D S G S D F A I V E Y S U N Q T S V E
T V F B D A V Z J C C T G K L J E T E R
O F C V V D B D L B E G F L Y G R O N A
R G A D G V N F N G F G V D O D Y R Y U
I W B K B E M G O R I B U E U E O C O T
C S C I E N C E F I C T I O N I R A U R
A Q W S E T W E F R I A Q W G P D P H E
L A D S D U B E S T O D A H A L E A R F
A X R R A R H O R R O R E T D S T C D U
B G G T Q E R G T Y N S P Q U W E D H U
C H B G Z Q W X V D F R E H L N C E E N
T J H B F A S D F G H J K H T M T G R F
E Q W S D A X C V P L S A M W B I H O U
H Q E T Y R O M A N C E D B C R V J H N
Y A C V B N M K L I O T D S O S E L I A
O E N J O Y Q X Z S O L V J K O Z B S D
U F A N T A S Y A V E N G E R H U L F V
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Learn about It!
The dictionary meaning of genre is that it is a category of

artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by
similarities in form, style, or subject matter.
Genre fiction (or popular, category, or formula fiction in

different references) focuses more on emotions. Its main
purpose is to evoke the readers’ feelings since the writer’s
main goal is to entertain the reader.
Genre fiction is typically characterized by lengthy dialogues,

identifiable characters, and fast-paced plots. A book does
not necessarily have to belong to one specific genre; it can
belong to different genres (multi-genre).
Different Genres of Popular Fiction
A. Adventure
This genre focuses on action and adventure as its main themes. Most of the time, the
conflict for this genre is the man vs. nature conflict.
Classic examples of works in the adventure genre are J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the
Rings, Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,
and Herman Melville’s Moby Dick.
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (excerpt)

by Mark Twain
Miss Watson she kept pecking at me, and it got tiresome and lonesome. By and by they fetched
the niggers in and had prayers, and then everybody was off to bed. I went up to my room with
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a piece of candle, and put it on the table. Then I set down in a chair by the window and tried
to think of something cheerful, but it warn't no use. I felt so lonesome I most wished I was
dead. The stars were shining, and the leaves rustled in the woods ever so mournful; and I
heard an owl, away off, who-whooing about somebody that was dead, and a whippowill and a
dog crying about somebody that was going to die; and the wind was trying to whisper
something to me, and I couldn't make out what it was, and so it made the cold shivers run
over me. Then away out in the woods I heard that kind of a sound that a ghost makes when it
wants to tell about something that's on its mind and can't make itself understood, and so can't
rest easy in its grave, and has to go about that way every night grieving. I got so down-hearted
and scared I did wish I had some company. Pretty soon a spider went crawling up my
shoulder, and I flipped it off and it lit in the candle; and before I could budge it was all
shriveled up. I didn't need anybody to tell me that that was an awful bad sign and would fetch
me some bad luck, so I was scared and most shook the clothes off of me. I got up and turned
around in my tracks three times and crossed my breast every time; and then I tied up a little
lock of my hair with a thread to keep witches away. But I hadn't no confidence. You do that
when you've lost a horseshoe that you've found, instead of nailing it up over the door, but I
hadn't ever heard anybody say it was any way to keep off bad luck when you'd killed a spider.
B. Fantasy
In this genre, the plot, setting, and theme showcase magic, and characters may include
mythological and neo-mythological beings.
Popular examples of works in the fantasy genre are J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series
and Rick Riordan’s Percy Jackson series.
C. Historical
This genre is set in a significant or a recognizable point in history. Some characters may
even be historical figures; however, the dialogues, setting, plot, etc. are fictional. Most
historical fiction has political undertones.
Popular examples of historical fiction are Arthur Golden’s Memoirs of a Geisha and
Markus Zusak’s The Book Thief. The movie Shakespeare in Love is a historical fiction that
gives a creative account of William Shakespeare’s love affair while writing Romeo and
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Juliet. Korean dramas have their own classification of historical dramas that are
collectively called Sageuk Dramas. Jewel in the Palace, Empress Ki, and Love in the
Moonlight are examples of historical dramas in popular Korean culture.
D. Horror
This genre triggers the reader’s fear. Often, the writer creates an atmosphere of dread
throughout the whole or most of the story. The strategy of the author ranges from the
supernatural to psychological. Some horror stories have monsters. Some involve blood
and gore to instill fear among the readers.
Classical horror novels include Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Bram Stoker’s Dracula.
H.P. Lovecraft is known as a master of horror in the twentieth century for writing
popular horror novels such as The Dreams in the Witch House, The Whisperer in Darkness,
and At the Mountains of Madness. Popular contemporary horror authors include Stephen
King, Peter Straub, and Dean Koontz.
E. Mystery or Detective
This genre involves elements, such as a crime, which remain unsolved until the end of
the narration. Mystery or detective fiction also involves elements such as a character
who struggles to solve the mystery, good characterization, and motivation to solve a
mystery or crime.
A classic mystery fiction is Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes series. Edward
Stratemeyer’s Hardy Boys (under the pseudonym Franklin W. Dixon) and Nancy Drew
(under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene) are mystery fiction novels that are popular
among young adult readers. The popular American hit series CSI also belongs to this
genre since a mystery is set at the beginning of each episode and would only be solved
in the end.
Chapter 4: The Sign of the Four (excerpt)

