SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY REVIEWER
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STS 1
The Challenge of Science
- challenged man what to take in and believe and how he
would view himself and others.
- Science and technology affected the way man sees
himself and also the way he lives.
- Different inventions and innovations have come
through the years that many of man’s daily activities
have been improved and altered.
The Effects of Science and Technology to the Society
• Positive Effects
o great help in the economic growth of any
progressing nation
o improved man’s way of life
• Negative Effects
o Pollution
o Imbalance in the ecosystem
o Creation of different destructive devices in their
pursuit for riches and power
SCIENCE
- the investigation of the physical world in which
experiments are rendered
- a knowledge involving general truths and general laws
that is taken from a systematized study
Four Characteristics of Science
1. Focuses on the Natural World
2. Goes through experiments
3. Relies on Evidence
4. Passes through scientific community
STS 2
Science and Technology in Different Periods
ANCIENT PERIOD
- Used stones as tools with flint
- Breaking the flint made sharp edges that could be used
for carving wood, hunting, or harvesting food.
- Arctic peoples of the early aboriginal Thule culture
made many kinds of tools from stone, bone, ivory, and
antler. It is developed based around the hunting of
whales, seals, walrus, and caribou, as well as fishing
- One Thule technological innovation was the use of
harpoon heads
- capture fire from natural resources such as wild fires by
rubbing two sticks or concentrating the sun’s heat
Development of S&T During the Ancient Period
• Europe
o Ca 750,000 fire is used by Homo erectus
o ca 45,000 Stone-headed spears are used
o ca 20,000 The wooden bow and arrow are used in
Spain and Saharan Africa. People in Southern
Europe use sewing needles made from bone.
o ca 2000 The Minoans build palaces in Crete.
o ca 1000 Ironworking is introduced in Greece.
o ca 1000 Etruscan craftsmen make false teeth from
• The Americas
o ca 8500 North Americans make stone arrowheads
o ca 8000 The Folson people living on eastern side of
the Rocky Mountains develop sophisticated tools.
o ca 6000 Pottery is made in South America.
o ca 2500 People in the Arctic makes flint tools.
o ca 1750 Peruvians build a long canal to irrigate their
crops.
o ca 1200 Fishermen in Peru makes rafts and boats
from reeds.
o ca 1200 Olmec sculptors carve figurines and giant
human heads
• Asia and Oceania
o ca 11,000 The earliest-known clay pots are made in
Japan.
o ca 5200 People in Iran make wine.
o ca 4000 Bronze is first made in Thailand.
o ca 3500 the plow is invented in both China and
Mesopotamia.
o ca 3000 Boats in China are equipped with anchors.
o ca 2950 A lunar calendar is developed in China.
o ca 2500 Clay pipes are used as drains in Pakistan.
o ca 2500 Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture.
o ca 2296 Chinese astronomers record the sighting of
a comet.
o ca 1361 Chinese astronomers record a solar eclipse.
o ca 1000 The Chinese begin writing on bamboo or
paper made from bark.
o ca 1000 The Hindu calendar of 360 days is
introduced in India.
o ca 850 The Chinese use natural gas for lighting.
• Africa and the Middle East
o ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus uses stone tools.
o ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus begin chipping flakes
off stone to sharpen for tools.
o ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus use antlers to create
tools for cutting &drilling.
o Ca 15,000 in Africa, bone harpoons(barbed spears)
are used for fishing.
o ca 10,000 People in Palestine build houses from
sun- dried bricks.
o ca 7500 Clay tokens are used for record keeping in
Mesopotamia.
o ca 600 The world’s first known city is built by the
people of Catal Huyuk in Anatolia (modern Turkey).
o ca 6000 The world’s first known city is built in
Anatolia.
o ca 4236 Ancient Egyptians devise a 365-day
calendar.
o ca 3500 The wheel is invented in Mesopotamia.
o ca 3100 Egyptians begin using hieroglyphics.
o ca 3000 The Sumerians introduce a 360-day
calendar.
o ca 3000 Egyptians dam the Gawari River.
o ca 2630 Egyptians begin building pyramids.
o ca 2600 Mesopotamians make glass.
o ca 2300 Babylonian astronomers study comets.
o ca 2300 The earliest known maps are produced in
Mesopotamia.
o ca 2000 Babylonian mathematics introduce a
positional number system.
o ca 1800 Mesopotamian mathematicians discover
the “Pythagorean Theorem.
o ca 1750 Babylonian astronomers compile lists of
planets and stars.
o ca 1550 Egyptians are using about 700 drugs and
medications.
 o ca 1350 the symptoms of leprosy are described in
Egyptian text.
o ca 1200 The Egyptians dig a canal to join the Nile
River to the Red Sea.
o Ca 1000 The Phoenicians develop alphabet.
o ca 900 Farmers in Mesopotamia use an irrigation
system to water crops.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD (500 – 1400)
- Also known as a “Dark Age”
- One of the creative periods in the history of human
- Start of the first industrial revolution
- Period of readjustment – society was concerned only
with keeping peace and empire building than nurturing
centers of learning.
