Test Bank For Social Psychology 6th Canadian Edition by Myers

Test Bank for Social Psychology 6th Canadian Edition by Myers
Test Bank for Social Psychology 6th Canadian

Edition by Myers
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Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. You have just gone to a concert and you thought the artist was okay, but not great. At the end, people in the
audience begin standing up and clapping for an encore. You would just like to go home, but as more and more
people stand up, you do as well. Social psychologists refer to this scenario as an example of
A. conformity.
B. cooperation.
C. obedience.
D. submission.
2. In Japan, going along with others is a sign of

A. maturity.
B. mindlessness.
C. incompetence.
D. irresponsibility.
3. Conformity is
A. not real.
B. a change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
C. an individual construct.
D. a behaviour involving arrogance.
4. Compliance is
A. reactance.
B. a change in behaviour to go against a request.
C. conformity.
D. conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing.
5. Acceptance is
A. conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure.
B. acting in accord with a direct order.
C. conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing.
D. social sensitivity.
6. Anna does not like to go to Paul's house but does so anyway because her mother wants her to. After a while,
Anna begins to enjoy going to see Paul. This is an example of
A. how acceptance can lead to compliance.
B. how compliance can lead to acceptance.
C. the boomerang effect.
D. how psychological reactance can lead to acceptance.
7. Sincere inward conformity is to ____________ as insincere outward conformity is to ____________.

A. acceptance; reactance
B. reactance; submission
C. obedience; compliance
D. acceptance; compliance
8. Soldiers or employees following questionable orders is an example of

A. conformity.
B. obedience.
C. persuasion.
D. norm formation.
9. Doing as others do and fads such as tattoos are examples of

A. conformity.
B. obedience.
C. norm formation.
D. procrastination.
10. Interpreting events differently after hearing from others and appreciating a tasty food that others love are
examples of
A. conformity.
B. obedience.
C. norm formation.
D. procrastination.
11. Kenny is scolded by his mother and told to stand in the corner quietly for three minutes. While standing in
the corner he mutters, "I may be standing, but inwardly I'm sitting." Kenny has been _____________, but
displays no sign of ____________.
A. compliant; conformity
B. obedient; conformity
C. obedient; acceptance
D. compliant; obedience
12. Jennifer thinks it is stupid to dress up to go to church, given that she never dresses up any other time. Yet
she dresses up anyway in order to fit in. Her behaviour reflects the process of
A. compliance.
B. acceptance.
C. reactance.
D. informational social influence.
13. As a freshman, Tim became a vegetarian in order to fit in with his new friends. Now, as a senior, Tim would
never consider eating meat again. What process does Tim's experience illustrate?
A. compliance
B. acceptance
C. reactance
D. social facilitation
14. Tisha started going to church only because her boyfriend wanted to go. She continues to go now, even
though she broke up with him, because she really gets a lot out of the service. What principle does Tisha's
experience illustrate?
A. the false consensus effect
B. the foot-in-the-door principle
C. acceptance can increase cohesion
D. acceptance sometimes follows compliance
15. In his classic study of __________, Sherif had participants in groups call out estimates of the distance a
small point of light appeared to move in a dark room.
A. obedience
B. group cohesiveness
C. norm formation
D. psychological reactance
16. Sirima is usually skeptical about the Internet messages she receives, but one day she receives five copies of
an email petition from five different friends. She decides to add her name to the petition and passes it on to ten
more friends. This scenario can be described as an example of
A. compliance.
B. collusion.
C. acceptance.
D. affective tolerance.
17. At one time, aircrafts had constant rather than blinking lights on the wingtips. When pilots in formation tried
to follow the constant lights of the aircraft in front of them, they veered off course. This is perhaps best
explained by
A. illusory correlation.
B. normative influence.
C. psychological reactance.
D. the autokinetic effect.
18. The autokinetic phenomenon refers to

A. a false group consensus.
B. an illusion of perceived movement.
C. a form of self-efficacy.
D. an influential bias in social judgment.
19. Studies involving __________________ most clearly demonstrate social influence taking the form of
acceptance.
A. judgments of the length of lines
B. judgments of the autokinetic phenomenon
C. shocking innocent victims
D. None of the choices are correct
20. A year after his original study, Sherif's participants were retested alone and gave answers that supported the
original group's norm. This suggests that the process involved was really
A. reactance.
B. compliance.
C. obedience.
D. acceptance.
21. Jacobs and Campbell (1961) used the Sherif paradigm to study the transmission of norms. They found that
inflated estimates lasted for
A. three generations.
B. five generations.
C. ten generations.
D. thirteen generations.
22. A confederate is someone who
A. runs an experiment.
B. is a participant in the study.
C. is an accomplice of the researcher.
D. is an authority figure.
23. In the spring of 1954, U.S. residents were alarmed by widespread reports of damage by a mysterious
windshield-pitting agent. The true cause of public concern was most likely
A. fallout from recent Pacific testing of the Hydrogen bomb.
B. mass suggestibility.
D. the autokinetic phenomenon.
24. Peter feels like he has been in a bit of a "funk" and somewhat depressed. He decides to go camping with a
bunch of his friends who are usually the "happy go lucky" type. By the end of the weekend, his mood is much
improved and he feels better. This example represents the phenomenon of
A. mass suggestibility.
B. the chameleon effect.
C. mood linkage.
D. psychological obedience.
25. Chartrand and Bargh (1999) define the "chameleon effect" as

A. a case where the participant imitates the behaviour of the confederate.
B. a case where the participant is irritated by the confederate.
C. a case where the participant disengages from any contact with the confederate.
D. None of the choices are correct.
26. When one person coughs, laughs, or yawns, others are often soon doing the same. This is an example of
A. people's emotionality.
B. the influence of contagion.
C. people's suggestibility.
D. the Honey Phenomenon.
27. Comedy show laugh tracks capitalize on

A. people's hopefulness.
B. the physical contagiousness of laughing.
C. the Honey Phenomenon.
D. people's suggestibility.
28. What is "mood linkage"?
A. A form of social contagion
B. A form of he Honey Phenomenon
C. A source of people's emotionality
D. A source of people's hopefulness
29. Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found that participants in an experiment who were asked to work alongside
another person who occasionally rubbed her face were unwittingly more likely to rub their face. They called
this
A. the chameleon effect.
B. mood linkage.
C. compliance.
D. automatic processing.
30. Charlotte and Craig are both participating in a psychology experiment and are sitting in a small room filling
out some personality questionnaires. Little does she know, but Craig is a confederate of the experimenter and is
displaying behaviours that are similar to her own (for e.g., he shakes his leg too, he bites his lip, etc). Craig
accidentally drops his pencil case and spills pens all over the floor. According to principles of the chameleon
effect, Charlotte would most likely
A. drop her own pencil case so that Craig does not feel so bad.
B. laugh at Craig and smile at him but continue completing her questionnaires.
C. get out of her seat and help Craig pick up the dropped pens.
D. ignore Craig and continue completing her questionnaires.
31. Sociologist David Phillips and colleagues report that _____________ increase after well-publicized and
celebrity suicides.
A. suicides
B. private airplane crashes
C. fatal auto accidents
D. All of the choices are correct
32. The increase in suicides following well-publicized and celebrity suicides has been described as
______________ by sociologist David Phillips.
A. mass suggestibility
B. the Werther effect
C. the chameleon effect
D. mood linkage
33. Sherif is to the study of ______________ as Asch is to the study of ______________.
A. conformity; compliance
B. compliance; conformity
C. norm formation; obedience
D. norm formation; conformity
34. Asch's conformity experiments were high in