From Sherlock Holmes series by Arthur Conan Doyle
We were all astonished by the appearance of the apartment into which he invited us. In that
sorry house it looked as out of place as a diamond of the first water in a setting of brass. The
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richest and glossiest of curtains and tapestries draped the walls, looped back here and there to
expose some richly mounted painting or Oriental vase. The carpet was of amber and black, so
soft and so thick that the foot sank pleasantly into it, as into a bed of moss. Two great
tiger-skins thrown athwart it increased the suggestion of Eastern luxury, as did a huge hookah
which stood upon a mat in the corner. A lamp in the fashion of a silver dove was hung from an
almost invisible golden wire in the centre of the room. As it burned it filled the air with a subtle
and aromatic odour.
"Mr. Thaddeus Sholto," said the little man, still jerking and smiling. "That is my name. You are
Miss Morstan, of course. And these gentlemen —"
"This is Mr. Sherlock Holmes, and this Dr. Watson."
"A doctor, eh?" cried he, much excited. "Have you your stethoscope? Might I ask you — would
you have the kindness? I have grave doubts as to my mitral valve, if you would be so very good.
The aortic I may rely upon, but I should value your opinion upon the mitral."
I listened to his heart, as requested, but was unable to find anything amiss, save, indeed, that
he was in an ecstasy of fear, for he shivered from head to foot.
"It appears to be normal," I said. "You have no cause for uneasiness."
"You will excuse my anxiety, Miss Morstan," he remarked airily. "I am a great sufferer, and I
have long had suspicions as to that valve. I am delighted to hear that they are unwarranted.
Had your father, Miss Morstan, refrained from throwing a strain upon his heart, he might have
been alive now."
I could have struck the man across the face, so hot was I at this callous and offhand reference
to so delicate a matter. Miss Morstan sat down, and her face grew white to the lips.
"I knew in my heart that he was dead," said she.
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F. Romance
This genre focuses on the love between a man and a woman. It has two main elements:
a central love story and an emotionally satisfying optimistic ending. Most works of
romance fiction are told in the point of view of the female protagonist. The plot of this
genre focuses on the conflict that hinders the relationship of the characters and how
this conflict is resolved.
Classic romance literature examples are Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, Sense and
Sensibility, and Emma and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre. A popular example of a romance
novel is Nicholas Sparks’s The Notebook.
Pride and Prejudice (excerpt)