• Charlemagne – medieval emperor who tried to establish a
scholastic tradition and the later Middle Ages saw
advancements in the philosophy of science and the
refinement of the scientific method
• Scholasticism – acted as the nucleus for the Renaissance
and the Enlightenment
o Time for discovering great new inventions in
science and technology
o INVENTIONS:
▪ Vertical Windmill
▪ Spectacles
▪ Mechanical Clocks
▪ Greatly improved water mills
▪ Building techniques (Gothic style
three-field-crop rotation)
• Astrolabe – an ancient instrument that measures the
positions of heavenly bodies.
o Hipparchus used an astrolabe in the 1st Century bc.
o Popularly used as well by navigators until the
sextant was invented in the 18th century.
• Sandglass – used to mark the passage of minutes and hours
o Generally called hourglasses because an hour was
their standard setting, almost any period of time
could be set by altering the amount of sand or the
size of the central opening
• Early Printing Press – was invented by Johannes
Gutenberg around 1450
o This has made the mass publication and circulation
of literature possible.
RENAISSANCE
- Period of rebirth as age of preparation for the 17 th
century scientific development and achievements
- Technology of printing books and other documents –
helped the rapid spread of knowledge and information
as well as preservation of culture
o Wood printing and papermaking originated
from China
o Connects the period of Middle Ages to
modern history
o Printing with movable type – is one of the
biggest discoveries in the whole human
history
o Has been triggered by the demand for perfect
reproductions of text and the renewed focus
on studying them
o Bibles, secular books, printed music were
made in larger amount to reach more people
- Communication revolution greatly made an impact in
human opportunities for enlightenment and pleasure
and created unimaginable possibilities for manipulation
and control on the other
• Nicolaus Copernicus
o a Polish Mathematician and Astronomer
o Presented the theory of heliocentric
o His book was banned by the Catholic church
• Galileo Galilei
o Persecuted because of his scientific experiments
o Improved the telescope, discovered new celestial
bodies and found support for a heliocentric solar
system
o Early Telescopes – Dutch optician probably
designed it first but Galileo turned it rigorously on
the heavens in the early 17th century.
o Galileo uses refracting telescope (top) with a convex
lens at the front and a concave lens at the viewing
end.
o 18th century refracting telescope (middle) produced
images that were blurred because of the different
indexes of its combined
o He conducted as well motion experiments on
pendulums and failing objects that paved the way
for Newton’s discoveries about gravity
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- The phenomenal process in the transfer of doing work
by human hands and feet to the use of machines
- Began in Great Britain and spread across Europe,
America, and Asia from 1760 to 1840
- Major setbacks were:
o Skilled workers were set aside because
operation of new machines were used
- Three (3) important technologies that formed
foundation of the first Industrial Revolution
1. Iron Production
2. Steam Engine – use to run machines
3. Textiles
- Henry Maudslay & Joseph Whitworth developed and
refined machine tools
- Greatest inventions during this period:
o Steam boat – invented by Rober Fulton that
used one of the James Watt’s engines
o Light Bulb – invented by Thomas Edison
o Telephone – by Alexander Graham Bell
o First steam - powered by locomotive
- Invention of the Steam Engine – around 1700 led the
Industrial Revolution
o Inventors has made many machines that uses
steam engines such as locomotives,
steamboats, and all kinds of factory machines
- Steam Locomotives
o Engine no. 44, a Baldwin 2-8-0 steam
locomotive engine built in 1921
o Works on the Georgetown Loop Railroad and
formerly ran in Central America
o Diesel-electric locomotives began to replace
steam locomotives in the 1930s to 1940s
- Early Agricultural Machinery
o Seed Drill invented by Jethro Tull was an
important development as was the-
o Cast-Iron Plough patented by Robert
Ransome in 1803
o These inventions have helped fuel the
immense increase of farm productivity in
Britain’s Agricultural Revolution, which both
stimulated and benefited from the Industrial
Revolution.

