Introduction to Marine Biology 4th Edition Karleskint Turner Small Test Bank

Introduction to Marine Biology 4th Edition Karleskint

Turner Small Test Bank

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Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Algae are divided taxonomically into different groups based on differences in:
a. morphology.
b. photosynthetic pigments.
c. habitat.
d. depth distribution.
e. size.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161

2. The macroalgae are commonly known as:

a. seagrasses.
b. seaweeds.
c. kelps.
d. higher plants.
e. phytoplankton.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 157

3. The color of light that penetrates seawater to the greatest depth in coastal waters is:
a. blue.
b. red.
c. green.
d. orange.
e. yellow
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 159

4. The depth distribution of algae is limited by:

a. temperature.
b. pressure.
c. pH.
d. light quality.
e. salinity.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 159

5. The compensation depth refers to:

a. the depth at which seaweed growth compensates for grazers.
b. always 3 times the secchi disk depth.
c. the depth which provides only enough light for photosynthesis but not growth.
d. the depth where competition excludes a species.
e. the depth at which phytoplankton dissolve.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 159

88 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

 6. The greatest diversity of algae is found at:
a. tropical latitudes.
b. polar latitudes.
c. subtropical latitudes.
d. temperate latitudes.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 159

7. In colder regions, some macroalgae die off in winter, but others termed ____ live for at least 2 years.
a. perennials
b. annuals
c. eurythermals
d. stenothermals
e. biannuals.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 159

8. What is the dominant photosynthetic pigment found in all types of algae?

a. Chlorophyll b
b. Chlorophyll c
c. Chlorophyll a
d. Phycoerythrin
e. Chlorophyll d
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161

9. Photosynthetic pigments of algae are found in cells within:

a. chloroplasts.
b. nuclei.
c. cell walls.
d. mitochondria.
e. vacuoles.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161

10. All of the following photosynthetic pigments are found in red algae except:
a. chlorophyll a.
b. phycoerythrin.
c. fucoxanthin.
d. phycocyanin.
e. chlorophyll d
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 165 | 168

11. Excess sugars stored by high-latitude algae can

a. serve as accessory to cellulose.
b. serve as antifreeze in winter.
c. keep predators away.
d. confuse predators with different colors.
e. protect the algae from wave damage.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161

89 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

 12. Some algae utilize calcium carbonate to:
a. deter herbivores.
b. aid in maintaining a proper pH balance.
c. assist in photosynthesis.
d. replace mucus.
e. prevent from freezing.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 163

13. Fragmentation is a type of ____ for drift algae, like Sargassum.

a. mechanism that leads to genetic population structure
b. sexual reproduction
c. asexual reproduction
d. response to high water temperature
e. response to herbivory
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161

14. When two or more separate mutlicellular algae stages occur in succession during the life cycle, we call
this:
a. gametangia.
b. fragmentation.
c. sporangium.
d. alternation of generations.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 163

15. Which of these groups of algae could you potentially find in a high mountain lake?
a. red
b. brown
c. green
d. cyanobacteria
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 163

16. The phylum of green algae is:

a. Rhodophyta.
b. Chlorophyta.
c. Anthophyta.
d. Dinophyta.
e. Phaeophyta.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 163

17. Those green algae that have large cells with multiple nuclei are termed:
a. multinucleate.
b. coenocytic.
c. entronucleate.
d. diploid.
e. haploid.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 163

90 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

 18. The marine macrophyte group with the highest number of species is:
a. seagrasses.
b. red algae.
c. green algae.
d. brown algae.
e. blue-green algae.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 165

19. The following are all main points of the article Seaweeds and Medicine, except:
a. Seaweeds have been used for thousands of years for therapeutic purposes.
b. Vitamin C, iodine, and agar are substances found in seaweeds.
c. Phycocolloids are used in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.
d. It is extremely expensive to extract useful substances from seaweeds.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 161

20. Coralline red algae have an outer covering made of:

a. cellulose.
b. calcium carbonate.
c. silica.
d. protein.
e. starch
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 165 | 166