By Jane Austen
But this idea was soon banished, and her spirits were very differently affected, when, to her
utter amazement, she saw Mr. Darcy walk into the room. In an hurried manner he
immediately began an inquiry after her health, imputing his visit to a wish of hearing that she
were better. She answered him with cold civility. He sat down for a few moments, and then
getting up walked about the room. Elizabeth was surprized, but said not a word. After a silence
of several minutes he came towards her in an agitated manner, and thus began:
"In vain have I struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to
tell you how ardently I admire and love you."
Elizabeth's astonishment was beyond expression. She stared, coloured, doubted, and was
silent. This he considered sufficient encouragement, and the avowal of all that he felt and had
long felt for her, immediately followed. He spoke well, but there were feelings besides those of
the heart to be detailed, and he was not more eloquent on the subject of tenderness than of
pride. His sense of her inferiority—of its being a degradation—of the family obstacles which
judgment had always opposed to inclination, were dwelt on with a warmth which seemed due
to the consequence he was wounding, but was very unlikely to recommend his suit.
In spite of her deeply-rooted dislike, she could not be insensible to the compliment of such a
man's affection, and though her intentions did not vary for an instant, she was at first sorry
for the pain he was to receive; till, roused to resentment by his subsequent language, she lost
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all compassion in anger. She tried, however, to compose herself to answer him with patience,
when he should have done. He concluded with representing to her the strength of that
attachment which, in spite of all his endeavours, he had found impossible to conquer; and
with expressing his hope that it would now be rewarded by her acceptance of his hand. As he
said this, she could easily see that he had no doubt of a favourable answer. He spoke of
apprehension and anxiety, but his countenance expressed real security. Such a circumstance
could only exasperate farther, and when he ceased, the colour rose into her cheeks, and she
said,
"In such cases as this, it is, I believe, the established mode to express a sense of obligation for
the sentiments avowed, however unequally they may be returned. It is natural that obligation
should be felt, and if I could feel gratitude, I would now thank you. But I cannot—I have never
desired your good opinion, and you have certainly bestowed it most unwillingly. I am sorry to
have occasioned pain to any one. It has been most unconsciously done, however, and I hope
will be of short duration. The feelings which, you tell me, have long prevented the
acknowledgment of your regard, can have little difficulty in overcoming it after this
explanation."
Mr. Darcy, who was leaning against the mantle-piece with his eyes fixed on her face, seemed to
catch her words with no less resentment than surprize. His complexion became pale with
anger, and the disturbance of his mind was visible in every feature. He was struggling for the
appearance of composure, and would not open his lips, till he believed himself to have
attained it. The pause was to Elizabeth's feelings dreadful. At length, in a voice of forced
calmness, he said,
"And this is all the reply which I am to have the honour of expecting! I might, perhaps, wish to
be informed why, with so little endeavour at civility, I am thus rejected. But it is of small
importance."
"I might as well inquire," replied she, "why with so evident a design of offending and insulting
me, you chose to tell me that you liked me against your will, against your reason, and even
against your character? Was not this some excuse for incivility, if I was uncivil? But I have other
provocations. You know I have. Had not my own feelings decided against you, had they been
indifferent, or had they even been favourable, do you think that any consideration would
tempt me to accept the man, who has been the means of ruining, perhaps for ever, the
happiness of a most beloved sister?"
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As she pronounced these words, Mr. Darcy changed colour; but the emotion was short, and he
listened without attempting to interrupt her while she continued.
"I have every reason in the world to think ill of you. No motive can excuse the unjust and
ungenerous part you acted there. You dare not, you cannot deny that you have been the
principal, if not the only means of dividing them from each other, of exposing one to the
censure of the world for caprice and instability, the other to its derision for disappointed
hopes, and involving them both in misery of the acutest kind."
She paused, and saw with no slight indignation that he was listening with an air which proved
him wholly unmoved by any feeling of remorse. He even looked at her with a smile of affected
incredulity.
"Can you deny that you have done it?" she repeated.
With assumed tranquillity he then replied, "I have no wish of denying that I did every thing in
my power to separate my friend from your sister, or that I rejoice in my success.—Towards
him I have been kinder than towards myself."
Elizabeth disdained the appearance of noticing this civil reflection, but its meaning did not
escape, nor was it likely to conciliate her.
"But it is not merely this affair," she continued, "on which my dislike is founded.—Long before
it had taken place, my opinion of you was decided. Your character was unfolded in the recital
which I received many months ago from Mr. Wickham. On this subject, what can you have to
say? In what imaginary act of friendship can you here defend yourself? or under what
misrepresentation can you here impose upon others?"
"You take an eager interest in that gentleman's concerns," said Darcy in a less tranquil tone,
and with a heightened colour.
"Who that knows what his misfortunes have been, can help feeling an interest in him?"
"His misfortunes!" repeated Darcy contemptuously—"yes, his misfortunes have been great
indeed."
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"And of your infliction," cried Elizabeth with energy. "You have reduced him to his present state
of poverty, comparative poverty. You have withheld the advantages which you must know to
have been designed for him.—You have deprived the best years of his life, of that
independence which was no less his due than his desert. You have done all this! and yet you
can treat the mention of his misfortunes with contempt and ridicule."
"And this," cried Darcy, as he walked with quick steps across the room, "is your opinion of me!
This is the estimation in which you hold me! I thank you for explaining it so fully. My faults,
according to this calculation, are heavy indeed! But perhaps," added he, stopping in his walk,
and turning towards her, "these offences might have been overlooked, had not your pride
been hurt by my honest confession of the scruples that had long prevented my forming any
serious design. These bitter accusations might have been suppressed, had I, with greater
policy, concealed my struggles, and flattered you into the belief of my being impelled by
unqualified, unalloyed inclination; by reason, by reflection, by every thing. But disguise of
every sort is my abhorrence. Nor am I ashamed of the feelings I related. They were natural and
just. Could you expect me to rejoice in the inferiority of your connections? To congratulate
myself on the hope of relations, whose condition in life is so decidedly beneath my own?"
Elizabeth felt herself growing more angry every moment; yet she tried to the utmost to speak
with composure when she said,
"You are mistaken, Mr. Darcy, if you suppose that the mode of your declaration affected me in
any other way, than as it spared me the concern which I might have felt in refusing you, had
you behaved in a more gentleman-like manner."
She saw him start at this, but he said nothing, and she continued,
"You could not have made me the offer of your hand in any possible way that would have
tempted me to accept it."
Again his astonishment was obvious; and he looked at her with an expression of mingled
incredulity and mortification. She went on.
"From the very beginning, from the first moment, I may almost say, of my acquaintance with
you, your manners impressing me with the fullest belief of your arrogance, your conceit, and
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your selfish disdain of the feelings of others, were such as to form that groundwork of
disapprobation, on which succeeding events have built so immoveable a dislike; and I had not
known you a month, before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be
prevailed on to marry."
"You have said quite enough, madam. I perfectly comprehend your feelings, and have now
only to be ashamed of what my own have been. Forgive me for having taken up so much of
your time, and accept my best wishes for your health and happiness."
G. Science Fiction
This genre involves science and technology as the basis of its conflict, setting, or plot.
Most science fiction takes place in the future and features robots, chemicals, or
evolution. Science fiction mostly showcases what may happen in the future should
there be an abuse of nature or overuse of technology. At times, science fiction is a
critique of human attitude in the present time and how this may affect the future.
H.G. Wells’s The War of the Worlds and The Time Machine are classic examples of science
fiction. The movies Jurassic Park, The Matrix, District 9, Back to the Future, and Planet of the
Apes are also considered as science fiction.
H. Young Adult
This genre is specifically written for readers from twelve to seventeen years old. Most of
the books in this genre involve characters who are in the said age range.
John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars is an example of a young adult novel. The Hunger
Games, even though having a post-apocalyptic theme, involves young adult characters
that young adult readers relate with. The Harry Potter series is a set of fantasy novels
that are also classified as young adult.
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Check Your Understanding
Match the items in column A with those in column B.
A B
1. Fantasy a. This genre is set in a significant or a recognizable point in
history.
2. Historical b. This genre focuses on the love between a man and a
woman.
3. Adventure c. In this genre,the plot, setting, and theme showcase magic,
and characters may include mythological and
neo-mythological beings.
4. Science fiction d. This genre focuses on action and adventure as its main
themes.
5. Romance e. This genre involves science and technology as the basis of
its conflict, setting, or plot.
Provide an example for each of the following.