A. mundane realism.
B. experimental realism.
C. acceptance.
D. stimulus ambiguity.
35. Asch's conformity studies found that _________________ of the participants conformed at least once, and
_______ of responses were conforming overall.
A. one quarter; 15%
B. one half; 63%
C. three quarters; 37%
D. all; 43%
36. A social psychological experiment in which the participants were present only because they were earning
extra credit and completely uninterested in the experimental situation might be lacking in
A. experimental realism.
B. internal validity.
C. exaggerated realism.
D. reactivity.
37. In a variation on the Asch experiments, you announce your answer to a question but you do so before
anyone else in the group has a chance to respond. All the subsequent responses disagree with yours. Now you
have a chance to reconsider and possibly change your answer. According to research, you will probably
A. question the procedure and ask to be last in line next time.
B. modify your response so that it comes closer to everyone else's but is still different.
C. tell yourself privately that you were right the first time but publicly change your response.
D. stick to your original answer.
38. The Sherif and Asch results are all startling because none of the studies employed any
A. judgments about ambiguous stimuli.
B. groups larger than four persons.
C. experimental realism.
D. open, obvious pressure to conform.
39. When participants in Milgram's experiments wanted to quit, they were given
A. shocks to keep them going.
B. money as an incentive to keep going.
C. up to four verbal prods to keep them going.
D. a reward for being one of the few to disobey.
40. The experimenter in Milgram's study used all but which of the following verbal prods to encourage
participants to continue?
A. "It is absolutely essential that you continue."
B. "You will be penalized if you refuse to go on."
C. "You have no other choice, you must go on."
D. "The experiment requires that you continue."
41. When Milgram asked psychiatrists, university students, and middle-class adults to predict the results of his
experiment, the respondents said that they thought ________ would _______.
A. they themselves; never begin to administer shock
B. they themselves; disobey by about 135 volts
C. other people; disobey by about 255 volts
D. other people; would go all the way to 450 volts
42. Pretend that you are a participant in Milgram's study, and you are asked how likely you are to obey the
experimenter's commands. You think you would not administer much shock, but there is over a 60% chance
that you would
A. go all the way to 450 volts, when the learner is no longer responding.
B. administer up to 300 volts, when the learner screams his refusals to answer.
C. administer up to 270 volts, when the learner starts to scream in agony.
D. administer up to 120 volts, when the learner first shouts the shocks are painful.
43. When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20 to 50-year-old men, he found
that over 65 percent of them
A. refused to deliver shocks beyond 150 volts.
B. refused to deliver shocks past the 300-volt level.
C. went all the way to 450 volts.
D. asked to be released from the experiment by 135 volts.
44. In a follow-up series of experiments after his initial study, Milgram made the learner's protests more
compelling by having him complain of a heart condition, then scream and plead for release, and finally refuse to
answer. With this added condition,
A. a majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter's demands.
B. teachers were more reluctant to deliver initial shocks.
C. learners became more real and personal to the teacher.
D. fewer participants went to 450 volts.
45. When the participants in Milgram's studies were surveyed afterward about their participation in the
obedience experiment, most said
A. they did not regret having participated.
B. they deeply regretted having participated.
C. they were glad to have helped but felt the study should never be repeated.
D. they experienced guilt over their actions as participants.
46. In the learner's schedule of protests in Milgram's "heart disturbance" studies, at what voltage level does the
learner first mention that his heart is bothering him?
A. 150 volts
B. 195 volts
C. 255 volts
D. 315 volts
47. In response to the ethical controversy surrounding his experiments, Milgram wrote that stress and risk to
self-esteem are higher for ___________ than for participants in his experiments.
A. participants in Zimbardo's prison experiment
B. students taking course examinations
C. parents raising children
48. Vince is a soldier in the military and has been stationed in Afghanistan. He has been ordered to kill any
rebel insurgents who engage in anti-government violence. According to the principles of obedience that
Milgram found, Vince will have more difficulty obeying orders when
A. everyone else in his troop is carrying out the orders given to them.
B. the victims are right in front of Vince than 500 metres away.
C. his commanding officer is beside him in the field.
D. his commanding officer is the top-ranked officer in Vince's division.
49. Which of the following was found to be a factor that influenced obedience in Milgram's research?
A. The victim's emotional distance
B. The closeness of the authority
C. The presence of other defiant teachers
50. When Milgram varied his experiment so that teachers had to physically force the learner's hand onto a shock
plate in order to administer punishment, compliance to the experimenter's orders
A. dropped to almost zero.
B. dropped to 10 percent.
C. dropped to 30 percent.
D. actually increased to almost 80 percent.
51. In Milgram's studies, obedience was highest when

A. teachers were required to put the learner's hand onto a shock plate.
B. the learner was in the same room as the teacher.
C. the learner did not complain of a heart condition.
D. the learner was remote and silent.
52. From the results of Milgram's studies that manipulated the distance between teacher and learner, one could
conclude that
A. it would be more disturbing to ignore many people starving in a foreign land than a single neighbour who
needs food.
B. it would be more disturbing to kill another with one's bare hands than with a gun.
C. ironically it may be more difficult to dehumanize a stranger than a close friend.
D. group cohesiveness breeds aggression.
53. It is easiest to debase someone who is

A. a close, convenient target.
B. in range of physical contact.
C. personalized.
D. distant and anonymous.
54. In Milgram's research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person, full
obedience
A. dropped to zero.
D. increased to 73 percent.
55. Research suggests that when people are given a _________, they are more likely to comply with a request
from a stranger.
A. light touch on the arm
B. handwritten rather than a typed letter
C. letter rather than a telephone call
D. sense of anonymity
56. Shannon is walking down the street with a friend one day when a stranger up ahead suddenly shouts "Get
back! Get off the street! There's a sniper!" Shannon and her friend are most likely to obey if
A. the stranger looks very frightened.
B. the stranger is a police officer.
C. they have low psychological resistance.
D. the friend is over the age of 30 years.
57. Obedience to a legitimate authority is highest when

A. the authority speaks loudly.
B. the authority is physically close.
C. the self-esteem of the target is low.
D. the authority gives the order by telephone.
58. In one variation on his original experiment, Milgram arranged for a confederate "clerk" (posing as a fellow
participant) to assume command in the experimenter's absence. As a result of this manipulation,
A. most teachers agreed to comply with the orders of their fellow group member.
B. the teachers competed with him and with each other for the role of leader.
C. participants became more positive about their roles in this cohesive group, and some even became
enthusiastic.
D. 80 percent of the teachers refused to comply fully.
59. Strangers will be more likely to answer your personal questions if you type them up on your university's
letterhead stationery than if you simply ask them verbally. This illustrates that people are more obedient when
A. there is no group influence.
B. they get a typed request.
C. they perceive that there is institutional authority behind a request.
D. all of the choices are correct.
60. Milgram's variation in which two "fellow participants" (actually confederates) defied the experimenter's
commands demonstrates that
A. conformity can be constructive.
B. obedience to a legitimate authority is absolute.
C. peers have little influence over an individual's likelihood of obeying a legitimate authority.
D. obedience can be liberating.
61. One of the main reasons why the studies conducted by Asch and Milgram were so controversial was that
A. they taught us an academic lesson about ethics.
B. they clearly demonstrated social psychological principles.
C. they demonstrated that all people are inherently evil.
D. they demonstrated how compliance can take precedence over moral sense.
62. The fact that the voltage in Milgram's research increased in 15-volt increments allowed obedient participants
to
A. take out their increasing aggression on the learner.
B. reduce their dissonance somewhat as the experiment progressed.
C. deliver whatever severity of shock they felt was appropriate.
63. Both Asch's conformity studies and Milgram's obedience studies illustrate
A. the power of the situation.
B. the fact that men are cognitive misers.
C. the prevalence of conforming personalities in American culture.
D. All of the choices are correct.
64. Greece's military junta selected candidates based on their respect for and submission to authority, and used a
_________________ process to train these candidates to torture others.
A. foot-in-the-door
B. blame-the-victim
C. autokinetic
D. chameleon effect
65. While studies on obedience have demonstrated that some humans have the capacity for evil, they also have
shown that resisting obedience and conformity can result in ______________, as shown by the French villagers
who sheltered Jews during the Holocaust.
A. acts of heroism
B. further evil
C. moral corruption
D. oppositional acceptance
66. In a study by Swim and Hyers, students predicted how they would respond to sexist comments made by
another participant during a discussion task. While ____ predicted that they would ignore the rude behaviours,
_____ did not say anything about the sexist comments when actually in a discussion.
A. 25%; 5%
B. 15%; 23%
C. 10%; 74%
D. 5%; 55%
67. Examples such as the abuses that occurred at the Abu Ghraib prison and in Somalia by U.S. and Canadian
soldiers (respectively) demonstrate that
A. all soldiers have the capacity to engage in evil behaviour.
B. evil situations can produce evil behaviour.
C. the moral code of the military is corrupt.
D. obedience to authority never a good thing.
68. The text suggests that in our everyday lives, the experience of ____________ illustrates an unintended drift
toward self-harm, similar to the same incremental action experienced by Milgram's participants and the German
civil servants who worked for the Nazis.
A. mistrust
B. procrastination
C. overeating
D. social rejection
69. According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that
A. people are naturally inclined to be hostile and aggressive.
B. the desire to be right is one of the strongest human motives.
C. even ordinary people, who are not particularly hostile, can become agents of destruction.
D. people value their freedom and uniqueness and react negatively when it is taken from them.
70. The fact that ordinary members of groups such as fraternities or sororities will heed commands to brutally
haze initiates indicates that
A. under the sway of evil forces, even nice people are sometimes corrupted.
B. ordinary people are may be corrupted.
C. human nature is evil.
D. leaders always make ordinary people go astray.
71. The fact that ordinary soldiers will follow orders to shoot defenceless civilians indicates that
A. human nature is evil.
B. under the sway of evil forces, even nice people are sometimes corrupted.
C. ordinary soldiers are cruel.
72. During the Holocaust, the first acts of compliance or resistance bred attitudes that influenced behaviour,
which ______________ attitudes.
A. strengthened
B. weakened
C. did not affect
D. changed
73. ________________ comes in small increments; it involves an unintended drift toward self-harm.
A. Conformity
B. Procrastination
C. The fundamental attribution error
D. Corruption
74. Milgram is to _____________ as Sherif is to _____________.

