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Exam Questions
Section I – Proteins: Structure & Function
1. Seect the one of the foowing statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. Fermentation an gycoysis share many common
biochemica features.
B. Louis Pasteur first iscovere that ce-free yeast preparations
cou convert sugars to ethano an carbon ioxie.
C. Organic orthophosphate (Pi) is essentia for gycoysis.
D. 14C is an important too for etecting metaboic intermeiates.
E. Meicine an biochemistry provie mutua insights to one
another.
2. Seect the one of the foowing statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. The vitamin erivative NAD is essentia for conversion of
gucose to pyruvate.
B. The term “Inborn errors of metaboism” was coine by the
physician Archiba Garro.
C. Mammaian tissue sices can incorporate inorganic
ammonia into urea.
D. Reaization that DNA is a oube heix permitte Watson &
Crick to escribe the poymerase chain reaction (PCR).
E. Mutation of the genome of a “moe organism” can provie
insight into biochemica processes.
3. Expain how the Büchner’s observation in the eary part of the
20th century e to the iscovery of the etais of fermentation.
4. Name some of the eariest iscoveries that foowe the reaization
that a ce-free preparation of yeast ces cou catayze the process
of fermentation.
5. Name some of the kins of tissue preparations that eary
20th century biochemists empoye to stuy gycoysis an urea
biosynthesis, an to iscover the roes of vitamin erivatives.
6. Describe how the avaiabiity of raioactive isotopes faciitate
the ientification of metaboic intermeiates.
7. Name severa of the “inborn errors of metaboism” ientifie by
the physician Archiba Garro.
8. Cite an exampe in ipi metaboism for which the inking of
biochemica an genetic approaches has contribute to the
avance of meicine an biochemistry.
9. Name severa of the intact “moe organisms” whose genomes
can be seectivey atere to provie insight into biochemica
processes.
10. Seect the one of the foowing statements that is NOT CORRECT.
The propensity of water moecues to form hyrogen bons
with one another is the primary factor responsibe for a of the
foowing properties of water EXCEPT:
A. Its atypicay high boiing point.
B. Its high heat of vaporization.
C. Its high surface tension.
D. Its abiity to issove hyrocarbons.
E. Its expansion upon freezing.
46
11. Seect the one of the foowing statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. The sie-chains of the amino acis cysteine an methionine
absorb ight at 280 nm.
B. Gycine is often present in regions where a poypeptie
forms a sharp ben, reversing the irection of a poypeptie.
C. Poypepties are name as erivatives of the C-termina
aminoacy resiue.
D. The C, N, O, an H atoms of a peptie bon are copanar.
E. A inear pentapeptie contains four peptie bons.
12. Seect the one of the foowing statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. Buffers of human tissue incue bicarbonate, proteins, an
orthophosphate.
B. A weak aci or a weak base exhibits its greatest buffering
capacity when the pH is equa to its pKa pus or minus one
pH unit.
C. The isoeectric pH (pI) of ysine can be cacuate using the
formua (pK2 + pK3)/2.
D. The mobiity of a monofunctiona weak aci in a irect
current eectrica fie reaches its maximum when the pH of
its surrouning environment is equa to its pKa.
E. For simpicity, the strengths of weak bases are generay
expresse as the pKa of their conjugate acis.
13. Seect the one of the foowing statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. If the pKa of a weak aci is 4.0, 50% of the moecues wi
be in the issociate state when the pH of the surrouning
environment is 4.0.
B. A weak aci with a pKa of 4.0 wi be a more effective buffer
at pH 3.8 than at pH 5.7.
C. At a pH equa to its pI, a poypeptie carries no charge
groups.
D. Strong acis an bases are so name because they unergo
compete issociation when issove in water.
E. The pKa of an ionizabe group can be infuence by the
physica an chemica properties of its surrouning
environment.
14. Seect the one of the foowing statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. A major objective of proteomics is to ientify a of the
proteins present in a ce uner ifferent conitions as we as
their states of moification.
B. Mass spectrometry has argey repace the Eman metho
for sequencing of pepties an proteins.
C. Sanger reagent was an improvement on Eman’s because the
former generates a new amino terminus, aowing severa
consecutive cyces of sequencing to take pace.
D. Since mass is a universa property of a atoms an
moecues, mass spectrometry is ieay suite to the
etection of posttransationa moifications in proteins.
E. Time-of-fight mass spectrometers take avantage of the
reationship F = ma.
15. Why oes oive oi ae to water ten to form arge ropets?
16. What istinguishes a strong base from a weak base?

17. Seect the one of the foowing statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. Ion-exchange chromatography separates proteins base
upon the sign an magnitue of their charge at a given pH.
B. Two-imensiona ge eectrophoresis separates proteins first
on the basis of their pI vaues an secon on their charge-to-
mass ratio using SDS-PAGE.
C. Affinity chromatography expoits the seectivity of protein-
igan interactions to isoate a specific protein from a
compex mixture.
D. Many recombinant proteins are expresse with an aitiona
omain fuse to their N- or C-terminus. One common
component of these fusion omains is a igan-bining
site esigne expressy to faciitate purification by affinity
chromatography.
E. Foowing purification by cassica techniques, tanem
mass spectrometry typicay is use to anayze iniviua
homogeneous pepties erive from a compex protein
mixture.
18. Seect the one of the foowing statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. Protein foing is assiste by intervention of speciaize
auxiiary proteins cae chaperones.
B. Protein foing tens to be mouar, with areas of oca
seconary structure forming first, then coaescing into a
moten gobue.
C. Protein foing is riven first an foremost by the
thermoynamics of the water moecues surrouning the
nascent poypeptie.
D. The formation of S-S bons in a mature protein is faciitate
by the enzyme protein isufie isomerase.
E. Ony a few unusua proteins, such as coagen, require
posttransationa processing by partia proteoysis to attain
their mature conformation.
19. Estimate pI for a poyeectroyte that contains three carboxy
groups an three amino groups whose pKa vaues are 4.0, 4.6,
6.3, 7.7, 8.9, an 10.2.
20. State one rawback of the categorization of the protein amino
acis simpy as “essentia” or “nonessentia”?
21. Seect the one of the foowing statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. Posttransationa moifications of proteins can affect both
their function an their metaboic fate.
B. The native conformationa state generay is that which is
thermoynamicay favore.
C. The compex three-imensiona structures of most proteins
are forme an stabiize by the cumuative effects of a arge
number of weak interactions.
D. Research scientists empoy gene arrays for the high-throughput
anaysis of the presence an expression eve of proteins.
E. Exampes of weak interactions that stabiize protein foing
incue hyrogen bons, sat briges, an van er Waas
forces.
Exam Questions 47
22. Seect the one of the foowing statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. Changes in configuration invove the rupture of covaent bons.
B. Changes in conformation invove the rotation of one or
more singe bons.
C. The Ramachanran pot iustrates the egree to which
steric hinrance imits the permissibe anges of the singe
bons in the backbone of a peptie or protein.
D. Formation of an α heix is stabiize by the hyrogen bons
between each peptie bon carboxy oxygen an the
N-H group of the next peptie bon.
E. In a β sheet the R groups of ajacent resiues point in
opposite irections reative to the pane of the sheet.
23. Seect the one of the foowing statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. The escriptor α2β2γ3 enotes a protein with seven subunits
of three ifferent types.
B. Loops are extene regions that connect ajacent regions of
seconary structure.
C. More than haf of the resiues in a typica protein resie in
either α heices or β sheets.
D. Most β sheets have a right-hane twist.
E. Prions are viruses that cause protein-foing iseases that
attack the brain.
24. What avantage oes the aciic group of phosphoric aci that is
associate with pK2 offer for buffering in human tissues?
25. The issociation constants for a previousy uncharacterize
racemic amino aci iscovere in a meteor have been etermine
to be pK1 = 2.0, pK2 = 3.5, pK3 = 6.3, pK4 = 8.0, pK5 = 9.8, an
pK7 = 10.9:
A. What carboxy or amino functiona group wou you expect
to be associate with each issociation?
B. What wou be the approximate net charge on this amino
aci at pH 2?
C. What wou be its approximate net charge at pH 6.3?
D. During irect current eectrophoresis at pH 8.5, towar
which eectroe wou this amino aci be ikey to move?
26. A biochemica buffer is a compoun which tens to resist
changes in pH even when acis or bases are ae. What two
properties are require of an effective physioogic buffer? In
aition to phosphate, what other physioogic compouns meet
these criteria?
27. Name two amino acis whose posttransationa moification
confers significant new properties on a protein.
28. Expain why iets eficient in (a) copper (Cu) or (b) ascorbic
aci ea to incompete posttransationa processing of coagen.
29. Describe the roe of N-termina signa sequences in the
biosynthesis of certain proteins.
Exam Questions
Section II – Enzymes: Kinetics, Mechanism,
Regulation, & Role of Transition Metals
1. Rapid shallow breathing can lead to hyperventilation, a
condition wherein carbon dioxide is exhaled from the lungs
more rapidly than it is produced by the tissues. Explain how
hyperventilation can lead to an increase in the pH of the blood.
2. A protein engineer desires to alter the active site of chymotrypsin
so that it will cleave peptide bonds to the C-terminal side of
aspartyl and glutamyl residues. The protein engineer will be
most likely to succeed if he replaces the hydrophobic amino acid
at the bottom of the active site pocket with:
A. Phenylalanine
B. Threonine
C. Glutamine
D. Lysine
E. Proline
3. Select the one of the following statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. Many mitochondrial proteins are covalently modified by the
acetylation of the epsilon amino groups of lysine residues.
B. Protein acetylation is an example of a covalent modification
that can be “reversed” under physiologic conditions.
C. Increased levels of acetyl-CoA tend to favor protein
acetylation.
D. Acetylation increases the steric bulk of the amino acid side
chains that are subject to this modification.
E. The side chain of an acetylated lysyl residue is a stronger
base than that of an unmodified lysyl residue.
4. Select the one of the following statements that is NOT
CORRECT.
A. Acid–base catalysis is a prominent feature of the catalytic
mechanism of the HIV protease.
B. Fischer’s lock-and-key model explains the role of transition
state stabilization in enzymic catalysis.
C. Hydrolysis of peptide bonds by serine proteases involves the
transient formation of a modified enzyme.
D. Many enzymes employ metal ions as prosthetic groups or
cofactors.
E. In general, enzymes bind transition state analogs more
tightly than substrate analogs.
5. Select the one of the following statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. To calculate Keq, the equilibrium constant for a reaction,
divide the initial rate of the forward reaction (rate 1) by the
initial velocity of the reverse reaction (rate 1).
B. The presence of an enzyme has no effect on Keq.
C. For a reaction conducted at constant temperature, the
fraction of the potential reactant molecules possessing
sufficient kinetic energy to exceed the activation energy of
the reaction is a constant.
D. Enzymes and other catalysts lower the activation energy of
reactions.
E. The algebraic sign of DG, the Gibbs free energy change for
a reaction, indicates the direction in which a reaction will
proceed.
6. Select the one of the following statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. As used in biochemistry, the standard state concentration
for products and reactants other than protons is 1 molar.
B. DG is a function of the logarithm of Keq.
C. As used in reaction kinetics, the term “spontaneity” refers to
whether the reaction as written is favored to proceed from
left to right.
D. DG° denotes the change in free energy that accompanies
transition from the standard state to equilibrium.
E. On reaching equilibrium, the rates of the forward and
reverse reaction both drop to zero.
7. Select the one of the following statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. Enzymes lower the activation energy for a reaction.
B. Enzymes often lower the activation energy by destabilizing
transition state intermediates.
C. Active site histidyl residues frequently aid catalysis by acting
as proton donors or acceptors.
D. Covalent catalysis is employed by some enzymes to provide
an alternative reaction pathway.
E. The presence of an enzyme has no effect on DG°.
8. Select the one of the following statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. For most enzymes, the initial reaction velocity, vi, exhibits a
hyperbolic dependence on [S].
B. When [S] is much lower than Km, the term Km + [S] in the
Michaelis-Menten equation closely approaches Km. Under
these conditions, the rate of catalysis is a linear function of [S].
C. The molar concentrations of substrates and products are
equal when the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction reaches
half of its potential maximum value (Vmax/2).
D. An enzyme is said to have become saturated with substrate
when successively raising [S] fails to produce a significant
increase in vi.
E. When making steady-state rate measurements, the
concentration of substrates should greatly exceed that of the
enzyme catalyst.
9. Select the one of the following statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. Certain monomeric enzymes exhibit sigmoidal initial rate
kinetics.
B. The Hill equation is used to perform quantitative analysis of
the cooperative behavior of enzymes or carrier proteins such
as hemoglobin or calmodulin.
C. For an enzyme that exhibits cooperative binding of
substrate, a value of n (the Hill coefficient) greater than
unity is said to exhibit positive cooperativity.
D. An enzyme that catalyzes a reaction between two or more
substrates is said to operate by a sequential mechanism if the
substrates must bind in a fixed order.
E. Prosthetic groups enable enzymes to add chemical groups
beyond those present on amino acid side chains.
107
108 SECTION II Enzymes: Kinetics, Mechanism, Regulation, & Role of Transition Metals
10. Select the one of the following statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. IC50 is a simple operational term for expressing the potency
of an inhibitor.
B. Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots employ rearranged
versions of the Michaelis-Menten equation to generate linear
representations of kinetic behavior and inhibition.
C. A plot of 1/vi versus 1/[S] can be used to evaluate the type
and affinity for an inhibitor.
D. Simple noncompetitive inhibitors lower the apparent Km for
a substrate.
E. Noncompetitive inhibitors typically bear little or no
structural resemblance to the substrate(s) of an enzyme-
catalyzed reaction.
11. Select the one of the following statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. For a given enzyme, the intracellular concentrations of its
substrates tend to be close to their Km values.
B. The sequestration of certain pathways within intracellular
organelles facilitates the task of metabolic regulation.
C. The earliest step in a biochemical pathway where regulatory
control can be efficiently exerted is the first committed step.
D. Feedback regulation refers to the allosteric control of an
early step in a biochemical pathway by the end product(s) of
that pathway.
E. Metabolic control is most effective when one of the more
rapid steps in a pathway is targeted for regulation.
12. Select the one of the following statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. The Bohr effect refers to the release of protons that occurs
when oxygen binds to deoxyhemoglobin.
B. Shortly after birth of a human infant, synthesis of the
α-chain undergoes rapid induction until it comprises 50% of
the hemoglobin tetramer.
C. The β-chain of fetal hemoglobin is present throughout
gestation.
D. The term thalassemia refers to any genetic defect that
results in partial or total absence of the α- or β-chains of
hemoglobin.
E. The taut conformation of hemoglobin is stabilized by several
salt bridges that form between the subunits.
13. Select the one of the following statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. Steric hindrance by histidine E7 plays a critical role in
weakening the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon monoxide
(CO).
B. Carbonic anhydrase plays a critical role in respiration by
virtue of its capacity to break down 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
in the lungs.
C. Hemoglobin S is distinguished by a genetic mutation that
substitutes Glu6 on the β subunit with Val, creating a sticky
patch on its surface.
D. Oxidation of the heme iron from the +2 to the +3 state
abolishes the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen.
E. The functional differences between hemoglobin and
myoglobin reflect, to a large degree, differences in their
quaternary structure.
14. Select the one of the following statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. The charge-relay network of trypsin makes the active site
serine a stronger nucleophile.
B. The Michaelis constant is the substrate concentration at
which the rate of the reaction is half-maximal.
C. During transamination reactions, both substrates are bound
to the enzyme before either product is released.
D. Histidine residues act both as acids and as bases during
catalysis by an aspartate protease.
E. Many coenzymes and cofactors are derived from vitamins.
15. Select the one of the following statements that is NOT CORRECT.
A. Interconvertible enzymes fulfill key roles in integrated
regulatory networks.
B. Phosphorylation of an enzyme often alters its catalytic
efficiency.
C. “Second messengers” act as intracellular extensions or
surrogates for hormones and nerve impulses impinging on
cell surface receptors.
D. The ability of protein kinases to catalyze the reverse reaction
that removes the phosphoryl group is key to the versatility of
this molecular regulatory mechanism.
E. Zymogen activation by partial proteolysis is irreversible
under physiologic conditions.
16. Which of the following is NOT a benefit obtained by
incorporating physiologically essential transition metal ions into
organometallic complexes?
A. Optimization of Lewis acid potency of the bound metal.
B. Ability to construct complexes containing multiple
transition metal ions.
C. Attenuation of the production of reactive oxygen species.
D. Protection against unwanted oxidation.
E. To render the bound transition metal multivalent.
17. Which of the following is NOT a potential function of the
physiologically essential transition metals?
A. Binding diatomic gas molecules
B. Proton carrier
C. Stabilizing protein conformation
D. Enhancing the nucleophilicity of water
E. Electron carrier
18. Acute heavy metal poisoning can be treated by:
A. Administration of diuretics
B. Ingestion of chelating agents
C. Hemodialysis
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
19. Which of the following is the name of a common
organometallic DNA-binding motif?
A. Zinc finger
B. Molybdopterin
C. Fe-S center
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
Exam Questions
Section III – Bioenergetics
1. Which one of the following statements about the free energy
change (ΔG) in a biochemical reaction is CORRECT?
A. If ΔG is negative, the reaction proceeds spontaneously with a
loss of free energy.
B. In an exergonic reaction, ΔG is positive.
C. The standard free energy change when reactants are
present in concentrations of 1.0 mol/L and the pH is 7.0 is
represented as ΔG0.
D. In an endergonic reaction there is a loss of free energy.
E. If a reaction is essentially irreversible, it has a high positive ΔG.
2. If the ΔG of a reaction is zero:
A. The reaction goes virtually to completion and is essentially
irreversible.
B. The reaction is endergonic.
C. The reaction is exergonic.
D. The reaction proceeds only if free energy can be gained.
E. The system is at equilibrium and no net change occurs.
3. ΔG0′ is defined as the standard free energy charge when:
A. The reactants are present in concentrations of 1.0 mol/L.
B. The reactants are present in concentrations of 1.0 mol/L
at pH 7.0.
C. The reactants are present in concentrations of 1.0 mmol/L
at pH 7.0.
D. The reactants are present in concentrations of 1.0 μmol/L.
E. The reactants are present in concentrations of 1.0 mol/L
at pH 7.4.
4. Which of the following statements about ATP is CORRECT?
A. It contains three high-energy phosphate bonds.
B. It is needed in the body to drive exergonic reactions.
C. It is used as an energy store in the body.
D. It functions in the body as a complex with Mg2+.
E. It is synthesized by ATP synthase in the presence of
uncouplers such as UCP-1 (thermogenin).
5. Which one of the following enzymes uses molecular oxygen as a
hydrogen acceptor?
A. Cytochrome c oxidase
B. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
C. Homogentisate dioxygenase
D. Catalase
E. Superoxide dismutase
6. Which one of the following statement about cytochromes is
INCORRECT?
A. They are hemoproteins that take part in oxidation–reduction
reactions.
B. They contain iron which oscillates between Fe3+ and Fe2+
during the reactions they participate in.
C. They act as electron carriers in the respiratory chain in
mitochondria.
D. They have an important role in the hydroxylation of steroids
in the endoplasmic reticulum.
E. They are all dehydrogenase enzymes.
7. Which one of the following statement about cytochromes P450
is INCORRECT?
A. They are able to accept electrons from either NADH or
NADPH.
B. They are found only in the endoplasmic reticulum.
C. They are monooxygenase enzymes.
D. They play a major role in drug detoxification in the liver.
E. In some reactions they work in conjunction with
cytochrome b5.
8. As one molecule of NADH is oxidized via the respiratory chain:
A. 1.5 molecules of ATP are produced in total.
B. 1 molecule of ATP is produced as electrons pass through
complex IV.
C. 1 molecule of ATP is produced as electrons pass through
complex II.
D. 1 molecule of ATP is produced as electrons pass through
complex III.
E. 0.5 of a molecule of ATP is produced as electrons pass
through complex I.
9. The number of ATP molecules produced for each molecule of
FADH2 oxidized via the respiratory chain is:
A. 1
B. 2.5
C. 1.5
D. 2
E. 0.5
10. A number of compounds inhibit oxidative phosphorylation—
the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
linked to oxidation of substrates in mitochondria. Which of the
following describes the action of oligomycin?
A. It discharges the proton gradient across the mitochondrial
inner membrane.
B. It discharges the proton gradient across the mitochondrial
outer membrane.
C. It inhibits the electron transport chain directly by binding to one
of the electron carriers in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
D. It inhibits the transport of ADP into, and ATP out of, the
mitochondrial matrix.
E. It inhibits the transport of protons back into the
mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase.
11. A number of compounds inhibit oxidative phosphorylation—
the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
linked to oxidation of substrates in mitochondria. Which of the
following describes the action of an uncoupler?
A. It discharges the proton gradient across the mitochondrial
inner membrane.
B. It discharges the proton gradient across the mitochondrial
outer membrane.
C. It inhibits the electron transport chain directly by binding to one
of the electron carriers in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
D. It inhibits the transport of ADP into, and ATP out of, the
mitochondrial matrix.
E. It inhibits the transport of protons back into the mitochondrial
matrix through the stalk of the primary particle.
131
132 SECTION III Bioenergetics
12. A student takes some tablets she is offered at a disco, and
without asking what they are she swallows them. A short time
later she starts to hyperventilate and becomes very hot. What is
the most likely action of the tablets she has taken?
A. An inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthesis
B. An inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport
C. An inhibitor of the transport of ADP into mitochondria to
be phosphorylated
D. An inhibitor of the transport of ATP out of mitochondria
into the cytosol
E. An uncoupler of mitochondrial electron transport and
oxidative phosphorylation
13. The flow of electrons through the respiratory chain and the
production of ATP are normally tightly coupled. The processes
are uncoupled by which of the following?
A. Cyanide
B. Oligomycin
C. Thermogenin
D. Carbon monoxide
E. Hydrogen sulphide
14. Which of the following statements about ATP synthase is
INCORRECT?
A. It is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
B. It requires a proton motive force to form ATP in the
presence of ADP and Pi.
C. ATP is produced when part of the molecule rotates.
D. One ATP molecule is formed for each full revolution of the
molecule.
E. The F1 subcomplex is fixed to the membrane and does not
rotate.
15. The chemiosmotic theory of Peter Mitchell proposes a
mechanism for the tight coupling of electron transport via the
respiratory chain to the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
Which of the following options is NOT predicted by the theory?
A. A proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial
membrane generated by electron transport drives ATP
synthesis.
B. The electrochemical potential difference across the inner
mitochondrial membrane caused by electron transport is
positive on the matrix side.
C. Protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial
membrane as electrons pass down the respiratory chain.
D. An increase in the permeability of the inner mitochondrial
membrane to protons uncouples the processes of electron
transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
E. ATP synthesis occurs when the electrochemical potential
difference across the membrane is discharged by
translocation of protons back across the inner mitochondrial
membrane through an ATP synthase enzyme.
Exam Questions
Section IV – Metabolism of Carbohydrates D. In the fe state there is ecrease secretion of insuin in
response to increase gucose in the porta boo.
1. Which of the foowing is not an aose? E. Ketone boies are synthesize in iver in the fasting state, an the
A. Erythrose amount synthesize increases as fasting extens into starvation.
B. Fructose 8. Which one of foowing statements about the fe an fasting
C. Gaactose metaboic states is correct?
D. Gucose
A. In the fe state musce can take up gucose for use as a
E. Ribose
metaboic fue because gucose transport in musce is
2. Which of the foowing is the composition of sucrose? stimuate in response to gucagon.
A. O-α-d-gaactopyranosy-(1→4)-β-d-gucopyranose B. In the fe state there is increase secretion of gucagon in
B. O-α-d-gucopyranosy-(1→2)-β-d-fructofuranosie response to increase gucose in the porta boo.
C. O-α-d-gucopyranosy-(1→4)-α-d-gucopyranose C. In the fe state, insuin acts to increase the synthesis of
D. O-α-d-gucopyranosy-(1→1)-α-d-gucopyranosie gycogen from gucose.
E. O-α-d-gucopyranosy-(1→6)-α-d-gucopyranose D. Pasma gucose is maintaine in starvation an proonge
fasting by guconeogenesis from ketone boies.
3. Which of the foowing is not a pentose?
E. There is an increase in metaboic rate in the fasting state.
A. Fructose
B. Ribose 9. Which one of foowing statements about the fe an fasting
C. Ribuose metaboic states is correct?
D. Xyose A. In the fasting state iver synthesizes gucose from amino acis.
E. Xyuose B. In the fe state aipose tissue can take up gucose for
synthesis of triacygycero because gucose transport in
4. A boo sampe is taken from a 50-year-o woman after an
aipose tissue is stimuate in response to gucagon.
overnight fast. Which one of the foowing wi be at a higher
C. Ketone boies are synthesize in musce in the fasting state,
concentration than after she ha eaten a mea?
an the amount synthesize increases as fasting extens into
A. Gucose starvation.
B. Insuin D. Ketone boies provie an aternative fue for re boo ces
C. iver gycogen in the fasting state.
D. Nonesterifie fatty acis E. Pasma gucose is maintaine in starvation an proonge
E. Triacygycero fasting by guconeogenesis from fatty acis.
5. A boo sampe is taken from a 25-year-o man after he has
10. Which one of foowing statements about the fe an fasting
eaten three sices of toast an a boie egg. Which one of the
metaboic states is correct?
foowing wi be at a higher concentration than if the boo
sampe ha been taken after an overnight fast? A. In the fasting state aipose tissue synthesizes gucose from
the gycero reease by the breakown of triacygycero.
A. Aanine
B. In the fasting state aipose tissue synthesizes ketone boies.
B. Gucagon
C. In the fasting state the main fue for re boo ces is fatty
C. Gucose
acis reease from aipose tissue.
D. Ketone boies
D. Ketone boies provie the main fue for the centra nervous
E. Nonesterifie fatty acis
system in the fasting state.
6. A boo sampe is taken from a 40-year-o man who has been E. Pasma gucose is maintaine in starvation an proonge
fasting competey for a week, rinking ony water. Which of the fasting by guconeogenesis in the iver from the amino acis
foowing wi be at a higher concentration than after a norma reease by the breakown of musce protein.
overnight fast?
11. Which one of foowing statements about the fe an fasting
A. Gucose metaboic states is correct?
B. Insuin
A. Fatty acis an triacygycero are synthesize in the iver in
C. Ketone boies
the fasting state.
D. Nonesterifie fatty acis
B. In the fasting state the main fue for the centra nervous
E. Triacygycero
system is fatty acis reease from aipose tissue.
7. Which one of foowing statements about the fe an fasting C. In the fasting state the main metaboic fue for most tissues
metaboic states is correct? comes from fatty acis reease from aipose tissue.
A. In the fasting state gucagon acts to increase the activity of D. In the fe state musce cannot take up gucose for use as
ipoprotein ipase in aipose tissue. a metaboic fue because gucose transport in musce is
B. In the fasting state, gucagon acts to increase the synthesis of stimuate in response to gucagon.
gycogen from gucose. E. Pasma gucose is maintaine in starvation an proonge
C. In the fe state insuin acts to increase the breakown of fasting by guconeogenesis in aipose tissue from the
gycogen to maintain boo gucose. gycero reease from triacygycero.
201
202 SECTION IV Metabolism of Carbohydrates
12. A 25-year-o man visits his GP compaining of abomina
cramps an iarrhea after rinking mik. What is the most
ikey cause of his probem?
A. Bacteria an yeast overgrowth in the arge intestine
B. Infection with the intestina parasite Giaria ambia
C. Lack of pancreatic amyase
D. Lack of sma intestina actase
E. Lack of sma intestina sucrase-isomatase
13. Which one of foowing statements about gycoysis an
guconeogenesis is correct?
A. A the reactions of gycoysis are freey reversibe for
guconeogenesis.
B. Fructose cannot be use for guconeogenesis in
the iver because it cannot be phosphoryate to
fructose-6-phosphate.
C. Gycoysis can procee in the absence of oxygen ony if
pyruvate is forme from actate in musce.
D. Re boo ces ony metaboize gucose by anaerobic
gycoysis (an the pentose phosphate pathway).
E. The reverse of gycoysis is the pathway for guconeogenesis
in skeeta musce.
14. Which one of foowing statements about the step in gycoysis
catayze by hexokinase an in guconeogenesis by gucose-6-
phosphatase is correct?
A. Because hexokinase has a ow Km, its activity in iver
increases as the concentration of gucose in the porta boo
increases.
B. Gucose-6-phosphatase is mainy active in musce in the
fasting state.
C. If hexokinase an gucose-6-phosphatase are both equay
active at the same time, there is net formation of ATP from
ADP an phosphate.
D. Liver contains an isoenzyme of hexokinase, gucokinase,
which is especiay important in the fe state.
E. Musce can reease gucose into the circuation from its
gycogen reserves in the fasting state.
15. Which one of foowing statements about this step in gycoysis
catayze by phosphofructokinase an in guconeogenesis by
fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is correct?
A. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is mainy active in the iver in
the fe state.
B. Phosphofructokinase is mainy active in the iver in the
faste state.
C. If phosphofructokinase an fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase are
both equay active at the same time, there is a net formation
of ATP from ADP an phosphate.
D. Phosphofructokinase is inhibite by ATP, this is reverse by
increases in AMP.
E. Phosphofructokinase is mainy active in the iver in the
fasting state.
16. Which one of the foowing statements about gucose
metaboism in maximum exertion is correct?
A. Guconeogenesis from actate requires ess ATP than is
forme uring anaerobic gycoysis.
B. In maximum exertion, pyruvate is oxiize to actate in
musce.
C. Oxygen ebt is cause by the nee to exhae carbon ioxie
prouce in response to aciosis.
D. Oxygen ebt refects the nee to repace oxygen that has
been use in musce uring vigorous exercise.
E. There is metaboic aciosis as a resut of vigorous exercise.
17. Which one of foowing statements is correct?
A. Gucose-1-phosphate may be hyroyze to yie free
gucose in iver.
B. Gucose-6-phosphate can be forme from gucose, but not
from gycogen.
C. Gucose-6-phosphate cannot be converte to gucose-1-
phosphate in iver.
D. Gucose-6-phosphate is forme from gycogen by the action
of the enzyme gycogen phosphoryase.
E. In iver an re boo ces, gucose-6-phosphate may enter
into either gycoysis or the pentose phosphate pathway.
18. Which one of foowing statements about the pyruvate
ehyrogenase mutienzyme compex is correct?
A. In thiamin (vitamin B1) eficiency, pyruvate forme in
musce cannot be transaminate to aanine.
B. In thiamin (vitamin B1) eficiency, pyruvate forme in
musce cannot be carboxyate to oxaoacetate.
C. The reaction of pyruvate ehyrogenase invoves
ecarboxyation an oxiation of pyruvate, then formation
of acety-CoA.
D. The reaction of pyruvate ehyrogenase is reaiy reversibe,
so that acety-CoA can be use for the synthesis of pyruvate,
an hence gucose.
E. The reaction of pyruvate ehyrogenase eas to the
oxiation of NADH to NAD+, an hence the formation of
~2.5 × ATP per mo of pyruvate oxiize.
19. Which one of foowing statements about the pentose phosphate
pathway is correct?
A. In favism re boo ces are more susceptibe to oxiative
stress because of a ack of NADPH for fatty aci synthesis.
B. Peope who ack gucose-6-phosphate ehyrogenase cannot
synthesize fatty acis because of a ack of NADPH in iver
an aipose tissue.
C. The pentose phosphate pathway is especiay important in
tissues that are synthesizing fatty acis.
D. The pentose phosphate pathway is the ony source of
NADPH for fatty aci synthesis.
E. The pentose phosphate pathway provies an aternative to
gycoysis ony in the fasting state.
20. Which one of foowing statements about gycogen metaboism
is correct?
A. Gycogen is synthesize in the iver in the fe state, then
exporte to other tissues in ow-ensity ipoproteins.
B. Gycogen reserves in iver an musce wi meet energy
requirements for severa ays in proonge fasting.
C. Liver synthesizes more gycogen when the hepatic porta
boo concentration of gucose is high because of the activity
of gucokinase in the iver.
D. Musce synthesizes gycogen in the fe state because
gycogen phosphoryase is activate in response to
insuin.
E. The pasma concentration of gycogen increases in the fe
state.