1. science fiction
2. young adult
3. historical
4. mystery or detective
5. horror
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Let’s Step Up!
15
Lesson 2: New and Emerging Literary
Genres
Have you read stories that do not fit the major genres and are
not genre fiction? Say for example a story created by fans that
are extensions or alternate endings of your favorite show? Or
maybe a text that speaks to you and asks you to do things? Or
perhaps a story that is as short as a tweet? These stories or
texts are examples of new and emerging literary genres.
Warm-up!
Dyad Activity:
With a partner, guess the word being defined by each clue. (Tip: These words are new and
emerging literary genres). Share your answers in class.
_E____C____
Clue: The reader plays a part in the story.
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__N _I_____
Clue: This genre is popular on social media,
especially for people who follow television shows
and movies.
_L___ ___T___
Clue: This is a collective term for stories or
narratives that have about 1,000 words or fewer.
__I_____A_
Clue: This is nonrealistic fiction that crosses
science fiction and fantasy or mainstream
literary fiction.
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Learn about It!
New and emerging literary genres are works written by

authors that deviate from traditional writing methods.
Often, these works are related to other genres.
New and Emerging Literary Genres
A. Fan Fiction
Also called fanfic, this is an emerging literary genre

that is popular on social media, especially for people
who follow television shows and movies.
The genre got its name from its creators, the fans.
Most works of fan fiction are free and can be read
through blogs, social networks, or fan fiction websites. In the Philippines, the most
popular website that features fan fiction is Wattpad. Other websites that contain fanfic
are FanFiction, Quotev, Kindle Worlds, and Archive of Our Own.
One of the issues of fan fiction is copyright infringement because writers tend to use
the same settings and characters of an original book, which may lead to copyright
infringement. Another issue is the use of real-life celebrities since some fan fiction may
start rumors about celebrities.
Works of fan fiction are mostly written under pseudonyms.
B. Flash Fiction
This is the collective term for stories or narratives that have approximately 1,000
words or fewer. Flash fiction has a minimal or complete lack of exposition, and it uses
deliberate, purposeful, and inventive language and rhythm to create experience.
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Abdon Balde Jr. is a famous flash fiction writer who won the 31st National Book Awards
for his collection of flash fiction entitled Kislap.
C. Metafiction
This is a “fiction about a fiction.” In this type of fiction, the author, the narrator, or the
main character directly speaks to the reader. The reader also plays a part in the story.
Some examples of metafiction include Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World and Umberto
Eco’s The Name of the Rose.
D. Slipstream
Also considered as “the fiction of strangeness,” slipstream is a nonrealistic fiction that

crosses science fiction and fantasy or mainstream literary fiction. However, not all
slipstream stories do. Slipstream stories often employ elements of the surreal and anti
reality. Some examples of slipstream fiction include Kelly Link’s Stranger Things Happen,
Neil Gaiman’s Neverwhere, and Haruki Murakami’s The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle.
Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false. If the statement is
false, underline the word that makes it false.
1. The fan fiction genre got its name from its creators, the fans. _______
2. Flash fiction uses deliberate, purposeful, and inventive language and rhythm to
create experience. ______
3. Metafiction is a “nonfiction about a fiction.” ______
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4. Slipstream is a nonrealistic fiction that crosses science fiction and romance or
mainstream literary fiction. _____
5. Flash fiction is the collective term for stories or narratives that have
approximately 1,000 words or more. _____
Write an essay about the emerging literary genres. Discuss each genre and
provide at least one example for each.
Let’s Step Up!
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Lesson 3: Electronic Literature
We are bombarded by technology and electronic media

