Test Bank For Sociology The Essentials 9th Edition

Test Bank for Sociology The Essentials, 9th Edition
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1. In order for something to be considered deviant
a. it must be against the law.
b. everyone in society must regard it as deviant.
c. it must violate socially created rules and norms.
d. it must have negative consequences.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 148
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.17.07.01 - Present a sociological definition of deviance as a social
construction.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
2. The sociological definition of social deviance

a. stresses social context, not individual behavior.
b. focuses on individual nonconformity.
c. recognizes deviance as being the same for all groups and settings.
d. argues that definitions of deviance remain the same over time.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
3. From a sociological perspective

a. a specific behavior is either always deviant or never deviant.
b. a behavior may be judged as deviant in one situation but not in another.
c. all members of a society must agree on which acts are deviant and which are not.
d. deviant behaviors never affect large groups of people.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: MODIFIED
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4. Sociologists would consider crime to be a form of _____ deviance.
a. informal
b. formal
c. situational
d. inherent
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: PICKUP
5. If a culture considered tattoos a form of deviance, it would categorize it as a type of _____ deviance.
a. formal
b. situational
c. anomic
d. informal
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: PICKUP
6. Which of the following is an example of informal deviance in US culture?

a. Breaking speeding laws
b. Underage drinking
c. Body piercing
d. Bigamy
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Modified

7. When a student violates customary norms, he or she is engaging in _____ deviance.
a. informal
b. formal
c. impersonal
d. personal
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Pickup
8. Which of the following statements about deviance is false?

a. Even the most aberrant or odd behavior may be understood if we understand the situation in which it
occurs.
b. Most deviant actions are deviant regardless of the circumstances.
c. Definitions of what is considered deviant behavior may change over time.
d. Some actions are only considered deviant when certain people commit them.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified
9. A soldier who kills in battle is not considered deviant, but a murderer is. This illustrates the point that
a. killing is not morally deviant.
b. whether or not behavior is considered deviant depends on the context.
c. soldiers are not judged as harshly as others in the general population when it comes to how they behave.
d. military law supersedes civil law.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: PICKUP

10. Acquaintance rape (also called “date rape”), for example, was not considered social deviance until.
a. the Stone Age.
b. the Middle ages.
c. fairly recently.
d. the Industrial Revolution.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
11. According to Durkheim, deviance is functional because it

a. threatens the social order.
b. helps members of a society know what is considered normal behavior.
c. points out the flaws in how a society is organized.
d. creates employment for a large number of people.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 149
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
12. From a functionalist perspective, when punishment of deviant behavior is public it serves to
a. reaffirm the collective beliefs and values of the society.
b. protect the prosecutors from appearing unethical.
c. reinforce the idea that crime brings one publicity.
d. encourage future deviant behavior.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 149
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified

13. According to Durkheim, why do societies actually need deviance?
a. In order to recognize normal behavior
b. To make most people feel morally superior
c. To support the existence of a prison system of employment
d. In order to shake up society so it can be reorganized in a better fashion
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 149
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
14. In the immediate aftermath of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, many Americans publicly
demonstrated their patriotism. This is an illustration of Durkheim's belief that
a. people only mobilize when they feel threatened.
b. the definition of deviance is relative to the situation.
c. deviance produces social solidarity.
d. deviant labels only apply to the powerless.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 149
construction.
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Modified
15. According to the text, the example of attitudes toward smoking in the U.S. demonstrates the notion that
a. perceptions of deviance are influenced by social change.
b. smoking should not have been considered acceptable.
c. laws are needed in order to best define deviant behavior.
d. evidence of risk is enough to change behavior.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 149
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Pickup

16. From a sociological standpoint, the situation of the rugby team stranded for months in the Andes demonstrates
that eating human flesh
a. is immoral and irrational.
b. stems from a psychologically disordered behavior.
c. may be a rational response to a difficult situation.
d. is normal.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 147
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
17. The sociological studies of gangs in the U.S. has found that
a. gang behavior is always extremely deviant.
b. joining a gang may be an adaptation to conditions of poverty, racism, and sexism.
c. girls who are given too much freedom to make choices about their lives are more likely to commit acts of
deviance, including joining gangs.
d. family dynamics are unrelated to the decision to join a gang.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 149
construction.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
18. Which of the following questions would a sociologist not be likely to ask about deviance?
a. Why are some behaviors defined as deviant while others are not?
b. Why is deviance more common in some social groups than others?
c. Why do some personality types act more deviant than other personality types?
d. How does the criminal justice system reflect social inequality?
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 150
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified

19. How do sociologists define deviance?
a. As any behavior that is extreme and unsettling
b. As behavior that violates expected social norms
c. As behavior that matches social values
d. They look at what the media focuses on
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified
20. Psychological explanations of deviance emphasize _____ as the underlying cause of deviant behavior, unlike
sociological explanations.
a. individual factors
b. the context within which the deviance occurred
c. the effects of labeling
d. patterns of inequality in society
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 150
construction.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: MODIFIED
21. Which of the following questions about deviance is more psychological than sociological?
a. How is deviance related to patterns of social inequality?
b. Was a particular type of behavior always considered deviant?
c. Does pressure from one’s peer group encourage deviance?
d. What is it about a person that causes deviance?
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 150
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified

22. The recommended solution for alcoholism usually includes some type of treatment and possibly hospitalization. In
contrast, the use of crack cocaine is legally punished. The difference may be explained by the fact that alcoholism
has been ______ and crack cocaine use has not.
a. medicalized
b. accepted as non-deviant
c. contextualized
d. normalized
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 150
construction.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
23. Explanations that focus solely on the physical or genetic roots of deviant behavior are collectively referred to as
_____ by sociologists.
a. the medicalization of deviance
b. the social disorganization theory
c. the social construction of deviance
d. the social conflict theory
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 150
construction.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
24. Which of the following is an example of the medicalization of deviance?

a. Gang violence
b. Body piercing
c. Alcoholism
d. Gender inequality
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 150
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified

25. Smoking as deviant emerged due to what societal change?
a. Increase in crime
b. Social movements
c. Development of Labeling theory
d. Fashion
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 149
construction.
OTHER: Modified
26. The primary sociological criticism of the medicalization of deviance is that it

a. makes deviance too expensive to cure.
b. makes it too easy for people to behave in deviant ways.
c. ignores the impact of the social structure in the creation of deviant behavior.
d. assumes there exists a trained medical profession.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 150
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified
27. Which of these statements about deviant behavior would be considered true from a sociological perspective?
a. Some people are born rebels and deviants.
b. Deviance may be an adaptation to the social structures in which people live.
c. In most cases, there is a medical approach to solve problems of deviance.
d. Evolutionarily, humans are predestined to push the limits.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 151
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP

28. Functionalist theories of deviance
a. fear that deviance creates the breakdown of society.
b. view deviance as necessary in order to clarify what the norms of society are.
c. believe that punishment of deviance is dysfunctional because it prevents the deviance that is necessary for
society.
d. assume that norms are largely meaningless.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 151
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.17.07.02 - Compare and contrast theoretical approaches to
understanding deviant behavior.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Pickup
29. Durkheim’s research on _____ formed the foundation for the functionalist perspective of deviance.
a. suicide
b. homosexuality
c. altruism
d. labels
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 151
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
30. A policy maker wants to address drug abuse with therapy. Which of the following is he or she advocating?
a. Mass incarceration
b. Medicalization of deviance
c. That deviance is functional for society
d. The idea that street criminals are an exploited class
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 150
construction.
OTHER: Modified

31. Durkheim believed that the causes of suicide were
a. best explained by the problems a person was facing.
b. found in the social environment.
c. the result of genetics.
d. the direct result of emotional stress.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 151
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: MODIFIED
32. According to Durkheim, which of these factors was responsible for causing suicides?
a. A person losing his or her job
b. The degree to which people felt integrated into the structure of society
c. Psychological stress created from depression
d. Marital status
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 151
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: MODIFIED
33. Anomie, as defined by Durkheim, is frequently referred to as a state of

a. extreme depression.
b. excessive social integration.
c. total detachment from society and societal forces.
d. relative normlessness caused by the breakdown of social influences.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 151
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