19th CENTURY
- Witness the rise of the modern industry from 1801-1900
- Second industrial revolution
- Inventions of electricity, steel, petroleum products
riseup
- Age of machine tools
- Great Progress in Science:
o John Dalton (1976-1844)
▪ published his atomic theory in 1803
▪ Studied color blind
o Demetri Mendeleev (1834 – 1907)
▪ Formulated periodic table
o Herman von Helmholtz (1834 – 1907)
▪ Formulated law of Conservation of
Energy in 1847
▪ Invented the ophthalmoscope
o James Clerk Maxwell (1831 – 1879)
▪ Showed that light is an
electromagnetic wave in 1873 and
was proved by Heinrich Hertz (1857
– 1894) in 1888
o Henri Becquerel 91852 – 1908)
▪ Discovered radioactivity in 1896
o Marie Curie (1867 – 1934) and Pierre Curie
91859 – 1906)
▪ Discovered radium in 1898
o Joseph Thomson
▪ Discovered the electron in 1897
o Hans Christian Oersted
▪ Discovered that electric current in a
wire caused a nearby compass
needle to move in 1819
o Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867)
▪ Showed that a magnet can produce
electricity and in 1831 he invented
the dynamo
o Samuel Morse
▪ Invented the electric telegraph in
1837
o Karl Benz & Gottlieb Daimler
▪ Made the first cars in 1885 and 1886
- The steamship revolutionized travelling at sea
o Used to take several weeks to cross the
Atlantic (1815)
o In 1838, a steamship, Sirius, made the
journey across the Atlantic in 19 days
o At the end of the 19th century the steam
turbine was used on ships.
20th CENTURY
- Rise of electronic computing and jet engine
- Radio and telephone enriched greatly
- Mobile phones became affordable
- Technology has become more scientific and the natural
sciences more technological
- Creation of personal computer
- Computer has become the dominant tool in the global
economy
- Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak introduced Apple in 1976
- In 1969 internet was created for defense research
known as ARPANet or Advanced Research Project
Agency Network
- World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1989
- Henry Ford devised a system of mass production for the
Model T in 1908
- Invention of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Men Behind Apple Computer
o Apple Computer cofounder Steven Jobs, left, CEO
John Sculley, center, and cofounder Stephen
Wozniak, right, are shown at the 1984 debut of the
Apple IIc computer, which was introduced in the
same year as the revolutionary Macintosh computer.
o The three had played crucial roles in
developing and marketing computers that are
easy to learn and use
• Pentium Microprocessor
o The Pentium microprocessor (shown at 2.5X
magnification) is manufactured by the Intel
Corporation
o contains more than three million transistors and is
used as the central processing unit in a variety of
personal computers
STS 3
Science, Technology, and Society: Philippine History
• Ferdinand Marcos
- Elected as the president of Philippines in 1965
- In 1972, he imposed martial law and seized dictatorial
powers
- massive four-day protest known as the People Power
Movement forced him from office in 1986 and restored
democracy in the Philippines.
• THE PHILIPPINES
- A Third World country
- Science and Technology will determine the socio-
economic growth of the country.
- The continuous development in the field of science and
technology could make a different history for our
country
-
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Pre-Spanish Period
- Few written information with regards to its society,
culture, and technology
- Relied on archeological findings to trace the beginning
of how the Filipinos lived with the use of science and
technology
- modern man from Asian mainland first came over land
on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and
Palawan about 4800 B.C
- made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later
developed skills like sawing and polishing stones
- Little is known of the early human settlement of the
Philippines. Scientific evidence remains inconclusive.
It is generally accepted that the first significant human
settlement occurred sometime during the most recent
ice age, the Pleistocene Epoch. At that time sea levels
were lower, creating land bridges that connected the
Southeast Asian mainland to some of the present-day
islands of the Malay Archipelago, south of the
 Philippine Islands. Historians theorize that Paleolithic
hunters from the mainland may have followed herds of
wild animals across these land bridges, later finding
their way to the Philippine Islands.
- During 3000 B.C., they
o Learned to produce adzes ornament of
seashells pottery
▪ Adz – woodworking tool: a tool
similar to an ax, with an arched
blasé set at right angles to the
handle; use for trimming and
shaping wood
- During 2000 B.C., they learned how to use:
o Porcelains
o Metal as their tools (metal age – 3rd century
B.C. to 11th century A.D.