nowadays. While you browse the internet, have you
encountered stories online that have alternate endings? Have
you read poems that looked like codes?
These are examples of electronic genres. Literature has

evolved, and even programming language can now be used in
creating literature.
Warm-up!
Triad Activity:
Form a group of three. Unscramble the letters below to reveal the different kinds of electronic
literature. Share your answers in class.
xyeetptrh rtepyo
aieiertvcnt ntociif
oedc oyetpr
eiinckt yropte
slvuai troyep
pxtreyhte tciionf
iieeatvrntc eroypt
21
Learn about It!
Electronic literature, or simply e-lit, as defined by the

Electronic Literature Organization, is the collective term for
literary works with important literary aspects that take
advantage of the capabilities and contexts provided by
the stand-alone or networked computer.
E-lit emerged from the use of technology and the

capabilities of electronic media to create literature. Most
works are not for printing formats as they are designed to
be fully experienced digitally, such as graphics, animations,
games or quests, and sounds. However, electronic literature
is different from e-books as e-books are digital versions of
paperbacks.
Kinds of Electronic Literature
A. Digital Fiction
Digital fictions are read from a computer, tablet, or smartphone, and thus, can be
app-based or web-based. These fictions contain hyperlinks, sound effects, mini games,
or moving images. Readers may take an active role in digital fictions. They direct the
course of the story or narrative by choosing a hyperlink or controlling a character’s
adventure or quest.
There are two types of digital fiction:

1. Hypertext fiction
This type of digital fiction is nonlinear and reader-centered. The readers are
provided with different links in the story, thereby deciding on what order
to read the pages of the story and choosing how a story will pan out. In some
22
hypertext works, the readers can even add their own version of the story,
which allows for different plots.
One of the earliest examples of this is Douglas Cooper’s Delirium, which

allowed the reader to navigate four parallel stories.
2. Interactive fiction
An interactive fiction is an adventure story in a software-simulated

environment, usually a video game (role-playing game or RPG), where the
reader or the player controls how the story will develop. It has multiple story
lines and endings may vary. An example of this is 80 Days, an adventure game
based on Jules Verne’s Around the World in Eighty Days.
B. Digital Poetry
Digital poetry is another form of electronic literature that can be accessed through a
computer, tablet, or smartphone. This type of literature is available on the Internet and
sometimes recorded as digital video or films.
There are five types of digital poetry:

1. Hypertext poetry
This type of digital poetry is characterized by links wherein a word, a

phrase, or a line is linked to another page, which describes or elaborates
on the idea conveyed in the poem. Some hypertext poems link sounds,
visual images, and other poems to help in the reader’s interpretation.
An example of this is the hypertext version of T.S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of
J. Alfred Prufrock,” which enables a reader to experience the poem in
another way by providing links to photos, websites, and content that can
be associated with the images in the text.
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2. Interactive poetry
Interactive poetry allows readers to contribute to the content or form of a

poem. Readers can collaborate or work together to create a poem or
interact with it.
One prominent example is JABBER: The Jabberwocky Engine, a site that

allows a visitor to create neologisms or an invented word or phrase.
3. Code poetry
This digital poetry is written in programming language format (C++, Java,

HTML) that is not, in reality, executable. For example, Kenny Brown’s
“Creation?” mimics the start of our solar system by using rule sets and
variables found in coding.
4. Visual or concrete poetry
This type of digital poetry uses visual presentation to enhance the

meaning of the poem. Simply put, the layout or how the
words/lines/verses are placed or shown is as important as the content.
Some examples of visual or concrete poetry include Lewis Carroll’s “The
Mouse’s Tale,” George Herbert’s “Easter Wings,” and Eugen Gomringer’s
“Silence.”
5. Kinetic poetry
Kinetic poetry uses kinesthesia, a literary device that describes the action
or movement of a person or an object. In modern times, writers use
technology for a more visual expression of their works. They employ the
use of kinetic typography or moving text for an elaborate expression of an
emotion or thought. Kinetic poetry is often produced in videos. A current
example of this type of poetry is by an Australian group called 313RGB,
where one stands in front of the screen and “moves” words with the use of
one’s hands.
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Match the items in column A with those in column B.
A B
1. Interactive fiction a. This is nonlinear and reader-centered. The readers are
provided with different links in the story, thereby deciding
on what order to read the pages of the story and
choosing how a story will pan out.
2. Interactive poetry b. This is an adventure story in a software-simulated
environment, usually a video game (role-playing game or
RPG), where the reader or the player controls how the
story will develop.
3. Hypertext fiction c. This allows readers to contribute to the content or form
of a poem.
4. Hypertext poetry d. This uses kinesthesia, a literary device that describes
the action or movement of a person or an object.
5. Kinetic poetry e. This is characterized by links wherein a word, a phrase,
or a line is linked to another page, which describes or
elaborates on the idea conveyed in the poem.
25
1. Electronic literature is different from e-books as e-books are digital versions of