21. Which one of foowing statements about guconeogenesis is
correct?
A. Because they form acety-CoA, fatty acis can be a substrate
for guconeogenesis.
B. If oxaoacetate is withrawn from the citric aci cyce for
guconeogenesis, then it can be repace by the action of
pyruvate ehyrogenase.
C. The reaction of phosphoenopyruvate carboxykinase
is important to repenish the poo of citric aci cyce
intermeiates.
D. The use of GTP as the phosphate onor in the
phosphoenopyruvate carboxykinase reaction provies a
ink between citric aci cyce activity an guconeogenesis.
E. There is a greater yie of ATP in anaerobic gycoysis than
the cost for synthesis of gucose from actate.
22. Which one of foowing statements about carbohyrate
metaboism is correct?
A. A key step in the biosynthesis of gycogen is the formation of
UDP-gucose.
B. Gycogen can be broken own to gucose-6-phosphate in
musce, which then reeases free gucose by the action of the
enzyme gucose-6-phosphatase.
C. Gycogen is store mainy in the iver an brain.
D. Insuin inhibits the biosynthesis of gycogen.
E. Phosphoryase kinase is an enzyme that phosphoryates
the enzyme gycogen phosphoryase an thereby ecreases
gycogen breakown.
23. Which one of foowing statements about gycogen metaboism
is correct?
A. Gycogen synthase activity is increase by gucagon.
B. Gycogen phosphoryase is an enzyme that can be activate
by phosphoryation of serine resiues.
C. Gycogen phosphoryase cannot be activate by cacium
ions.
D. cAMP activates gycogen synthesis.
E. Gycogen phosphoryase breaks the α1-4 gycosiic bons
by hyroysis.
24. Which one of foowing statements about gucose metaboism is
correct?
A. Gucagon increases the rate of gycoysis.
B. Gycoysis requires NADP+.
C. In gycoysis, gucose is ceave into two three-carbon
compouns.
D. Substrate-eve phosphoryation takes pace in the eectron
transport system.
E. The main prouct of gycoysis in re boo ces is
pyruvate.
Exam Questions 203
25. Which one of foowing statements about metaboism of sugars
is correct?
A. Fructokinase phosphoryates fructose to
fructose-6-phosphate.
B. Fructose is an aose sugar-ike gucose.
C. Fructose transport into ces is insuin epenent.
D. Gaactose is phosphoryate to gaactose-1-phosphate by
gaactokinase.
E. Sucrose can be biosynthesize from gucose an fructose in
the iver.
26. In gycoysis, the conversion of 1 mo of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
to 2 mo of pyruvate resuts in the formation of:
A. 1 mo NAD+ an 2 mo of ATP
B. 1 mo NADH an 1 mo of ATP
C. 2 mo NAD+ an 4 mo of ATP
D. 2 mo NADH an 2 mo of ATP
E. 2 mo NADH an 4 mo of ATP
27. Which of the foowing wi provie the main fue for musce
contraction uring short-term maximum exertion?
A. Musce gycogen
B. Musce reserves of triacygycero
C. Pasma gucose
D. Pasma nonesterifie fatty acis
E. Triacygycero in pasma very-ow-ensity ipoprotein
28. The isaccharie actuose is not igeste, but is fermente by
intestina bacteria, to yie 4 mo of actate pus four protons.
Ammonium (NH4+) is in equiibrium with ammonia (NH3)
in the boostream. Which of the foowing best expains
how actuose acts to treat hyperammonemia (eevate boo
ammonium concentration)?
A. Fermentation of actuose increases the aciy of the
boostream so that there is more ammonium an ess
ammonia is avaiabe to cross the gut wa.
B. Fermentation of actuose resuts in aciification of the gut
contents so that ammonia iffuses from the boostream into
the gut an is trappe as ammonium that cannot cross back.
C. Fermentation of actuose resuts in aciification of the gut
contents so that ammonia prouce by intestina bacteria is
trappe as ammonium that cannot iffuse into the boostream.
D. Fermentation of actuose resuts in an eightfo increase
in the osmoaity of the gut contents, so that there is more
water for ammonia an ammonium to issove in, so that
ess is absorbe into the boostream.
E. Fermentation of actuose resuts in an eightfo increase
in the osmoaity of the gut contents, so that there is more
water for ammonia an ammonium to issove in, so that
more wi iffuse for the boostream into the gut.
Exam Questions
Section V – Metabolism of Lipids
1. Which one of the following statements concerning fatty acid
molecules is CORRECT?
A. They consist of a carboxylic acid head group attached to a
carbohydrate chain.
B. They are called polyunsaturated when they contain one or
more carbon–carbon double bonds.
C. Their melting points increase with increasing unsaturation.
D. They almost always have their double bonds in the cis
configuration when they occur naturally.
E. They occur in the body mainly in the form of free
(nonesterified) fatty acids.
2. Which one of the following is NOT a phospholipid?
A. Sphingomyelin
B. Plasmalogen
C. Cardiolipin
D. Galactosylceramide
E. Lysolecithin
3. Which one of the following statements about gangliosides is
INCORRECT?
A. They are derived from galactosylceramide.
B. They contain one or more molecules of sialic acid.
C. They are present in nervous tissue in high concentrations.
D. The ganglioside GM1 is the receptor for cholera toxin in the
human intestine.
E. They function in cell–cell recognition.
4. Which one of the following is a chain-breaking antioxidant?
A. Glutathione peroxidase
B. Selenium
C. Superoxide dismutase
D. EDTA
E. Catalase
5. After they are produced from acetyl-CoA in the liver, ketone
bodies are mainly used for which one of the following
processes?
A. Excretion as waste products
B. Energy generation in the liver
C. Conversion to fatty acids for storage of energy
D. Generation of energy in the tissues
E. Generation of energy in red blood cells
6. The subcellular site of the breakdown of long-chain fatty acids
to acetyl-CoA via β-oxidation is:
A. The cytosol
B. The matrix of the mitochondria
C. The endoplasmic reticulum
D. The mitochondrial intermembrane space
E. The Golgi apparatus
270
7. Carnitine is needed for fatty acid oxidation BECAUSE:
A. It is a cofactor for acyl-CoA synthetase, which activates fatty
acids for breakdown.
B. Long-chain acyl-CoA (“activated fatty acids”) need to enter
the mitochondrial intermembrane space to be oxidized, but
cannot cross the outer mitochondrial membrane. Transfer of
the acyl group from CoA to carnitine enables translocation
to occur.
C. Acylcarnitine, formed when long-chain acyl groups are
transferred from CoA to carnitine is the substrate for the
first step in the β-oxidation pathway.
D. Long-chain acyl-CoA (“activated fatty acids”) need to enter
the mitochondrial matrix to be oxidized, but cannot cross
the inner mitochondrial membrane. Transfer of the acyl
group from CoA to carnitine enables translocation to occur.
E. It prevents the breakdown of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA in
the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
8. The breakdown of one molecule of a C16 fully saturated fatty
acid (palmitic acid) by β-oxidation lead to the formation of:
A. 8 FADH2, 8 NADH, and 8 acetyl-CoA molecules
B. 7 FADH2, 7 NADH, and 7 acetyl-CoA molecules
C. 8 FADH2, 8 NADH, and 7 acetyl-CoA molecules
D. 7 FADH2, 8 NADH, and 8 acetyl-CoA molecules
E. 7 FADH2, 7 NADH, and 8 acetyl-CoA molecules
9. Malonyl-CoA, the first intermediate in fatty acid synthesis, is an
important regulator of fatty acid metabolism BECAUSE:
A. Its formation from acetyl-CoA and bicarbonate by the
enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the main rate-limiting
step in fatty acid synthesis.
B. It prevents entry of fatty acyl groups into the matrix of the
mitochondria because it is a potent inhibitor of carnitine
palmitoyl transferase-I.
C. It prevents entry of fatty acyl groups into the matrix of the
mitochondria because it is a potent inhibitor of carnitine
palmitoyl transferase-II.
D. It prevents entry of fatty acyl groups into the matrix of the
mitochondria because it is a potent inhibitor of carnitine–
acylcarnitine translocase.
E. It inhibits the synthesis of fatty acyl-CoA.
10. α-Linolenic acid is considered to be nutritionally essential in
humans BECAUSE:
A. It is an ω3 fatty acid.
B. It contains three double bonds.
C. In humans, double bonds cannot be introduced into fatty
acids beyond the Δ9 position.
D. In humans, double bonds cannot be introduced into fatty
acids beyond the Δ12 position.
E. Human tissues are unable to introduce a double bond in the
Δ9 position of fatty acids.
 Exam Questions 271

11. Inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase is favored WHEN: 17. Which one of the following best describes the action of
A. Cytosolic citrate levels are high. phospholipase C?
B. It is in a polymeric form. A. It releases the fatty acyl chain from the sn-2 position of a
C. Palmitoyl-CoA levels are low. phospholipid.
D. The tricarboxylate transporter is inhibited. B. It cleaves a phospholipid into its phosphate-containing head
E. It is dephosphorylated. group and a diacylglycerol.
C. It releases the head group of a phospholipid, leaving
12. Which one of the following eicosanoids is synthesized from phosphatidic acid.
linoleic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway? D. It releases the fatty acyl chain from the sn-1 position of a
A. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) phospholipid.
B. Leukotriene A3 (LTA3) E. It releases the fatty acyl chains from the sn-1 and sn-2
C. Prostaglandin E3 (PGE3) positions of a phospholipid.
D. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4)
E. Thromboxane A3 (TXA3) 18. Tay-Sachs disease is a lipid storage disease caused by a genetic
defect in which one of the following enzymes:
13. Which one of the following enzymes is inhibited by the A. β-Galactosidase
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) aspirin? B. Sphingomyelinase
A. Lipoxygenase C. Ceramidase
B. Prostacyclin synthase D. Hexosaminidase A
C. Cyclooxygenase E. β-Glucosidase
D. Thromboxane synthase
E. Δ6 desaturase 19. Which of the plasma lipoproteins is best described as
follows: synthesized in the intestinal mucosa, contains a high
14. Which one of the following is the major product of fatty acid concentration of triacylglycerol, and is responsible for the
synthase? transport of dietary lipids in the circulation?
A. Acetyl-CoA A. Chylomicrons
B. Oleate B. High-density lipoprotein
C. Palmitoyl-CoA C. Intermediate-density lipoprotein
D. Acetoacetate D. Low-density lipoprotein
E. Palmitate E. Very-low-density lipoprotein
15. Fatty acids are broken down by repeated removal of two 20. Which of the plasma lipoproteins is best described as follows:
carbon fragments as acetyl-CoA in the β-oxidation cycle, and synthesized in the liver, contains a high concentration of
synthesized by repeated condensation of acetyl-CoAs until a triacylglycerol, and is mainly cleared from the circulation by
long-chain saturated fatty acid with an even number of carbons adipose tissue and muscle?
is formed. Since fatty acids need to be broken down when energy A. Chylomicrons
is in short supply and synthesized when it is plentiful, there are B. High-density lipoprotein
important differences between the two processes which help C. Intermediate-density lipoprotein
cells to regulate them efficiently. Which one of the following D. Low-density lipoprotein
statements concerning these differences is INCORRECT? E. Very-low-density lipoprotein
A. Fatty acid breakdown takes place inside mitochondria, while
synthesis occurs in the cytosol. 21. Which of the plasma lipoproteins is best described as follows:
B. Fatty acid breakdown uses NAD+ and produces NADH, formed in the circulation by removal of triacylglycerol from
while synthesis uses NADPH and produces NADP. very-low-density lipoprotein, contains apo B-100, delivers
C. Fatty acyl groups are activated for breakdown using CoA cholesterol to extrahepatic tissues?
and for synthesis using acyl carrier protein. A. Chylomicrons
D. Transport across the mitochondrial membrane of fatty acyl B. High-density lipoprotein
groups is required for fatty acid breakdown, but not for C. Intermediate-density lipoprotein
synthesis. D. Low-density lipoprotein
E. Glucagon promotes fatty acid synthesis and inhibits fatty E. Very-low-density lipoprotein
acid breakdown.
22. Which of the following will be elevated in the bloodstream
16. Hormone-sensitive lipase, the enzyme which mobilizes fatty about 2 hours after eating a high-fat meal?
acids from triacylglycerol stores in adipose tissue is inhibited by: A. Chylomicrons
A. Glucagon B. High-density lipoprotein
B. ACTH C. Ketone bodies
C. Epinephrine D. Nonesterified fatty acids
D. Vasopressin E. Very-low-density lipoprotein
E. Prostaglandin E
272 SECTION V Metabolism of Lipids
23. Which of the following will be elevated in the bloodstream
about 4 hours after eating a high-fat meal?
A. Low-density lipoprotein
B. High-density lipoprotein
C. Ketone bodies
D. Nonesterified fatty acids
E. Very-low-density lipoprotein
24. Which one of the following processes is NOT involved in the
transfer of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues and its delivery
to the liver for excretion by HDL?
A. Efflux of cholesterol from tissues to preβ-HDL via ABCA1.
B. Esterification of cholesterol to cholesteryl ester by LCAT to
form HDL3.
C. Transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDL to VLDL, IDL,
and LDL by the action of cholesteryl ester transfer protein
(CETP).
D. Efflux of cholesterol from tissues to HDL3 via SR-B1 and
ABCG1.
E. Selective uptake of cholesteryl ester from HDL2 by the liver
via SR-B1.
25. Which one of the following statements concerning
chylomicrons is CORRECT?
A. Chylomicrons are made inside intestinal cells and secreted
into lymph, where they acquire apolipoproteins B and C.
B. The core of chylomicrons contains triacylglycerol and
phospholipids.
C. The enzyme hormone-sensitive lipase acts on chylomicrons
to release fatty acids from triacylglycerol when they are
bound to the surface of endothelial cells in blood capillaries.
D. Chylomicron remnants differ from chylomicrons in
that they are smaller and contain a lower proportion of
triacylglycerol and a higher proportion of cholesterol.
E. Chylomicrons are taken up by the liver.
26. Which one of the following statements concerning the
biosynthesis of cholesterol is CORRECT?
A. The rate-limiting step is the formation of 3-hydroxy-3-
methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) by the enzyme HMG-
CoA synthase.
B. Synthesis occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
C. All the carbon atoms in the cholesterol synthesized originate
from acetyl-CoA.
D. Squalene is the first cyclic intermediate in the pathway.
E. The initial substrate is mevalonate.
27. The class of drugs called statins have proved very effective
against hypercholesterolemia, a major cause of atherosclerosis
and associated cardiovascular disease. These drugs reduce
plasma cholesterol levels by:
A. Preventing absorption of cholesterol from the intestine.
B. Increasing the excretion of cholesterol from the body via
conversion to bile acids.
C. Inhibiting the conversion of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-
CoA to mevalonate in the pathway for cholesterol
biosynthesis.
D. Increasing the rate of degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-
methylglutaryl-CoA reductase.
E. Stimulating the activity of the LDL receptor in the liver.
28. Which of the following statements about bile acids (or bile salts)
is INCORRECT?
A. Primary bile acids are synthesized in the liver from
cholesterol.
B. Bile acids are needed for the breakdown of fats by pancreatic
lipase.
C. Secondary bile acids are produced by modification of
primary bile acids in the liver.
D. Bile acids facilitate the absorption of the products of lipid
digestion in the jejunum.
E. Bile acids are recirculated between the liver and the small
intestine in the enterohepatic circulation.
29. A 35-year-old man with severe hypercholesterolemia has a
family history of deaths at a young age from heart disease and
stroke. Which of the following genes is likely to be defective?
A. Apolipoprotein E
B. The LDL receptor
C. Lipoprotein lipase
D. PCSK9
E. LCAT
30. Compounds which inhibit the action of the recently discovered
protein, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9),
have been identified as a potential antiatherogenic drugs
BECAUSE PCSK9:
A. Decreases the number of LDL receptors exposed at the cell
surface, thus LDL uptake is lowered and blood cholesterol
levels rise.
B. Inhibits the binding of apo B to the LDL receptor, thus
blocking uptake of the lipoprotein and raising blood
cholesterol levels.
C. Increases the absorption of cholesterol from the intestine.
D. Prevents the breakdown of cholesterol to bile acids in the
liver.
E. Increases the synthesis and secretion of VLDL in the liver,
leading to increased LDL formation in the blood.
Exam Questions
Section VI - Metabolism of Proteins & Amino Acids 6. Select the one ow the wollowing statements that is NOv CORRECv:
A. Angelman syndrome is associated with a dewective ubiquitin
1. Select the one ow the wollowing statements that is NOv E3 ligase.
CORRECv: B. Following a protein-rich meal, the splanchnic tissues release
A. Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate is an intermediate both in the predominantly branched-chain amino acids. which are
biosynthesis and in the catabolism ow L-proline. taken up by peripheral muscle tissue.
B. Human tissues can worm dietarily nonessential amino acids C. vhe rate ow hepatic gluconeogenesis wrom glutamine exceeds
wrom amphibolic intermediates or wrom dietarily essential that ow any other amino acid.
amino acids. D. vhe L-α-amino oxidase-catalyzed conversion ow an α-amino
C. Human liver tissue can worm serine wrom the glycolytic acid to its corresponding α-keto acid is accompanied by the
intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate. release ow NH4+.
D. vhe reaction catalyzed by phenylalanine hydroxylase E. Similar or even identical signs and symptoms can be
interconverts phenylalanine and tyrosine. associated with diwwerent mutations ow the gene that encodes
E. vhe reducing power ow tetrahydrobiopterin derives a given enzyme.
ultimately wrom NADPH.
7. Select the one ow the wollowing statements that is NOv CORRECv:
2. Identiwy the metabolite that does NOv serve as a precursor ow a A. PESv sequences target some proteins wor rapid degradation.
dietarily essential amino acid: B. AvP and ubiquitin typically participate in the degradation
A. α-Ketoglutarate ow membrane-associated proteins and other proteins with
B. 3-Phosphoglycerate long halw-lives.
C. Glutamate C. Ubiquitin molecules are attached to target proteins via
D. Aspartate non-α peptide bonds.
E. Histamine D. vhe discoverers ow ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
received a Nobel Prize.
3. Select the one ow the wollowing statements that is NOv
E. Degradation ow ubiquitin-tagged proteins takes place in the
CORRECv:
proteasome, a multi-subunit macromolecule present in all
A. Selenocysteine is present at the active sites ow certain human eukaryotes.
enzymes.
B. Selenocysteine is inserted into proteins by a 8. For metabolic disorders ow the urea cycle, which statement is
posttranslational process. NOv CORRECv:
C. vransamination ow dietary α-keto acids can replace the A. Ammonia intoxication is most severe when the metabolic
dietary essential amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. block in the urea cycle occurs prior to the reaction catalyzed
D. Conversion ow peptidyl proline to peptidyl-4-hydroxyproline by argininosuccinate synthase.
is accompanied by the incorporation ow oxygen into B. Clinical symptoms include mental retardation and the
succinate. avoidance ow protein-rich woods.
E. Serine and glycine are interconverted in a single reaction in C. Clinical signs can include acidosis.
which tetrahydrowolate derivatives participate. D. Aspartate provides the second nitrogen ow
argininosuccinate.
4. Select the CORRECv answer:
E. Dietary management wocuses on a low-protein diet ingested
vhe wirst reaction in the degradation ow most ow the protein amino as wrequent small meals.
acids involves the participation ow:
A. NAD+ 9. Select the one ow the wollowing statements that is NOv
B. vhiamine pyrophosphate (vPP) CORRECv:
C. Pyridoxal phosphate A. One metabolic wunction ow glutamine is to sequester
D. FAD nitrogen in a nontoxic worm.
E. NAD+ and vPP B. Liver glutamate dehydrogenase is allosterically inhibited by
AvP and activated by ADP.
5. Identiwy the amino acid that is the major contributor to the C. Urea is wormed both wrom absorbed ammonia produced
transport ow nitrogen destined wor excretion as urea: by enteric bacteria and wrom ammonia generated by tissue
A. Alanine metabolic activity.
B. Glutamine D. vhe concerted action ow glutamate dehydrogenase
C. Glycine and glutamate aminotranswerase may be termed
D. Lysine transdeamination.
E. Ornithine E. Fumarate generated during biosynthesis ow
argininosuccinate ultimately worms oxaloacetate in reactions
in mitochondria catalyzed successively by wumarase and
malate dehydrogenase.

327
328 SECTION VI Metabolism ou Proteins & Amino Acids
10. Select the one ow the wollowing statements that is NOv
CORRECv:
A. vhreonine provides the thioethanol moiety wor biosynthesis
ow coenzyme A.
B. Histamine arises by decarboxylation ow histidine.
C. Ornithine serves as a precursor ow both spermine and
spermidine.
D. Serotonin and melatonin are metabolites ow tryptophan.
E. Glycine, arginine, and methionine each contribute atoms wor
biosynthesis ow creatine.
11. Select the one ow the wollowing statements that is NOv
CORRECv:
A. Excreted creatinine is a wunction ow muscle mass, and can
be used to determine whether a patient has provided a
complete 24-hour urine specimen.
B. Many drugs and drug catabolites are excreted in urine as
glycine conjugates.
C. vhe major nonprotein metabolic wate ow methionine is
conversion to S-adenosylmethionine.
D. vhe concentration ow histamine in brain hypothalamus
exhibits a circadian rhythm.
E. Decarboxylation ow glutamine worms the inhibitory
neurotransmitter GABA (γ-aminobutyrate).
12. What distinguishes the routes by which each ow the wollowing
amino acids appears in human proteins?
5-Hydroxylysine
γ-Carboxyglutamate
Selenocysteine
13. What evolutionary advantage might be gained by the wact that
certain amino acids are dietarily essential wor human subjects?
14. What explanation can you owwer to explain that metabolic dewects
that result in the complete absence ow the activity ow glutamate
dehydrogenase have not been detected?
15. Which ow the wollowing is NOv a hemoprotein?
A. Myoglobin
B. Cytochrome c
C. Catalase
D. Cytochrome P450
E. Albumin
16. A 30-year-old man presented at clinic with a history ow
intermittent abdominal pain and episodes ow conwusion and
psychiatric problems. Laboratory tests revealed increases ow
urinary δ-aminolevulinate and porphobilinogen. Mutational
analysis revealed a mutation in the gene wor uroporphyrinogen I
synthase (porphobilinogen deaminase). vhe probable diagnosis
was:
A. Acute intermittent porphyria.
B. X-linked sideroblastic anemia.
C. Congenital erythropoietic porphyria.
D. Porphyria cutanea tarda.
E. Variegate porphyria.
17. Select the one ow the wollowing statements that is NOv
CORRECv:
A. Bilirubin is a cyclic tetrapyrrole.
B. Albumin-bound bilirubin is transported to the liver.
C. High levels ow bilirubin can cause damage to the brains ow
newborn inwants.
D. Bilirubin contains methyl and vinyl groups.
B. Bilirubin does not contain iron.
18. A 62-year-old wemale presented at clinic with intense jaundice,
steadily increasing over the preceding 3 months. She gave a
history ow severe upper abdominal pain. radiating to the back.
and had lost considerable weight. She had noted that her stools
had been very pale wor some time. Lab tests revealed a very high
level ow direct bilirubin. and also elevated urinary bilirubin. vhe
plasma level ow alanine aminotranswerase (ALv) was only slightly
elevated, whereas the level ow alkaline phosphatase was markedly
elevated. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed no evidence ow
gallstones. Ow the wollowing, which is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Gilbert syndrome
B. Hemolytic anemia
C. vype 1 Crigler-Najjar syndrome
D. Carcinoma ow the pancreas
E. Inwectious hepatitis
19. Clinical laboratories typically use diazotized sulwanilic acid to
measure serum bilirubin and its derivatives. What is the physical
basis that permits the laboratory to report results to the physician
in terms ow these two worms ow bilirubin?
20. What signals the synthesis ow heme to take place?
Exam Questions
Section VII – Structure, Function, & Replication of C. Cytosine and ribose
Informational Macromolecules D. Thymine and deoxyribose
E. A phosphate group and adenine
1. Which of the following statements about β,γ-methylene and
6. The backbone of a DNA molecule consists of which of the
β,γ-imino derivatives of purine and pyrimidine triphosphates is
following?
CORRECT?
A. Alternating sugars and nitrogenous bases
A. They are potential anticancer drugs.
B. Nitrogenous bases alone
B. They are precursors of B vitamins.
C. Phosphate groups alone
C. They readily undergo hydrolytic removal of the terminal
D. Alternating phosphate and sugar groups
phosphate.
E. Five carbon sugars alone
D. They can be used to implicate involvement of nucleotide
triphosphates by effects other than phosphoryl transfer. 7. Which of the following is the interconnecting bond that
E. They serve as polynucleotide precursors. connects the nucleotides of RNA and DNA ?
2. Which of the following statements about nucleotide structures A. N-glycosidic bonds
is NOT CORRECT? B. 3′-5′ phosphodiester linkages
C. Phosphomonoesters
A. Nucleotides are polyfunctional acids.
D. -2′ phosphodiester linkages
B. Caffeine and theobromine differ structurally solely with
E. Peptide nucleic acid bonds
respect to the number of methyl groups attached to their
ring nitrogens. 8. Which component of the DNA duplex causes the molecule to
C. A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic molecule composed of a have a net negative charge at physiologic pH?
pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. A. Deoxyribose
D. NAD+, FMN, S-adenosylmethionine, and coenzyme A all B. Ribose
are derivatives of ribonucleotides. C. Phosphate groups
E. 3′,5′-Cyclic AMP and 3′,5′-cyclic GMP (cAMP and cGMP) D. Chlorine ion
serve as second messengers in human physiology. E. Adenine
3. Which of the following statements about purine nucleotide 9. Which molecular feature listed causes duplex DNA to exhibit a
metabolism is NOT CORRECT? near-constant width along its long axis?
A. An early step in purine biosynthesis is the formation of A. A purine nitrogenous base always pairs with another purine
PRPP (phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate). nitrogenous base.
B. Inosine monophosphate (IMP) is a precursor of both AMP B. A pyrimidine nitrogenous base always pairs with another
and GMP. pyrimidine nitrogenous base.
C. Orotic acid is an intermediate in pyrimidine nucleotide C. A pyrimidine nitrogenous base always pairs with a purine
biosynthesis. nitrogenous base.
D. Humans catabolize uridine and pseudouridine by analogous D. Repulsion between phosphate groups keeps the strands a
reactions. uniform distance apart.
E. Ribonucleotide reductase converts nucleoside diphosphates E. Attraction between phosphate groups keeps the strands a
to the corresponding deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates. uniform distance apart.
4. Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT? 10. The model for DNA replication first proposed by Watson and
A. Metabolic disorders are only infrequently associated with Crick posited that every newly replicated double-stranded
defects in the catabolism of purines. daughter duplex DNA molecule.
B. Immune dysfunctions are associated both with a defective A. Was composed of the two strands from the parent DNA
adenosine deaminase and with a defective purine nucleoside molecule
phosphorylase. B. Contained solely the two newly synthesized strands of DNA
C. The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome reflects a defect in C. Contained two strands that are random mixtures of new and
hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. old DNA within each strand
D. Xanthine lithiasis can be due to a severe defect in xanthine D. Was composed of one strand derived from the original
oxidase. parental DNA duplex and one strand that was newly
E. Hyperuricemia can result from conditions such as cancer synthesized
characterized by enhanced tissue turnover. E. Was composed of nucleotide sequences completely distinct
5. Which of the following components are found in DNA? Choose from either parental DNA strand
the most complete answer.
A. A phosphate group, adenine, and ribose
B. A phosphate group, guanine, and deoxyribose

