BNJ 20802

Computer Programming
Lecture Note
Md Mozasser Rahman
FTK

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 Chapter 2 Introduction to C++
programming
No. Title Page

1. Introduction to C++ programming 3

a) History of C/C++
b) Program development software
c) C++ Program
2. Fundamental of C++ 14

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1. Introduction to C++ programming

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 Introduction to C++ programming
History of C/C++
 C is a programming language developed in the
1970's alongside the UNIX operating system.
 C provides a comprehensive set of features for
handling a wide variety of applications, such as
systems development and scientific
computation.
 C++ is an “extension” of the C language, in
that most C programs are also C++ programs.
 C++, as opposed to C, supports “object-
oriented programming.”

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Program development software
1. Editing in a editor
2. Compiling in a compiler
3. Linking in a linker

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1. Editing in a editor:
 It is the 1st step in preparing your program.
 Notepad or text editor are two of common editor that can
be use.
 IDE that are part of C++ packages also provide built-in editor.
 Both of editor above will only store what you type without
any addition of extra character to you file.
 So, once you save your codes in file. The file that contain all
program instruction, is known as the source file.
 The source file is said to contain the source code.

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2. Compiling in a compiler
 The 2nd step is to compile the source file.
 Special program known as compiler is used.
 Compiler can be define as a computer program that
transforms/translate source code (high-level compiled
language) into another computer language known as
machine language in the form of binary.
 As part of compiler, a program named the pre-processor is
invoked, which takes place before your source code is
compile.
 Pre-processor will attends your source code statement and
find statement with the ‘#’ sign.
 These ‘#’ statement referred to as compiler directive.

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 Then, the compiler will process our source file and with pre-
processor line and produces a file known as object file
 The object file contain what is know as object code, which
CPU of your computer understands, also known as machine
code.
 However, pc cannot execute object code since it still has few
parts missing. Its like unfinished highway

Figure shows the process of pre-processor and

the compiler are gradually becoming merged.
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 At this stage, object code still contain undefined references.
 The undefined references refer to pieces of object code that
need to be retrieved from elsewhere to complete entire
program.
 The compiler can be viewed in basic term as a translator that
checks grammatical content.

Figure shows the compiling process of the

source codes

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3. Linking in a linker
 The program that bridges all the gaps and completes
assembly of the program is known as the linker.
 It will search all the object files and libraries to find the
missing sets of instruction.
 Sometimes linker must be told to search certain libraries and
object files.
 Its either 3rd party library that you purchased or you have
developed.
 Linker will insert the missing sets of instruction into
appropriate places to form a file that has a gaps free
execution path.
 This process know as linking which will produces executable
files.
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 The program must be loaded into computer’s memory before
execution can begin.
 This action carried out by a loader.
 Beside figure shows linking process of object code and RTL
into executable code.

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 Source file
1. Editing in a editor • Notepad or text editor (source file, contain the source
code – human understand)

• Using compiler to compile the source file

• before source code is compile, the pre-processor ( # -
Object file compiler directive) is invoked
• compiler will process our source file and with pre-
2. Compiling in a processor line and produces a file object file (contain
compiler object code / machine code – CPU understand)
• Pc still cannot execute object code – part missing
(undefined references)

• Linker - competed all the gaps, search all the object

files and libraries to find the missing sets of instruction
3. Linking in a linker to produces executable files , contain the execution
code.
• Loader – To loading the program into computer’s
memory before execution begin.