paperbacks. ______
2. An interactive fiction has multiple story lines and endings don’t vary. ______
3. Some hypertext poems link sounds, visual images, and other poems to help in the
author’s interpretation. ______
4. Code poetry is written in Greek language format. _____
5. Kinetic poetry is often produced in videos. _______
Let’s Step Up!
26
Lesson 4: Graphic Literature
Are you the type of reader who enjoys materials with

illustrations more than text-heavy materials? What makes
those with illustrations better than text-heavy materials? In
this lesson, you will learn about a type of literature that is a
combination of narrative and art.
Warm-up!
Quad Activity:
Form a group of four. Below is a comic strip with blank speech and thought bubbles. Analyze
the illustrations and create an interesting and funny story by filling in the bubbles. Share your
work in class.
27
Learn about It!
Graphic literature, also called sequential storytelling, is

literature in the form of comics. The term “graphic literature”
has come to encompass not just works of fiction but also
autobiographical narratives, nonfiction, and even poetry.
Graphic literature also comes in different genres, like horror,

historical fiction, romance, science fiction, etc.
Kinds of Graphic Literature
1. Japanese manga
Japanese manga is an example of graphic literature

that has many followers. This type of graphic literature
is created in Japan and/or written in Japanese.
A famous manga is the historical fiction Rurouni Kenshin, written and illustrated by
Nobuhiro Watsuki. The said manga focuses on the life of a former swordsman who has
changed his ways.
Another famous manga is Death Note written by Tsugumi Ohba and illustrated by
Takeshi Obata. It is a fictional story focusing on death notes or notebooks from the
underworld.
2. Graphic novels
Graphic novels are famous examples of graphic literature. Among the most popular
graphic novelists are Alan Moore, who wrote V for Vendetta and Watchmen, and Neil
Gaiman, who is famous for The Sandman series. Both Moore and Gaiman’s works have a
political undertone and critique on the nature of humans in society.
28
Filipinos have ventured into writing graphic novels. Examples of these are Filipino
Heroes League by Pablo Fabregas and Ang Subersibo (an adaptation of Jose Rizal’s Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo), which is adapted by Adam David and illustrated by Mervin
Malonzo.
The distinction between graphic novels and comic books is still contentious. A general
view, though, is that a graphic novel is read like a book, as it tells one story from the
beginning to the end, whereas comic books are periodicals. As such, graphic novels are
often longer and have a more complex storyline.
3. Comic strips
In the Philippines, comics is a widespread graphic literature. Being periodicals, comics

are released in serial format and are often short humorous or adventure stories. A
comic book may also contain several stories.
One of the famous cartoonists in the Philippines is Apolonio “Pol” Medina Jr., who
created Pugad Baboy. Jess Abrera is also famous for his creations A. Lipin and Pinoy Nga!,
both of which regularly appear on the Philippine Daily Inquirer. His son, Manix Abrera,
is also famous for the comic strip compilation Kikomachine Komix, which has different
volumes of books. Kikomachine Komix has attracted many college students as its comic
strips depict their lives and struggles.
Arrange the following according to their classification.

1. Filipino Heroes League by Pablo Fabregas
2. Rurouni Kenshin by Nobuhiro Watsuki
29
3. A. Lipin by Jess Abrera
4. The Sandman series by Neil Gaiman
5. Pugad Baboy by Apolonio “Pol” Medina Jr.
Japanese manga Graphic novels Comics
1. Being periodicals, comics are released in serial format and are often short humorous or
adventure stories. ______
2. Graphic novels are often shorter and have a more complex storyline. ______
3. Japanese manga is an example of graphic literature that has many followers. ______
4. Japanese manga is a type of graphic literature that is created in Japan and/or written in
English. ______
5. The distinction between graphic novels and comic books is still contentious. ______
Let’s Step Up!
30
Performance Task
Mini Anthology Project
Goal: Your group’s task is to create a mini

anthology, which is a compilation of
your own group’s literary works that
belong to three literary genres --
flash fiction, visual or concrete
poetry, and comic strip.
Role: You are a group of promising young

writers. You have been tasked by a publishing company to write at least three
literary pieces (one flash fiction, one visual or concrete poetry, and one comic
strip) with a similar theme and compile them all in one mini anthology, which
will be presented during the literary festival.
Audience: The target audience is the publishing company’s board of directors and fellow
writers, including very important guests.
Situation: The challenge involves coming up with a mini anthology and making it as
interesting and unique as possible.
Product/Performance and Purpose:

You will create a mini anthology using the following guidelines:
1. Write at least one flash fiction, one visual or concrete poetry, and one comic strip.
2. All literary pieces should have a similar theme.
3. Your group may come up with more than three literary pieces and include another
work that belongs to another genre (e.g., fan fiction, science fiction), or your group may
write more than one piece per required literary genre.
4. If one of your literary pieces is an adaptation, make sure to cite the title of the
book/literary work, name of the author, and the page, if applicable.
5. There is no limit to the number of words for each literary piece, except for the flash
fiction (which should have about 1,000 words or fewer).
6. Make use of visuals/illustrations.
31
7. On the first page of your mini anthology, your group should come up with an essay
about your group’s perspectives on new and emerging literary genres, genre fiction,
electronic literature, and graphic literature and provide a short introduction for each
literary piece presented.
8. Print your finished product on short bond paper, size font 12, double-spaced.
Standards and criteria for success: Your work will be judged based on the following rubric:
Criteria Beginning Developing Accomplished Score
(0-12 points) (13-16 points) (17-20 points)
Content The stories One story did All the stories

each had not follow the revolved
different theme/set of around a
themes. themes. theme or the
same set of
themes.
Organization The events in The events in

(Logical progression of the stories each story
details/events; clear were not were
transitions between logically organized well.
ideas.) connected.
Language Eight or more Four to seven Zero to three

(spelling, mechanics, mistakes in mistakes in mistakes in
grammar, and usage) language were language were language were
made. made. made.
Writing skills The work The work The work

demonstrated demonstrated demonstrated
poor writing good writing excellent
skills with many skills with writing skills
errors. several errors. with no or
minimal errors.
Literary genres The work The work The work

presented (flash fiction, presented only presented only presented all
visual poetry, and comic one literary two literary three literary
strip) genre. genres. genres and
more.
32
Illustration/visuals The work lacks Majority of the The entire
illustrations. work is visually work is visually
appealing and appealing and
neat. neat.
Punctuality The work was The work was The work was
submitted submitted one submitted on
more than one day late. time.
day late.
Total Score:
Self-Check: How Well Did I Learn?

Do a self-check on how well you learned the lessons in this unit. Place a checkmark in the
appropriate box.
I am familiar and
I think I need more I am confident that I
can perform well
Skills practice and can perform this on
with minimal
assistance my own
assistance
I can differentiate
genre fiction,
emerging literary
genres, electronic
literature, and
graphic
literature from one
another.
I can identify the
different kinds of
genre fiction,
emerging literary
genres, electronic
literature,
and graphic
literature.
33
I can analyze and
discuss a given text
of genre fiction,
emerging literary
genres, electronic
literature, or
graphic literature.
Wrap Up
New and Emerging Graphic
Genre Fiction Electronic Literature
Literary Genres Literature
Genre fiction (or New and emerging Electronic literature, Graphic literature,
popular, category, or literary genres are or simply e-lit, as also called
formula fiction in works written by defined by the sequential
different references) authors that deviate Electronic Literature storytelling, is
focuses more on from traditional Organization, is the literature in the
emotions. Its main writing methods. collective term for form of comics.
purpose is to evoke Often, these works literary works with The term “graphic
the readers’ feelings are related to other important literary literature” has
since the writer’s genres. aspects that take come to
main goal is to advantage of the encompass not
entertain the reader. capabilities and just works of
contexts provided by fiction but also
the stand-alone or autobiographical
networked computer. narratives,
E-lit emerged nonfiction, and
from the use of even poetry.
technology and the
capabilities of
electronic media to
create literature.
34
Different genres New and emerging Kinds of electronic Examples of
of popular fiction: literary genres: literature: graphic literature:
● Adventure ● Fan fiction ● Digital fiction ● Japanese
● Fantasy ● Flash fiction ❏ Hypertext manga
● Historical ● Metafiction fiction ● Graphic
● Horror ● Slipstream ❏ Interactive novels
● Mystery or fiction ● Comic
Detective ● Digital poetry strips
● Romance ❏ Interactive
● Science Fiction poetry
● Young Adult ❏ Hypertext
poetry
❏ Code poetry
❏ Visual or
concrete
poetry
❏ Kinetic poetry
Bibliography
Austen, Jane. 1813. "Pride and Prejudice." Wikisource. Accessed June 4, 2018.
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice/Chapter_34.
“Definitions of Fiction Categories and Genres.” Writers Digest University. December
07, 2014. Accessed May 27, 2018.
http://resources.writersonlineworkshops.com/resources/definitions-of-fiction-
categories-and-genres/.
“Digital Poetry.” Poetry Beyond Text. Accessed May 27, 2018.
http://www.poetrybeyondtext.org/digital-poetry.html.
Doyle, Artur Conan. 1890. "The Sign of the Four." Wikisource. Accessed June 4, 2018.
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Sign_of_the_Four.
Funkhouser, Christopher. “Digital Poetry: A Look at Generative, Visual, and
Interconnected Possibilities in its First Four Decades.” In A Companion to
35
Digital Literary Studies, edited by Susan Schreibman and Ray Siemens.
Accessed May 27, 2018. http://digitalhumanities.org/
companion/view?docId=blackwell/9781405148641/9781405148641.xml&chunk
.id=ss1-5- 11&toc.id=0&brand=9781405148641_brand.
Kowalczyk, Piotr. “15 Most Popular Fanfiction Websites.”Ebook Friendly. February 19,
2017. Accessed May 27, 2018. https://ebookfriendly.com/fan-fiction-websites/.
Maloney, Jennifer and Anna Russell. “Slipstream Fiction Goes Mainstream.” The Wall
Street Journal. Last modifed February 4, 2015. Accessed May 27, 2018.
http://www.wsj.com/articles/ slipstream-fiction-goes-mainstream-1423072888.
Merriam Webster. Accessed May 27, 2018. https://www.merriam-webster.com/
Milhorn, Howard T. Writing Genre Fiction: A Guide to the Craft. Boca Raton, FL:
Universal Publishers, 2006.
Moleti, Carole Ann. “Graphic Literature: A Blend of Genre, Medium, and Form An
International Survey of Graphic Literature.” The Internet Review of Science
Fiction. 2008. Accessed May 27, 2018.
http://www.irosf.com/q/zine/article/10423.
“Theories of Metafiction.” Postmodern Theories and Texts. Accessed May 27, 2018.
http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/Literary_Criticism/postmodernism/metafiction.htm.
Twain, Mark. 1884. "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." Wikisource. Accessed June
4, 2018.
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn/Chapter_I.
“What is E-Lit?” Electronic Literature Organization. Accessed May 27, 2018.
https://eliterature.org/what-is-e-lit/.
“What is Digital Fiction?” Reading Digital Fiction. Accessed May 27, 2018. https://
readingdigitalfiction.com/about/what-is-digital-fiction/.
36