A. conformity; obedience
B. conformity; norm formation
C. obedience; conformity.
D. obedience; norm formation
75. Which of the following is not one of the factors that have been found to significantly influence one's
conformity to the group?
A. Requiring the individual's response to be made in public
B. Increasing the size of the group from 6 to 10 members
C. Increasing the status of the group
D. Having the group's agreement be unanimous rather than reflect some disagreement
76. Research on group size and conformity has generally shown that
A. as group size increases, conformity decreases.
B. as group size increases, conformity increases.
C. group size influences conformity in teenagers but not in adults.
D. the conformity of females is more significantly influenced by group size than the conformity of males.
77. Charlie wants to play a trick on his best friend, Bill. He wants to get Bill to agree that a green jacket is
actually blue. Conformity research suggests that he will most likely succeed if
A. one other friend agrees to go along with Charlie's trick.
B. four other friends agree to go along, but a fifth friend calls the jacket green.
C. five friends agree to go along with Charlie's trick.
78. Studies on group size and conformity have indicated that increasing the number of people beyond five
yields
A. enhanced conformity.
B. deindividuation.
C. diminishing returns.
D. decreased conformity.
79. Based on Wilder's research, someone who wants to be student president should recruit vocal support from
A. one large group of unanimous supporters.
B. two or three smaller groups of unanimous supporters.
C. someone who seems to be poor.
D. no-one; he or she should ask her supporters to keep quiet.
80. According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when it loses its
A. agenda.
B. anonymity.
C. unanimity.
D. heterogeneity.
81. Pheng is a psychology student who has never felt very confident about his math ability. He is particularly
likely to go along with his group members' answer to a statistical calculation problem if
A. the problem was hard and the group is unanimous.
B. the problem was hard and only one other group member got the same answer as Pheng.
C. there are only two other group members.
D. he is the most senior student in the group.
82. A practical lesson of much conformity research is that it is easier to stand up for something if you
A. believe the matter is trivial.
B. do so all at once instead of paving the way with smaller actions and hints.
C. go about it alone and face the criticism independently.
D. get someone else to stand up with you.
83. Group members who feel attracted to the group are more responsive to its influence. This fact illustrates the
impact of ____________ on conformity.
A. unanimity
B. status
C. cohesiveness
D. co-morbidity
84. Nicole wants to join a recreational activity outside of work, and speaks to some friends about what they are
involved in. Her older friend Lynne encourages her to come out to a book club that she is a member of. Her
other friend Nick, who is the same age as Nicole, suggests his slo-pitch league. Based on the factors that predict
conformity, which of the following is most likely to happen?
A. Nicole will go along with Lynne's activity.
B. Nicole will go along with Nick's activity.
C. Nicole will choose neither activity.
D. Nicole will choose another activity independently.
85. Which of the following has been found to increase the likelihood of conformity?
A. Making private responses following group pressure
B. A high-status group
C. Making a public commitment prior to group pressure
D. A divided group
86. In Milgram's original studies of obedience, he found that participants who were ______ were most likely to
be obedient and deferential.
A. the victims of past abuse
B. of low status
C. female
D. professionals used to giving orders
87. In experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must ____________ than when they
are allowed to ____________.
A. respond publicly; write down their responses in private
B. commit themselves in writing; announce their responses in public
C. think before acting; react spontaneously
D. explain their responses; keep silent
88. According to research, in face of group pressure, people

A. often back down.
B. almost never back down.
C. do not stick by a public commitment they once made.
89. Charles has been asked to make a judgment as to how long a line is and state it publicly to a group of others.
He indicates that he believes the line is 20 cm long. The four other people in the group all state they think it is
around 7 cm long. Charles is then given a chance to change his answer if he wants. What is Charles most likely
to do in this case?
A. He is likely to change his answer to around 7 cm long as well.
B. He is likely to change his answer to longer than he originally predicted.
C. He is likely to change his answer to halfway between his original guess and the guess of the group.
D. He is not likely to change his answer and sticks with his 20 cm long response.
90. According to research, people _____ affected by the characteristics of the group; people _____ when faced
with the unanimous reports of three or more attractive, high-status people.
A. are not; conform least
B. are not; conform more
C. are; conform most
D. are; conform least
91. Dr. Jennings hates to wear a suit to teach his classes. Nevertheless he does so to win the approval of the
senior faculty at his institution. Dr. Jennings's behaviour is an example of
A. identification.
B. informational social influence.
C. normative social influence.
D. acceptance.
92. Jodi wears slacks or jeans almost all the time, rejecting skirts and dresses as too formal and sexist. However,
when she is invited to attend an honours reception, she borrows a skirt to wear so she will fit in with the other
guests. This is an example of
A. normative social influence.
B. self-efficacy.
93. Going along with the crowd in order to avoid rejection is called
A. emotional influence.
C. cohesion-based influence.
D. informational influence.
94. Going along with the crowd because they appear to know more about the situation than you do is called
A. pluralistic influence.
95. Normative influence commonly leads to _______________, whereas informational influence commonly
leads to ________________.
A. conformity; reactance
B. acceptance; consensus
C. compliance; obedience
D. compliance; acceptance
96. You see a person lying in the street in apparent discomfort. Unsure of whether he needs help, you observe
that while other people notice him, no one else stops to offer help. Because no one else stops, you conclude that
he does not need help and is probably only drunk. Your decision shows the effects of
C. compliance.
D. the boomerang effect.
97. Sherif's study of the autokinetic phenomenon best illustrates
A. normative influence.
B. informational influence.
C. obedience.
D. compliance.
98. Informational influence is probably at work when people conform more

A. when they feel incompetent.
B. when the task is difficult.
C. when they care about being right.
99. Why do people conform?

A. They want to be liked and approved.
B. They want to be right.
C. All of the choices are correct.
100. _________________ is to "going along with the crowd" as _______________ is to "learning from the
crowd."
A. Normative influence; concern for social image
B. Informational influence; normative influence
C. Normative influence; asserting uniqueness
D. Normative influence; informational influence
101. Concern for _______________ produces normative influence, whereas ________________ produces
informational influence.
A. social image; the desire to be correct
B. being correct; social image
C. deindividuation; individuality
D. acceptance; obedience
102. Pearline is participating in a psychology experiment where she has to complete a mental rotation task while
having her brain scanned in a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). She hears how other participants
are responding to the perceptual questions being asked. Even though she felt that her first answer was wrong,
she went along with what the group was saying. However, for her second answer she went against the group.
The brain scan indicated that
A. there were no differences in the regions that were activated in the brain between the conforming and
non-conforming responses.
B. brain areas associated with conscious decision-making were active for both judgments.
C. regions dedicated to emotion were activated for the first response, and those associated with perception were
activated for the second response.
D. regions dedicated to perception were activated for the first response, and those associated with emotion were
103. Researchers have explored several areas in search of the conformer. Which of the following is one of those
areas?
A. Religion
B. Personality
C. Sexual orientation
D. Race
104. Personality characteristics best predict an individual's

A. likelihood of performing a specific action in a given situation.
B. likelihood of performing a specific action repeatedly over time.
C. average behaviour across many situations.
105. Personality predicts behaviour better than situational forces do when

A. a single behaviour is being predicted rather than one's average behaviour.
B. the trait is specific to a particular situation.
C. the participants are women compared to men.
106. Even though Milgram's shock experiments created a powerful situational setting with clear-cut demands,
not all participants administered shock to the maximum level. These findings suggest that
A. the situation may not have been as powerful as Milgram thought.
B. other factors, such as personality, may play a role in who is more or less likely to obey.
C. individuals will obey when forced but not when it involves shock.
D. some participants perceived the situation as "weak" whereas others found it "strong."
107. When the influence of the situation is _________________, the consequent behaviour is likely to be a
result of __________________.
A. weak; individual personalities
B. weak; external circumstances
C. strong; internal forces
D. strong; dispositions
108. According to the theorist Kurt Lewin, "every psychological event" depends on
A. cultural filtering.
B. learned behaviour patterns.
C. both the person and the environment.
D. instinctive emotional predispositions.
109. The general conclusion about the role of culture on conformity is that while conformity creates a powerful
situation, culture
A. shapes the extent of that power.
B. is more important than situations when interpreting behaviour.
C. diminishes the extent of that power.
D. creates a powerful influence in opposition to conformist pressures.
110. When social pressure threatens a person's sense of ______________, he or she is likely to rebel.
A. belonging
B. freedom
C. achievement
D. meaning or purpose in life
111. High school students Chas and Marnie have been dating each other casually. When Marnie's parents tell
her to stop seeing Chas and ask her to go out with "nicer boys," Marnie announces that she and Chas are
actually "in love" and have decided to go steady. Marnie's behaviour most likely illustrates the effects of
A. the false uniqueness effect.
B. the fundamental attribution error.
C. the self-serving bias.
D. psychological reactance.
112. Psychological reactance theory may help explain why