Execution file 12
 IDE for C++ Program
• What is IDE?
• IDE or Integrated Development Environment is
as the name suggests is a digital environment
used to develop games, software, hardware
that offers integration from debugging to all
the way to compiling.
IDEs don’t just let you compile and run your
code, they also give you the tools and features
to speed up your programming work and make
things easy for you.
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 IDE for C++ Program
• Best C++ IDE & Source Editor
 1. Dev C++ 3. Code:: Blocks

2. Visual Studio Code

4. Eclipse

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 C++ Program
 A computer sees a program as a set of instructions to be
executed
 While, the programmer arranges these instructions in a
certain order depending on the tasks the computer is
expected to perform.
 For examples, program that add two numbers, the process
must start with reading or entered the numbers first before
proceed to instruction to add numbers.
 These proper step of instruction call syntax.
 What is Syntax?: it is the typography and the use of
punctuation marks.
 So, now, let start with basic building block of C++
programming.. 15
 So, now, let start with basic building block of C++
programming..
 Basic building block of C++ can be viewed as a function, a
procedure that produce the result.
 Therefore, every C++ program must contains main function
before everything else.

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 • Compiler Preprocessor
Directive to tell
compiler to include
iostream library
• iostream library is call
header file (h)

• Tell the compiler to

find the names in
Output standard library
• Body of the function

• Semicolon ( ; ) - statement terminator.

• Two slash ( // ) - line comment, ignores all text after.
• /* and */ - line comment ignore any text between.
• Return 0 - placed at the end of main function to exit the program and 0
indicates that the program has terminated successfully.
• { } - left brace { beginning of function, right brace } end of function.
• int main () - function main will return as integer and () = void no arguments are
being received by main
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2. Fundamental of C++

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Structure of the function main()

 C++ contains member function and global function.

 Each function fulfils its own particular task.
 In C++, global function main() is compulsory since its
contain the main program.

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 USE OF IDENTIFIER, VARIABLE,
CONSTANT AND ETC.
1. COMMENT OR MESSAGE TO THE PROGRAM
 Comments are explanatory notes.
 They are ignored by the compiler. There are two ways to
include comment in program.
// A double slash marks the start of a single line comment.
or
// A double slash marks the start of a
// single line comment.

/* A slash followed by an asterisk marks the start of a multiple line

comment. It ends with an asterisk followed by a slash. */

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2. IDENTIFIER  Identifier cannot have special
character in them. For examples:
WHAT IS IDENTIFIER? y=x, J –20, ~Ricky, *Michealare
 Identifier is a name for variable, invalid identifier
constant, function, etc.  Identifiers are case sensitive. For
 It consists of a letter followed by examples: Hello, hello,
any sequence of letters, digits, and WHOAMI, WhoAmI, whoamiare
underscore unique identifiers.
 Its color green in Turbo C++  Rules for identifiers
 Examples of valid identifiers:  Must begin with letter or
the underscore
 First_name  Followed by any
 age combination of numerals or
 y2000 letter
 y2k  Recommend meaningful
 Examples of invalid identifiers: identifiers
 Evaluate the following?
 2000y  ElectricCharge
 8firstname  23Skidoo
 snarFbLat
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Examples 2.1

Please state either valid or not valid for identifier below:

No Questions Valid/not valid? Why
1 First_name:
2 2000y
3 age
4 y2000
5 snarFBlat
6 y2k
7 *Micheal
8 y=x
9 23skidoo

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An example showing the syntax of a single
identifier declaration

a) int a ;

b) int a , b , c ;

c) int a = 3 ;

d) int a = 3 , b , c ;

Data type identifier Assigned value Semicolon ( ; ) – terminate the line

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3. Documentation

 Comments specified between

/* this is a comment */
and following // also a comment
 Always put at beginning of program
/* name,
date,
cpo,
purpose of program
*/

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4. Keywords
 Keywords appear in white in Turbo  Programming language
C++.  a set of rules, symbols, special
words
 Each keyword has a predefined
 Rules
purpose in the language.
 syntax –specifies legal
 Do not use keywords as variable and instructions
constant names!!  Symbols
 We shall cover the following  special symbols ( + - * ! … )
keywords in this class:  Word symbols
bool, break, case, char, const,  reserved words
continue, do, default, double, else,  (int, float, double, char…)
extern, false, float, for, if, int, long,
namespace, return, short, static,
struct, switch, typedef, true,
unsigned, void, while