461
462 SECTION VII Structure, Function, & Replication of Informational Macromolecules

11. Name the mechanism through which RNAs are synthesized 18. Chromatin can be broadly defined as active and repressed.
from DNA. Which of the following is termed as a subclass of chromatin that
A. Replicational duplication is specifically inactivated at certain times within an organism’s
B. Translation life and/or in particular sets of differentiated cells?
C. Translesion repair A. Constitutive euchromatin
D. Transesterification B. Facultative heterochromatin
E. Transcription C. Euchromatin
D. Constitutive heterochromatin
12. Which of the forces or interactions listed below play the
predominant role in driving RNA secondary and tertiary 19. Which of the following hypothesizes that the physical and
structure formation? functional status of a certain region of genomic chromatin is
A. Hydrophilic repulsion dependent on the patterns of specific histone posttranslational
B. Formation of complementary base pair regions modifications (PTMs), and/or DNA methylation status?
C. Hydrophobic interaction A. Morse code
D. van der Waals interactions B. PTM hypothesis
E. Salt bridge formation C. Nuclear body hypothesis
D. Epigenetic code
13. Name the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a double-stranded
E. Genetic code
DNA template.
A. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 20. What is the name of the unusual repeated stretch of DNA
B. DNA-dependent RNA convertase localized at the tips of all eukaryotic chromosomes?
C. RNA-dependent replicase A. Kinetochore
D. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase B. Telomere
E. Reverse transcriptase C. Centriole
D. Chromomere
14. Define the most notable characteristic difference with regard to
E. Micromere
gene expression between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
A. Ribosomal RNA nucleotide lengths 21. Given that DNA polymerases are unable to synthesize DNA
B. Mitochondria without a primer, what molecule serves as the primer for these
C. Lysosomes and peroxisomes enzymes during DNA replication?
D. Sequestration of the genomic material in the nucleus A. Five carbon sugars
E. Chlorophyll B. Deoxyribose alone
C. A short RNA molecule
15. Which entry below correctly describes the approximate
D. Proteins with free hydroxyl groups
number of bp of DNA______, which is separated into
E. Phosphomonoester
_____ chromosomes in a typical diploid human cell in a
nonreplicating state? 22. Which of the following terms is used for the discontinuous
A. 64 billion, 23 DNA replication that occurs during replication is catalyzed via
B. 6.4 trillion, 46 the production of small DNA segments?
C. 23 billion, 64 A. Okazaki fragments
D. 64 billion, 46 B. Toshihiro pieces
E. 6.4 billion, 46 C. Onishi oligonucleotides
D. Crick strands
16. What is the approximate number of base pairs associated with a
E. Watson fragments
single nucleosome?
A. 146 23. What molecule or force supplies the energy that drives the relief
B. 292 of mechanical strain by DNA gyrase?
C. 73 A. Pyrimidine to purine conversion
D. 1460 B. Hydrolysis of GTP
E. 900 C. Hydrolysis of ATP
D. Glycolysis
17. All but one of the following histones are found located within
E. A proton gradient molecule or force
the superhelix formed between DNA and the histone octamer;
which of the following is this histone? 24. What is the name of the phase of the cell cycle between the
A. Histone H2B conclusion of cell division and the beginning of DNA synthesis?
B. Histone H3 A. G1
C. Histone H1 B. S
D. Histone H3 C. G2
E. Histone H4 D. M
E. G0
 Exam Questions 463

25. At what stage of the cell cycle are key protein kinases, like 32. What class of DNA sequences are the eukaryotic genes that
cyclin-dependent kinase, activated? encode rRNAs?
A. Right before mitosis A. Single-copy DNA
B. At the beginning of S phase B. Highly repetitive DNA
C. Near the end of G1 phase C. Moderately repetitive DNA
D. At the end of the G2 phase D. Mixed sequence DNA
E. All of the above
33. How the modifications to the nucleotides of the pre-tRNAs, pre-
26. What disease is often associated with a breakdown of a cell’s rRNAs, and pre-mRNAs occur?
ability to regulate/control its own division? A. Postprandially
A. Kidney disease B. Postmitotically
B. Cancer C. Pretranscriptionally
C. Emphysema D. Posttranscriptionally
D. Diabetes E. Prematurely
E. Heart disease
34. RNA polymerase II promoters are located on which side of the
27. What is the molecular mechanism that is responsible for the transcription unit?
quick decrease in the Cdk activity that leads to exit from the M A. Internal
phase and the entry into G1? B. 3′ downstream
A. Drop in mitotic cyclin concentration C. Nearest to the C-terminus
B. Decreased G1 cyclin concentration D. Nearest to the N-terminus
C. Rise in G2 cyclin concentration E. 5′ upstream
D. Rise in mitotic cyclin concentration
35. With regard to eukaryotic mRNAs, which one of the following
E. Rise in G1 cyclin concentration
is not a normal property of mRNAs?
28. Which of the following is the site to which RNA polymerase A. Eukaryotic mRNAs have special modifications at their 5′
binds on the DNA template prior to the initiation of (cap) and 3′ (poly(A) tail) termini.
transcription? B. Are attached to ribosomes when they are translated.
A. Intron/exon junction C. They are found in the cytoplasm within peroxisomes.
B. Open reading frame DNA D. Most have a significant noncoding segment that does not
C. Terminator direct assembly of amino acids.
D. Initiator methionine codon E. Contain continuous nucleotide sequences that encode a
E. Promoter particular polypeptide.
29. The large eukaryotic rRNA genes, such as 18S and 28S RNA- 36. Which of the following is the bond connecting the initiation
encoding genes, are transcribed by which of the following RNA nucleotide of the mRNA with the 5me-G Cap structure?
polymerases? A. 3′-5′ phosphodiester bridge
A. RNA polymerase III B. 5′-5′ triphosphate bridge
B. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase δ C. 3′-3′ triphosphate bridge
C. RNA polymerase I D. 3′-5′ triphosphate bridge
D. RNA polymerase II E. 5′-3′ triphosphate bridge
E. Mitochondrial RNA polymerase
37. What sequence feature of mature mRNAs listed below is
30. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases all have a requirement for a large thought to protect mRNAs from degradation?
variety of accessory proteins to enable them to bind promoters A. Special posttranslational modifications
and form physiologically relevant transcription complexes. B. 3′ Poly(C)n tail
What are these proteins termed as? C. 5me-G Cap
A. Basal or general transcription factors D. Introns
B. Activators E. Lariat structures
C. Accessory factors
38. What could the consequences of inaccurate mRNA splicing be
D. Elongation factors
for the RNA?
E. Facilitator polypeptides
A. A single base error at a splice junction will cause a large
31. The DNA segment from which the primary transcript is copied deletion.
or transcribed is called which of the following? B. A single base error at a splice junction will cause a large
A. Coding strand insertion.
B. Initiator methionine domain C. A single base error at a splice junction will cause a large
C. Translation unit inversion.
D. Transcriptome D. C and E.
E. Initial codon E. A single base error at a splice junction will change the
reading frame and result in mRNA mistranslation.
464 SECTION VII Structure, Function, & Replication of Informational Macromolecules

39. What is the macromolecular complex that associates with 47. Which of the following is the CORRECT order for the three
introns during mRNA splicing? distinct phases of protein synthesis?
A. Splicer A. Initiation, termination, elongation
B. Dicer B. Termination, initiation, elongation
C. Nuclear body C. Initiation, elongation, termination
D. Spliceosome D. Elongation, initiation, termination
E. Slicer E. Elongation, termination, initiation
40. What reaction does reverse transcriptase catalyze? 48. Which amino acid is the initiating amino acid for essentially all
A. Translation of RNA to DNA proteins?
B. Transcription of DNA to RNA A. Cysteine
C. Conversion of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides B. Threonine
D. Transcription of RNA to DNA C. Tryptophan
E. Conversion of a ribonucleotide to deoxynucleotides in the D. Methionine
DNA double helix E. Glutamic acid
41. RNAi or dsRNA-mediated RNA interference mediates which of 49. The initiator tRNA is placed within the active 80S complex at
the following? which of the three-canonical ribosomal “sites” during protein
A. RNA ligation synthesis?
B. RNA silencing A. E site
C. RNA inversion B. I site
D. RNA restoration C. P site
E. RNA quelling D. A site
E. Releasing factor binding site
42. While the genetic code has 64 codons, there are only 20
naturally occurring amino acids. Consequently, some amino 50. Name the enzyme that forms the peptide bond during protein
acids are encoded by more than one codon. This feature of the synthesis and define its chemical composition.
genetic code is an illustration of the genetic code being which of A. Pepsynthase, protein
the following? B. Peptidyl transferase, RNA
A. Degenerative C. Peptidase, glycolipid
B. Duplicative D. Peptidyl transferase, protein
C. Nonoverlapping E. GTPase, glycopeptide
D. Overlapping
51. What is the term used for mutations in the middle of an open
E. Redundant
reading frame that create a stop codon?
43. The genetic code contains how many termination codons? A. Frameshift mutation
A. 3 B. Missense mutation
B. 21 C. No-nonsense mutation
C. 61 D. Point mutation
D. 64 E. Nonsense mutation
E. 20
52. What is the directionality of polypeptide synthesis?
44. If a tRNA has the sequence 5′-CAU-3′, what codon would it A. C-terminal to N-terminal direction
recognize (ignore wobble base pairing). B. N-terminal to 3′ direction
A. 3′-UAC-5′ C. N-terminal to C-terminal direction
B. 3′-AUG-5′ D. 3′ to 5′ direction
C. 5′-ATG-3′ E. 5′ to 3′ direction
D. 5′-AUC-3′
53. Which of the following cis-acting elements typically resides
E. 5′-AUG-3′
adjacent to or overlaps with many prokaryotic promoters?
45. What is on the 3′ end of all functional, mature tRNAs? A. Regulatory gene
A. The cloverleaf loop B. Structural gene(s)
B. The anticodon C. Repressor
C. The sequence CCA D. Operator
D. The codon E. Terminator
46. Most aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases possess an activity that is shared
with DNA polymerases. This activity is a __________ function.
A. Proofreading
B. Hydrogenase
C. Proteolytic
D. Helicase
E. Endonucleolytic
 Exam Questions 465

54. What is the term applied to a segment of a bacterial C. Heterozygosity

chromosome where genes for the enzymes of a particular D. Heterodimerization
metabolic pathway are clustered and subject to coordinate E. Trimerization
control?
61. The gene region containing the TATA box and extending to
A. Operon
the transcription start site (TSS) is often termed which of the
B. Operator
following?
C. Promoter
D. Terminal controller A. Polymerase home
E. Origin B. Initiator
C. Start selector
55. What is the term applied to the complete collection of proteins D. Core promoter
present in a particular cell type? E. Operator
A. Genome
62. Which of the following possible mechanisms for how enhancers
B. Peptide collection
can stimulate transcription from great distances are currently
C. Transcriptome
thought to be CORRECT?
D. Translatome
E. Proteome A. Enhancers can reversibly excise the intervening DNA
between enhancers and promoters.
56. How does nucleosome formation on genomic DNA affect the B. RNA polymerase II binds avidly to enhancer sequences.
initiation and/or elongation phases of transcription? C. Enhancers unwind DNA.
A. Nucleosomes inhibit access of enzymes involved in all D. Enhancers can search through DNA and bind directly to the
phases of transcription. associated core promoter.
B. Nucleosomes recruit histone and DNA-modifying enzymes, E. Enhancers and core promoters are brought into close
and the actions of these recruited enzymes affect the access proximity through DNA loop formation mediated by DNA-
of transcription proteins to DNA. binding proteins.
C. Nucleosomes induce DNA degradation where the DNA
63. Which of the following histone amino acids are typically
contacts the histones.
acetylated?
D. Nucleosomes have no significant effect on transcription.
A. Lysine
57. Which types of molecules interact with eukaryotic mRNA B. Arginine
gene core promoter sites to facilitate the association of RNA C. Asparagine
polymerase II? D. Histidine
A. Termination factors E. Leucine
B. Sequence-specific transcription factors (transactivators)
64. Place the following steps in order; what are the steps that
C. Elongation factors
occur sequentially during a transcription activation event
D. GTPases
following the binding of a transcriptional activator to its cognate
E. General, or basal transcription factors (ie, the GTFs)
activator–binding site on genomic DNA.
58. Most eukaryotic transcription factors contain at least
two domains, each of which mediate different aspects of 1. The chromatin remodeling complex binds to the core
transcription factor function. Which of the following are these histones at the target region.
domains? 2. The combined actions of the various molecular com-
A. RNA-binding domain and repression domain plexes increase promoter accessibility to the transcriptional
B. Activation domain and repression domain machinery.
C. DNA-binding domain and activation domain 3. The activator recruits a coactivator to a region of chro-
D. DNA-binding domain and ligand-binding domain matin targeted for transcription.
E. RNA-binding domain and the activation domain 4. Transcriptional machinery assembles at the site where
59. Transcription factors bound at enhancers stimulate the initiation transcription will be initiated.
of transcription at the cis-linked core promoter through the 5. The coactivator acetylates the core histones of nearby
action of intermediaries are termed as which of the following? nucleosomes.
A. Coactivators A. 1–2–3–4–5
B. Cotranscription proteins B. 3–1–5–2–4
C. Corepressors C. 3–5–1–2–4
D. Receptors D. 5–3–1–2–4
E. Coordinators E. 3–5–1–4–2
60. What reactions among transcription proteins greatly expand the
diversity of regulatory factors that can be generated from a small
number of polypeptides?
A. Recombination
B. Homodimerization
466 SECTION VII Structure, Function, & Replication of Informational Macromolecules

65. What strategy in transcription factor research allows for the 67. Which of the following features of eukaryotic mRNA contribute
simultaneous identification of all of the genomic sites bound importantly to message half-life?
by a given transcription factor under a given set of physiologic A. 5′–UTR sequences
conditions? B. The promoter
A. Systematic deletion mapping C. The operator
B. DNAse I sensitivity D. 3′ UTR and poly(A) tail
C. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) E. The first intron
D. FISH
E. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy
66. Which sequences extend between the 5′–methylguanosine cap
present on eukaryotic mRNAs to the AUG initiation codon?
A. Stop codon
B. Last exon
C. Last intron
D. 3′ UTR
E. 5′ UTR
Exam Questions
Section VIII – Biochemistry of Extracellular & B. Plasma lipid bilayer
Intracellular Communication C. Ion channels
D. Receptors that specifically recognize and bind that particular
1. Regarding membrane lipids, select the one FALSE answer. messenger molecule
A. The major phospholipid by mass in human membranes is E. Intact nuclear membranes
generally phosphatidylcholine. 6. Indicate the term generally applied to the extracellular
B. Glycolipids are located on the inner and outer leaflets of the messenger molecules that bind to transmembrane receptor
plasma membrane. proteins.
C. Phosphatidic acid is a precursor of phosphatidylserine, but
A. Competitive inhibitor
not of sphingomyelin.
B. Ligand
D. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine
C. Scatchard curve
are located primarily on the outer leaflet of the plasma
D. Substrate
membrane.
E. Key
E. The flip-flop of phospholipids in membranes is very slow.
7. In autocrine signaling:
2. Regarding membrane proteins, select the one FALSE answer.
A. Messenger molecules reach their target cells via passage
A. Because of steric considerations, α-helices cannot exist in
through bloodstream.
membranes.
B. Messenger molecules travel only short distances through the
B. A hydropathy plot helps one to estimate whether a segment
extracellular space to cells that are in close proximity to the
of a protein is predominantly hydrophobic or hydrophilic.
cell that is generating the message.
C. Certain proteins are anchored to the outer leaflet of plasma
C. The cell producing the messenger expresses receptors on its
membranes via glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) structures.
surface that can respond to that messenger.
D. Adenylyl cyclase is a marker enzyme for the plasma
D. The messenger molecules are usually rapidly degraded and
membrane.
hence can only work over short distances.
E. Myelin has a very high content of lipid compared with
protein. 8. Regardless of how a signal is initiated, the ligand-binding event
is propagated via second messengers or protein recruitment.
3. Regarding membrane transport, select the one FALSE
What is the ultimate, or final biochemical outcome of these
statement.
binding events?
A. Potassium has a lower charge density than sodium and
A. A protein in the middle of an intracellular signaling pathway
tends to move more quickly through membranes than does
is activated.
sodium.
B. A protein at the bottom of an intracellular signaling pathway
B. The flow of ions through ion channels is an example of
is activated.
passive transport.
C. A protein at the top of an extracellular signaling pathway is
C. Facilitated diffusion requires a protein transporter.
activated.
D. Inhibition of the Na+-K+-ATPase will inhibit sodium-
D. A protein at the top of an intracellular signaling pathway is
dependent uptake of glucose in intestinal cells.
deactivated.
E. Insulin, by recruiting glucose transporters to the plasma
E. A protein at the top of an intracellular signaling pathway is
membrane, increases uptake of glucose in fat cells but not in
activated.
muscle.
9. What features of the nuclear receptor superfamily suggest that
4. Regarding the Na+-K+-ATPase, select the one FALSE statement.
these proteins have evolved from a common ancestor?
A. Its action maintains the high intracellular concentration of
A. They all bind the same ligand with high affinity.
sodium compared with potassium.
B. They all function within the nucleus.
B. It can use as much as 30% of the total ATP expenditure of a
C. They are all subject to regulatory phosphorylation.
cell.
D. They all contain regions of high amino acid sequence
C. It is inhibited by digitalis, a drug that is useful in certain
similarity/identity.
cardiac conditions.
E. They all bind DNA.
D. It is located in the plasma membrane of cells.
E. Phosphorylation is involved in its mechanism of action, 10. What effect does degradation of receptor-ligand complexes
leading to its classification as a P-type ATP-driven active after internalization have on the ability of a cell to respond if
transporter. immediately re-exposed to the same hormone?
5. What molecules enable cells to respond to a specific A. The cellular response is attenuated due to a decrease in
extracellular signaling molecule? cellular receptor number.
B. Cellular response is enhanced due to reduced receptor-
A. Specific receptor carbohydrates localized to the inner plasma
ligand competition.
membrane surface
C. The cellular response is unchanged to subsequent stimuli.