Literature - Unit 4 - Other Literary Genres

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21st Century Literature from the

Philippines and the World Unit 4:

Lesson 1: Genre Fiction 4

Lesson 2: New and Emerging Literary Genres 17

Lesson 3: Electronic Literature 22

Lesson 4: Graphic Literature 28

Self-Check: How Well Did I Learn? 34

The dictionary meaning of genre is that it is a category of

Genre fiction (or popular, category, or formula fiction in

Genre fiction is typically characterized by lengthy dialogues,

Different Genres of Popular Fiction

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (excerpt)

Chapter 4: The Sign of the Four (excerpt)

"This is Mr. Sherlock Holmes, and this Dr. Watson."

"It appears to be normal," I said. "You have no cause for uneasiness."

"I knew in my heart that he was dead," said she.

Pride and Prejudice (excerpt)

Match the items in column A with those in column B.

Provide an example for each of the following.

New and emerging literary genres are works written by

New and Emerging Literary Genres

Also called fanfic, this is an emerging literary genre

Works of fan fiction are mostly written under pseudonyms.

Also considered as “the fiction of strangeness,” slipstream is a nonrealistic fiction that

Check Your Understanding

Let’s Step Up!

We are bombarded by technology and electronic media

These are examples of electronic genres. Literature has

Electronic literature, or simply e-lit, as defined by the

E-lit emerged from the use of technology and the

Kinds of Electronic Literature

There are two types of digital fiction:

One of the earliest examples of this is Douglas Cooper’s Delirium, which

An interactive fiction is an adventure story in a software-simulated

There are five types of digital poetry:

This type of digital poetry is characterized by links wherein a word, a

Interactive poetry allows readers to contribute to the content or form of a

One prominent example is JABBER: The Jabberwocky Engine, a site that

This digital poetry is written in programming language format (C++, Java,

4. Visual or concrete poetry

This type of digital poetry uses visual presentation to enhance the

Match the items in column A with those in column B.

1. Electronic literature is different from e-books as e-books are digital versions of

Let’s Step Up!

Are you the type of reader who enjoys materials with

Graphic literature, also called sequential storytelling, is

Graphic literature also comes in different genres, like horror,

Kinds of Graphic Literature

Japanese manga is an example of graphic literature

In the Philippines, comics is a widespread graphic literature. Being periodicals, comics

Check Your Understanding

Arrange the following according to their classification.

Japanese manga Graphic novels Comics

Let’s Step Up!

Goal: Your group’s task is to create a mini

Role: You are a group of promising young

Product/Performance and Purpose:

Content The stories One story did All the stories

Organization The events in The events in

Language Eight or more Four to seven Zero to three

Writing skills The work The work The work

Literary genres The work The work The work

Self-Check: How Well Did I Learn?