- During iron age, Filipinos were
o Involved in ore mining such as copper, gold,
bronze, and iron
o Engaged into weaving, ship building, mining
and farming
▪ Finest products of engineering is the
BANAUE RICE TERRACES
o They built refined plank-built warship called
caracoa that is well suited for inter-island
trade
- Roman Ship
o designed for commerce or war featured
distinctive square sails
o Long banks of oars propelled the ships
swiftly through the water. Warships often had
additional protective coverings to shield the
crew from fire and missiles.
o Locales from Butuan- were trading with
Champa (Vietnam) from Ma-I (Mindoro)
with China
o Before the Spaniards came, Filipinos were
already aware of activities and practices
related to science and technology.
▪ learned the curative values of plants
and able to extract the medicine out
of it had an alphabet, counting
methods, weights and
▪ measuring system, calendar based
on the period of the moon
• Spanish Colonial Period
- Spaniards introduced formal education and scientific
institution
- Parish schools were established teaching religion,
reading and writing, arithmetic & music
- established colleges and universities, University of Sto.
Tomas – the oldest university in Asia
- Medicine was prioritized during the Spanish
colonization
- Spaniards’ contributions:
1. in the field of engineering by constructing:
a. government establishments
b. Churches
c. Roads
d. Bridges
e. forts
2. Biology was highlighted during this period.
3. Galleon trade made a big impact in the economic
growth of the Philippines.
- Spaniards gave priority to the galleon trade due to its
potential to make huge profits.
- Agriculture and industrial development were not given
focus and were neglected during this time.
- When Suez Canal was built, visiting each other
countries for Europeans and Filipinos was made
possible and was probably influenced by the rapid
development of scientific ideals brought by the Age of
Enlightenment.
• American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era
- During American period the progress of science and
technology has continued under their rule.
- The establishment of Bureau of Government
Laboratories was made in July 1, 1901 by the Philippine
commission.
- Purpose : To study the tropical diseases and
laboratory projects in the country
- BUREAU OF SCIENCE GOVERNMENT 1905
o Replaced the Bureau of Government
Laboratories
o Became the primary center of the country
- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE
PHILIPPINES
o Was established on December 08, 1933
o Science was inclined towards agriculture,
food processing, forestry, medicine and
pharmacy
- Institute of Science 1946 – replaced the Bureau of
Science
- In 1950, US Economic Survey reported the problems of
the Philippines:
1. Lack of basic information
2. No support
3. Minimal budget
4. Low compensation
- During the time of Carlos P. Garcia in 1958, the
Philippine Congress passed the bill entitled “ The
Science Act of 1958” which goal is to establish the
National Science Development Board.”
• Marcos Era
- Science was given importance
- As amended in 1973 in the Philippine Constitution in
terms of national development, priority shall be given
in advancement of science and technology
- In his SONA, Marcos declared that there is a need for
science in public school and with the help of
Department of Education in partnership with the
National Science Development Board.
- Aim: TO PROVIDE SCIENCE-TEACHING
EQUIPMENT FOR THE PERIOD OF FOUR (4)
YEARS
- In 1968, Technology was recognized as the top reason
in economic development.
- Extra funds was given to support projects in applied
science and science education.
- In 1969, large amount of war damage fund was allotted
to private universities to encourage them to create
courses on science curriculum. teaching equipment
- Teaching equipment is crucial to the science
development program.
- Marcos declared Presidential Decree No. 49, series of
1972 as a support for promoting the scientific research
and invention.
- establishment of PAGASA which function is to give
environmental protection and to utilize scientific
knowledge to ensure the safety of the nation.
- Establishment of the National Academy of Science and
Technology in 1976 to have scientists who are experts
in science and technology.
- In 1986, Marcos established campuses of Philippine
Science High School in Visayas and Mindanao to
 encourage the youth in these areas to choose a career in
science and technology.
- AIM: TO TAP THE POTENTIAL STUDENTS ON
THE SAID AREAS.
- Purpose: To give incentives and rewards to people who
made an impact and was influential in the field of
Science and Technology
- JOSEPH ESTRADA was the president
o Internet age was pushed for the advancement
of schools and industry.
- GLORIA M. ARROYO was the president
- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REACHED ITS
GOLDEN AGE.
• Darwinian Revolution
• Fifth Republic
- CORAZON C. AQUINO was the president
o She replaced National Science and
Technology with Department of Science and
Technology, giving science and technology a
seat in the cabinet
- FIDEL RAMOS was the president
o Republic Act No. 8439 in 1997 was
approved, entitled “Magna Carta for Science
and Technology”
o RA 9367 – the “biofuels” act; it promotes the
development and usage of biofuels
throughout the country
- BENIGNO AQUINO was the president
o Four scientists were given honor for giving
huge contributions in the scientific field that
geared towards the advancement of science
and technology of the country.