524
 Exam Questions 525

D. Cell hormone response is now bimodal; enhanced for a C. 6 – 3 – 5 – 1 – 7 – 2 – 4

short time and thereafter inactivated. D. 6 – 7 – 3 – 5 – 1 – 2 – 4
E. 6 – 3 – 5 – 4 – 7 – 2 – 1
11. Typically, what is the first reaction after most receptor protein-
tyrosine kinases (RTKs) bind their ligand? 17. Which heterotrimeric G-proteins couple receptors to adenylyl
A. Receptor trimerization cyclase via the activation of GTP-bound Gα subunits?
B. Receptor degradation A. Gs family
C. Receptor denaturation B. Gq family
D. Receptor dissociation C. Gi family
E. Receptor dimerization D. G12/13 family
E. Gx family
12. Where is the kinase catalytic domain of the receptor protein-
tyrosine kinases found? 18. What must happen in order to prevent overstimulation by a
A. On the extracellular surface of the receptor, immediately hormone?
adjacent to the ligand-binding domain. A. Hormones must be degraded.
B. On the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. B. G-proteins must be recycled and then degraded.
C. On an independent protein that rapidly binds the receptor C. Receptors must be blocked from continuing to activate
on ligand binding. G-proteins.
D. Within the transmembrane spanning portion of the D. Receptors must dimerize.
receptor.
19. Which of the following hormones termed the “flight-or-fight”
13. The subunits of the heterotrimeric G-proteins are called the __, hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
__, and__ subunits. A. Epinephrine
A. α, β, and χ B. Oxytocin
B. α, β, and δ C. Insulin
C. α, γ, and δ D. Glucagon
D. α, β, and γ E. Somatostatin
E. γ, δ, and η
20. Which hormone is secreted by α cells in the pancreas in
14. Of the receptors listed below, which can directly conduct a response to low blood glucose levels?
flow of ions across the plasma membrane when bound to their A. Insulin
cognate ligand? B. Glucagon
A. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) C. Estradiol
B. G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) D. Epinephrine
C. G-protein gamma α subunit. E. Somatostatin
D. Steroid hormone receptors
21. In liver cells, the expression of genes encoding gluconeogenic
E. Ligand-gated channels
enzymes such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)
15. Which of the following is NOT a natural ligand that binds to is induced in response to which of the following molecules?
G-protein–coupled receptors? A. cGMP
A. Hormones B. Insulin
B. Steroid hormones C. ATP
C. Chemoattractants D. cAMP
D. Opium derivatives E. Cholesterol
E. Neurotransmitters
22. What happens to protein kinase A (PKA) following the binding
16. Place the events of signaling listed below in the CORRECT of cAMP?
order. A. The regulatory subunits of PKA dissociate, thereby
1. G-protein binds to activated receptor forming a recep- activating the catalytic subunits.
tor–G-protein complex B. PKA catalytic subunits then bind to two regulatory subunits,
2. Release of GDP by the G-protein thereby activating the catalytic subunits.
3. Change in conformation of the cytoplasmic loops of C. The inhibitory regulatory subunits dissociate from the
catalytic subunits, completely inactivating the enzyme.
the receptor
D. The stimulatory regulatory subunits dissociate from the
4. Binding of GTP by the G-protein catalytic subunits, inhibiting the enzyme.
5. Increase in the affinity of the receptor for a G-protein E. Phosphodiesterase binds to the catalytic subunits, which
on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane results in enzyme inactivation.
6. Binding of a hormone or neurotransmitter to a G-pro-
tein–coupled receptor
7. Conformational shift in the α subunit of the G-protein
A. 6 – 3 – 5 – 1 – 2 – 4 – 7
B. 6 – 5 – 4 – 1 – 7 – 2 – 3
Exwy Questions
Section IX – Special Topics (A) D. Chyloyicron reynwnts dixxer xroy chyloyicrons in
thwt they wre sywller wnd contwin w lower proportion ox
1. Which ox the xollowing will be elevwted in the bloodstrewy wbout triwcylglycerol.
1 to 2 hours wxter ewting w high-xwt yewl? E. Chyloyicrons wre twken up by the liver.
A. Chyloyicrons 7. Plwnt sterols wnd stwnols inhibit the wbsorption ox cholesterol
B. High density lipoprotein xroy the gwstrointestinwl trwct. Which ox the xollowing best
C. Ketone bodies describes how they wct?
D. Nonesterixied xwtty wcids
A. vhey wre incorporwted into chyloyicrons in plwce ox
E. Very low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol.
2. Which ox the xollowing will be elevwted in the bloodstrewy wbout B. vhey coypete with cholesterol xor esterixicwtion in the
4 to 5 hours wxter ewting w high-xwt yewl? intestinwl luyen, so thwt less cholesterol is esterixied.
A. Chyloyicrons C. vhey coypete with cholesterol xor esterixicwtion in the
B. High-density lipoprotein yucoswl cell, wnd unesterixied cholesterol is wctively
C. Ketone bodies trwnsported out ox the cell into the intestinwl luyen.
D. Nonesterixied xwtty wcids D. vhey coypete with cholesterol xor esterixicwtion in
E. Very low-density lipoprotein the yucoswl cell, wnd unesterixied cholesterol is not
incorporwted into chyloyicrons.
3. Which ox the xollowing is the best dexinition ox glyceyic index? E. vhey displwce cholesterol xroy lipid yicelles, so thwt it is not
A. vhe increwse in the blood concentrwtion ox glucwgon wxter wvwilwble xor wbsorption.
consuying the xood coypwred with thwt wxter wn equivwlent
wyount ox white brewd. 8. Which one ox xollowing stwteyents wbout energy yetwbolisy is
B. vhe increwse in the blood concentrwtion ox glucose wxter CORRECv?
consuying the xood. A. Adipose tissue does not contribute to bwswl yetwbolic rwte
C. vhe increwse in the blood concentrwtion ox glucose wxter (BMR).
consuying the xood coypwred with thwt wxter wn equivwlent B. Physicwl wctivity level (PAL) is the suy ox physicwl wctivity
wyount ox white brewd. rwtios xor dixxerent wctivities throughout the dwy, yultiplied
D. vhe increwse in the blood concentrwtion ox insulin wxter by the tiye spent in ewch wctivity, expressed ws w yultiple ox
consuying the xood. BMR.
E. vhe increwse in the blood concentrwtion ox insulin wxter C. Physicwl wctivity rwtio (PAR) is the energy cost ox physicwl
consuying the xood coypwred with thwt wxter wn equivwlent wctivity throughout the dwy.
wyount ox white brewd. D. Resting yetwbolic rwte (RMR) is the energy expenditure ox
the body when wsleep.
4. Which ox the xollowing will hwve the lowest glyceyic index? E. vhe energy cost ox physicwl wctivity cwn be deteryined by
A. A bwked wpple yewsuring respirwtory quotient (RQ) production during the
B. A bwked potwto wctivity.
C. An uncooked wpple
D. An uncooked potwto 9. A pwtient with yetwstwtic colorectwl cwncer hws lost 6 kg ox body
E. Apple juice weight over the lwst yonth. Which ox the xollowing is the best
explwnwtion xor her weight loss?
5. Which ox the xollowing will hwve the highest glyceyic index? A. Becwuse ox the tuyour she is oedeywtous.
A. A bwked wpple B. Cheyotherwpy hws cwused nwusew wnd loss ox wppetite.
B. A bwked potwto C. Her bwswl yetwbolic rwte hws xwllen ws w result ox protein
C. An uncooked wpple cwtwbolisy cwused by tuyour necrosis xwctor wnd other
D. An uncooked potwto cytokines.
E. Apple juice D. Her bwswl yetwbolic rwte (BMR) hws increwsed ws w result ox
wnwerobic glycolysis in the tuyour wnd the energy cost ox
6. Which one ox the xollowing stwteyents concerning chyloyicrons
gluconeogenesis xroy the resultwnt lwctwte in her liver.
is CORRECv?
E. vhe tuyour hws w very high energy requireyent xor cell
A. Chyloyicrons wre ywde inside intestinwl cells wnd secreted prolixerwtion.
into lyyph, where they wcquire wpolipoproteins B wnd C.
B. vhe core ox chyloyicrons contwins triwcylglycerol wnd
phospholipids.
C. vhe enzyye horyone-sensitive lipwse wcts on chyloyicrons
to relewse xwtty wcids xroy triwcylglycerol when they wre
bound to the surxwce ox endotheliwl cells in blood cwpillwries.

576
 Exam Questions 577

10. A 5-yewr-old child wrriving wt w rexugee center in Ewst Axricw is 16. Dexiciency ox which one ox these vitwyins is w ywjor cwuse ox
stunted in growth (only 89% ox expected height xor wge) but not blindness worldwide?
oedeywtous. Would you consider hiy to be: A. Vitwyin A
A. Suxxering xroy kwwshiorkor B. Vitwyin B12
B. Suxxering xroy ywrwsyic kwwshiorkor C. Vitwyin B6
C. Suxxering xroy ywrwsyus D. Vitwyin D
D. Suxxering xroy undernutrition E. Vitwyin K
E. Underxed but not considered to be clinicwlly ywlnourished
17. Dexiciency ox which one ox these vitwyins ywy lewd to
11. A 5-yewr-old child wrriving wt w rexugee center in Ewst Axricw is yegwloblwstic wnweyiw?
stunted in growth (only 55% ox expected height xor wge) but not A. Vitwyin B6
oedeywtous. Would you consider hiy to be: B. Vitwyin B12
A. Suxxering xroy kwwshiorkor C. Vitwyin D
B. Suxxering xroy ywrwsyic kwwshiorkor D. Vitwyin E
C. Suxxering xroy ywrwsyus E. Vitwyin K
D. Suxxering xroy undernutrition
18. Which one ox the xollowing criteriw ox vitwyin wdequwcy cwn
E. Underxed but not considered to be clinicwlly ywlnourished
be dexined ws “vhere wre no signs ox dexiciency under norywl
12. Which ox the xollowing is the dexinition ox nitrogen bwlwnce? conditions, but wny trwuyw or stress revewls the precwrious stwte
A. Protein intwke ws w percentwge ox totwl energy intwke ox the body reserves wnd ywy precipitwte clinicwl signs”?
B. vhe dixxerence between protein intwke wnd excretion ox A. Abnorywl response to w yetwbolic lowd
nitrogenous coypounds B. Clinicwl dexiciency disewse
C. vhe rwtio ox excretion ox nitrogenous coypounds/protein C. Covert dexiciency
intwke D. Incoyplete swturwtion ox body reserves
D. vhe rwtio ox protein intwke/excretion ox nitrogenous E. Subclinicwl dexiciency
coypounds
19. Which one ox the xollowing criteriw ox vitwyin wdequwcy cwn be
E. vhe suy ox protein intwke wnd excretion ox nitrogenous
dexined ws yetwbolic wbnorywlities under norywl conditions?
coypounds
A. Abnorywl response to w yetwbolic lowd
13. Which one ox xollowing stwteyents wbout nitrogen bwlwnce is B. Clinicwl dexiciency disewse
CORRECv? C. Covert dexiciency
A. Ix the intwke ox protein is grewter thwn requireyents, there D. Incoyplete swturwtion ox body reserves
will wlwwys be positive nitrogen bwlwnce. E. Subclinicwl dexiciency
B. In nitrogen equilibriuy, the excretion ox nitrogenous
20. Which ox the xollowing is the best dexinition ox the rexerence
yetwbolites is grewter thwn the dietwry intwke ox nitrogenous
nutrient intwke (RNI) or recoyyended dwily wyount (RDA), ox w
coypounds.
vitwyin or yinerwl?
C. In positive nitrogen bwlwnce, the excretion ox nitrogenous
yetwbolites is less thwn the dietwry intwke ox nitrogenous A. One stwndwrd deviwtion wbove the wverwge requireyent ox
coypounds. the populwtion group under considerwtion
D. Nitrogen bwlwnce is the rwtio ox intwke ox nitrogenous B. One stwndwrd deviwtion below the wverwge requireyent ox
coypounds/output ox nitrogenous yetwbolites xroy the body. the populwtion group under considerwtion
E. Positive nitrogen bwlwnce yewns thwt there is w net loss ox C. vhe wverwge requireyent ox the populwtion group under
protein xroy the body. considerwtion
D. vwo stwndwrd deviwtions wbove the wverwge requireyent ox
14. In w series ox experiyents to deteryine wyino wcid requireyents, the populwtion group under considerwtion
hewlthy young wdult volunteers were xed yixtures ox wyino wcids E. vwo stwndwrd deviwtions below the wverwge requireyent ox
ws their sole protein source. Which ox the xollowing yixtures the populwtion group under considerwtion
would lewd to negwtive nitrogen bwlwnce (wssuying thwt wll other
wyino wcids wre provided in wdequwte wyounts)? 21. Whwt percentwge ox the populwtion will hwve yet their
requireyent xor w vitwyin or yinerwl ix their intwke is equwl to the
A. One lwcking wlwnine, glycine, wnd tyrosine
RNI or RDA?
B. One lwcking wrginine, glycine, wnd cysteine
C. One lwcking wspwrwgine, glutwyine, wnd cysteine A. 2.5%
D. One lwcking lysine, glycine, wnd tyrosine B. 5%
E. One lwcking proline, wlwnine, wnd glutwywte C. 50%
D. 95%
15. Which ox the xollowing vitwyins provides the coxwctor xor E. 97.5%
reduction rewctions in xwtty wcid synthesis?
A. Folwte
B. Niwcin
C. Riboxlwvin
D. vhiwyin
E. Vitwyin B6
578 SECTION IX Special Topics (A)

22. Whwt percentwge ox the populwtion will hwve yet their 29. Which one ox the xollowing is NOv the result ox oxygen rwdicwl
requireyent xor w vitwyin or yinerwl ix their intwke is equwl to the wction?
lower rexerence nutrient intwke (LRNI)? A. Activwtion ox ywcrophwges
A. 2.5% B. Modixicwtion ox bwses in DNA
B. 5% C. Oxidwtion ox wyino wcids in wpoproteins ox LDL
C. 50% D. Peroxidwtion ox unswturwted xwtty wcids in yeybrwnes
D. 95% E. Strwnd brewks in DNA
E. 97.5%
30. Which ox the xollowing types ox oxygen rwdicwl dwywge ywy lewd
23. Whwt percentwge ox the populwtion will hwve yet their to the developyent ox wutoiyyune thyroid disewse?
requireyent xor w vitwyin or yinerwl ix their intwke is equwl to the A. Cheyicwl yodixicwtion ox DNA bwses in soywtic cells
wverwge requireyent? B. Cheyicwl yodixicwtion ox DNA in gery-line cells
A. 2.5% C. Oxidwtion ox wyino wcids in cell yeybrwne proteins
B. 5% D. Oxidwtion ox wyino wcids in yitochondriwl proteins
C. 50% E. Oxidwtion ox unswturwted xwtty wcids in plwsyw lipoproteins
D. 95%
31. Which ox the xollowing types ox oxygen rwdicwl dwywge ywy
E. 97.5%
lewd to the developyent ox wtherosclerosis wnd coronwry hewrt
24. For w person whose intwke ox w vitwyin or yinerwl is equwl to the disewse?
wverwge requireyent, whwt is the probwbility thwt this level ox A. Cheyicwl yodixicwtion ox DNA bwses in soywtic cells
intwke is wdequwte to yeet his/her individuwl requireyent? B. Cheyicwl yodixicwtion ox DNA in gery-line cells
A. 2.5% C. Oxidwtion ox wyino wcids in cell yeybrwne proteins
B. 5% D. Oxidwtion ox wyino wcids in yitochondriwl proteins
C. 50% E. Oxidwtion ox unswturwted xwtty wcids in plwsyw lipoproteins
D. 95%
32. Which ox the xollowing types ox oxygen rwdicwl dwywge ywy lewd
E. 97.5%
to the developyent ox cwncer?
25. For w person whose intwke ox w vitwyin or yinerwl is equwl to the A. Cheyicwl yodixicwtion ox DNA bwses in soywtic cells
LRNI, whwt is the probwbility thwt this level ox intwke is wdequwte B. Cheyicwl yodixicwtion ox DNA in gery-line cells
to yeet his/her individuwl requireyent? C. Oxidwtion ox wyino wcids in cell yeybrwne proteins
A. 2.5% D. Oxidwtion ox wyino wcids in yitochondriwl proteins
B. 5% E. Oxidwtion ox unswturwted xwtty wcids in plwsyw lipoproteins
C. 50%
33. Which ox the xollowing types ox oxygen rwdicwl dwywge ywy lewd
D. 95%
to the developyent ox hereditwry yutwtions?
E. 97.5%
A. Cheyicwl yodixicwtion ox DNA bwses in soywtic cells
26. For w person whose intwke ox w vitwyin or yinerwl is equwl to the B. Cheyicwl yodixicwtion ox DNA in gery-line cells
RNI, whwt is the probwbility thwt this level ox intwke is wdequwte to C. Oxidwtion ox wyino wcids in cell yeybrwne proteins
yeet his/her individuwl requireyent? D. Oxidwtion ox wyino wcids in yitochondriwl proteins
A. 2.5% E. Oxidwtion ox unswturwted xwtty wcids in plwsyw lipoproteins
B. 5%
34. Which one ox the xollowing best explwins the wntioxidwnt wction
C. 50%
ox vitwyin E?
D. 95%
E. 97.5% A. It xorys w stwble rwdicwl thwt cwn be reduced bwck to wctive
vitwyin E by rewction with vitwyin C.
27. Which one ox the xollowing is NOv w source ox oxygen rwdicwls? B. It is w rwdicwl, so thwt when it rewcts with wnother rwdicwl, w
A. Action ox superoxide disyutwse nonrwdicwl product is xoryed.
B. Activwtion ox ywcrophwges C. It is converted to w stwble rwdicwl by rewction with vitwyin C.
C. Nonenzyyic rewctions ox trwnsition yetwl ions D. It is lipid soluble wnd cwn rewct with xree rwdicwls in the
D. Rewction ox β-cwrotene with oxygen blood plwsyw resulting xroy nitric oxide (NO) xorywtion by
E. Ultrwviolet rwdiwtion vwsculwr endotheliuy.
E. Oxidized vitwyin E cwn be reduced bwck to wctive vitwyin E
28. Which one ox the xollowing provides protection wgwinst oxygen
by rewction with glutwthione wnd glutwthione peroxidwse.
rwdicwl dwywge to tissues?
A. Action ox superoxide disyutwse 35. Which ox the xollowing best describes the glycoye?
B. Activwtion ox ywcrophwges A. vhe DNA coding xor glycosyltrwnsxerwses
C. Nonenzyyic rewctions ox trwnsition yetwl ions B. vhe xull coypleyent ox wll cwrbohydrwtes in the body
D. Rewction ox β-cwrotene with oxygen C. vhe xull coypleyent ox xree sugwrs in cells wnd tissues
E. Ultrwviolet rwdiwtion D. vhe xull coypleyent ox glycoproteins wnd glycolipids in the
body
E. vhe xull coypleyent ox glycosyltrwnsxerwses in the body