A. underage drinkers are more likely to report having been drunk in the past year than are legal-age drinkers.
B. a toddler, ignoring a toy, protests and demands that toy back when a playmate begins to play with it.
C. the demand for and value placed on an object is greater when the object is perceived to be rare or hard to get.
113. One way to circumvent the problem of reactance is to
A. offer people choices instead of commands.
B. provide incentives for the desired behaviour.
C. threaten penalties for not complying with the request.
D. issue a firm command.
114. The theory of psychological reactance would advise parents who wish to keep their children from taking
up the habit of smoking cigarettes that their best strategy would be to
A. threaten their children with severe punishment if they are ever caught smoking.
B. promise large rewards to their children for not smoking.
C. explain why they are opposed to smoking and then allow their children to decide for themselves whether
they will smoke or not.
D. forbid their children to see, talk about, or have any contact with cigarettes or other tobacco products.
115. Experiments have demonstrated that attempts to restrict a person's freedom often produce anticonformity
called
A. individuation.
B. the boomerang effect.
C. the consensus effect.
D. personality assertion effect.
116. Which of the following factors can motivate anticonformity?

A. reactance
B. asserting uniqueness
C. All of the choices are correct
117. In a study by Snyder, students who were told that their personal attitudes were nearly identical to those of
10,000 other students' __________ when they participated in a conformity experiment.
A. were judged most attractive by their fellow participants
B. were more willing to obey the experimenter's request to make a public commitment to a popular cause
C. took on additional attitudes as well as the mannerisms of the majority
D. asserted their individuality by being nonconformist
118. When William McGuire and his Yale University colleagues invited children to "tell us about yourself,"
they found that the children were most likely to mention their
A. sex.
B. nationality.
C. distinctive attributes.
D. most common personal characteristics.
119. Milly, who has blonde hair, has a sister and a brother, and parents who are both teachers. Milly was born in
the Netherlands and her family moved to Toronto when she was six. She attends a university in the west and
majors in journalism. If you asked Milly to "tell me about yourself," she is most likely to mention that
A. she has blonde hair.
B. she has a brother and a sister.
C. she was born in the Netherlands.
D. both her parents attended university.
120. An objective observer can see very little difference between the students at Queen's University and the
students at McGill University. This strong resemblance may lead to
A. intense rivalry and scorn between the students of the two schools.
B. cooperation between the students of the two schools.
C. intense nonconformist individualism.
D. experience of cognitive dissonance.
121. When people of two cultures are nearly identical,

A. they will not notice their differences.
B. they will still notice their differences.
C. they cannot notice their differences.
122. Who among the following is best known for his obedience study in which participants had to deliver
'shocks' of increasing intensity when an incorrect answer was given?
A. Muzafer Sherif
B. Solomon Asch
C. Stanley Milgram
123. Which of the following refers to the extent to which members of a group are bonded together, such as by
attraction for one another?
A. unanimity
B. cohesiveness
C. social influence
D. normative influence
124. People feel __________ when they appear too different from others, but also feel __________ when they
appear exactly like everyone else.
A. comfortable; uncomfortable
B. uncomfortable; comfortable
C. comfortable; comfortable
D. uncomfortable; uncomfortable
125. While watching a hockey game alone, Jack never cheers out loud when his team scores. However, when
Jack is watching the game with his friends who always cheer, Jack cheers out loud with them. This is an
example of conformity.
True False
126. Most people comply in order to reap a reward or avoid a punishment.

True False
127. Solomon Asch is best known for his obedience study in which participants had to deliver ‘shocks' of
increasing intensity when an incorrect answer was given.
True False
128. Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance, is known as
True False
129. Some people may conform in order to obtain important information.

True False
130. Conformity may reflect an evolutionary response to survival threats, such as disease-bearing pathogens.
True False
131. For conformity to be greater, it is best to have a large group of people rather than a small group of people.
True False
132. Conformity has several varieties, including compliance, obedience, and acceptance. Define each and
describe how they are different using examples.
133. How are both the power of the situation and the power of the person evident in the results of Asch's
conformity research?
134. Describe the normative and informational influence pressures operating in Milgram's obedience
experiments.
135. What are the four determining factors that Milgram examined to determine the conditions that breed
obedience. Briefly discuss each.
136. Unanimity, status, and cohesion are all factors that influence when people conform. Explain the impact of
each of these factors on conformity in terms of normative and/or informational influence pressures.
137. What are the six factors that influence or predict conformity? Identify each and discuss the main
conclusions with respect to each factor.
138. Why do people conform? Explain your answer.
139. John wants to go out with Sue, but Sue is playing "hard-to-get." John is all the more intrigued and
motivated to get a date with Sue. Explain this scenario in terms of reactance theory.
c6 Key
1. (p. 196) You have just gone to a concert and you thought the artist was okay, but not great. At the end, people in
the audience begin standing up and clapping for an encore. You would just like to go home, but as more and
more people stand up, you do as well. Social psychologists refer to this scenario as an example of
A. conformity.
B. cooperation.
C. obedience.
D. submission.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 06-01 What Is Conformity?
Myers - Chapter 06 #1
2. (p. 196) In Japan, going along with others is a sign of

A. maturity.
B. mindlessness.
C. incompetence.
D. irresponsibility.

Blooms: Remember
3. (p. 196) Conformity is

A. not real.
B. a change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
C. an individual construct.
D. a behaviour involving arrogance.

Blooms: Remember
4. (p. 197) Compliance is
A. reactance.
B. a change in behaviour to go against a request.
C. conformity.
D. conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing.

Blooms: Remember
5. (p. 197) Acceptance is

A. conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure.
B. acting in accord with a direct order.
C. conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing.
D. social sensitivity.

Blooms: Remember
6. (p. 197) Anna does not like to go to Paul's house but does so anyway because her mother wants her to. After a
while, Anna begins to enjoy going to see Paul. This is an example of
A. how acceptance can lead to compliance.
B. how compliance can lead to acceptance.
C. the boomerang effect.
D. how psychological reactance can lead to acceptance.

Blooms: Understand
7. (p. 197) Sincere inward conformity is to ____________ as insincere outward conformity is to ____________.
A. acceptance; reactance
B. reactance; submission
C. obedience; compliance
D. acceptance; compliance

Blooms: Understand
8. (p. 197) Soldiers or employees following questionable orders is an example of
A. conformity.
B. obedience.
C. persuasion.
D. norm formation.

Blooms: Remember
9. (p. 197; 214) Doing as others do and fads such as tattoos are examples of
A. conformity.
B. obedience.
C. norm formation.
D. procrastination.

Blooms: Remember
10. (p. 197; 214) Interpreting events differently after hearing from others and appreciating a tasty food that others
love are examples of
A. conformity.
B. obedience.
C. norm formation.
D. procrastination.

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 06-02 What Are The Classic Conformity And Obedience Studies?
11. (p. 197) Kenny is scolded by his mother and told to stand in the corner quietly for three minutes. While
standing in the corner he mutters, "I may be standing, but inwardly I'm sitting." Kenny has been
_____________, but displays no sign of ____________.
A. compliant; conformity
B. obedient; conformity
C. obedient; acceptance
D. compliant; obedience

Blooms: Understand
12. (p. 197) Jennifer thinks it is stupid to dress up to go to church, given that she never dresses up any other time.
Yet she dresses up anyway in order to fit in. Her behaviour reflects the process of
A. compliance.
B. acceptance.
C. reactance.

Blooms: Understand
13. (p. 197) As a freshman, Tim became a vegetarian in order to fit in with his new friends. Now, as a senior, Tim
would never consider eating meat again. What process does Tim's experience illustrate?
A. compliance
B. acceptance
C. reactance
D. social facilitation

Blooms: Understand
14. (p. 197) Tisha started going to church only because her boyfriend wanted to go. She continues to go now, even
though she broke up with him, because she really gets a lot out of the service. What principle does Tisha's
experience illustrate?
A. the false consensus effect
B. the foot-in-the-door principle
C. acceptance can increase cohesion
D. acceptance sometimes follows compliance

Blooms: Understand
15. (p. 197-200) In his classic study of __________, Sherif had participants in groups call out estimates of the
distance a small point of light appeared to move in a dark room.
A. obedience
B. group cohesiveness
C. norm formation
D. psychological reactance

Blooms: Remember
16. (p. 197) Sirima is usually skeptical about the Internet messages she receives, but one day she receives five
copies of an email petition from five different friends. She decides to add her name to the petition and passes it
on to ten more friends. This scenario can be described as an example of
A. compliance.
B. collusion.
C. acceptance.
D. affective tolerance.

