Table of contents

Descriptions Page

Acknowledgement
Abstract
List of figure
List of table
Chapter 1 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.2 AIM OF PROJECT 4
Chapter 2 water injection system 5
2.1 Background 6
2.2 Water sensitive formation 6
2.3 GUIDELINES TO SYSTEM DESIGN 8
2.3.1 Water source selection 8
2.3.1.1 Corrosion 9
 Solids generation 9
2.3.1.2 Scaling tendency 10
2.3.1.3 Water compatibility 10
2.3.1.4 Suspended solids 10
2.3.1.5 Water quality 10
2.3.1.6 Bacteria 11
2.3.1.7 Oil content 11
2.3.1.8 Formation sensitivity 11
2.3.2 Types of treating system 11
2.3.2.1 Closed system 11
2.3.2.2 Open system 11
2.3.3 Primary problems 12
2.3.3.1 Seawater 12
2.3.3.2 Fresh surface water 13
2.3.3.3 Produced water 13
2.3.3.4 Subsurface source water 14

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Chapter 3 water formation scales 15
3.1 BACKGROUND 16
3.2 COMMON SCALES 16
3.2.1 Calcium carbonate 17
 Effect of co2 partial pressure 18
 Effect of PH 20
 Effect of total pressure 21
 Effect of temperature 22
 Effect of dissolved salts 22
3.2.2 Calcium sulfate 23
 Forms of calcium sulfate 23
 Effect of temperature 23
 Effect of dissolved salts 24
 Effect of pressure 25
 Effect of PH 25
3.2.3 Barium sulfate 26
 Effect of temperature 27
 Effect of dissolved salts 27
 Effect of pressure 29
 Effect of PH 29
3.2.4 Strontium sulfate 30
 Effect of temperature 30
 Effect of dissolved salts 30
 Effect of pressure 31
 Effect of PH 31
3.2.5 Iron compounds 31
3.3 PREDICTING SCALE FORMATION 35
3.3.1 The value of solubility calculation 35
3.3.2 The basis for solubility calculation 35
3.3.2.1 Solubility product principal 36
3.3.2.2 Saturation ratio 38

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3.3.3 Calcium carbonate scaling calculation 39

3.3.3.1 Calcium carbonate saturation indexes 39
 Langelier saturation index 40
 Ryznar stability index 41
 Stiff & Davis methods 42
 Oddo & Tomson 44
3.3.3.2 Estimation of the amount of CaCO3 scale formed 49
 Stiff and Davis 52
 Odd and Tomson 53
3.3.4 Sulfate scaling calculation 54
3.3.4.1 Traditional approach to sulfate solubilities 54
3.3.4.1 The common ion effect 54
3.3.4.1.2 Calcium sulfate (Gypsum) solubility calculation 57
3.3.4.1.3 Barium solubility sulfate calculations 58
3.3.4.1.4 Strontium sulfate solubility calculations 58
3.3.4.1.5 The effect of ion pairing on sulfate scale solubility 60
3.3.4.1.6 Estimation of the amount of sulfate scale precipitated 60
3.3.4.2 Oddo & Tomson sulfate scale calculation 1994 61
3.3.4.2.1 Mass action stability constant 61
3.3.4.2.2 Free iron concentration 62
3.3.4.2.3 Sulfate scale calculatin 62
 Calcium sulfate 64
 Barium sulfate 65
 Strontium sulfate 65
3.4 MIXING WATERS COMPATIBILITY 65
3.4.1 Incompatibility between injection and formation waters 66
3.4.2 Evaluation of incompatibility 69
3.4.2.1 Solubility calculation 69
 Calculation the PH of a mixture 70
3.4.2.2 Compatibility testing 70
3.5 PREVENTING SCALE FORMATION 71

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3.5.1 Avoid mixing incompatible water 71
3.5.2 Water dilution 71
3.5.3 PH control 71
Chapter 4 calculation and Results 72
4.1 FIELD OVERVIEW 73
4.1.1 Reservoir Farrud 73
4.2 Calculation of scale indicators 79
4.2.1 Injection water 79
4.2.2 Formation water 83
4.2.3 Mixing water 87
4.2 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 100
Chapter 5 conclusion 110
5.1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 111
Appendix A 113
Appendix B 118
Appendix C 130
References

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Index Figures
Page
Description No.
3.1 Ionization of Carbonic Acid as a Function of PH 19
3.2 Effect of CO2 Partial Pressure on the pH of Water 20
3.3 Effect of CO2 Pressure on Calcium Carbonate Solubility 21
3.4 Calcium Carbonate Solubility 22
3.5 Solubility of Calcium Sulfate in Pure Water 24
3.6 Solubility of Gypsum in NaCl Brines. 25
3.7 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on CaSO 4 (Anhydrite)
26
Solubility
3.8 Barium Sulfate Solubility in NaCl Solutions Calculated from
28
Templeton's Data

3.9 Effect of Temperature and Salinity on Barium Sulfate Solubility at 28

Atmospheric Pressure

3.10 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Barium Sulfate Solubility 29

in Pure Water
3.11 Strontium Sulfate Solubility in NaCl Solutions 30
3.12 Iron Carbonate Stability Diagram 32
3.13 Iron Sulfide Stability Diagram 33
3.14 Iron Hydroxide Stability Diagram 34
3.15 Saturation Index (SI) vs Saturation Ratio (SR) 40
3.16 Mixing Zone Width as a Function of Distance 68
4.1 Depth Structure map 76

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Index of Tables
Page
Description
No.
2.1 Minimum Salinities of Brines Required to Prevent Clay Blocking in
8
Water-Sensitive Formations
3.1 Common Oilfield Scales 20
3.2 Comparative Solubilities at 25°C 31
3.3 Calcium Carbonate Saturation Indexes 46
3.4 Interpretation of Stiff & Davis Index 51
3.5 Calcium Carbonate Scaling Severity 60
3.6 Interpretation of Sulfate Scale Calculations 64
3.7 Conversion Factors: mg/L to moles/L 71
3.8 Two Qualitative Water Analyses 74
4.1 Below summarized the new updated parameters that mentioned in the
85
above text.
4.2 Reserves, Rock and Fluid Properties 12 1/4 " Hole Section 87

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