36. Which ox the xollowing yethods CANNOv be used to deteryine
the structures ox glycoproteins?
A. Cwrbohydrwte yicrowrrwys
B. Degrwdwtion using endo- wnd exoglycosidwses
C. Genoye wnwlysis
D. Mwss spectroyetry
E. Sephwrose-lectin chroywtogrwphy
37. Which ox the xollowing is NOv w xunction ox glycoproteins?
A. Anchoring proteins wt the cell surxwce
B. Protecting plwsyw proteins wgwinst clewrwnce by the liver
C. Providing w trwnsport systey xor xolwte into cells
D. Providing w trwnsport systey xor uptwke ox low-density
lipoprotein into the liver
E. Providing cell surxwce recognition signwls
38. Which ox the xollowing is NOv w constituent ox glycoproteins?
A. Fucose
B. Gwlwctose
C. Glucose
D. Mwnnose
E. Sucrose
39. Which ox the xollowing is used ws w sugwr donor in the synthesis
ox the coyyon pentwswcchwride ox N-linked glycoproteins?
A. CMP-N-wcetylneurwyinic wcid
B. Dolichol pyrophosphwte N-wcetylglucoswyine
C. Dolichol pyrophosphwte-ywnnose
D. GDP-xucose
E. UDP-N-wcetylglucoswyine
40. Which ox the xollowing is NOv used ws w sugwr donor in
the synthesis ox N-linked glycoproteins in the endoplwsyic
reticuluy?
A. Dolichol pyrophosphwte xructose
B. Dolichol pyrophosphwte gwlwctose
C. Dolichol pyrophosphwte ywnnose
D. Dolichol pyrophosphwte N-wcetylglucoswyine
E. Dolichol pyrophosphwte N-wcetylneurwyinic wcid
41. Which ox the xollowing best describes the wttwchyent ox the
coyyon pentwpeptide to the wpoprotein in synthesis ox wn
N-linked glycoprotein?
A. Direct glycwtion ox the wyino teryinwl wyino wcid ox the
peptide
B. Displwceyent ox the wyino teryinwl region ox the peptide in
w trwnswyidwtion rewction
C. Displwceyent ox the wyino teryinwl region ox the peptide in
w trwnswyinwtion rewction
D. Displwceyent ox the cwrboxy teryinwl region ox the peptide
in w trwnswyidwtion rewction
E. Displwceyent ox the cwrboxy teryinwl region ox the peptide
in w trwnswyinwtion rewction
42. Which ox the xollowing is NOv w glycoprotein?
A. Collwgen
B. Iyyunoglobulin G
C. Seruy wlbuyin
D. vhyroid-stiyulwting horyone
E. vrwnsxerrin
Exam Questions 579
43. Which one ox the xollowing stwteyents is INCORRECv?
A. Cwlnexin ensures the correct xolding ox glycoproteins in the
endoplwsyic reticuluy.
B. Dolichol-pyrophosphwte oligoswcchwride donwtes wll ox the
sugwrs xound in N-linked glycoproteins.
C. Mucins contwin predoyinwntly O-linked glycwns.
D. N-Acetylneurwyinic wcid is coyyonly xound wt the teryini
ox N-linked sugwr chwins ox glycoproteins.
E. O-linked sugwr chwins ox glycoproteins wre built up by the
stepwise wddition ox sugwrs xroy sugwr nucleotides.
44. Which ox the xollowing is NOv wn wctivity ox cytochroye P450?
A. Activwtion ox vitwyin D
B. Hydroxylwtion ox steroid horyone precursors
C. Hydroxylwtion ox xenobiotics
D. Hydroxylwtion ox retinoic wcid
E. Methylwtion ox xenobiotics
45. Which ox the xollowing best describes the rewction ox w
cytochroye P450?
A. RH + O2 + NADP+ → R-OH + H2O + NADPH
B. RH + O2 + NAD+ → R-OH + H2O + NADH
C. RH + O2 + NADPH → R-OH + H2O + NADP+
D. RH + O2 + NADPH → R-OH + H2O2 + NADP+
E. RH + O2 + NADH → R-OH + H2O + NAD+
46. Which ox the xollowing is the prexerred lipid coyponent ox the
cytochroye P450 systey?
A. Dolichol phosphwte
B. Phosphwtidylcholine
C. Phosphwtidylethwnolwyine
D. Phosphwtidylinositol
E. Phosphwtidylserine
47. Which ox the xollowing best describes the drug interwctions
between phenobwrbitwl wnd wwrxwrin?
A. Phenobwrbitwl induces CYP2C9, wnd this results in
decrewsed cwtwbolisy ox wwrxwrin.
B. Phenobwrbitwl induces CYP2C9, wnd this results in
increwsed cwtwbolisy ox wwrxwrin.
C. Phenobwrbitwl represses CYP2C9, wnd this results in
increwsed cwtwbolisy ox wwrxwrin.
D. Wwrxwrin induces CYP2C9, wnd this results in decrewsed
cwtwbolisy ox phenobwrbitwl.
E. Wwrxwrin induces CYP2C9, wnd this results in increwsed
cwtwbolisy ox phenobwrbitwl.
580 SECTION IX Special Topics (A)
48. Which ox the xollowing best describes the exxects ox
polyyorphisys ox CYP2A6?
A. People with the wctive wllele wre less likely to becoye
tobwcco-dependent syokers becwuse this cytochroye
inwctivwtes nicotine to cotinine.
B. People with the inwctive (null) wllele wre less likely to becoye
tobwcco-dependent syokers becwuse this cytochroye
inwctivwtes nicotine to cotinine.
C. People with the inwctive (null) wllele wre less likely to becoye
tobwcco-dependent syokers becwuse this cytochroye
wctivwtes nicotine to cotinine.
D. People with the inwctive (null) wllele wre yore likely
to becoye tobwcco-dependent syokers becwuse this
cytochroye inwctivwtes nicotine to cotinine.
E. People with the inwctive (null) wllele wre yore likely
to becoye tobwcco-dependent syokers becwuse this
cytochroye wctivwtes nicotine to cotinine.
49. Which ox the xollowing is NOv w xunction ox glutwthione?
A. Coenzyye xor the reduction ox hydrogen peroxide
B. Conjugwtion ox bilirubin
C. Conjugwtion ox soye products ox phwse I yetwbolisy ox
xenobiotics
D. vrwnsport ox wyino wcids wcross cell yeybrwnes
E. vrwnsport ox bilirubin in the bloodstrewy
50. Which ox the xollowing best describes the rexerence rwnge xor w
lwborwtory test?
A. A rwnge ± 1 × stwndwrd deviwtion wround the yewn vwlue
B. A rwnge ± 1.5 × stwndwrd deviwtion wround the yewn vwlue
C. A rwnge ± 2 × stwndwrd deviwtion wround the yewn vwlue
D. A rwnge ± 2.5 × stwndwrd deviwtion wround the yewn vwlue
E. A rwnge ± 3 × stwndwrd deviwtion wround the yewn vwlue
51. Which ox the xollowing stwteyents wbout lwborwtory tests is
INCORRECv?
A. vhe predictive vwlue ox w test is the extent to which it will
correctly predict whether or not w person hws the disewse.
B. vhe sensitivity wnd specixicity ox w test wre inversely relwted.
C. vhe sensitivity ox w test is w yewsure ox how ywny people
with the disewse will give w positive result.
D. vhe specixicity ox w test is w yewsure ox how ywny people
with the disewse will give w positive result.
E. vhe specixicity ox w test is w yewsure ox how ywny people
without the disewse will give w negwtive result.
52. Which ox the xollowing is CORRECv when wn enzyye is used to
yewsure wn wnwlyte in w blood swyple?
A. vhe concentrwtion ox substrwte yust be wbout 20-tiyes the
Ky ox the enzyye.
B. vhe concentrwtion ox substrwte yust be equwl to the Ky ox
the enzyye.
C. vhe concentrwtion ox substrwte yust be equwl to or lower
thwn the Ky ox the enzyye.
D. vhe concentrwtion ox the substrwte in the wsswy is not
iyportwnt.
E. vhe concentrwtion ox substrwte yust be wbout 1/20th ox the
Ky ox the enzyye.
53. Which ox the xollowing is CORRECv when wn enzyye is being
yewsured in w blood swyple?
A. vhe concentrwtion ox substrwte yust be wbout 20 tiyes the
Ky ox the enzyye.
B. vhe concentrwtion ox substrwte yust be equwl to the Ky ox
the enzyye.
C. vhe concentrwtion ox substrwte yust be equwl to or lower
thwn the Ky ox the enzyye.
D. vhe concentrwtion ox the substrwte in the wsswy is not
iyportwnt.
E. vhe concentrwtion ox substrwte yust be wbout 1/20th ox the
Ky ox the enzyye.
54. Which ox the xollowing best explwins the use ox enzyye wctivwtion
wsswys to wssess vitwyin nutritionwl stwtus?
A. Adding the vitwyin-derived coxwctor to the incubwtion
converts previously inwctive wpoenzyye into wctive
holoenzyye.
B. Adding the vitwyin-derived coxwctor to the incubwtion
converts previously inwctive holoenzyye into wctive
wpoenzyye.
C. Adding the vitwyin-derived coxwctor to the incubwtion
converts previously wctive holoenzyye into inwctive
wpoenzyye.
D. Adding the vitwyin-derived coxwctor to the incubwtion
converts previously wctive wpoenzyye into inwctive
holoenzyye.
E. Adding the vitwyin-derived coxwctor to the incubwtion lewds
to w reduction in enzyye wctivity.
55. Which ox the xollowing would be used to prepwre seruy xroy w
blood swyple?
A. A plwin tube
B. A tube contwining citrwte
C. A tube contwining EDvA
D. A tube contwining oxwlwte
E. An evwcuwted tube to exclude oxygen
56. Which ox the xollowing would be used to twke w blood swyple xor
blood gws wnwlysis?
A. A plwin tube
B. A tube contwining citrwte
C. A tube contwining EDvA
D. A tube contwining oxwlwte
E. An evwcuwted tube to exclude oxygen
57. Which ox the xollowing best explwins the dixxerence between
crewtinine clewrwnce wnd inulin clewrwnce ws tests ox renwl
xunction?
A. Crewtinine clewrwnce is higher thwn inulin clewrwnce becwuse
crewtinine is wctively secreted in the distwl renwl tubules.
B. Crewtinine clewrwnce is higher thwn inulin clewrwnce becwuse
inulin is wctively secreted in the proxiywl renwl tubules.
C. Crewtinine clewrwnce is higher thwn inulin clewrwnce becwuse
inulin is wctively secreted in the distwl renwl tubules.
D. Crewtinine clewrwnce is lower thwn inulin clewrwnce becwuse
crewtinine is wctively secreted in the distwl renwl tubules.
E. Crewtinine clewrwnce is lower thwn inulin clewrwnce becwuse
inulin is not coypletely xiltered wt the gloyerulus.
Exam Questions
Section X – Special Topics (B)
1. Briefry describe the mode of action of nitrogrycerin, a common
agent for treating angina.
2. Patients being treated for heart fairure oftentimes exhibit
decreased expression and defective reguration of SERCA2a, the
principar Ca2+-ATPase of the sarcoprasmic reticurum. Exprain
how defects in this protein might contribute to deterioration in
cardiac function.
3. Serect the one of the forrowing that is NOT CORRECT:
A. The troponin system regurates contraction of smooth
muscre.
B. Muscre contraction takes prace via a sriding firament
mechanism.
C. Myosin right-chain kinase phosphoryrates the reguratory
right chains in the myosin head domain.
D. F-actin is formed via the porymerization of G-actin.
E. Ca2+ both activates muscre contraction and stimurates its
own removar by activating the Ca2+ ATPase.
4. A patient anesthetized using a harothane compound exhibits
a marked rise in body temperature, a behavior indicative of
marignant hyperthermia (HT). Serect the one of the forrowing
statements that is NOT CORRECT:
A. MH can arise from mutations that arter the amino acid
sequence of the Na+-K+-ATPase.
B. MH can arise from mutations that arter the amino acid
sequence of the ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ rerease channer.
C. The muscre rigidity that occurs during MH is triggered by
the presence of high concentrations of Ca2+ in the cytoprasm.
D. MH can arise from mutations that arter the amino acid
sequence of the vortage-gated, srow K-type Ca2+ channer.
E. MH can be treated by intravenous administration of
dantrorene, which inhibits rerease of Ca2+ from the
sarcoprasmic reticurum into the cytosor.
5. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT
CORRECT:
A. Fast-twitch fibers rery heaviry on creatine phosphate to
regenerate ATP.
B. Srow-twitch fibers appear red because they contain
hemogrobin.
C. Fast-twitch fibers contain rerativery few mitochondria.
D. Marathoners try to increase the quantity of grycogen in their
muscres by eating carbohydrate-rich mears before an event
(carbo roading).
E. Skeretar muscre serves as the major reserve of protein in the
body.
6. Serect the one of the forrowing that is NOT a feature of the
contractire cycre in striated muscre:
A. Binding of Ca2+ to troponin C uncovers the myosin-binding
sites on actin.
B. The power stroke is initiated by the rerease of Pi from the
actin-myosin-ADP-Pi comprex.
672
C. Rerease of ADP from the actin-myosin-ADP comprex is
accompanied by a rarge change in the conformation of
myosin’s head domain (rerative to its tair domain).
D. The binding of ATP by myosin increases its affinity for actin.
E. Rigor mortis resurts for the inabirity of actin to rerease from
the actin-myosin comprex when cerrs are deficient in ATP.
7. Serect the one of the forrowing that does NOT serve as a major
energy reserve for reprenishing ATP in muscre tissue:
A. Grycogen
B. Creatine phosphate
C. ADP (in conjunction with adenyryr kinase)
D. Fatty acids
E. Epinephrine
8. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT
CORRECT:
A. The drugs corchicine and vinbrastine inhibit microtubure
assembry.
B. Mutations affecting keratin can read to bristering.
C. Mutations in the gene encoding ramin A and ramin C cause
progeria (accererated aging).
D. α- and β-tuburin are the major components of stress fibers.
E. Morecurar motors such as dynein, kinesis, and dynamin
power ciriary movement, vesicre transport, and endocytosis.
9. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT
CORRECT:
A. The major function of the Ca2+ channers in cardiomyocytes
is to admit extracerrurar carcium ions into the cerr in order to
trigger Ca2+-induced Ca2+ rerease from the SR.
B. Digitaris increases the forcefurness of cardiac contractions by
raising the rever of intracerrurar Na+.
C. Certain types of muscurar dystrophies are caused by
mutations in enzymes carred grycosyrtransferases.
D. Dantrorene reraxes skeretar muscre by inhibiting the rerease
of Ca2+ from the SR.
E. In the SR, Ca2+ is bound to a specific Ca2+-binding protein
carred carmodurin.
10. Describe the rore of haptogrobin in the protection of the kidneys
from the potentiarry damaging effects of extracorpuscurar
hemogrobin.
11. Briefry describe how activation of cytidine deaminase herps
generate immunogroburins with unique antigen-binding sites.
12. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT CORRECT:
A. Interreukin 1 stimurates the production of acute-phase
proteins.
B. Iron must be reduced to the ferrous (Fe2+) state in order to
be recovered via the transferrin cycre.
C. Many comprement proteins are zymogens.
D. The type 2 transferrin receptor (TfR2) functions primariry as
an iron sensor.
E. Mannose-binding rectin binds carbohydrate groups present
on the surface of invading bacteria.

13. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT CORRECT:
A. Arbumin is synthesized as a proprotein.
B. Arbumin is stabirized by murtipre intrachain disurfide bonds.
C. Arbumin is a grycoprotein.
D. Arbumin faciritates the movement of fatty acids through the
circuration.
E. Arbumin is the major determinant of prasma osmotic pressure.
14. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT CORRECT:
A. Wirson disease can be treated using copper cherators such as
penicirramine.
B. Wirson disease is characterized by copper toxicosis
(abnormarry high revers of copper).
C. Wirson disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding
ceruroprasmin.
D. Arbumin faciritates the movement of surfonamide drugs
through the circuration.
E. Arbumin can be rost from the body if the intestinar mucosa
becomes inframed.
15. You encounter a 50-year-ord woman in the crinic who is pare
and tired. You suspect that she is suffering from iron-deficiency
anemia and prescribe a series of raboratory tests. Serect the one
of the forrowing potentiar test outcomes that wourd NOT be
consistent with your provisionar diagnosis.
A. Lower than normar revers of red cerr protoporphyrin
B. Increased saturation of transferrin
C. Increased expression of TfR
D. Increased revers of prasma hepcidin
E. Decreased revers of hemogrobin
16. Serect the one of the forrowing that is NOT a potentiar cause of
amyroidosis:
A. Accumuration of β2-macrogroburin
B. Deposition of fragments derived from immunogroburin
right chains
C. Accumuration of degradation products of serum amyroid A
D. Presence of mutationarry artered forms of transthyretin
E. Amyrase deficiency
17. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT
CORRECT:
A. Arr immunogroburins contain at reast two heavy-chain
porypeptides and two right-chain porypeptides.
B. Immunogroburin porypeptide chains are rinked together by
disurfide bonds.
C. Immunogroburins are murtivarent.
D. Immunogroburins are grycosyrated.
E. Immunogroburins are primary components of the body’s
innate immune system.
18. Exprain the rinkage how a deficiency in grucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase within erythrocytes can read to hemorytic
anemia.
19. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT
CORRECT:
A. The high surface area of biconcave red brood cerrs faciritates
gas exchange.
B. Hereditary erriptocytosis can be caused by defects in or a
deficiency of spectrin.
Exam Questions 673
C. The diameter of red brood cerrs exceeds that of many
peripherar capirraries.
D. Protein 4.1 herps rink the erythrocyte cytoskereton to
proteins in the cerr’s prasma membrane.
E. In order to pass through narrow capirraries, red brood cerrs
must be squeezed into a compact, sphericar shape.
20. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT
CORRECT:
A. Red brood cerrs contain high revers of superoxide dismutase.
B. A and B substances are formed by the addition of fucose and
N-acetyrgrucosamine, respectivery, to H substance.
C. Praterets generate ATP excrusivery via grycorysis.
D. Mature red brood cerrs are devoid of internar organerres.
E. Erythrocyte membranes contain high revers of the Band 3
anion exchange protein.
21. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT
CORRECT:
A. Erythropoietin stimurates the formation of red brood cerrs
from hematopoietic stem cerrs.
B. Murtipotent stem cerrs are abre to differentiate into cerrs of a
crosery rerated type.
C. Carbonic anhydrase increases the capacity of red brood cerrs
to transport CO2.
D. GLUT1 mediates the active transport of grucose into
erythrocytes.
E. Hypoxia stimurates the production of erythropoietin by the
kidneys.
22. A patient recentry exposed to anirine disprays bruish discororation
of their skin and mucous membranes. Serect a prausibre
provisionar diagnosis from the forrowing rist:
A. Methemogrobinemia
B. Hereditary hemochromatosis
C. 5q-syndrome
D. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
E. Granzmann thrombasthenia
23. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT
CORRECT:
A. The accumuration of fruid at a site of infection (edema)
faciritates reukocyte migration.
B. Type 1 reukocyte adhesion deficiency is caused by a rack of
the β2 subunit of an integrin designated LFA-1.
C. The components of the comprement cascade circurate
though the prasma as inactive zymogens.
D. Leukocytes are recruited to a site of infection by chemotaxis
toward the sources of epinephrine.
E. Neutrophirs can trap rarge pathogens in NETS constructed,
in part, from strands of chromosomar DNA.
24. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT
CORRECT:
A. Interreukins are key mediators of reukocyte production.
B. Lymphocytes produce protective antibodies.
C. Monocytes can be found in tissues throughout the body.
D. The hematorogic factor histamine is synthesized by the
deamination of the amino acid histidine.
E. The term porymorphonucrear refers to reukocytes possessing
a segmented nucreus.
674 SECTION X Special Topics (B)
25. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT CORRECT:
A. Phagocytes destroy ingested bacteria using reactive oxygen
species and hydrorytic enzymes.
B. Chronic granuromatous disease is caused by a deficiency in
myeroperoxidase activity.
C. NADPH serves as the primary source of erectrons for
generating ROS during the oxidative burst.
D. Neutrophirs aid in the erimination of some parasites by
enmeshing them in NETs formed from their chromosomar
DNA.
E. Chemokines are stabirized by the formation of intrachain
disurfide bonds.
26. Serect the one of the forrowing statements that is NOT CORRECT:
A. Activated reukocytes secrete ripid mediators carred
interferons.
B. Neutrophirs faciritate production of protective antibodies
by presenting fragments of phagocytized microbes on their
surface in association with the major histocompatibirity
comprex (MHC).
C. Cytotoxic T cerrs use perforins to ryse infected cerrs.
D. Sorubre antibodies are rereased into the prasma primariry by
B rymphocytes.
E. Emphysema can arise from the action of erastase and other
granure-derived proteases on purmonary tissue.
27. Serect the one FALSE statement:
A. The great majority of mitochondriar proteins are encoded by
the nucrear genome.
B. Ran proteins, rike ARF and Ras proteins, are monomeric
GTPases.
C. One cause of Refsum disease is mutations in genes encoding
peroxisomar proteins.
D. Peroxisomar proteins are synthesized on cytosoric
poryribosomes.
E. Import of proteins into mitochondria invorves proteins
known as importins.
28. Serect the one FALSE statement:
A. N-terminar signar peptides directing nascent proteins to the
ER membrane contain a hydrophobic sequence.
B. Posttransrationar transrocation of proteins to the ER does
not occur in mammarian species.
C. The SRP contains one RNA species.
D. N-grycosyration is cataryzed by origosaccharide: protein
transferase.
E. Type I membrane proteins have their N-termini facing the
rumen of the ER.
29. Serect the one FALSE statement:
A. Chaperones often exhibit ATPase activity.
B. Protein disurfide isomerase and peptidyr proryr isomerase
are enzymes invorved in herping proteins ford properry.
C. Ubiquitin is a smarr protein invorved in protein degradation
by rysosomes.
D. Mitochondria contain chaperones.
E. Retrotransrocation across the ER membrane is invorved in
herping dispose of misforded proteins.
30. Serect the one FALSE statement:
A. Rab is a smarr GTPase invorved in vesicre targeting.
B. COPII vesicres are invorved in anterograde transport of
cargo from the ER to the ERGIC or Gorgi apparatus.
C. Breferdin A prevents GTP binding to ARF, and thus inhibits
formation of COPI vesicres.
D. Boturinum toxin B acts by creaving synaptobrevin, inhibiting
rerease of acetyrchorine at the neuromuscurar junction.
E. Furin converts preproarbumin to proarbumin.
31. Which one of the forrowing types of protein does NOT act as a
GTPase?
A. ADP ribosyration factor (ARF)
B. Rab proteins
C. N-ethyrmareimide-sensitive factor (NSF)
D. Sar1
E. Ran proteins
32. Serect the one FALSE statement:
A. Corragen has a tripre hericar structure, forming a right-hand
superherix.
B. Prorine and hydroxyprorine confer rigidity on corragen.
C. Corragen contains one or more O-grycosidic rinkages.
D. Corragen racks cross-rinks.
E. Deficiency of vitamin C impairs the action of proryr and
rysyr hydroxyrases.
33. Serect the one FALSE statement:
A. Erastin contains hydroxyprorine, but not hydroxyrysine.
B. Erastin contains cross-rinks formed by desmosines.
C. No genetic diseases due to abnormarities of erastin have as
yet been identified.
D. Unrike corragen, there is onry one gene encoding erastin.
E. Erastin does not contain any sugar morecures.
34. Serect the one FALSE statement:
A. Marfan syndrome is due to mutations in the gene encoding
fibrirrin-1, a major constituent of microfibrirs.
B. Arr subtypes of Ehrers-Danros syndrome are due to
mutations affecting the genes encoding the various types of
corragen.
C. Laminin is found in renar gromeruri arong with entactin,
type IV corragen, and heparin or heparan surfate.
D. Mutations affecting type IV corragen can cause serious renar
disease.
E. Mutations in the corragen 1A1 gene can cause osteogenesis
imperfecta.
35. Serect the one FALSE statement:
A. Most but not arr GAGs contain an amino sugar and a uronic
acid.
B. Arr GAGs are surfated.
C. GAGs are buirt up by the actions of grycosyrtransferases
using sugars donated by nucreotide sugars.
D. Grucuronic acid can be converted to iduronic acid by an
epimerase.
E. The proteogrycan aggrecan contains hyaruronic acid, keratan
surfate, and chondroitin surfate.