34. _____ occurs when the disintegrating forces in the society make individuals feel lost or alone.
a. Anomic suicide
b. Altruistic suicide
c. Egoistic suicide
d. Situational suicide
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 152
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Pickup
35. Durkheim referred to suicide associated with excessive regulation of individuals by social forces as _____.
a. anomic suicide
b. altruistic suicide
c. egoistic suicide
d. situational suicide
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 152
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
36. According to sociologists, the actions of the hijackers involved in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks are an
example of _____.
a. anomic suicide
c. egoistic suicide
d. situational suicide
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 152
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: PICKUP

37. Which of the following is an example of egotistic suicide?
a. Suicide among the wealthy
b. Suicide bombers
c. Elder suicide
d. Suicide for religious reasons
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 152
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: PICKUP
38. How do sociologists explain the fact that women have lower rates of suicide than men?
a. Women are more fearful in general.
b. Women are very hesitant to do harm, even to themselves.
c. Women are more embedded in relations of care and responsibility.
d. Women have less access to the means for committing suicide.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 152
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
39. Durkheim used the term _____ to refer to the condition existing when social regulation in a society breaks down.
a. dysfunction
b. culture conflict
c. anomie
d. egoism
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 152
construction.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

40. When teens perceive themselves as having a deviant identity, they are considering which sociological perspective?
a. Conflict
b. Symbolic interactionist
c. Functionalist
d. Rational choice
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 152
construction.
OTHER: Modified
41. The shooting of students and faculty at Virginia Tech University in the spring of 2007 fits the pattern of Durkheim's
_____ .
a. anomic suicide
c. egoistic suicide
d. fatalistic suicide
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 152
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
42. Merton's structural strain theory traces the origins of deviance to

a. anomie in an individual.
b. emotional stress caused by job loss, divorce, and the like.
c. the tension between desired cultural goals and the means of achieving them.
d. the lack of any commitment to cultural goals.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 154
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

43. When the goals of an individual are accepted and the means of attaining the goals are made available to him or her
via the social structure, Merton termed this as _____.
a. innovation
b. conformity
c. ritualism
d. retreatism
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 154
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
44. Sociologists theorize that rampage shootings are best understood as _____.
a. caused by socialization
b. caused by psychological predispositions
c. the combinations of personality and social structural variables
d. reactions to gun control
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 155
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Pickup
45. According to Merton, members of the _____ are most likely to experience the structural strain that produces
deviance.
a. super rich
b. working-class
c. middle-income
d. upper-income
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 154
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

46. The Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazis are both examples of which type of cultural-structural strain?
a. Retreatism
b. Ritualism
c. Innovation
d. Rebellion
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 155
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Modified
47. Social control theory suggests that deviance occurs when

a. a person is labeled as deviant.
b. a person's attachment to social bonds is weakened.
c. a person does not have access to legitimate means of reaching his or her goals.
d. social regulations in a society break down.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 155
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
48. According to the social control theory, what is the primary reason that people internalize social norms?
a. They fear punishment.
b. They care what others think of them.
c. They hope for economic gain.
d. They think they will find spiritual peace.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 155
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified

49. Social control theory is based on the assumptions that
a. there is a common value system and most people feel some impulse toward deviance.
b. those with the most power in society define what is considered deviant or not.
c. deviance is a result of labeling.
d. deviants agree with the goals of society, but are blocked from achieving them through legitimate means.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 155
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified
50. According to social control theory, deviant behavior occurs

a. when the means for achieving culturally approved goals is blocked.
b. when people have given up and no longer accept the goals considered desirable by society.
c. when attachment to social bonds breaks down.
d. as a result of emotional stress.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 155
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
51. Which of these statements about the functionalist theories of deviance is false?
a. It focuses on the social structure, not individual action
b. It argues that some things that are seen as dysfunctional are actually functional for society
c. It explains how social norms first become established in society
d. It sees deviance as having a stabilizing influence on society
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 156
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP

52. A criticism of the functional perspective of deviance is that it
a. places too much emphasis on the individual.
b. does not explain why some people are able to impose their ideas or judgments on others.
c. overemphasizes injustice and inequality in society.
d. fails to see the good that deviance accomplishes.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 156
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
53. Conflict and functionalist theories of deviance share

a. an emphasis on individual motivation.
b. a focus on how a shared definition of a situation affects deviance.
c. an emphasis on the social structure in creating deviance.
d. a common understanding of the role of crime and the legal system in defining deviance.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 155
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
54. From the conflict perspective of deviance, all of the following are true, except,
a. deviance results from inequality in society.
b. powerless groups may be labeled deviant for small infractions.
c. deviance reaffirms social solidarity.
d. racial minorities are punished more frequently than others.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 156
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified

55. A significant difference between the functionalist and conflict theories of deviance is that
a. the functionalist theory assumes the system works for the good of the whole, and the conflict theory does
not.
b. the functionalist theory focuses more on the social structure than the conflict theory.
c. the functionalist theory pays more attention to the individual than the conflict theory does.
d. the functionalist theory ignores the role of deviance in society, while this is a focus for the conflict theory.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 156
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified
56. When a wealthy and powerful executive engages in deviance representing his or her organization it is referred to as
_____.
a. corporate deviance
b. white-collar deviance
c. elite deviance
d. class deviance
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 156
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
57. According to the conflict perspective of deviance, when the elite in society violate norms or laws they avoid
punishment because
a. their deviant behavior is not as damaging to society as that of the lower classes.
b. they do not violate norms that affect other people.
c. they have the resources to hide or mask their behavior.
d. they are punished for slight infractions.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 156
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Modified

58. The historic persecution of witches is presented in the text as an example of
a. a system that works for the good of the whole society.
b. how dominant groups can exert control over other groups by marking some populations as deviant.
c. how deviance may be functional for society.
d. the importance of shared values and beliefs within a society.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 156
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
59. Conflict theorists argue that

a. the power to define deviance is an important form of social control.
b. how much power a group possesses has no effect on whether its members will be labeled deviant.
c. all groups in a society are equally subject to social control.
d. labels of deviance have nothing to do with social control.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 156
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
60. When the labeling theory and the conflict theory of deviance are linked, they could explain
a. why youth cultures create their own types of styles, such as tattoos and piercings.
b. how deviance actually contributes to stability within society.
c. why members of oppressed groups are more likely to be incarcerated or institutionalized.
d. how deviance is defined.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 158
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified

61. Sociologists using a symbolic interaction perspective argue that a physical disability can become _____. In this case
society devalues the status.
a. formal deviance
b. informal deviance
c. a stigma
d. a crime
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 159
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Pickup
62. A disadvantaged group is more likely to be punished by the criminal justice system. Which perspective best explains
this?
a. Functionalist
b. Conflict
c. Postmodern
d. Feminist
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 156
construction.
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Modified
63. A weakness of the conflict theory of deviance is its failure to recognize

a. the significance of power in group relationships.
b. how the injustices of society produce crime.
c. that laws protect most people, not just the affluent.
d. the origins of crime
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 157
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Pickup

64. A strength of the conflict theory in terms of understanding deviance is
a. its insight into the significance of power relationships.
b. its ability to see how the entire social system works for the benefit of all.
c. its recognition of the importance of shared values and beliefs.
d. its benefits in explaining new forms of deviance.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 157
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Pickup
65. A weakness of the conflict theory in terms of understanding deviance is that it

a. does not address inequity and injustice.
b. ignores the importance of the social structure.
c. is less effective in explaining forms of deviance other than crime.
d. does not explain the slow pace at which the legal system changes.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 157
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Pickup
66. According to the _____ people behave as they do because of the meanings they give to different situations.
a. functionalist theory
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction theory
d. social control theory
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 157
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

67. W. I. Thomas explained deviance as
a. a normal response to social conditions.
b. behavior one learns from others.
c. behavior frequently associated with crime.
d. varied behavior dependent on one's social bonds.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 157
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
68. Which of these is not one of the factors that the symbolic interactionist theory uses to explain deviant behavior?
a. The meanings people attribute to a situation
b. How people respond to the meaning of a situation
c. The interaction between different groups
d. The strength of people's attachment to social norms
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 157
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
69. The symbolic interactionist theories of deviance originated from?