Blooms: Apply
17. (p. 198) At one time, aircrafts had constant rather than blinking lights on the wingtips. When pilots in
formation tried to follow the constant lights of the aircraft in front of them, they veered off course. This is
perhaps best explained by
A. illusory correlation.
D. the autokinetic effect.

Blooms: Understand
18. (p. 198) The autokinetic phenomenon refers to
A. a false group consensus.
B. an illusion of perceived movement.
C. a form of self-efficacy.
D. an influential bias in social judgment.

Blooms: Remember
19. (p. 198) Studies involving __________________ most clearly demonstrate social influence taking the form of
acceptance.
A. judgments of the length of lines
B. judgments of the autokinetic phenomenon
C. shocking innocent victims

Blooms: Remember
20. (p. 197) A year after his original study, Sherif's participants were retested alone and gave answers that
supported the original group's norm. This suggests that the process involved was really
A. reactance.
B. compliance.
C. obedience.
D. acceptance.

Blooms: Remember
21. (p. 198-199) Jacobs and Campbell (1961) used the Sherif paradigm to study the transmission of norms. They
found that inflated estimates lasted for
A. three generations.
B. five generations.
C. ten generations.
D. thirteen generations.

Blooms: Remember
22. (p. 198) A confederate is someone who
A. runs an experiment.
B. is a participant in the study.
C. is an accomplice of the researcher.
D. is an authority figure.

Blooms: Remember
23. (p. 199) In the spring of 1954, U.S. residents were alarmed by widespread reports of damage by a mysterious
windshield-pitting agent. The true cause of public concern was most likely
A. fallout from recent Pacific testing of the Hydrogen bomb.
B. mass suggestibility.
D. the autokinetic phenomenon.

Blooms: Remember
24. (p. 199) Peter feels like he has been in a bit of a "funk" and somewhat depressed. He decides to go camping
with a bunch of his friends who are usually the "happy go lucky" type. By the end of the weekend, his mood is
much improved and he feels better. This example represents the phenomenon of
A. mass suggestibility.
B. the chameleon effect.
C. mood linkage.
D. psychological obedience.

Blooms: Understand
25. (p. 199) Chartrand and Bargh (1999) define the "chameleon effect" as
A. a case where the participant imitates the behaviour of the confederate.
B. a case where the participant is irritated by the confederate.
C. a case where the participant disengages from any contact with the confederate.

Blooms: Remember
26. (p. 199) When one person coughs, laughs, or yawns, others are often soon doing the same. This is an example
of
A. people's emotionality.
B. the influence of contagion.
C. people's suggestibility.
D. the Honey Phenomenon.

Blooms: Remember
27. (p. 199) Comedy show laugh tracks capitalize on

A. people's hopefulness.
B. the physical contagiousness of laughing.
C. the Honey Phenomenon.
D. people's suggestibility.

Blooms: Remember
28. (p. 199) What is "mood linkage"?

A. A form of social contagion
B. A form of he Honey Phenomenon
C. A source of people's emotionality
D. A source of people's hopefulness

Blooms: Remember
29. (p. 199) Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found that participants in an experiment who were asked to work
alongside another person who occasionally rubbed her face were unwittingly more likely to rub their face. They
called this
A. the chameleon effect.
B. mood linkage.
C. compliance.
D. automatic processing.

Blooms: Remember
30. (p. 199) Charlotte and Craig are both participating in a psychology experiment and are sitting in a small room
filling out some personality questionnaires. Little does she know, but Craig is a confederate of the experimenter
and is displaying behaviours that are similar to her own (for e.g., he shakes his leg too, he bites his lip, etc).
Craig accidentally drops his pencil case and spills pens all over the floor. According to principles of the
chameleon effect, Charlotte would most likely
A. drop her own pencil case so that Craig does not feel so bad.
B. laugh at Craig and smile at him but continue completing her questionnaires.
C. get out of her seat and help Craig pick up the dropped pens.
D. ignore Craig and continue completing her questionnaires.

Blooms: Understand
31. (p. 200) Sociologist David Phillips and colleagues report that _____________ increase after well-publicized
and celebrity suicides.
A. suicides
B. private airplane crashes
C. fatal auto accidents

Blooms: Remember
32. (p. 200) The increase in suicides following well-publicized and celebrity suicides has been described as
______________ by sociologist David Phillips.
A. mass suggestibility
B. the Werther effect
C. the chameleon effect
D. mood linkage

Blooms: Remember
33. (p. 197-202) Sherif is to the study of ______________ as Asch is to the study of ______________.
A. conformity; compliance
B. compliance; conformity
C. norm formation; obedience
D. norm formation; conformity

Blooms: Remember
34. (p. 201) Asch's conformity experiments were high in

A. mundane realism.
B. experimental realism.
C. acceptance.
D. stimulus ambiguity.

Blooms: Remember
35. (p. 201) Asch's conformity studies found that _________________ of the participants conformed at least once,
and _______ of responses were conforming overall.
A. one quarter; 15%
B. one half; 63%
C. three quarters; 37%
D. all; 43%

Blooms: Remember
36. (p. 201) A social psychological experiment in which the participants were present only because they were
earning extra credit and completely uninterested in the experimental situation might be lacking in
A. experimental realism.
B. internal validity.
C. exaggerated realism.
D. reactivity.

Blooms: Understand
37. (p. 218) In a variation on the Asch experiments, you announce your answer to a question but you do so before
anyone else in the group has a chance to respond. All the subsequent responses disagree with yours. Now you
have a chance to reconsider and possibly change your answer. According to research, you will probably
A. question the procedure and ask to be last in line next time.
B. modify your response so that it comes closer to everyone else's but is still different.
C. tell yourself privately that you were right the first time but publicly change your response.
D. stick to your original answer.

Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 06-03 What Predicts Conformity?
38. (p. 201) The Sherif and Asch results are all startling because none of the studies employed any
A. judgments about ambiguous stimuli.
B. groups larger than four persons.
C. experimental realism.
D. open, obvious pressure to conform.

Blooms: Remember
39. (p. 204) When participants in Milgram's experiments wanted to quit, they were given
A. shocks to keep them going.
B. money as an incentive to keep going.
C. up to four verbal prods to keep them going.
D. a reward for being one of the few to disobey.

Blooms: Remember
40. (p. 204) The experimenter in Milgram's study used all but which of the following verbal prods to encourage
participants to continue?
A. "It is absolutely essential that you continue."
B. "You will be penalized if you refuse to go on."
C. "You have no other choice, you must go on."
D. "The experiment requires that you continue."

Blooms: Remember
41. (p. 204) When Milgram asked psychiatrists, university students, and middle-class adults to predict the results
of his experiment, the respondents said that they thought ________ would _______.
A. they themselves; never begin to administer shock
B. they themselves; disobey by about 135 volts
C. other people; disobey by about 255 volts
D. other people; would go all the way to 450 volts

Blooms: Remember
42. (p. 204) Pretend that you are a participant in Milgram's study, and you are asked how likely you are to obey the
experimenter's commands. You think you would not administer much shock, but there is over a 60% chance
that you would
A. go all the way to 450 volts, when the learner is no longer responding.
B. administer up to 300 volts, when the learner screams his refusals to answer.
C. administer up to 270 volts, when the learner starts to scream in agony.
D. administer up to 120 volts, when the learner first shouts the shocks are painful.

Blooms: Understand
43. (p. 204) When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20 to 50-year-old men, he
found that over 65 percent of them
A. refused to deliver shocks beyond 150 volts.
B. refused to deliver shocks past the 300-volt level.
C. went all the way to 450 volts.
D. asked to be released from the experiment by 135 volts.

Blooms: Remember
44. (p. 204) In a follow-up series of experiments after his initial study, Milgram made the learner's protests more
compelling by having him complain of a heart condition, then scream and plead for release, and finally refuse to
answer. With this added condition,
A. a majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter's demands.
B. teachers were more reluctant to deliver initial shocks.
C. learners became more real and personal to the teacher.
D. fewer participants went to 450 volts.

Blooms: Remember
45. (p. 206) When the participants in Milgram's studies were surveyed afterward about their participation in the
obedience experiment, most said
A. they did not regret having participated.
B. they deeply regretted having participated.
C. they were glad to have helped but felt the study should never be repeated.
D. they experienced guilt over their actions as participants.