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 DATA TYPES
 most of the time, programming instruction manipulate data.
 As such, data plays an important role in programs
 Data comes in variety of data types that is sometimes mixed with other
types.
 So, its important to be able to differentiate that types of data.
 Three attributes that can describe data types;
 Name of the data types
 Size of the data types
 Range of value that data type can handle
 A set of value
 Combined with a set of operation
 data types can be broadly categorized into three types
 Integral data types (simple)
 Floating point data types (structured)
 Pointer data types
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 Simple data types include
 Integers
 Floating point
 Enumeration
 Integer data types include
 char
 short
 int
 long
 bool
 Different floating-point
types
 Note that various types
will
 have different ranges
of values
 require different
amounts of memory
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 Integers
 Types short, int, and long are available for operation with integers
 These types are distinguished by their value.
 The int (integer);
 Is Tylor-mad for computers and adapt to the length of a register on computer.
 In 16-bit computer, its equivalent to short
 In 32-bit computer, its equivalent to long

1 byte = 8 bits
1111 1111 (Binary)
FF (Hexadecimal)
255 (Decimal)

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 Floating point
 Numbers with a fraction part are indicated by a decimal point in C++
and are referred to as floating point numbers
 There are three types of calculation involving floating-point;
 Float : for simple accuracy
 Double : for double accuracy
 Long double : high accuracy
 Value range and accuracy of a type are derived from the amount of
memory allocated and internal representation of the type.

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 Exercise

1. which of the variable definitions shown on below is invalid or does not

make sense?

2. Write C++ program that defines two variables for floating-point numbers
and initializes them with the values 123.456 and 76.543. Then, display the
sum and the difference of these two numbers on screen

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 Pre-processor directive
 Pre-processor directive is also known as header
file (.h) as as include files.
 Runs before the compiler
 Modifies the text of the source code before
the compiler starts
 Syntax
 start with # symbol
 #include <headerFileName>
 Example: #include <iostream.h>
 Compiler directives appear in blue in Visual C++.
 The #include directive tells the compiler to include
some already existing C++ code in your program.
 The included file is then linked with the program.
 There are two forms of #include statements:
Note the pre-processor step in
• #include <iostream.h> // for pre-defined files the sequence
• #include "my_lib.h" // for user-defined files
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 Input/output expression
1.OUTPUT
 Values sent to an output device
 Usually the screen
 Can also be a file or some device
 Syntax for screen output:
cout << expression << …

 Escape sequences also used to manipulate output

cout<< "The total is\t "<< sum << endl;
Output
The total is
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Example:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "1.Hello world hello you Do you ready!!!" << endl;
cout << "2.\n Hello world\n hello you\n Do you ready!!!\n" << endl;
cout << "3.\t Hello world\t hello you\t Do you ready!!!\t" << endl;
cout << "4.\b Hello world\b hello you\b Do you ready!!!\b" << endl;
cout << "5.\b Hello world\b hello you\b Do you ready!!!\bA" << endl;
cout << "6.\r Hello world hello you Do you ready!!!" << endl;
cout << "7. Hello world hello you Do you ready!!!\rA" << endl;
cout << "8. Hello world\r hello you Do you ready!!!" << endl;
cout << "9. Hello world\r hello you Do you ready!!!\rA" << endl;
cout << "10.\\Hello world \\ hello you \\ Do you ready!!!\\" << endl;
cout << "11.\*Hello world \* hello you \* Do you ready!!!\*" << endl;
cout << "12.\"Hello world \" hello you \" Do you ready!!!\"" << endl;
cout << "13.\*\*\\\\\"\"" << endl;
return 0;
}
Output
2. INPUT
 Storing data in the computer's memory requires two steps
 1. Allocate the memory by declaring a variable
 2. Have the program fetch a value from the input device and place it
in the allocated memory location

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
Output
{
int x;
cout << "Please enter x = " <<endl;
cin >> x;
cout << "Value x = " << x <<endl;

return 0;
}
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