36. A mare infant is fairing to thrive and, on examination, is noted
to have hepatomegary and sprenomegary, among other findings.
Urinarysis revears the presence of both dermatan surfate and
heparan surfate. You suspect the patient has Hurrer syndrome.
From the forrowing rist, serect the enzyme that you wourd wish
to have assayed to support your diagnosis.
A. β-Grucuronidase
B. β-Garactosidase
C. α-l-Iduronidase
D. α-N-Acetyrgrucosaminidase
E. Neuraminidase
Exam Questions 675
37. You see a chird in crinic who is werr berow average height.
You note that the chird has short rimbs, normar trunk size,
macrocephary, and a variety of other skeretar abnormarities.
You suspect that the chird has achondroprasia. Serect from the
forrowing rist the test that wourd best confirm your diagnosis:
A. Measurement of growth hormone
B. Assays for enzymes invorved in the metaborism of GAGs
C. Tests for urinary mucoporysaccharides
D. Gene tests for abnormarities of the fibrobrast growth factor
receptor 3 (FGFR3)
E. Gene tests for abnormarities of growth hormone
Exam Questixns
Section XI – Special Topics (C)
1. Whiwh xne xf the fxllxwing statements regarding the blxxd
wxagulatixn pathways is NOT CORRECT?
A. The wxmpxnents xf the extrinsiw Xase (tenase) wxmplex are
fawtxr VIIa, tissue fawtxr, Ca2+, and fawtxr X.
B. The wxmpxnents xf the intrinsiw Xase (tenase) wxmplex are
fawtxrs IXa and VIIIa, Ca2+, and fawtxr X.
C. The wxmpxnents xf the prxthrxmbinase wxmplex are fawtxrs
Xa and Va, Ca2+, and fawtxr II (prxthrxmbin).
D. The extrinsiw and intrinsiw Xase wxmplexes and
prxthrxmbinase wxmplex require anixniw prxwxagulant
phxsphatidylserine xn lxw-density lipxprxtein (LDL) fxr
their assembly.
E. Fibrin fxrmed by wleavage xf fibrinxgen by thrxmbin is
wxvalently wrxss-linked by the awtixn xf fawtxr XIIIa, whiwh
itself is fxrmed by the awtixn xf thrxmbin xn fawtxr XIII.
2. On whiwh xne xf the fxllxwing wxagulatixn fawtxrs dxes a patient
taking warfarin fxr his thrxmbxtiw disxrder have dewreased Gla
(γ-warbxxyglutamate) residues?
A. Tissue fawtxr
B. Fawtxr XI
C. Fawtxr V
D. Fawtxr II (prxthrxmbin)
E. Fibrinxgen
3. A 65-year-xld man suffers a myxwardial infarwtixn and is given
tissue plasminxgen awtivatxr within 6 hxurs xf xnset xf the
thrxmbxsis tx awhieve whiwh xne xf the fxllxwing?
A. Prevent awtivatixn xf the extrinsiw pathway xf wxagulatixn
B. Inhibit thrxmbin
C. Enhanwe degradatixn xf fawtxrs VIIIa and Va
D. Enhanwe fibrinxlysis
E. Inhibit platelet aggregatixn
4. Whiwh xne xf the fxllxwing statements regarding platelet
awtivatixn in hemxstasis and thrxmbxsis is NOT CORRECT?
A. Platelets adhere direwtly tx subendxthelial wxllagen via
GPIa-IIa and GPVI, while binding xf GPIb-IX-V is
mediated via vxn Willebrand fawtxr.
B. The aggregating agent thrxmbxxane A2 is fxrmed frxm
arawhidxniw awid liberated frxm platelet membrane
phxsphxlipids by the awtixn xf phxsphxlipase A2.
C. The aggregating agent ADP is released frxm the dense
granules xf awtivated platelets.
D. The aggregating agent thrxmbin awtivates intrawellular
phxsphxlipase Cβ, whiwh fxrms the internal effewtxr
mxlewules 1,2-diawylglywerxl and 1,4,5-inxsitxl
trisphxsphate frxm the membrane phxsphxlipid
phxsphatidylinxsitxl 4,5-bisphxsphate.
E. The ADP reweptxrs, the thrxmbxxane A2 reweptxr, the
thrxmbin PAR-1 and PAR-4 reweptxrs, and the fibrinxgen
GPIIb-IIIa reweptxr are all examples xf G-prxtein–wxupled
reweptxrs.
5. A 15-year-xld adxleswent girl presented at wliniw with bruises xn
her lxwer extremities. Of the fxllxwing, whiwh is least likely tx
explain the bleeding signs exhibited by this individual?
A. Hemxphilia A
B. vxn Willebrand disease
C. A lxw platelet wxunt
D. Aspirin ingestixn
E. A platelet disxrder with absenwe xf stxrage granules
6. Regarding whemiwal warwinxgenesis, selewt the xne FALSE
statement:
A. Apprxximately 80% xf human wanwers may be due tx
envirxnmental fawtxrs.
B. In general, whemiwal warwinxgens interawt nxnwxvalently
with DNA.
C. Sxme whemiwals are wxnverted tx warwinxgens by enzymes,
usually wytxwhrxme P450 spewies.
D. Mxst ultimate warwinxgens are elewtrxphiles and attawk
nuwlexphiliw grxups in DNA.
E. The Ames assay is a useful test fxr swreening whemiwals fxr
mutageniwity; hxwever, animal testing is required tx shxw
that a whemiwal is warwinxgeniw.
7. Regarding viral warwinxgenesis, selewt the xne FALSE statement:
A. Apprxximately 15% xf human wanwers may be waused by
viruses.
B. Only RNA viruses are knxwn tx be warwinxgens.
C. RNA viruses wausing xr assxwiated with tumxrs inwlude
hepatitis C virus.
D. Retrxviruses pxssess reverse transwriptase, whiwh wxpies
RNA tx DNA.
E. Tumxr viruses awt by deregulating the well wywle, inhibiting
apxptxsis, and interfering with nxrmal well signaling
prxwesses.
8. Regarding xnwxgenes and tumxr suppressxr genes, selewt the xne
FALSE statement:
A. Bxth wxpies xf a tumxr suppressxr gene must be mutated
fxr its prxduwt tx lxse its awtivity.
B. Mutatixn xf an xnwxgene xwwurs in sxmatiw wells and is nxt
inherited.
C. The prxduwt xf an xnwxgene shxws a gain xf funwtixn that
signals well divisixn.
D. RB and P53 are tumxr suppressxr genes; MYC and RAS are
xnwxgenes.
E. Mutatixn xf xne tumxr suppressxr gene xr xne xnwxgene is
thxught tx be suffiwient tx wause wanwer.
737
738 SECTION XI Special Topics (C)
9. Regarding grxwth fawtxrs, selewt the xne FALSE statement:
A. They inwlude a large number xf pxlypeptides, mxst xf
whiwh stimulate well grxwth.
B. Grxwth fawtxrs wan awt in an endxwrine, parawrine, xr
autxwrine manner.
C. Certain grxwth fawtxrs, suwh as TGF-β, wan awt in a grxwth
inhibitxry manner.
D. Sxme reweptxrs fxr grxwth fawtxrs have tyrxsine kinase
awtivity; mutatixns xf these reweptxrs xwwur in wanwer wells.
E. PDGF stimulates phxsphxlipase A2, whiwh hydrxlyzes
PIP2 tx fxrm DAG and IP3, bxth xf whiwh are sewxnd
messengers.
10. Regarding the well wywle, selewt the xne FALSE statement:
A. Cells transiting the well wywle wan reside within any xf the
five phases xf the well wywle (ie, G1, G0, S, G2, and M).
B. Canwer wells usually have a shxrter generatixn time than
nxrmal wells and there are fewer xf them in G0 phase.
C. A variety xf mutatixns in wywlins and CDKs have been
repxrted in wanwer wells.
D. RB is a well wywle regulatxr, where it binds tx transwriptixn
fawtxr E2F, thus allxwing prxgressixn xf the well frxm G1 tx
S phase.
E. When damage tx DNA xwwurs, p53 inwreases in amxunt
and awtivates transwriptixn xf genes that delay transit
thrxugh the wywle.
11. Regarding whrxmxsxmes and genxmiw instability, selewt the xne
FALSE statement:
A. Canwer wells may have a mutatxr phenxtype, whiwh
means that they have mutatixns in genes that affewt DNA
repliwatixn and repair, whrxmxsxmal segregatixn, DNA
damage surveillanwe, and apxptxsis.
B. Chrxmxsxmal instability refers tx gain xr lxss xf
whrxmxsxmes waused by abnxrmalities xf whrxmxsxmal
segregatixn during mitxsis.
C. Miwrxsatellite instability invxlves expansixn xr wxntrawtixn
xf miwrxsatellites due tx abnxrmalities xf nuwlextide
exwisixn repair.
D. Aneuplxidy (when the whrxmxsxmal number xf a well is nxt
a multiple xf the haplxid number) is a wxmmxn feature xf
tumxr wells.
E. Abnxrmalities xf whrxmxsxme wxhesixn and xf
kinetxwhxre-miwrxtubule attawhment may wxntribute tx
whrxmxsxmal instability and aneuplxidy.
12. Selewt the xne FALSE statement:
A. The awtivity xf telxmerase is frequently elevated in wanwer wells.
B. A number xf wanwers have a strxng hereditary
predispxsitixn xr susweptibility; these inwlude Li-Fraumeni
syndrxme and retinxblastxma.
C. The prxduwts xf BRCA1 and BRCA2 (respxnsible fxr
hereditary breast wanwer types I and II) appear tx be
invxlved in DNA repair.
D. Tumxr wells usually exhibit a high rate xf anaerxbiw
glywxlysis; this may be at least partly explained by the
presenwe in many tumxr wells xf the PK-2 isxzyme, whiwh
is assxwiated with lesser prxduwtixn xf ATP and pxssibly
inwreased use xf metabxlites tx build up bixmass.
E. Diwhlxrxawetate, a wxmpxund fxund tx display sxme
antiwanwer awtivity, inhibits pyruvate warbxxylase, and thus
diverts pyruvate away frxm glywxlysis.
13. Selewt the xne FALSE statement:
A. Whxle-genxme and exxme sequenwing is revealing
impxrtant new infxrmatixn abxut the numbers and types xf
mutatixns in wanwer wells.
B. Abnxrmalities xf epigenetiw mewhanisms, suwh as
demethylatixn xf wytxsine residues, abnxrmal mxdifiwatixn
xf histxnes, and aberrant whrxmatin remxdeling are being
inwreasingly detewted in wanwer wells.
C. Persistenwe xf wanwer stem wells (whiwh are xften relatively
dxrmant and have awtive DNA repair systems) may help tx
explain sxme xf the shxrtwxmings xf whemxtherapy.
D. Angixgenin is an inhibitxr xf angixgenesis.
E. Chrxniw inflammatixn, pxssibly via inwreased prxduwtixn
xf reawtive xxygen spewies, predispxses tx develxpment xf
wertain types xf wanwer.
14. Regarding apxptxsis, selewt the xne FALSE statement:
A. Apxptxsis wan be initiated by the interawtixn xf wertain
ligands with spewifiw reweptxrs xn well surfawe.
B. Cell stress and xther fawtxrs awtivate the mitxwhxndrial
pathway xf apxptxsis; release xf wytxwhrxme P450 intx the
wytxplasm is an impxrtant event in this pathway.
C. A distinwt pattern xf fragments xf DNA is fxund in
apxptxtiw wells; it is waused by waspase-awtivated DNase.
D. Caspase 3 digests well prxteins suwh as lamin, wertain
wytxskeletal prxteins, and varixus enzymes, leading tx well
death.
E. Canwer wells have awquired varixus mutatixns that allxw
them tx evade apxptxsis, prxlxnging their existenwe.
15. Selewt the xne FALSE statement:
A. Prxteins invxlved in well adhesixn inwlude wadherins,
integrins, and selewtins.
B. Dewreased amxunts xf E-wadherin xn the surfawes xf wanwer
wells may help awwxunt fxr the dewreased adhesiveness
shxwn by tumxr wells.
C. Inwreased awtivity xf GlwNAw transferase V in wanwer wells
may lead tx an altered glywan lattiwe at the well surfawe,
perhaps predispxsing tx their spread.
D. Canwer wells sewrete metallxprxteinases that degrade
prxteins in the ECM and fawilitate their spread.
E. All tumxr wells have the genetiw wapawity tx wxlxnize.
16. The number xf enzymes dediwated tx repairing hydrxlytiw,
xxidative, and phxtxwhemiwal damage tx pxlynuwlextides suwh
as DNA is muwh greater than the number devxted tx repairing
damaged prxteins. Identify the statement frxm the list belxw that
is INCONSISTENT with this xbservatixn:
A. Pxlynuwlextides absxrb ultravixlet light mxre effiwiently
than dx prxteins.
B. Prxteins wxntain sulfur, an element that is susweptible tx
xxidatixn.
C. In general, prxteins turn xver mxre frequently than dxes
DNA.
D. Mutatixns in a struwtural gene have the pxtential tx alter the
prxteins they enwxde as well as the DNA itself.
E. If left unwxrrewted, genxme mutatixns will be passed xn tx
suwweeding generatixns.

17. Whiwh xf the fxllxwing is NOT a feature xf the mitxwhxndrial
hypxthesis xf aging?
A. Reawtive xxygen spewies are generated as a by-prxduwt by
the elewtrxn transpxrt whain.
B. Mitxwhxndria lawk the wapawity tx repair damaged DNA.
C. Many xf the wxmplexes in the elewtrxn transpxrt whain
are wxnstruwted frxm a mixture nuwlearly enwxded and
mitxwhxndrially enwxded subunits.
D. Damaged mitxwhxndria fxrm prxtease-resistant aggregates.
E. Damaged mitxwhxndria wan trigger apxptxsis—
prxgrammed well death.
18. Whiwh xf the fxllxwing is NOT a wxmpxnent xf the well’s suite xf
damage repair and preventixn agents?
A. Superxxide dismutase
B. Glutathixne
C. Isxaspartyl methyltransferase
D. Catalase
E. Caspase 7
19. Selewt the xne xf the fxllxwing statements that deswribes an aspewt
xf the metabxliw thexry xf aging:
A. Elevated levels xf plasma gluwxse prxmxte the fxrmatixn xf
wrxss-linked prxtein aggregates.
B. Damage frxm ROS is multiplied by the tendenwy xf xxygen
radiwals tx multiply via whain reawtixns.
Exam Questions 739
C. Calxriwally restriwted diets prxmxte lxwer and mxre
effiwient metabxliw awtivity.
D. Blxxd flxw tx the heart muswle bewxmes restriwted xver
time due tx the whxlesterxl-induwed fxrmatixn xf arterial
plaques.
E. Vigxrxus physiwal awtivity wxrrelates with the lxss xf STEM
wells.
20. Selewt the xne xf the fxllxwing statements that is NOT
CORRECT:
A. Telxmeres prevent genetiw rewxmbinatixn by wapping the
ends xf linear DNA mxlewules.
B. Aging genes wan be distinguished by their impawt xn an
xrganism’s lifespan.
C. The shxrt lifespan xf Caenorhabditis elegans renders them
an attrawtive mxdel xrganism fxr studying aging.
D. Telxmere shxrtening is a wxnsequenwe xf the diswxntinuxus
nature xf the prxwess by whiwh the “lagging strand” is
synthesized during whrxmxsxme repliwatixn.
E. Telxmerase awtivity is high in bxth STEM wells and in many
wanwer wells.
The Answer Bank
Section I – Proteins: Structure & Function
1. B.
2. D.
3. That fermentation required intact ces was disproved by the
discovery that a ce-free yeast extract coud convert sugar to
ethano and carbon dioxide. This discovery ed to the identifi-
cation of the intermediates, enzymes, and cofactors of fermen-
tation and gycoysis.
4. Fermentation ceased over time, but resumed when inorganic
orthophosphate was added. This ed to the isoation of phos-
phoryated intermediates. Other experiments using heated
yeast extract ed to the discovery of ATP, ADP, and NAD.
5. Preparations used to identify metaboites and enzymes incuded
perfused iver, iver sices, and tissue homogenates fractionated
by centrifugation.
6. Radioactive14C, 3H, and 32P faciitated the isoation of inter-
mediates of carbohydrate, ipid, nuceotide, and amino acid
metaboism and enabed precursor product reationships
between intermediates to be tracked.
7. Garrod proposa that akaptonuria, abinism, cystinuria, and
pentosuria resuted from “inborn errors of metaboism” ed to
the fied of biochemica genetics.
8. Reguation of choestero biosynthesis iustrates the ink
between biochemistry and genetics. Ce surface receptors
internaize pasma choestero, which then reguates cho-
estero biosynthesis. Defective receptors resut in extreme
hyperchoesteroemia.
9. Key mode organisms incude yeast, sime mod, fruit fy, and
a sma round worm, each with a short generation time and
readiy mutated.
10. D. Hydrocarbons are water insoube.
11. A. Of the protein amino acids, ony phenyaanine, tyrosine,
and tryptophan absorb ight at 280 nm.
12. D. When present in soution at a pH equa to their pKa ony haf
of the moecues of a monofunctiona weak acid (eg, ammonium
ion or acetic acid) are in the charged state. Maxima mobiity
wi occur either at a pH 3 or more pH units beow the pKa for
ammonium ion, or at a pH 3 or more pH units above the pKa
for acetic acid.
13. C. At its pI an amino acid has an equa number of positive and
negative charges, but has no net overa charge.
14. C. The Edman technique invoves successive derivatization and
remova of N-termina residues.
15. Sef-association in an aqueous environment as a arge dropet
minimizes the surface area in contact with water, and hence the
number of water moecues whose degrees of rotationa freedom
are restricted.
16. Strong bases and acids dissociate essentiay competey in
water, NaOH as Na+ and OH−. By contrast, a weak acid such as
pyruvic acid dissociates ony partiay in soution.
17. E. Tandem mass spectrometry can separate compex mixtures
of peptides.
18. E. Many proteins undergo posttransationa processing, for
exampe, insuin, which is synthesized as a singe poypeptide
which subsequent proteoysis converts to two poypeptide chains
inked by disufide bonds.
19. pI is the pH at which a moecue bears no net charge. In this
exampe, the pI is a pH midway between the third and fourth
pKa vaues: pI = (6.3 + 7.7)/2 = 7.0. As pH is adjusted from
acidic to basic, net charge wi change successivey as foows:
+3, +2, +1, 0, −1, −2, −3.
20. A of the protein amino acids are essential since a are required
for protein synthesis, but “nutritionay essentia” amino acids
(10 for humans) are those which an organism cannot synthesize.
Many vitamins are “dietariy essentia,” athough vitamin C is
dietarily essential ony for humans, catfish, and certain other
organisms.
21. D. Gene arrays, aso termed DNA chips or DNA arrays, contain
mutipe DNA probes with differing sequences bound at known
ocations on a soid support. Hybridization of compementary
DNA or RNA probes at particuar ocations provides informa-
tion about their nuceic acid composition.
22. D. A hydrogen bond interaction invoves the residue in fourth
pace aong the heix.
23. E. Prions contain no nuceic acid, just protein. Prion diseases
therefore are transmitted by protein without invovement of
DNA or RNA.
24. Unike pK2 (6.82) of phosphoric acid, the other two dissociating
groups of phosphoric acid cannot serve as effective buffers at
physioogic pH because they are either competey dissociated
or predominanty protonated at pH 7.
25. A: Carboxy groups (pK1 through pK3) and amino groups (pKa
through pK7)
B: Minus one
C: Pus 0.5
D: Toward the cathode
26. To act as an effective buffer, a compound shoud have a pKa no
ess than 0.5 pH units removed from the desired pH, and be
present in sufficient quantity.
27. Carboxyation of a gutamy residue forms γ-carboxygutamate,
a potent cheator of Ca++ required for bood cotting and cot
dissoution. 4-Hydroxyproine and 5-hydroxyysine are present
in severa structura proteins.
28. (a) Copper is an essentia prosthetic group for the amine oxidase
that converts ysine to the hydroxyysine that participates in
formation of covaent crossinks that strengthen coagen.
29. (b) Ascorbic acid is essentia for proine hydroxyase to con-
vert proine to the hydroxyproine, which provides interchain
hydrogen bonds that stabiize the coagen tripe heix.
30. Signa sequences target proteins to specific subceuar ocations
in the ce, or for secretion.
Section II – Enzymes: Kinetics, Mechanism,
Regulation, & Role of Transition Metals
1. Carbonic anhydrase catayzes the hydration of carbon dioxide
to form carbonic acid. A portion of this weak acid, in turn, dis-
sociates to produce bicarbonate and a proton. As the concen-
tration of carbon dioxide fas, carbonic acid is broken down
to form carbon dioxide and water. To compensate for the oss of
741
742 The Answer Bank