Blooms: Remember
46. (p. 205) In the learner's schedule of protests in Milgram's "heart disturbance" studies, at what voltage level
does the learner first mention that his heart is bothering him?
A. 150 volts
B. 195 volts
C. 255 volts
D. 315 volts

Blooms: Remember
47. (p. 206) In response to the ethical controversy surrounding his experiments, Milgram wrote that stress and risk
to self-esteem are higher for ___________ than for participants in his experiments.
A. participants in Zimbardo's prison experiment
B. students taking course examinations
C. parents raising children

Blooms: Remember
48. (p. 206-207) Vince is a soldier in the military and has been stationed in Afghanistan. He has been ordered to kill
any rebel insurgents who engage in anti-government violence. According to the principles of obedience that
Milgram found, Vince will have more difficulty obeying orders when
A. everyone else in his troop is carrying out the orders given to them.
B. the victims are right in front of Vince than 500 metres away.
C. his commanding officer is beside him in the field.
D. his commanding officer is the top-ranked officer in Vince's division.

Blooms: Understand
49. (p. 206-209) Which of the following was found to be a factor that influenced obedience in Milgram's research?
A. The victim's emotional distance
B. The closeness of the authority
C. The presence of other defiant teachers

Blooms: Remember
50. (p. 206) When Milgram varied his experiment so that teachers had to physically force the learner's hand onto a
shock plate in order to administer punishment, compliance to the experimenter's orders
A. dropped to almost zero.
D. actually increased to almost 80 percent.

Blooms: Remember
51. (p. 206) In Milgram's studies, obedience was highest when
A. teachers were required to put the learner's hand onto a shock plate.
B. the learner was in the same room as the teacher.
C. the learner did not complain of a heart condition.
D. the learner was remote and silent.

Blooms: Remember
52. (p. 206-207) From the results of Milgram's studies that manipulated the distance between teacher and learner,
one could conclude that
A. it would be more disturbing to ignore many people starving in a foreign land than a single neighbour who
needs food.
B. it would be more disturbing to kill another with one's bare hands than with a gun.
C. ironically it may be more difficult to dehumanize a stranger than a close friend.
D. group cohesiveness breeds aggression.

Blooms: Understand
53. (p. 206-207) It is easiest to debase someone who is

A. a close, convenient target.
B. in range of physical contact.
C. personalized.
D. distant and anonymous.

Blooms: Understand
54. (p. 207) In Milgram's research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person,
full obedience
A. dropped to zero.
D. increased to 73 percent.

Blooms: Remember
55. (p. 207) Research suggests that when people are given a _________, they are more likely to comply with a
request from a stranger.
A. light touch on the arm
B. handwritten rather than a typed letter
C. letter rather than a telephone call
D. sense of anonymity

Blooms: Understand
56. (p. 207) Shannon is walking down the street with a friend one day when a stranger up ahead suddenly shouts
"Get back! Get off the street! There's a sniper!" Shannon and her friend are most likely to obey if
A. the stranger looks very frightened.
B. the stranger is a police officer.
C. they have low psychological resistance.
D. the friend is over the age of 30 years.

Blooms: Understand
57. (p. 207) Obedience to a legitimate authority is highest when

A. the authority speaks loudly.
B. the authority is physically close.
C. the self-esteem of the target is low.
D. the authority gives the order by telephone.

Blooms: Remember
58. (p. 207) In one variation on his original experiment, Milgram arranged for a confederate "clerk" (posing as a
fellow participant) to assume command in the experimenter's absence. As a result of this manipulation,
A. most teachers agreed to comply with the orders of their fellow group member.
B. the teachers competed with him and with each other for the role of leader.
C. participants became more positive about their roles in this cohesive group, and some even became
enthusiastic.
D. 80 percent of the teachers refused to comply fully.

Blooms: Remember
59. (p. 208) Strangers will be more likely to answer your personal questions if you type them up on your
university's letterhead stationery than if you simply ask them verbally. This illustrates that people are more
obedient when
A. there is no group influence.
B. they get a typed request.
C. they perceive that there is institutional authority behind a request.
D. all of the choices are correct.

Blooms: Understand
60. (p. 208-209) Milgram's variation in which two "fellow participants" (actually confederates) defied the
experimenter's commands demonstrates that
A. conformity can be constructive.
B. obedience to a legitimate authority is absolute.
C. peers have little influence over an individual's likelihood of obeying a legitimate authority.
D. obedience can be liberating.

Blooms: Remember
61. (p. 210) One of the main reasons why the studies conducted by Asch and Milgram were so controversial was
that
A. they taught us an academic lesson about ethics.
B. they clearly demonstrated social psychological principles.
C. they demonstrated that all people are inherently evil.
D. they demonstrated how compliance can take precedence over moral sense.

Blooms: Understand
62. (p. 210-211) The fact that the voltage in Milgram's research increased in 15-volt increments allowed obedient
participants to
A. take out their increasing aggression on the learner.
B. reduce their dissonance somewhat as the experiment progressed.
C. deliver whatever severity of shock they felt was appropriate.

Blooms: Remember
63. (p. 212) Both Asch's conformity studies and Milgram's obedience studies illustrate
A. the power of the situation.
B. the fact that men are cognitive misers.
C. the prevalence of conforming personalities in American culture.

Blooms: Remember
64. (p. 211) Greece's military junta selected candidates based on their respect for and submission to authority, and
used a _________________ process to train these candidates to torture others.
A. foot-in-the-door
B. blame-the-victim
C. autokinetic
D. chameleon effect

Blooms: Remember
65. (p. 211) While studies on obedience have demonstrated that some humans have the capacity for evil, they also
have shown that resisting obedience and conformity can result in ______________, as shown by the French
villagers who sheltered Jews during the Holocaust.
A. acts of heroism
B. further evil
C. moral corruption
D. oppositional acceptance

Blooms: Remember
66. (p. 212) In a study by Swim and Hyers, students predicted how they would respond to sexist comments made
by another participant during a discussion task. While ____ predicted that they would ignore the rude
behaviours, _____ did not say anything about the sexist comments when actually in a discussion.
A. 25%; 5%
B. 15%; 23%
C. 10%; 74%
D. 5%; 55%

Blooms: Remember
67. (p. 212-213) Examples such as the abuses that occurred at the Abu Ghraib prison and in Somalia by U.S. and
Canadian soldiers (respectively) demonstrate that
A. all soldiers have the capacity to engage in evil behaviour.
B. evil situations can produce evil behaviour.
C. the moral code of the military is corrupt.
D. obedience to authority never a good thing.

Blooms: Understand
68. (p. 213) The text suggests that in our everyday lives, the experience of ____________ illustrates an unintended
drift toward self-harm, similar to the same incremental action experienced by Milgram's participants and the
German civil servants who worked for the Nazis.
A. mistrust
B. procrastination
C. overeating
D. social rejection

Blooms: Remember
69. (p. 213) According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that
A. people are naturally inclined to be hostile and aggressive.
B. the desire to be right is one of the strongest human motives.
C. even ordinary people, who are not particularly hostile, can become agents of destruction.
D. people value their freedom and uniqueness and react negatively when it is taken from them.

Blooms: Remember
70. (p. 213) The fact that ordinary members of groups such as fraternities or sororities will heed commands to
brutally haze initiates indicates that
A. under the sway of evil forces, even nice people are sometimes corrupted.
B. ordinary people are may be corrupted.
C. human nature is evil.

Blooms: Remember
71. (p. 213) The fact that ordinary soldiers will follow orders to shoot defenceless civilians indicates that
A. human nature is evil.
B. under the sway of evil forces, even nice people are sometimes corrupted.
C. ordinary soldiers are cruel.

Blooms: Remember
72. (p. 211) During the Holocaust, the first acts of compliance or resistance bred attitudes that influenced
behaviour, which ______________ attitudes.
A. strengthened
B. weakened
C. did not affect
D. changed

Blooms: Remember
73. (p. 213) ________________ comes in small increments; it involves an unintended drift toward self-harm.
A. Conformity
B. Procrastination
C. The fundamental attribution error
D. Corruption

Blooms: Remember
74. (p. 214) Milgram is to _____________ as Sherif is to _____________.

A. conformity; obedience
B. conformity; norm formation
C. obedience; conformity.
D. obedience; norm formation

Blooms: Understand
75. (p. 214-217) Which of the following is not one of the factors that have been found to significantly influence
one's conformity to the group?
A. Requiring the individual's response to be made in public
B. Increasing the size of the group from 6 to 10 members
C. Increasing the status of the group
D. Having the group's agreement be unanimous rather than reflect some disagreement

Blooms: Remember
76. (p. 214-215) Research on group size and conformity has generally shown that
A. as group size increases, conformity decreases.
B. as group size increases, conformity increases.
C. group size influences conformity in teenagers but not in adults.
D. the conformity of females is more significantly influenced by group size than the conformity of males.