a. The Industrial Revolution
b. The perspective of the Chicago School of sociology
c. The works of Karl Marx
d. The ideas of Emile Durkheim
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 157
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

70. The University of Chicago sociologist who defined deviance as a normal response to the social conditions in
which people find themselves is ______.
a. W. I. Thomas
b. Michael Dyson
c. Talcott Parsons
d. Robert Merton
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 157
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
71. According to Sutherland's differential association theory, people become criminals when they
a. are more strongly socialized to break the law than to obey it.
b. are genetically predisposed to deviate.
c. lack socially approved means to realize socially established goals.
d. lack proper attachment to others.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 158
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
72. According to the differential association theory, people become deviant

a. when other means of achievement are blocked.
b. by learning from members of their primary groups.
c. when they lack attachment to other people.
d. in protest over unjust circumstances.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 158
construction.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP

73. The differential association theory explains deviance by
a. emphasizing how deviance is culturally transmitted.
b. focusing on who has the power to label behaviors as deviant.
c. making reference to societal goals and the means of achieving them.
d. noting that some people have more power than others to define what is considered deviant.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 158
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified
74. Youths raised by parents who are deviant are more likely to be deviant themselves. This is an illustration of the
a. labeling theory.
b. functionalist theory.
c. differential association theory.
d. social control theory.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 158
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
75. A problem with differential association theory is that it

a. does not explain how people who are not members of deviant cultures become deviants.
b. fails to account for socialization.
c. ignores the influence of friends and family.
d. does not explain how deviance is learned.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 158
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

76. The perspective that uses a microsociological approach includes _____.
a. functionalism
b. conflict
c. symbolic interactionism
d. criminology
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 157
OTHER: Modified
77. Social labeling theory focuses on who in society can determine that others are deviant and are able to apply
sanctions. This aspect of social labeling theory makes it most associated with _____.
a. functionalism
b. social exchange theory
c. symbolic interactionism
d. the feminist theory
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 158
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified
78. A high school student acts bored in class and the teacher decides she is a bad student. This teacher discusses the
student with other teachers who then treat that student as if she were a bad student. This describes the process
of _____.
a. differential association
b. cultural transmission
c. labeling
d. weakening social bonds
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 158
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: PICKUP

79. Labeling theorists mention that once a person is labeled deviant
a. he or she will associate exclusively with others who are considered deviant.
b. he or she will no longer share an interest in socially desirable goals.
c. it will be difficult for him or her to reestablish a nondeviant identity.
d. he or she will turn to a life of crime.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 158
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
80. Labeling theorists would explain recidivism among those released from prison as
a. behavior caused by the company they keep upon their release.
b. resulting from their anger at having been incarcerated.
c. a function of biology.
d. behavior caused by the difficulty in changing their classification as deviants.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 158
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Modified
81. When a person in a position of authority processes an individual without questioning the basis for the rules and
procedures, he or she is engaging in _____.
a. consensus
b. labeling
c. exploitation
d. social control
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 158
OTHER: Modified

82. In their research on the American prison system, Bruce Western (2007) and Jeffrey Reiman (2007) note that the
prison system is designed to
a. train and socialize prisoners into a career of secondary deviance.
b. help prisoners repay their debt to society.
c. give prisoners marketable skills that will keep them from returning to prison.
d. make prisoners more respectable.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 158
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
83. Which of these statements about deviant identity from a labeling perspective is false?
a. A deviant identity usually emerges over time.
b. A deviant identity is developed through a process of interaction with others.
c. Deviant identity involves how other people view the target of the deviant label.
d. A deviant identity is simple to change.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 159
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified
84. Which of the following is false with respect to deviant communities?

a. Joining a deviant community closes one off from conventional society and tends to solidify deviant careers.
b. Subcultural norms and values reinforce the deviant label both inside and outside the deviant group, thus
reinforcing deviant behavior.
c.
Disapproval of an individual member from the out-group may only enhance one's status within the in-
group.
d. Deviant communities are often indistinguishable from normative society to outsiders.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 160
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP

85. Sociologists have found that deviant communities
a. generally share most of the same values and norms as the dominant community.
b. are a source of support for previously labeled people who want to try and return to a nondeviant identity.
c. often develop their own emblems, language, and dress.
d. exist mostly in large urban areas.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 160
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
86. The strength of the labeling theory is that it

a. recognizes the nature of a shared value system in society.
b. acknowledges that the judgments people make about perceived deviance have powerful effects.
c. emphasizes economic inequality as the primary source of deviance.
d. explains why deviant behavior occurs.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 161
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
87. The primary weakness of the labeling theory is

a. that it overemphasizes social attachment.
b. its disregard for the role of those with power in creating deviance.
c. that it does not explain the reasons for the behavior that comes to be labeled as deviant.
d. that it overstates the subjective nature of identifying deviance.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 161
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP

88. The functionalist theory on mental illness suggests that
a. mentally ill people aren't necessarily "sick," but are the victims of societal response to their behavior.
b. people with the fewest resources are most likely to be mentally ill.
c. identifying behaviors as mental illness serves as a means of reinforcing conformity to societal norms and
values.
d. mental illness does not exist, only individual responses to oddities exist.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 161
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.17.07.03 - Explain the importance of labels in determining deviant
behavior.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
89. Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz argues that there is no such thing as mental illness, but that
a. some situations are just crazy.
b. there are only people's reactions to what they perceive as unusual behavior.
c. some psychiatric disorders are not considered illnesses.
d. some people like the attention that they get because of the stigma associated with mental illness.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 161
behavior.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
90. A(n) _____ is an attribute that is socially devalued and discredited.

a. achieved status
b. social stigma
c. deviant career
d. nonconforming behavior
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 159
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: Modified

91. What is the sociological relationship between deviance and stigma?
a. People who are stigmatized are frequently labeled as deviant.
b. People who are stigmatized are never labeled deviant.
c. When someone is stigmatized, the label of deviant is rejected.
d. There is no relationship between deviance and stigma.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 159
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified
92. According to some sociologists, when some people are stigmatized

a. it helps elevate their social status.
b. they are often overlooked by others.
c. it reinforces "normalness" in others.
d. it has little impact on their overall identity.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 159
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: PICKUP
93. Which of the following would be of the least interest to sociologists studying drug and alcohol use?
a. How definitions of alcohol and drug abuse change over time
b. Why using one substance is considered more deviant than another
c. The hormone levels of the people who are most likely to use drugs
d. The stigmatized person’s social groups
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 161
behavior.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Modified

94. John want to be a sociology major who studies the social cause of crime. He is majoring in ___________ .
a. deviant sociology
b. criminology
c. criminal justice
d. victimology
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 162
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SESE.ANDE.17.07.04 - Relate the social structure associated with deviant identities
and deviant communities.
TOPICS: Conceptual
OTHER: Pickup
95. Which of the following problems are both the Uniform Crime Report and National Crime Victimization Survey
subject to?
a. Overreporting
b. Underreporting
c. Changing definitions
d. Stereotypes
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 163
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
96. The FBI's Uniform Crime Report stresses _____ crimes.

a. violent
b. official
c. index
d. victimless
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 163
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup

97. Which of the following types of crimes is the least likely to be rigorously enforced?
a. Personal crimes
b. Property crimes
c. Victimless crimes
d. Violent crimes
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 164
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
98. Which of the following is true regarding criminal violence?

a. Criminal violence is increasing and is random.
b. Criminal violence is decreasing and is random.
c. Criminal violence is increasing and is not random.
d. Criminal violence is decreasing and is not random.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 164
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Pickup
99. According to sociologists studying crime,

a. both organized crime and corporate crime have an institutionalized character.
b. organized crime is a term that is applied only to the Mafia in the U.S.
c. financial loss from street crime is greater than that from organized or corporate crime.
d. the media images of crime are relatively accurate.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 165
construction.
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP

100. Studies of corporate crime find that
a. those who engage in deviant behavior are aware of the consequences that their behavior has for others.
b. the deviant behavior is part of the routine activities of the corporation.
c. the costs to society are overstated in the media.
d. new employees are the most likely to be whistleblowers.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 165
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
101. Studies of women's victimization in gender-based violence indicate that

a. women actually commit more crime than men if prostitution is included in the statistics.
b. women's victimization tend to be extensions of their gender roles.
c. women tend to bring violence on themselves.
d. overall rates of violent crime against women have decreased by two-thirds over the past decade.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 168
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
102. Officer Matthews sees two cars speed by. According to the meter, the drivers were each going ten miles over the
speed limit. One driver has light colored skin and the other has dark colored skin. Officer Matthews pulls over the
darker-skinned driver. Matthews is using:
a. good judgment.
b. racial profiling.
c. neutral policing.
d. randomness.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 169
TOPICS: Applied
OTHER: PICKUP

103. Racial minorities account for more than _____ of male prisoners in the United States.
a. one-quarter
b. one-third
c. one-half
d. two-thirds
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 169
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: PICKUP
104. _____ crimes are those motivated by various forms of social bias.
a. Personal
b. Victimless
c. Preference
d. Hate
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 163
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
105. What is the pattern of race in prosecution and sentencing for crimes?
a. Members of minority groups tend to have greater access to plea bargaining.
b. Defendants of minority status and White defendants have about the same rates of conviction.
c. African American and Hispanic defendants receive longer sentences than White defendants, even when
they have the same background.
d. Although African Americans and Hispanics are more likely than whites to receive the death penalty, they
are also more likely to be pardoned.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 169
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified

106. The FBI views terrorism as:
a. a crime that violates only international laws.
b. a violent action to achieve political ends.
c. a necessary evil.
d. including bioterrorism but not cyberterrorism.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 170
TOPICS: Factual
OTHER: Modified
107. From a sociological perspective, definitions of deviance depend on the social context in which the behavior
occurs.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
OTHER: PICKUP
108. Deviance is socially constructed.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
OTHER: PICKUP
109. Crime is an example of formal deviance.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
OTHER: PICKUP

110. Over time it is possible for some previously accepted behaviors to come to be considered as deviant.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
OTHER: PICKUP
111. Once behaviors are considered deviant within a society, it is not possible to change this perception.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 147
construction.
OTHER: PICKUP
112. In some subcultures or situations, deviant behavior is encouraged and praised.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 150
construction.
OTHER: PICKUP
113. Sociologists argue that some deviant behavior, such as joining a gang, make sense in a context of racism and
poverty.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 147
construction.
OTHER: PICKUP

114. Functionalists suggest that deviance is functional because it creates social cohesion.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 150
OTHER: Pickup
115. From the perspective of the social control theory of deviance, most people internalize social norms because they
care what other people think of them.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 155
OTHER: PICKUP
116. The functionalist theory of deviance explains why some behaviors are considered deviant while others are not.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 151
OTHER: PICKUP
117. Conflict theorists argue that the law is generally neutral and fair in its form and implementation, favoring no
single group's particular interests.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 156
OTHER: PICKUP

118. Labeling some groups of people as deviant may serve as a form of social control.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 156
OTHER: PICKUP
119. Sutherland's differential association theory argues that deviant behavior is learned.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 157
OTHER: PICKUP
120. According to labeling theory, labels are easy to change.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 158
OTHER: PICKUP
121. Within a deviant community, punishment by authorities may be seen as something to be proud of.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 160
OTHER: PICKUP

122. Officially stated rates of deviance may not accurately reflect the incidence of crime, or number of deviant acts, in a
society.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 160
OTHER: MODIFIED
123. The sociology of deviance has focused heavily on mental illness and crime.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 161
behavior.
OTHER: PICKUP
124. Labeling theorists view mental illness as a violation of normative values.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 161
OTHER: PICKUP
125. There is a strong correlation between socioeconomic status and rates of reported mental illness.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 161
behavior.
OTHER: PICKUP

126. While stigmas are easily earned they are also fairly easy to shed and return to a non-stigmatized identity.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 159
OTHER: PICKUP
127. Data from the Uniform Crime Reports show that the crime rate is increasing.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 162
behavior.
OTHER: PICKUP
128. Within corporations, most of those who are engaged in deviant behavior are unaware that their behavior is
illegitimate.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 165
behavior.
OTHER: PICKUP
129. Members of higher socioeconomic classes are the least likely to be victimized by crime.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 166
behavior.
OTHER: PICKUP

130. Women are more likely than men to be the victims of crime.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 168
OTHER: PICKUP
131. Most sociologists would agree that "justice is blind."