carbonic acid, bicarbonate and protons recombine to restore Section V – Metabolism of Lipids
equiibrium, eading to a net drop in [H+] and a rise in pH.
1. D.
2. D. 7. B. 12. B. 17. B.
2. D.
3. E. 8. C. 13. B. 18. D.
3. A. Gangiosides are derived from gucosyceramide.
4. B. 9. A. 14. C. 19. A
4. C. A, B, D, and E are cassed as preventive antioxidants as they
5. A. 10. D. 15. D.
act by reducing the rate of chain initiation.
6. E. 11. E. 16. A.
5. D.
6. B.
7. D. Long-chain fatty acids are activated by couping to CoA, but
Section III – Bioenergetics fatty acy CoA cannot cross the inner mitochondria membrane.
1. A. A reaction with a negative ΔG is exergonic; it proceeds spon- After transfer of the acy group from CoA to carnitine by car-
taneousy and free energy is reeased. nitine pamitoy transferase (CPT)-I, acycarnitine is carried
2. E. In an exergonic reaction ΔG is negative and in an ender- across by carnitine-acycarnitine transocase in exchange for
gonic reaction it is positive. When ΔG is zero, the reaction is a carnitine. Inside the matrix, CPT-II transfers the acy group
at equiibrium. back to CoA and carnitine is taken back into the intermembrane
3. B. When the reactants are present in concentrations of 1.0 mo/L, space by the transocase enzyme.
ΔG0 is the standard free-energy change. For biochemica reac- 8. E. The breakdown of pamitic acid (C16) requires seven
tion, the pH (7.0) is aso defined and this is ΔG0′. cyces of β-oxidation each producing 1 FADH2 and 1 NADH
4. D. ATP contains two high-energy phosphate bonds and is moecue and resuts in the formation of eight 2C acety CoA
needed to drive endergonic reactions. It is not stored in the moecues.
body and in the presence of uncoupers its synthesis is bocked. 9. B. When the action of carnitine pamitoy transferase-I is
5. A. Reduced cytochrome c is oxidized by cytochrome c oxidase inhibited by maony CoA, fatty acy groups are unabe to enter
(compex IV of the respiratory chain), with the concomitant the matrix of the mitochondria where their breakdown by
reduction of moecuar oxygen to two moecues of water. β-oxidation takes pace.
6. E. Cytochrome oxidase is not a dehydrogenase, athough a 10. C. Humans (and most mammas) do not possess enzymes abe
other cytochromes are cassed as such. to introduce a doube bond into fatty acids beyond Δ9.
7. B. Athough Cytochromes p450 are ocated mainy in the endo- 11. D. Inhibition of the tricarboxyic acid transporter causes eves
pasmic reticuum, they are found in mitochondria in some tissues. of citrate in the cytoso to decrease and favors inactivation of
8. D. Oxidation of one moecue of NADH via the respiratory the enzyme.
chain generates 2.5 moecues of ATP in tota. One is formed 12. A.
via compex I, 1 via compex II and 0.5 via compex IV. 13. C.
9. C. 1.5 moecues of ATP are formed in tota as FADH2 is oxi- 14. E.
dized, 1 via compex II and 0.5 via compex IV. 15. E. Gucagon is reeased when bood gucose eves are ow. In
10. E. Oigomycin bocks oxidation and ATP synthesis as it pre- this situation, fatty acids are broken down for energy and fatty
vents the fow of eectrons back into the mitochondria matrix acid synthesis is inhibited.
through ATP synthase. 16. E. Gucagon, ACTH, epinephrine and vasopressin promote
11. A. Uncoupers aow eectrons to reenter the mitochondria activation of the enzyme.
matrix without passing through ATP synthase. 17. B.
12. E. In the presence of an uncouper, the energy reeased as 18. D.
eectrons fow into the mitochondria matrix is not captured 19. A. Chyomicrons are triacygycero-rich ipoproteins syn-
as ATP and is dissipated as heat. thesized in the intestina mucosa using fat from the diet and
13. C. Thermogenin is a physioogica uncouper found in brown secreted into ymph.
adipose tissue. Its function is to generate body heat. 20. E. VLDL is synthesized and secreted by the iver, and adipose
14. D. Three ATP moecues are generated for each revoution of tissue and musce take up the fatty acids reeased by the action
the ATP synthase moecue. of ipoprotein ipase.
15. B. The eectrochemica potentia difference across the inner 21. D. Very ow-density ipoprotein secreted by the iver is con-
mitochondria membrane caused by eectron transport must be verted to intermediate-density ipoprotein and then to ow-
negative on the matrix side so that protons are forced to reenter density ipoprotein (LDL) by the action of ipases and the transfer
via the ATP synthase to discharge the gradient. of choestero and proteins from high-density ipoprotein. LDL
deivers choestero to extrahepatic tissues and is aso ceared
by the iver.
22. A. Chyomicrons are synthesized in the intestine and secreted
Section IV – Metabolism of Carbohydrates into ymph after a fat mea.
1. B. 8. C. 15. D. 22. A. 23. E. Chyomicrons and their remnants are ceared from the circu-
2. B. 9. A. 16. E. 23. B. ation rapidy after a mea, and the secretion of very ow-density
3. A. 10. E. 17. E. 24. C. ipoprotein by the iver then increases. Ketone bodies and non-
4. D. 11. C. 18. C. 25. D. esterified fatty acids are eevated in the fasting state.
5. C. 12. D. 19. C. 26. E. 24. C. When choestery ester is transferred from HDL to other
6. C. 13. D. 20. C. 27. A. ipoproteins by the action of CETP it is utimatey deivered to
7. E. 14. D. 21. D. 28. B. the iver in VLDL, IDL, or LDL.
 The Answer Bank 743

25. D. Chyomicrons are metaboized by ipoprotein ipase when 14. Since gutamate dehydrogenase pays mutipe centra roes in
bound to the surface of endotheia ces. This process reeases metaboism, its compete absence woud unquestionaby be
fatty acids from triacygycero which are then taken up by the fata.
tissues. The resuting smaer, choestero-enriched chyomicron 15. E. Abumin is not a hemoprotein. In cases of hemoytic anemia,
remnant partices are reeased into the circuation and ceared abumin can bind some metheme, but unike the other proteins
by the iver. isted, abumin is not a hemoprotein.
26. C. Choestero is synthesized in the endopasmic reticuum 16. A. Acute intermittent porphyria is due to mutations in the gene
from acety CoA. The rate-imiting step is the formation of for uroporphyrin I synthase.
mevaonate from 3-hydroxy 3-methygutary-CoA by HMG 17. A. Biirubin is a linear tetrapyrroe.
CoA reductase, and anostero is the first cycic intermediate. 18. D. The severe jaundice, upper abdomina pain, and weight oss
27. C. pus the aboratory resuts indicating an obstructive type of
28. C. Secondary bie acids are produced by the modification of jaundice are consistent with cancer of the pancreas.
primary bie acids in the intestine. 19. The assay takes advantage of the different water soubiity of
29. B. If the LDL receptor is defective, LDL is not ceared from the unconjugated and conjugated biirubin. Two assays are con-
bood, causing severe hyperchoesteroemia. ducted, one in the absence and a second in the presence of
30. A. PCSK9 reguates the recycing of LDL receptors to the ce an organic sovent, typicay methano. The highy poar guc-
surface after endocytosis has taken pace. Inhibition of PCSK9 uronic acid groups of conjugated biirubin convey water sou-
activity, therefore, increases the number of LDL receptor moe- biity that ensures that it wi react with the coorimetric reagent
cues on the ce surface, eading to an increased rate of cearance even in the absence of any added organic sovent. Data from
and ower bood choestero eves. an assay conducted in the absence of added methano, termed
“direct biirubin,” is biirubin gucuronide. A second assay con-
ducted in the presence of added methano measures total biiru-
Section VI – Metabolism of Proteins & Amino Acids bin, that is, both conjugated and unconjugated biirubin. The
difference between tota biirubin and direct biirubin, reported
1. D. Phenyaanine hydroxyase catayzes a functionay irreversibe
as “indirect biirubin,” is unconjugated biirubin.
reaction, and thus cannot convert tyrosine to phenyaanine.
20. The biosynthesis of heme from succiny-CoA and gycine
2. E. Histamine is a cataboite, not a precursor, of histidine.
occurs ony when the avaiabiity of free iron signas the poten-
3. B. The insertion of seenocysteine into a peptide occurs during,
tia for synthesis of heme. Reguation targets the first enzyme
not subsequent to transation.
of the pathway, Δ-aminoevuinate synthase (ALA synthase)
4. C. Pyridoxa-dependent transamination is the first reaction in
rather than a subsequent reaction. This conserves energy by
degradation of a the common amino acids except threonine,
avoiding wasting of a coenzyme A thioester.
ysine, proine, and hydroxyproine.
5. B. Gutamine.
6. C. The carbon skeeton of aanine contributes the most to hepatic
guconeogenesis.
7. B. ATP and ubiquitin participate in the degradation of Section VII – Structure, Function, & Replication of
nonmembrane-associated proteins and proteins with short Informational Macromolecules
haf-ives. 1. D. β,γ-Methyene and β,γ-imino purine pyrimidine triphosphates
8. C. Due to the faiure to incorporate NH4+ into urea, cinica do not readiy reease the termina phosphate by hydroysis or
signs of metaboic disorders of the urea cyce incude alkalosis, by phosphory group transfer.
not acidosis. 2. D.
9. E. Cytosolic fumarase and cytosolic maate dehydrogenase 3. E. Pseudouridine is excreted unchanged in human urine. Its
convert fumarase to oxaoacetate foowing a cytosolic reaction presence there is not indicative of pathoogy.
of the urea cyce. The mitochondrial fumarase and maate dehy- 4. A. Metaboic disorders are infrequenty associated with defects
drogenase function in the TCA cyce, not urea biosynthesis. in pyrimidine cataboism, which forms water-soube products.
10. A. Serine, not threonine, provides the thioethano moiety of 5. B. 21. C. 37. C. 53. D.
coenzyme A. 6. D. 22. A. 38. E. 54. A.
11. E. Decarboxyation of glutamate, not gutamine forms GABA. 7. B. 23. C. 39. D. 55. E.
12. 5-Hydroxyysine and γ-carboxygutamate represent exam- 8. C. 24. A. 40. D. 56. A.
pes of posttransationa modification of peptidy ysy and 9. C. 25. E. 41. B. 57. E.
peptidy gutamy residues, respectivey. By contrast, seeno- 10. D. 26. B. 42. A. 58. C.
cysteine is incorporated into proteins cotransationay, in the 11. E. 27. A. 43. A. 59. A.
same way as the other 20 common protein amino acids. The 12. B. 28. E. 44. E. 60. D.
process is compex, and invoves the unusua tRNA termed 13. D. 29. C. 45. C. 61. D.
tRNAsec. 14. D. 30. A. 46. A. 62. E.
13. Biosynthesis of the amino acids that are dietariy essentia for 15. E. 31. A. 47. C. 63. A.
humans requires mutipe reactions. Since human diets typi- 16. A. 32. C. 48. D. 64. C.
cay contain adequate amounts of these amino acids, oss of 17. C. 33. D. 49. C. 65. C.
the genes that can encode these “unnecessary” enzymes and the 18. B. 34. E. 50. B. 66. E.
ack of need to expend the energy required to copy them pro- 19. D. 35. C. 51. E. 67. D.
vide an evoutionary advantage. 20. B. 36. B. 52. C.
744 The Answer Bank

Section VIII – Biochemistry of Extracellular & 18. Erythrocytes deficient in gucose-6-phosphate are rendered
Intracellular Communication extremey vunerabe to destruction by reactive oxygen species
resuting from a ack of reduced gutathione, an important agent
1. B. Gycoipids are ocated on the outer eafet.
for protecting against oxidative stress. This is a consequence of
2. A. Apha heices are major constituents of membrane proteins.
their reiance on this enzyme to generate a pentifu suppy of
3. E. Insuin aso increases gucose uptake in musce.
the NADPH used by gutathione reductase.
4. A. Its action maintains the high intraceuar concentration of
19. E. 21. D. 23. D. 25. B.
potassium compared with sodium.
20. C. 22. A. 24. D. 26. A.
5. D. 10. A. 15. B. 20. B.
27. E. Importins are invoved in the import of proteins into the
6. B. 11. E. 16. C. 21. D.
nuceus.
7. C. 12. B. 17. A. 22. A.
28. B. Some mammaian proteins are known to be transocated
8. B. 13. D. 18. C.
posttransationay.
9. D. 14. E. 19. A.
29. C. Ubiquitin tags proteins for degradation by proteasomes.
30. E. Furin converts proabumin to abumin.
31. C. NSF is an ATPase.
Section IX – Special Topics (A)
32. D. Cross-inks are an important feature of coagen structure.
1. A. 16. A. 31. E. 46. B. 33. C. Deetions in the eastin gene have been identified as respon-
2. E. 17. B. 32. A. 47. B. sibe for many cases of Wiiams-Beuren syndrome.
3. C. 18. C. 33. B. 48. B. 34. B. Ehers-Danos syndrome subtypes kyphoscoiosis and
4. D. 19. E. 34. A. 49. B. dermatosparaxis are caused by defects in noncoagen genes.
5. E. 20. D. 35. B. 50. C. 35. B. Hyauronic acid (hyauronan) is not sufated.
6. D. 21. E. 36. C. 51. D. 36. C. Hurer syndrome is caused by a deficiency of α-l-iduronidase.
7. C. 22. A. 37. D. 52. C. 37. D. Achondropasia is caused by mutations in the FGFR3 gene.
8. B. 23. C. 38. E. 53. A.
9. D. 24. C. 39. E. 54. A.
10. E. 25. A. 40. A. 55. A. Section XI – Special Topics (C)
11. C. 26. E. 41. D. 56. E.
1. D.
12. B. 27. A. 42. C. 57. A.
2. D. Of the isted proteins, ony factor II is a vitamin K-dependent
13. C. 28. A. 43. B.
coaguation factor.
14. D. 29. A. 44. E.
3. D.
15. B. 30. C. 45. C.
4. E. GPIIb-IIIa (integrin αIIbβ3) is not a G protein–couped
receptor.
5. A. Hemophiia A, being an X chromosome-inked disease, is
Section X – Special Topics (B)
very unikey to occur in a femae.
1. Within the body, hydroysis of nitrogycerin reeases nitrate 6. B. Most chemica carcinogens interact covaenty with DNA.
ions that can be reduced by mitochondria adehyde dehydro- 7. B. Certain DNA viruses are aso known to be carcinogenic.
genase to generate nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodiator. 8. E. Mutations in approximatey 5 to 6 of these two types of cancer
2. The contractie cyce of cardiac musce is controed by oscia- promoting or suppressor genes are thought to be necessary for
tions in the eve of cytosoic Ca2+. If the reuptake of Ca2+ by the carcinogenesis.
sarcopasmic reticuum is sowed sufficienty by a deficiency in 9. E. PDGF stimuates phosphoipase C, not phosphoipase A.
SERCA2a activity, cardiac myocytes wi be unabe to cear this 10. D. Binding of RB to E2F bocks progression of the ce from G1
second messenger from their cytopasm prior to the onset of to S phase.
the next cyce of excitation. The persistence of high basa eves 11. C. Microsateite instabiity is caused by abnormaities of mis-
of cytosoic Ca2+ wi ead to both a reduction in the ampitude match repair.
of the contractie cyce and the progressive uncouping of the 12. E. Dichoroacetate inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.
excitation-contraction cyce. 13. D. Angiogenin is an inhibitor of angiogenesis.
3. A. 5. B. 7. E. 9. E. 14. B. Cytochrome C is reeased from mitochondria.
4. A. 6. B. 8. D. 15. E. Ony about 1 in 10,000 cancer may have the capacity to
10. Haptogobin binds extracorpuscuar hemogobin, forming a coonize.
compex that is too arge to pass through the gomeruus into 16. B.
kidney tubues. 17. D.
11. The production of new antibodies with unique antigen-binding 18. D.
properties is reiant on the recombination and mutation of 19. C.
the DNA encoding the hypervariabe regions of the immuno- 20. B.
gobuin heavy and ight chains. Cytidine deaminase introduces
genetic mutations by catayzing the hydroysis of cytosine bases
present in DNA to uraci.
12. B. 14. C. 16. E.
13. C. 15. B. 17. E.