Blooms: Remember
77. (p. 214-215) Charlie wants to play a trick on his best friend, Bill. He wants to get Bill to agree that a green jacket
is actually blue. Conformity research suggests that he will most likely succeed if
A. one other friend agrees to go along with Charlie's trick.
B. four other friends agree to go along, but a fifth friend calls the jacket green.
C. five friends agree to go along with Charlie's trick.

Blooms: Understand
78. (p. 214-215) Studies on group size and conformity have indicated that increasing the number of people beyond
five yields
A. enhanced conformity.
B. deindividuation.
C. diminishing returns.
D. decreased conformity.

Blooms: Remember
79. (p. 215) Based on Wilder's research, someone who wants to be student president should recruit vocal support
from
A. one large group of unanimous supporters.
B. two or three smaller groups of unanimous supporters.
C. someone who seems to be poor.
D. no-one; he or she should ask her supporters to keep quiet.

Blooms: Understand
80. (p. 215-216) According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when it loses its
A. agenda.
B. anonymity.
C. unanimity.
D. heterogeneity.

Blooms: Remember
81. (p. 215-216) Pheng is a psychology student who has never felt very confident about his math ability. He is
particularly likely to go along with his group members' answer to a statistical calculation problem if
A. the problem was hard and the group is unanimous.
B. the problem was hard and only one other group member got the same answer as Pheng.
C. there are only two other group members.
D. he is the most senior student in the group.

Blooms: Understand
82. (p. 215) A practical lesson of much conformity research is that it is easier to stand up for something if you
A. believe the matter is trivial.
B. do so all at once instead of paving the way with smaller actions and hints.
C. go about it alone and face the criticism independently.
D. get someone else to stand up with you.

Blooms: Remember
83. (p. 216-217) Group members who feel attracted to the group are more responsive to its influence. This fact
illustrates the impact of ____________ on conformity.
A. unanimity
B. status
C. cohesiveness
D. co-morbidity

Blooms: Remember
84. (p. 216-217) Nicole wants to join a recreational activity outside of work, and speaks to some friends about what
they are involved in. Her older friend Lynne encourages her to come out to a book club that she is a member of.
Her other friend Nick, who is the same age as Nicole, suggests his slo-pitch league. Based on the factors that
predict conformity, which of the following is most likely to happen?
A. Nicole will go along with Lynne's activity.
B. Nicole will go along with Nick's activity.
C. Nicole will choose neither activity.
D. Nicole will choose another activity independently.

Blooms: Remember
85. (p. 217) Which of the following has been found to increase the likelihood of conformity?
A. Making private responses following group pressure
B. A high-status group
C. Making a public commitment prior to group pressure
D. A divided group

Blooms: Remember
86. (p. 218) In Milgram's original studies of obedience, he found that participants who were ______ were most
likely to be obedient and deferential.
A. the victims of past abuse
B. of low status
C. female
D. professionals used to giving orders

Blooms: Remember
87. (p. 217) In experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must ____________ than when
they are allowed to ____________.
A. respond publicly; write down their responses in private
B. commit themselves in writing; announce their responses in public
C. think before acting; react spontaneously
D. explain their responses; keep silent

Blooms: Remember
88. (p. 219) According to research, in face of group pressure, people

A. often back down.
B. almost never back down.
C. do not stick by a public commitment they once made.

Blooms: Remember
89. (p. 218) Charles has been asked to make a judgment as to how long a line is and state it publicly to a group of
others. He indicates that he believes the line is 20 cm long. The four other people in the group all state they
think it is around 7 cm long. Charles is then given a chance to change his answer if he wants. What is Charles
most likely to do in this case?
A. He is likely to change his answer to around 7 cm long as well.
B. He is likely to change his answer to longer than he originally predicted.
C. He is likely to change his answer to halfway between his original guess and the guess of the group.
D. He is not likely to change his answer and sticks with his 20 cm long response.

Blooms: Understand
90. (p. 214-219) According to research, people _____ affected by the characteristics of the group; people _____
when faced with the unanimous reports of three or more attractive, high-status people.
A. are not; conform least
B. are not; conform more
C. are; conform most
D. are; conform least

Blooms: Remember
91. (p. 219) Dr. Jennings hates to wear a suit to teach his classes. Nevertheless he does so to win the approval of
the senior faculty at his institution. Dr. Jennings's behaviour is an example of
A. identification.
C. normative social influence.
D. acceptance.

Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 06-04 Why Conform?
92. (p. 219) Jodi wears slacks or jeans almost all the time, rejecting skirts and dresses as too formal and sexist.
However, when she is invited to attend an honours reception, she borrows a skirt to wear so she will fit in with
the other guests. This is an example of
B. self-efficacy.

Blooms: Understand
93. (p. 219) Going along with the crowd in order to avoid rejection is called
A. emotional influence.

Blooms: Remember
94. (p. 219-220) Going along with the crowd because they appear to know more about the situation than you do is
called
A. pluralistic influence.

Blooms: Remember
95. (p. 219-220) Normative influence commonly leads to _______________, whereas informational influence
commonly leads to ________________.
A. conformity; reactance
B. acceptance; consensus
C. compliance; obedience
D. compliance; acceptance

Blooms: Remember
96. (p. 219-221) You see a person lying in the street in apparent discomfort. Unsure of whether he needs help, you
observe that while other people notice him, no one else stops to offer help. Because no one else stops, you
conclude that he does not need help and is probably only drunk. Your decision shows the effects of
C. compliance.
D. the boomerang effect.

Blooms: Understand
97. (p. 220) Sherif's study of the autokinetic phenomenon best illustrates
A. normative influence.
B. informational influence.
C. obedience.
D. compliance.

Blooms: Remember
98. (p. 221) Informational influence is probably at work when people conform more
A. when they feel incompetent.
B. when the task is difficult.
C. when they care about being right.

Blooms: Remember
99. (p. 219) Why do people conform?

A. They want to be liked and approved.
B. They want to be right.
C. All of the choices are correct.

Blooms: Remember
100. (p. 219-220) _________________ is to "going along with the crowd" as _______________ is to "learning from
the crowd."
A. Normative influence; concern for social image
B. Informational influence; normative influence
C. Normative influence; asserting uniqueness
D. Normative influence; informational influence

Blooms: Understand
101. (p. 220) Concern for _______________ produces normative influence, whereas ________________ produces
A. social image; the desire to be correct
B. being correct; social image
C. deindividuation; individuality
D. acceptance; obedience

Blooms: Remember
102. (p. 220) Pearline is participating in a psychology experiment where she has to complete a mental rotation task
while having her brain scanned in a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). She hears how other
participants are responding to the perceptual questions being asked. Even though she felt that her first answer
was wrong, she went along with what the group was saying. However, for her second answer she went against
the group. The brain scan indicated that
A. there were no differences in the regions that were activated in the brain between the conforming and
non-conforming responses.
B. brain areas associated with conscious decision-making were active for both judgments.
C. regions dedicated to emotion were activated for the first response, and those associated with perception were
D. regions dedicated to perception were activated for the first response, and those associated with emotion were

Blooms: Understand
103. (p. 222) Researchers have explored several areas in search of the conformer. Which of the following is one of
those areas?
A. Religion
B. Personality
C. Sexual orientation
D. Race

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 06-05 Who Conforms?
104. (p. 222) Personality characteristics best predict an individual's

A. likelihood of performing a specific action in a given situation.
B. likelihood of performing a specific action repeatedly over time.
C. average behaviour across many situations.

Blooms: Remember
105. (p. 222) Personality predicts behaviour better than situational forces do when
A. a single behaviour is being predicted rather than one's average behaviour.
B. the trait is specific to a particular situation.
C. the participants are women compared to men.

Blooms: Remember
106. (p. 222) Even though Milgram's shock experiments created a powerful situational setting with clear-cut
demands, not all participants administered shock to the maximum level. These findings suggest that
A. the situation may not have been as powerful as Milgram thought.
B. other factors, such as personality, may play a role in who is more or less likely to obey.
C. individuals will obey when forced but not when it involves shock.
D. some participants perceived the situation as "weak" whereas others found it "strong."

Blooms: Remember
107. (p. 222-223) When the influence of the situation is _________________, the consequent behaviour is likely to
be a result of __________________.
A. weak; individual personalities
B. weak; external circumstances
C. strong; internal forces
D. strong; dispositions

Blooms: Remember
108. (p. 223) According to the theorist Kurt Lewin, "every psychological event" depends on
A. cultural filtering.
B. learned behaviour patterns.
C. both the person and the environment.
D. instinctive emotional predispositions.

Blooms: Remember
109. (p. 223-224) The general conclusion about the role of culture on conformity is that while conformity creates a
powerful situation, culture
A. shapes the extent of that power.
B. is more important than situations when interpreting behaviour.
C. diminishes the extent of that power.
D. creates a powerful influence in opposition to conformist pressures.