21. The haploid stage of the red algae life cycle is called:
a. sporophyte.
b. zygote.
c. gamete.
d. gametophyte.
e. tetrasporophyte.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 166

22. The diploid stage of the red algae life cycle is called:
a. sporophyte.
b. zygote.
c. gamete.
d. gametophyte.
e. haptophyte.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 166

23. The carposporphyte ____.

a. is a gametophyte
b. remains in the female gametoypyte
c. contains four sperm cells
d. is unique to green algae
e. grows into the macroscopic algal form.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 166–167

91 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

 24. Red algae are important to biomedical/microbiological laboratories due to the algal production of:
a. carageenan.
b. algin.
c. agar.
d. iodine.
e. starch.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161 | 167

25. Brown algae belong to the phylum:

a. Rhodophyta.
b. Chlorophyta.
c. Anthophyta.
d. Phaeophyta.
e. Dinophyta.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 168

26. All the following photosynthetic pigments are found in brown algae except:
a. chlorophyll a.
b. carotenoids.
c. fucoxanthin.
d. phycocyanin.
e. chlorophyll c.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 168

27. Brown algae can reach up to ____ meters in length.

a. 25
b. 50
c. 75
d. 100
e. 200
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 168

28. Brown algae are most diverse and abundant along coastlines ____.
a. at temperate latitudes
b. at the equator
c. bordering the Caribbean
d. bordering the Indo-Pacific
e. in polar regions.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 168

29. Most brown algae start life attached to rocks; a notable exception is:
a. giant kelp.
b. North Atlantic Sargassum.
c. feather boa kelp.
d. Laminaria.
e. Fucus.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 168

92 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

 30. Rockweed have eliminated the ____ life stage.
a. sporophyte
b. carpospore
c. gametophyte
d. zygote
e. tetrasporophyte
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 169

31. In the giant kelp the large thallus is the ____ life stage.
a. sporophyte
b. carpospore
c. gametophyte
d. zygote
e. tetrasporophyte
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 169

32. This structure can grow >50 m long in kelp.

a. Blade
b. Holdfast
c. Stipe
d. Gas bladder
e. Rhizoid.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 168

33. Which of the following is false about Sargassum?

a. It is in the division Rhodophyta.
b. Some species are pelagic.
c. It is common in the Gulf Stream.
d. It is buoyed by pnuematocysts.
e. It forms a habitat for animals.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 168 | 171

34. ____ is an important food additive that is obtained from giant kelp.
a. Carageenan
b. Alginate
c. Agar
d. Dulse
e. Diatomaceous earth
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 168 | 171

35. All of the following are hydrophytes except:

a. turtle grass.
b. Zostera.
c. surf grass.
d. cordgrass.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 172 | 177

93 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

 36. Marine flowering plants produce ____.
a. a sporophyte
b. a gametophyte
c. tetraspores
d. seeds
e. carpospores.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 172

37. Seed-producing plants first evolved ____.

a. on land
b. in freshwater
c. in the ocean
d. in estuaries
e. from red algae ancestors.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 172

38. Flowering plants that are salt tolerant are called

a. algae.
b. conifers.
c. halophytes.
d. sporophytes.
e. haptophytes.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 172

39. An example of a hydrophyte flowering plant that can withstand and thrive under conditions of
continued submergence is:
a. cordgrass.
b. pickle weed.
c. salt grass.
d. turtle grass.
e. blue grass.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 173

40. The horizontal stems of seagrasses are called:

a. rhizoids.
b. rhizomes.
c. stipes.
d. blades.
e. holdfasts.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 173

41. Most seagrasses add nutrients into the marine food chain via
a. DOM.
b. detritus.
c. herbivory.
d. marine geese.
e. mucus.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 176

94 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

 42. Which of the following is false about marine plants?
a. They are common in protected bays.
b. They have xylem and phloem tissues.
c. They are found only in tropical areas.
d. They produce seeds.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 172-176

43. Springtime vegetative growth in seagrasses is primarily due to metabolism of starch stored in the:
a. roots.
b. leaves.
c. rhizomes.
d. turions.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 173