STS 4: THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE 17TH CENTURY
• Paradigm shift
o Radical Change: a radical change in somebody’s
basic assumptions about or approach to something.
• The Age of Enlightenment
o During the period in Europe in the 18th century many
writers and thinkers began to question established
beliefs.
• Copernican Revolution
▪ Fact: The earth is not the center of the solar
system, a result of science revolution
▪ Mathematics was the common tool used by
ancient astronomers to explain the motion of
celestial bodies
o Remarkable contributions of ancient astronomers to
the development from geocentric to heliocentric
model of the universe
1. Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C., Greek) – proved that
the earth is spherical Earth was at the center of the
universe – sun, planets, and stars were located in
sphere that revolved around the earth.
2. Aristarchus (310 – 230 B.C., Greek) – the first to
propose the idea that the sun was the center of the
universe.
3. Hipparchus (190 – 120 B.C., Greek) – considered
to be the greatest astronomers of ancient times.
a. Measured earth’s distance to the moon
b. Discovered the wobbling of the earth
4. Claudius Ptolemy (85 – 165 A.D., Greek) – used
Hipparchus observations to develop the Ptolemaic
System which describes the earth as the center of
the universe with the sun, moon, planets and stars
revolving around it in a circular orbit.
5. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543, Polish) –
concluded that the sun and not the earth is the
center of the universe.
6. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642, Italian) – supported
Copernican model of the universe.
7. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630, German)
formulated the Three Laws of Planetary Motion
1. Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) – biologist
famously known for his works on evolution and
the process of natural selection.
2. Adam Sedgwick & John Henslow – help brought
back Darwin’s interest to biology & geology
3. Lamarck’s three biological laws: rejected by
Darwin
o Three Biological Laws
▪ environmental influence on organ
development
▪ change in body structure based on use and
disuse of parts, and
▪ the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
o Darwin’s faith was altered after five-year mapping
expedition with the British Army in 1831 headed by
Vice-Admiral Robert Fitzroy(1805- 1865) of the
ship named H.M.S. Beagle.
o Observations made by Darwin – laid the foundation
to develop his theory of evolution and natural
selection
1. on diversity of organisms, fossils
2. comparison to South American organisms
3. comparison among the organisms in Galapagos
Islands
4. adaptation
o GALAPAGOS ISLANDS
▪ It is in the Pacific Ocean are a province of
Ecuador
▪ were created by volcanic activity and feature
high inland craters
o WILDLIFE AT GALAPAGOS ISLANDS
▪ Finch - British scientist Charles Darwin’s
studies of finches in the Galápagos Islands
laid the groundwork for his theory of natural
selection.
▪ His finding that each island was home to a
similar yet distinct species of finch helped
convince him of the gradual nature of
evolution
o EVOLUTION
▪ Occurs by means of natural selection
▪ Reasons why NATURAL SELECTION
might occur:
• OVERPRODUCTION AND
VARIATION - Some species produce
many offspring but not all will
survive; It means that not all of the
offspring do not have the
characteristics to survive in the
environment.
• COMPETITION AND SELECTION
– may or may not be direct but the idea
is always on the survival of organism.
 o Survivors reproduce and
transfer their characteristics to
their offspring
• ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE - The
organism will change to adapt to the
environment.
• Freudian Revolution
o Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) explained how
human mind works and cure its mild mental illness
(Psychoanalysis)
o Main goal: To make unconscious conscious
o He developed:
1. topographical model of the mind
2. Structural model of the mind
o TOPOGRAPHICAL MODEL OF THE MIND
▪ Three Regions of the Mind:
1. Conscious Mind - consist of thoughts
that focus on the present state of the
mind.
2. Preconscious mind – consists of what
can be retrieved from the memory
3. Subconscious mind – consists of
primitive desires, wishes or impulse
which is mediated by the preconscious
mind.
o FREUD compares the mind to an iceberg
▪ Antarctic Iceberg
• Are free-floating chunks of glaciers,
particularly common in the polar
regions.