Blooms: Remember
110. (p. 225) When social pressure threatens a person's sense of ______________, he or she is likely to rebel.
A. belonging
B. freedom
C. achievement
D. meaning or purpose in life

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 06-06 Do We Ever Want To Be Different?
111. (p. 225) High school students Chas and Marnie have been dating each other casually. When Marnie's parents
tell her to stop seeing Chas and ask her to go out with "nicer boys," Marnie announces that she and Chas are
actually "in love" and have decided to go steady. Marnie's behaviour most likely illustrates the effects of
A. the false uniqueness effect.
B. the fundamental attribution error.
C. the self-serving bias.
D. psychological reactance.

Blooms: Understand
112. (p. 225) Psychological reactance theory may help explain why
A. underage drinkers are more likely to report having been drunk in the past year than are legal-age drinkers.
B. a toddler, ignoring a toy, protests and demands that toy back when a playmate begins to play with it.
C. the demand for and value placed on an object is greater when the object is perceived to be rare or hard to get.

Blooms: Understand
113. (p. 225) One way to circumvent the problem of reactance is to
A. offer people choices instead of commands.
B. provide incentives for the desired behaviour.
C. threaten penalties for not complying with the request.
D. issue a firm command.

Blooms: Remember
114. (p. 225) The theory of psychological reactance would advise parents who wish to keep their children from
taking up the habit of smoking cigarettes that their best strategy would be to
A. threaten their children with severe punishment if they are ever caught smoking.
B. promise large rewards to their children for not smoking.
C. explain why they are opposed to smoking and then allow their children to decide for themselves whether
they will smoke or not.
D. forbid their children to see, talk about, or have any contact with cigarettes or other tobacco products.

Blooms: Understand
115. (p. 225) Experiments have demonstrated that attempts to restrict a person's freedom often produce
anticonformity called
A. individuation.
B. the boomerang effect.
C. the consensus effect.
D. personality assertion effect.

Blooms: Remember
116. (p. 225-226) Which of the following factors can motivate anticonformity?
A. reactance
B. asserting uniqueness
C. All of the choices are correct

Blooms: Remember
117. (p. 226) In a study by Snyder, students who were told that their personal attitudes were nearly identical to
those of 10,000 other students' __________ when they participated in a conformity experiment.
A. were judged most attractive by their fellow participants
B. were more willing to obey the experimenter's request to make a public commitment to a popular cause
C. took on additional attitudes as well as the mannerisms of the majority
D. asserted their individuality by being nonconformist

Blooms: Remember
118. (p. 226) When William McGuire and his Yale University colleagues invited children to "tell us about
yourself," they found that the children were most likely to mention their
A. sex.
B. nationality.
C. distinctive attributes.
D. most common personal characteristics.

Blooms: Remember
119. (p. 226-227) Milly, who has blonde hair, has a sister and a brother, and parents who are both teachers. Milly
was born in the Netherlands and her family moved to Toronto when she was six. She attends a university in the
west and majors in journalism. If you asked Milly to "tell me about yourself," she is most likely to mention that
A. she has blonde hair.
B. she has a brother and a sister.
C. she was born in the Netherlands.
D. both her parents attended university.

Blooms: Understand
120. (p. 226-227) An objective observer can see very little difference between the students at Queen's University
and the students at McGill University. This strong resemblance may lead to
A. intense rivalry and scorn between the students of the two schools.
B. cooperation between the students of the two schools.
C. intense nonconformist individualism.
D. experience of cognitive dissonance.

Blooms: Understand
121. (p. 227) When people of two cultures are nearly identical,
A. they will not notice their differences.
B. they will still notice their differences.
C. they cannot notice their differences.

Blooms: Remember
122. (p. 203) Who among the following is best known for his obedience study in which participants had to deliver
'shocks' of increasing intensity when an incorrect answer was given?
A. Muzafer Sherif
B. Solomon Asch
C. Stanley Milgram

Blooms: Remember
123. (p. 216) Which of the following refers to the extent to which members of a group are bonded together, such as
by attraction for one another?
A. unanimity
B. cohesiveness
C. social influence
D. normative influence

Blooms: Remember
124. (p. 226) People feel __________ when they appear too different from others, but also feel __________ when
they appear exactly like everyone else.
A. comfortable; uncomfortable
B. uncomfortable; comfortable
C. comfortable; comfortable
D. uncomfortable; uncomfortable

Blooms: Remember
125. (p. 196) While watching a hockey game alone, Jack never cheers out loud when his team scores. However,
when Jack is watching the game with his friends who always cheer, Jack cheers out loud with them. This is an
example of conformity.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
126. (p. 197) Most people comply in order to reap a reward or avoid a punishment.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
127. (p. 200-203) Solomon Asch is best known for his obedience study in which participants had to deliver ‘shocks'
of increasing intensity when an incorrect answer was given.
FALSE

Blooms: Remember
128. (p. 219) Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance, is
known as informational influence.
FALSE

Blooms: Remember
129. (p. 219) Some people may conform in order to obtain important information.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
130. (p. 223) Conformity may reflect an evolutionary response to survival threats, such as disease-bearing
pathogens.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
131. (p. 214-215) For conformity to be greater, it is best to have a large group of people rather than a small group of
people.
FALSE

Blooms: Remember
132. (p. 196-197) Conformity has several varieties, including compliance, obedience, and acceptance. Define each
and describe how they are different using examples.
Answers will vary.
Blooms: Understand
133. (p. 200-202) How are both the power of the situation and the power of the person evident in the results of
Asch's conformity research?
Answers will vary.
Blooms: Understand
134. (p. 203-205, 219-221) Describe the normative and informational influence pressures operating in Milgram's
obedience experiments.
Answers will vary.
Blooms: Understand
135. (p. 206-209) What are the four determining factors that Milgram examined to determine the conditions that
breed obedience. Briefly discuss each.
Answers will vary.
Blooms: Remember
136. (p. 215-217, 219-221) Unanimity, status, and cohesion are all factors that influence when people conform. Explain
the impact of each of these factors on conformity in terms of normative and/or informational influence
pressures.
Answers will vary.
Blooms: Apply
137. (p. 214-219) What are the six factors that influence or predict conformity? Identify each and discuss the main
conclusions with respect to each factor.
Answers will vary.
Blooms: Remember
138. (p. 219-221) Why do people conform? Explain your answer.
Answers will vary.
Blooms: Understand
139. (p. 225) John wants to go out with Sue, but Sue is playing "hard-to-get." John is all the more intrigued and
motivated to get a date with Sue. Explain this scenario in terms of reactance theory.
Answers will vary.
Blooms: Understand
Test Bank for Social Psychology 6th Canadian Edition by Myers
c6 Summary
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 131
Blooms: Apply 2
Blooms: Remember 95
Blooms: Understand 42
Learning Objective: 06-01 What Is Conformity? 17
Learning Objective: 06-02 What Are The Classic Conformity And Obedience Studies? 63
Learning Objective: 06-03 What Predicts Conformity? 21
Learning Objective: 06-04 Why Conform? 16
Learning Objective: 06-05 Who Conforms? 8
Learning Objective: 06-06 Do We Ever Want To Be Different? 14
Myers - Chapter 06 139
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2. In Japan, going along with others is a sign of

7. Sincere inward conformity is to ____________ as insincere outward conformity is to ____________.

8. Soldiers or employees following questionable orders is an example of

9. Doing as others do and fads such as tattoos are examples of

18. The autokinetic phenomenon refers to

25. Chartrand and Bargh (1999) define the "chameleon effect" as

27. Comedy show laugh tracks capitalize on

34. Asch's conformity experiments were high in

51. In Milgram's studies, obedience was highest when

53. It is easiest to debase someone who is

57. Obedience to a legitimate authority is highest when

74. Milgram is to _____________ as Sherif is to _____________.

88. According to research, in face of group pressure, people

98. Informational influence is probably at work when people conform more

99. Why do people conform?

104. Personality characteristics best predict an individual's

105. Personality predicts behaviour better than situational forces do when

112. Psychological reactance theory may help explain why

116. Which of the following factors can motivate anticonformity?

121. When people of two cultures are nearly identical,

126. Most people comply in order to reap a reward or avoid a punishment.

129. Some people may conform in order to obtain important information.

138. Why do people conform? Explain your answer.

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2. (p. 196) In Japan, going along with others is a sign of

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3. (p. 196) Conformity is

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5. (p. 197) Acceptance is

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27. (p. 199) Comedy show laugh tracks capitalize on

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28. (p. 199) What is "mood linkage"?

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7. Sincere inward conformity is to as insincere outward conformity is to .

74. Milgram is to _ as Sherif is to _.

74. (p. 214) Milgram is to _ as Sherif is to _.