44. The purpose of specialized lacunae are to:

a. provide structure to the rhizomes.
b. carry oxygen to plant parts.
c. provide buoyancy to the blade.
d. both b and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 173–174

45. In seagrasses the process of water-insoluble fertilization is called

a. hydroponic pollination.
b. hydrophilous pollination.
c. sperm pollination.
d. aquatic insemination.
e. clonal growth.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 176

46. Salt marsh plants differ from seagrasses in that they:

a. are not fully marine plants.
b. require freshwater to reproduce.
c. are intolerant of full strength seawater.
d. are found throughout the world.
e. have roots, while seagrasses do not.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 177

47. Salt marsh plants play an important ecological role in

a. recycling nutrients.
b. stabilizing sediments.
c. filtering run-off from coastal areas.
d. habitat for small animals.
e. all of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 178–179

95 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

 48. Saltwort (Batis) maintains osmotic balance with
a. succulent stems.
b. salt glands.
c. salt leaves.
d. they cannot maintain osmotic balance; they are osmoconformers.
e. salt filtration mechanisms in the roots.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 178

49. A mechanism in many salt plants to control osmotic pressure is:

a. to remain as osmoconformers.
b. to have succulent parts.
c. to dry out.
d. to go dormant during periods of high salinity.
e. to drop leaves.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 178

50. How are giant kelp and sea grass alike?

a. both contain chlorophyll a
b. both utilize gas-filled spaces for buoyancy
c. both lack conductive tissues and rely on diffusion to transport molecules manufactured by
photosynthesis
d. both a and b
e. both b and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 168 | 174

51. Mangroves typically occur in/on:

a. tropical and subtropical areas.
b. temperate areas.
c. polar areas.
d. open coasts.
e. sandy beaches.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 179

52. Mangrove trees have specialized ____ to stabilize the plant in ____.
a. roots, mud
b. holdfast, rocks
c. roots, rocks
d. holdfast, mud
e. roots, sand
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 179–181

53. Pneumatophores are specialized to:

a. exchange gas.
b. produce nutritive roots.
c. stabilize the plant.
d. both a and b
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 181

96 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

 54. Which of the following has a role in sediment consolidation similar to that of mangroves?
a. red algae.
b. seagrasses.
c. green algae.
d. rockweed.
e. giant kelp.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 177 | 181

55. Marine plants may contribute to the prevention of algal blooms by:
a. trapping sediments.
b. absorbing excess nutrients.
c. removing toxic organic pollutants.
d. producing detritus.
e. blocking sunlight.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 179

56. Organisms that grow on the surface of algae and marine plants are specifically called:
a. parasites.
b. mutualists.
c. anthophytes.
d. epiphytes.
e. epizooites.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 167

TRUE/FALSE

57. Algae can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 161

58. Algae have no vascular tissue.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 159

59. Red algae can only live in deep waters because their photosynthetic pigments are adapted only for
these depths.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 159

60. Bladders on kelp function to anchor the thallus to the substrate.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 168

61. Holdfasts of algae and roots of flowering plants are structurally identical.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 172

62. The sporophyte generation of kelp is dominant and larger than the gametophyte.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 169

97 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

 63. The sporophyte and gametophyte stages of sea lettuce are not identical.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 162

64. Seagrasses are not true grasses.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 173

65. Seagrasses do not produce pollen.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 176

66. The root system of mangroves is extensive and penetrates deep into the sediment.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 179-181

67. The greatest importance of seagrasses and salt marsh plants as a source of food is that they are eaten
directly by invertebrates and wildlife.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 176–177 | 181–183

MATCHING

Match the words with the most closely associated algae type.
a. Ulva
b. Sargassum
c. Porphyra
68. Red algae
69. Brown algae
70. Green algae

68. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 165

69. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 168
70. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 163

Match the pigment with the most closely associated algae type.
a. fucoxanthin
b. chlorophylls a and b
c. phycoerythrin
71. Red algae
72. Brown algae
73. Green algae

71. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 165

72. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 168
73. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 163

Match the words with the most closely associated algae type.
a. gametangia
b. tetrasporophyte
c. zygote

98 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

 74. Red algae
75. Brown algae
76. Green algae

74. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 166

75. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 170
76. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 162

Match the words with the most closely associated multicellular producer.
a. rhizomes
b. coralline
c. holdfast
77. Red algae
78. Brown algae
79. Seagrasses

77. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 166

78. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 168
79. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 173

Match the term with the most closely associated term.

a. Tropics
b. Temperate; highest diversity in Indo-West Pacific Ocean
c. Temperate
80. Seagrasses
81. Marsh plants
82. Mangroves

80. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 173

81. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 177
82. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 179

Match the words with the most closely associated term.

a. Culms
b. Pneumatophores
c. Rhizomes
83. Seagrasses
84. Marsh plants
85. Mangroves

83. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 179

84. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 173
85. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 180–181

Match the words with the most closely associated multicellular producer.
a. Stipe and blade
b. Aerenchyme
c. Filamentous
d. Pelagic

99 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

 86. Seagrasses
87. Red algae
88. Brown algae
89. Sargassum

86. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 174

87. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 165
88. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 168
89. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 168

Match the words with the most closely associated term.

a. Matted, with inflated tips
b. Flat blade perforated with holes
c. Clustered, resembles thin chips
90. Agarum
91. Padina
92. Fucus

90. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 169

91. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 169
92. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 170

Match the words with the most closely associated term.

a. food source for insects
b. habitat for nesting birds
c. covered with epiphytes
93. Seagrasses
94. Marsh plants
95. Mangrove

93. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 174

94. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 179
95. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 183

Match the words with the most closely associated term.

a. pollinated by the wind
b. disperses with floating propagules
c. hydrophilous pollination
96. Seagrasses
97. Marsh plants
98. Mangroves

96. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 176

97. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 178
98. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 181

100 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

ESSAY

99. Explain the basis for how the three groups of macroalgae are divided, and name the main pigment(s)
characteristic to each group.

ANS:
Algae are divided into three groups based on their color. The color of the different groups of algae
derives from the photosynthetic pigments of these algae. Red algae contain the red accessory pigment
phycoerythrin; brown algae contain fucoxanthin; and green algae contain chlorophylls a and b, which
are not masked by accessory pigments.

PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 157 | 161

100. How do large kelps transport sugars from the terminal ends of the thallus to the bottom? Is this
characteristic of other algae?

ANS:
Large kelps need some way of transporting materials from the upper reaches of the thallus to the lower
parts that do not receive enough sunlight. In order to facilitate this transport, kelps have tube-like
trumpet cells that can carry nutrients down from above. Other algae lack this conductive tissue.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 169

101. Why is it possible for multicellular green and red algae to reproduce asexually by fragmentation but
not the brown algae?

ANS:
The main reason for this is the simple, unspecialized nature of the tissues of green and red algae. Since
one part of the thallus looks essentially the same as another, these cells can simply break off and grow
mitotically into a new thallus. Kelps do not generally reproduce via fragmentation because their tissues
are too specialized.

PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 163-167 | 169–170

102. If salt marsh plants are facultative halophytes, then why do they live and dominate in salty areas but
not elsewhere?

ANS:
Salt marsh plants can only compete successfully for space in salty areas where other plants cannot
grow well. Because salt marsh plants are adapted to withstand salty conditions they can outgrow other
plants that do not have such adaptations. These same salt marsh plants would not be able to compete
very well under freshwater conditions because other plants outcompete them.

PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 178

101 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

103. Outline at least 3 ecological roles of marine flowering plants.

ANS:
Marine flowering plants play a number of ecological roles in their environments. They trap and
stabilize sediments, which leads to the building up of coastlines; they filter runoff from land, absorbing
harmful chemicals and nutrients, thereby preventing eutrophication of nearby waters; they are an
important source for detritus, which supplies food to nearby communities; they are direct sources of
food for many grazers; and they are an important shelter for many marine animals.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 178–179

104. What is the importance of accessory photosynthetic pigments to multicellular algae and other
photosynthetic organisms?