• these ice formations pose a twofold
problem for navigators: Icebergs may
be 90 percent bigger than they appear
from the surface, and it is impossible
to map their presence because they are
constantly moving
▪ The tip above the water represents
consciousness, and the vast region below the
surface symbolizes the unconscious mind
▪ Of Freud’s three basic personality
structures—id, ego, and superego—only the
id is totally unconscious.
o Structural Model of the Mind
▪ Division of the Preconscious Mind
• Ego – drives a socially acceptable way
to satisfy the conscious and
unconscious mind.
• Id- comprises Eros, the life or survival
instinct of man or destructive instinct
of man.
• Super-ego – the part of the mind that
acts as a conscience to the ego,
developing moral standards and rules
through contact with parents and
society
• INFORMATION AGE (1970 – PRESENT)
- COMMUNICATION one of the most important tools in
understanding society.
- the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or
behaviors to express or exchange information or to
express ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else.
- Alberts & Papp – divided information revolution into
three.
1. First Modern Information Revolution
o invention of telegraph by Samuel Morse
Alexander Graham Bell –patented the first
telephone.
o Guglielmo Marconi – proved the feasibility
of radio communications, i.e. sending and
receiving of radio signal
2. Second Modern Information Revolution
o Early generation computers were made
available to everyone.
o Early generation computers were made
available to everyone.
o Early generation computers were made
available to everyone.
o Early generation computers were made
available to everyone.
3. THIRD Modern Information Revolution
o Knowledge Revolution- about the
development of communication-related
technologies that improved society.
• MESOAMERICA PERIOD (1200 B.C., - 3rd
CENTURY A.D.)
- Mesoamerica comes the Greek word mesos meaning
“in the middle”
- Different Periods of Civilization:
1. OLMECS(1500 B.C.-400B.C.)
o The top of the society are priests and nobles
who lived in ceremonial centers.
o Normal people are living in farming villages
around the elites.
o Carved Colossal heads from volcanic rocks
as portraits of rulers
▪ Olmec Stone Carving - Carved from
stone quarried in the far-away
Tuxtla Mountains, this giant male
head is characteristic of the Olmec
work found at the ancient city of La
Venta in Tabasco State, Mexico. The
Olmecs, who inhabited
Mesoamerica between 1500 and
600 bc, were the first in the region
to use stone for sculpture and
architecture.
▪ Olmec Altar Relief, Villahermosa -
The image carved in relief on this
ancient Olmec stone altar shows a
man carrying a child in his arms.
The altar is now in an open-air
museum—Parque de la Venta—in
Villahermosa, Mexico, devoted to
Olmec sculpture. The Olmec
developed one of the earliest major
civilizations in Mesoamerica.
▪ Olmec Figure - noted especially for
its colossal stone sculptures,
especially of human heads. This
statue of a male figure wearing a
cape, belt, and elaborate headdress
is known as the Governor.
Discovered at La Venta, a major
Olmec center on the Gulf of
Mexico, it is now displayed at an
open-air museum in Villahermosa,
Mexico.
o Invented calendar and carved hieroglyphic
writing into stone.
o The mother culture of Mesoamerica
2. MAYANS(300 B.C. - 900A.D.
o Developed methods of farming such as
shifting agriculture and raised bed farming.
▪ Organized into city-state without
political unity but bounded
economically.
 o Developed numbering system including ▪ In 1166, Al Idrisi produced very
place value and the concept of zero. accurate maps including a world
o Developed hieroglyphic(picture writing map that has continents, mountains,
system: a writing system that uses symbols or rivers and famous cities.
pictures to denote objects, concepts, or ▪ Al-Muqdishi, a geographer,
sounds, originally and especially in the produced an accurate colored map.
writing system of ancient Egypt (takes a o Medical Contributions
singular verb) ▪ Arabs made use of cadaver to study
▪ form of writing that were used for and understand its anatomy and
recording astronomical physiology.
observations, rituals and religious ▪ Abu –Ali al-Husayn ibn-Abdallah
matter but was burnt during the Ibn-Sina or Avicenna(ca.970-1037)
invasion of Spanish conquerors. – wrote an encyclopedia of medical
o Developed a solar calendar with 365 days and knowledge
ritual calendar with 260 days. • was translated into Latin and was used as a textbook
3. AZTECS (12th – 15th CENTURY) in Europe up to 17th century.
o Built chinampas or “floating gardens” to ▪ Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn
plant crops Zakariyya al-Razi(854-925 CE)
▪ Aztec Chinampas spearheaded the construction of the
To produce enough food to support Islamic Bimaristans (hospital)
their population, the Aztec
constructed chinampas, or raised
garden beds, in swampland and AFRICAN REVOLUTION
shallow water. The Aztec capital of - Remarkable Contributions of Africans
Tenochtitlán was built on an island - Africans made use of the first method of counting
in the middle of Lake Texcoco - The modern concepts of mathematics that is globally
(which later dried up and is now the accepted and used today in high schools was first
site of Mexico City), limiting the developed in Africa.