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 167
OTHER: PICKUP
132. The number of low income women who commit crimes is increasing due to their low-wage position in the labor
market.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 166
OTHER: PICKUP
133. Cyberterrorism is a future possibility but currently not a threat to society.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 179
OTHER: PICKUP

134. The FBI identifies terrorism as a type of crime.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 170
OTHER: PICKUP
135. Explain what it means to say that "deviance is socially constructed?"
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 148
construction.
OTHER: PICKUP
136. Discuss the sociological definitions of deviance.

ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
REFERENCES: 148
construction.
OTHER: PICKUP
137. Explain how sociological definitions of deviance differ from psychological explanations.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 148
construction.
OTHER: PICKUP
138. Explain how social movements can influence definitions of deviance.

ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
REFERENCES: 149
construction.
OTHER: PICKUP
139. Discuss how deviance can be functional for society.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 151
OTHER: PICKUP

140. Discuss Durkheim's three types of suicide and give an example of each.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 151
OTHER: PICKUP
141. Explain Robert Merton's structural strain theory of deviance.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 154
OTHER: PICKUP
142. Summarize the key differences between the functionalist and conflict theories of deviance.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 151
OTHER: PICKUP
143. Briefly explain how deviant identities and deviant communities are developed, according to the perspective of the
labeling theory.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 159
OTHER: PICKUP
144. Define the concept of stigma and explain how stigma relates to the sociological study of deviance.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 159
OTHER: PICKUP
145. Identify the two major sources of data on crime in the U.S., and discuss how each gets its information and how
complete they are.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 162
OTHER: PICKUP

146. Explain the role of race in the criminal justice system.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 166
OTHER: PICKUP
147. Discuss the reasons sociologists give for the increase in women's participation in crime in recent years.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 167
OTHER: PICKUP
148. Discuss Durkheim's study of suicide and how it relates to the study of deviance generally. List and briefly describe
the three types of suicide identified by Durkheim.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 151
construction.
OTHER: PICKUP
149. Explain labeling theory, describe how it is linked to conflict theory, and give an example of how the two theories
may be applied together.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
REFERENCES: 157
OTHER: PICKUP
150. Discuss the concepts of social control agents and elite deviance using conflict theory.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
REFERENCES: 155
OTHER: PICKUP
151. Discuss how white collar and corporate crimes are different from other crimes. In your answer, address
punishment and social status.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
REFERENCES: 164
OTHER: PICKUP

152. Define white collar crime and corporate crime and give an example of each. Discuss the costs of white collar and
corporate crime to society, and the difficulties in identifying and prosecuting these types of crimes.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

REFERENCES: 164
OTHER: PICKUP
153. Describe the patterned impact of race, gender, and class in terms of policing, arrest and conviction, and
sentencing; give specific examples whenever possible.
ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
REFERENCES: 166
OTHER: PICKUP
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2. The sociological definition of social deviance

3. From a sociological perspective

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 1

6. Which of the following is an example of informal deviance in US culture?

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8. Which of the following statements about deviance is false?

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 3

11. According to Durkheim, deviance is functional because it

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 4

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 5

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 6

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24. Which of the following is an example of the medicalization of deviance?

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26. The primary sociological criticism of the medicalization of deviance is that it

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 9

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33. Anomie, as defined by Durkheim, is frequently referred to as a state of

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 11

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42. Merton's structural strain theory traces the origins of deviance to

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47. Social control theory suggests that deviance occurs when

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50. According to social control theory, deviant behavior occurs

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53. Conflict and functionalist theories of deviance share

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59. Conflict theorists argue that

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63. A weakness of the conflict theory of deviance is its failure to recognize

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65. A weakness of the conflict theory in terms of understanding deviance is that it

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69. The symbolic interactionist theories of deviance originated from?

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72. According to the differential association theory, people become deviant

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75. A problem with differential association theory is that it

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84. Which of the following is false with respect to deviant communities?

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86. The strength of the labeling theory is that it

87. The primary weakness of the labeling theory is

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90. A(n) _____ is an attribute that is socially devalued and discredited.

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92. According to some sociologists, when some people are stigmatized