ANS:
Accessory pigments broaden the usable spectrum of available light by absorbing light at wavelengths
that are not absorbed by the primary photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll a.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161

105. What are two functions of mucilage in algae?

ANS:
The mucilage helps protect algae from desiccation during periods of low tide. It also may act to
remove larvae and sessile organisms that may settle on the surface of the algae, and attach the
fertilized egg to a suitable surface.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161 | 171

106. What advantage does phycoerythrin confer upon red algae?

ANS:
Phycoerythrin is an accessory pigment that effectively absorbs blue and green light. Since blue and
green light penetrate deepest in the oceans but red light does not, the algae would be able to live in
deep areas where only blue and green light penetrate.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161 | 165

107. The sporophyte stage of red algae produces spores that are shed into the water. What is the advantage
of shedding spores into the water?

ANS:
Releasing spores into the water allows them to be carried away by currents, thereby ensuring wide
dispersal as a means of colonizing new areas and decreasing competition between new plants and their
parents.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 162

102 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

108. Describe the life cycle of the giant kelp (Macrocystis), including both the gametophyte and sporophyte
stages.

ANS:
There are two stages in the giant kelp life cycle. The gametophyte, which is greatly reduced in size
(microscopic) and the large sporophyte. Here the dominant sporophyte produces spores by meiosis (in
the special blades near the base of the thallus called sporophylls), which settle to the bottom to produce
a microscopic gametophyte. The gametophyte produces gametes (sperm and eggs). These unite to
produce the zygote that matures into a large sporophyte. The spores are negatively phototactic, so they
will settle "away" from the surface of the water onto rocks.

PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 169–170

109. Outline at least 3 ecological roles of the giant kelps.

ANS:
Giant kelps play a number of ecological roles in their environments. They provide a canopy of high
primary productivity. They are an important habitat for numerous species of invertebrates and fish.
Many species feed directly on the kelps. They play an important role in protecting bottom
communities from strong currents. Dislodged kelps continue to produce, provide protection, and
enable juvenile animals to migrate. Beached kelps provide food for an active detritus-based
community including amphipods and shore birds.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 171

110. How can seagrasses contribute to the building of the environment in which they live?

ANS:
Seagrasses, once they take root in an area, tend to trap suspended particles and cause these to
sediment. Accumulated sediments contribute to the sandy/muddy environment in which seagrasses
live.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 177

111. The flowers of seagrasses are small and inconspicuous, rather than large, colorful, and scented.
Explain why these characteristics are useful in the marine environment.

ANS:
Seagrasses are hydrophytes that are usually submerged. In this under-water environment there are no
ecological equivalents to insects, which transfer pollen from flower to flower of terrestrial plants.
Instead, seagrasses rely on currents for pollination. As a result, there is no need for large conspicuous
scented flowers to attract nonexistent insects.

PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 176

103 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

Introduction to Marine Biology 4th Edition Karleskint Turner Small Test Bank

112. What are at least 3 adaptations of salt marsh plants for withstanding salty conditions?

ANS:
Salt marsh plants have adaptations similar to those of desert plants for reducing water loss or excessive
salty conditions. These include having cuticle-covered leaves to prevent water loss, having extensive
vascular tissue for efficient water transport, and having thick leaves for water retention. Mangroves
also have specific adaptations such as having openings (stoma) only on the underside of leaves and
having the ability to concentrate salts in certain leaves that are eventually discarded.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 178

113. Outline at least 3 ecological roles of mangroves.

ANS:
Mangroves play a number of ecological roles in their environments. They provide a three-dimensional
structure to otherwise muddy intertidal environment. Their root system stabilizes the sediments and
aggregate detritus. Their aerial roots provide habitat for epiphytes and crawling organisms. The upper
tree portion is home to terrestrial insects, mammals, and birds. They export detritus to other
ecosystems and protect shorelines from storm damage.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 181–183

104 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers

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