amount of available dry farmland. - Used advanced techniques for furnace that made it fuel
This 16th-century painting depicts
efficient which was 200 to 4000 C hotter compared to
farmers making a chinampa by
16000C furnace used by the Romans.
laying cut sod on top of a frame of
- Created the building of Zimbabwe and the 11
wood and reeds.
interconnected rock-hewn churches of Lalibela in
o Built empire which has a ruler with his
Ethiopia which are considered as wonders of the world.
council consisting of nobles, priest, and
- Observations on Sirius A and B by Dogon people
military leaders.
o Sirius – the brightest star in the sky
o Developed a solar calendar with 365 days and
- Cushitic people used their knowledge of stars and
ritual calendar with 260 days.
constellations to calculate and establish an accurate
o Believed that illness is a punishment from
calendar.
gods but still uses herbs and medicine for
- Pioneered the installation of false teeth, filling of dental
treatment.
cavities, broken bone setting, bone traction,
4. Middle EAst (17th Century
vaccination, brain surgery, skin grafting, and autopsy.
o Middle East –a geographic location that
- Pioneer – the first person to do something
extends from Egypt to Afghanistan where
o Teeth with Dental Caries
Islam arose.
o The term dental caries refers to the
o Islam is a religion of right actions, rules, and
destruction, or necrosis, of teeth usually by
laws that began in the 17th century.
bacterial action resulting in a condition
▪ follows the teachings of
commonly known as tooth decay. Cavities
Muhammad
have been filled on the rear teeth to prevent
▪ Muhammad – was believed by
further tooth damage.
Muslims as the messenger of God.
- Made use of plants like the bark of the
▪ Islam – is an Arabic word meaning
- Salix capensis as a source of aspirin, Kaopectate as
“submission to God”
source of treating diarrhea and
o Islamic Rules are symbolized by five
- Rauwolfia vomitoria as source of reserpine for
obligatory acts or the five pillars of Islam.
hypertension and snakebite.
1. Witness (Shahada)
- Built boats in varying sizes with the largest that can
2. Worship (Salat)
carry a load of 80 tons.
3. Fasting ( Sawm)
4. Tithing ( Zakat)
5. Pilgrimage (Haji)
o Qur’an – holy book of Islam
o Islam as a religion plays an important role in
Arab ways of living and in advancement of
science.
o Contribution to Geography\
▪ Salat prayers require knowledge in
geography to know the direction of
the Qublah, i.e., the direction that
should be faced when Muslims pray.

STS 5
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION
BUILDING
- Historical development in science and its application
showed the rapid pace of changes.
- In the beginning of the 20th century, the progress has
been closely linked with technological advancement.
- Development is always associated with technology and
technology happens when there is advancement in
science.’
- Development is required in every individual to every
nation in all aspects.
- It is a requirement that science and technology goes
hand and hand to make development happen and nation
building possible.
- Difficult questions on how to use science and
technology most effectively for addressing not only the
human but the society, have been introduced.
The Concept of Nation Building
- Nation is a group or race of people who shared history,
traditions, and culture, sometimes religion and usually
language
- Generally, people of a specific nation share a common
national identity.
1. Race or ethnicity
2. Loyalty to a set of political ideas and
institutions
3. The linkage of citizenship or nationality
- State is more properly the governmental apparatus by
which a nation rules itself. (Fagoyinbo, 2013 p. 411)
- Aspects to consider in achieving a strong nation
according to Prof. Gambari(2008)
1. building a political entity (territory,
rules, norms, principles and common
citizenship)
2. building institutions (symbolizes
political entity bureaucracy, an economy,
the judiciary, universities, a civil service,
and civil society organizations)
3. building a common sense of purpose, a
sense of shared destiny, a collective
imagination of belonging
Aim of a Welfare-Centered Development
Adress the basic needs of the people to be free from:
1. Poverty
2. Inequality
3. Unemployment
4. Competing for resources and power either internally
or in the international system
Development in Relation to Nation Building
1. Improvement of humankind or social engineering
of emerging national societies (McMichael)
2. Decision processes and decision outcome
(Reisman 2008)
- Important distinguishing feature of development
1. Changes
2. Dynamism in the Society
- Reisman (2008) explained that:
o Development – implies specific scope values
with to which strategies for securing selective
changes are inverted and against which
change-flows in decision structures and in the
production and distribution of values are
constantly evaluated.
o from a policy-oriented perspective, not all
change is development; changes
incompatible with human dignity can be
characterized as retrogressions or as “dis
developmental”
o Key Drivers of Development
▪ Science
▪ Technology
o Key Elements – are reinforced through
technological and scientific insurgencies
▪ Health
▪ Education
▪ Infrastructure
o development in science and technology
greatly affects the:
▪ Conditions of People - their way to
live, connect, communicate and
transact, with profound effects on
economic development
▪ It is imperative that every state
should invest in equipping their
people towards as emerging national
society.
o Essential Instrument in Building a Nation
▪ Promoting scientific and
technological advances
▪ On the other hand: The rise of
science and technology could be
the fall of other related aspects for
it could be a potential contributor to
the dehumanization of man and to
the degradation of his environment.
Science and Technology in Nation Building: Global
Perspective
- On the other hand: The rise of science and technology
could be the fall of other related aspects for it could be
a potential contributor to the dehumanization of man
and to the degradation of his environment.
- What are being offered by the introduction of modern
gadgets?
o Convenience
o Simplicity
o Easiness in everyday living
- The absence of modern equipment, in all sectors and
or any other field, the advancement and benefits that
being experienced today would not have been
possible. (Pujari,2016)
- In a global perspective, moving on with the flow of
modernity determines the nation’s capability to sustain
its people lives.
o This is the influence of science and
technology for the development of a
nation.
Basis For Categorizing Countries
1. Economy
2. Application of science and technology
a. Countries that have a strong base in science
and technology are the ones that developed
faster.
ECONOMIC SITUATION
• Development – measured by increases in Gross
National Product (GNP) and or the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP)
• Global Economic Situation – basis for determining the
classification of countries
• UN/DESA, UNCTAD, Five (5) United Nations
Regional Commissions, ESCAP – launched the WESP
o UN/DESA – United Nations Department of
Economic and Social Affirs
o UNCTAD – United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development
o ESCAP – Economic and Social Commission
for Asia Pacific
o WESP – World Economic Situation and
Prospects
▪ Provides annual reports on world
economic trends in different
dimensions
▪ Serves as basis for classifying
countries around the world as to:
1. Developed economies.
2. Economies in transition;
and
3. Developing economies
o Many nations continuously strive to attain the
“developed” category which motivates them
to strengthen their own economic
dimensions.
o WESP report 2018 stated that an “improved
global economic situation” offer the best
chance for countries to address “longer-term
issues” which hinders development.
▪ Low carbon economic growth
▪ Reducing inequalities
▪ Economic diversification and
eliminating deep-rooted barriers.
(United Nations, 2018)
o Major developed economies:
▪ Canada
▪ Japan
▪ France
▪ Germany
▪ Italy
▪ United Kingdom
▪ United States
o Developing Countries
▪ Africa
▪ Asia
▪ Latin America
▪ Caribbean
• Prince Edward Island's Shore
o Prince Edward Island, bordered by the Gulf
of Saint Lawrence and the Northumberland
Strait, was claimed for France by explorer
Jacques Cartier during a voyage across the
Atlantic in 1534. The island was settled by
Europeans soon afterward. Despite the
maritime setting, agriculture developed as the
island's economic focus. Heavy reliance on
potato crops led to its nickname, Spud Island.
• Canada's Golden Waves of Grain
o A large portion of southern Saskatchewan is
covered with wheat fields, such as this one in
the Qu’Appelle river valley east of Regina.
Saskatchewan contributes about half of
Canada's total production of wheat, and it is
the province's leading agricultural product.
Other sources of farm income in the area
include beef and dairy cattle, hogs, barley,
canola, flaxseed, hay, and mustard seed.
• Osaka, Japan
o Two women walk along the landscaped banks
of a canal in Ōsaka, Japan. Ōsaka, on
southern Honshū Island, is a major port and a
center for finance and transportation. It has
been nicknamed the Venice of Japan because
of its numerous canals and rivers.
• Tokyo, Japan
o Mount Fuji rises behind the skyline of Tokyo,
the capital and largest city of Japan. Tokyo
serves as Japan’s financial, industrial,
commercial, educational, and cultural center.
It is the most populated metropolitan area in
the world.
• Pont du Gard-France
o Not far from the southern French city of
Nîmes, the three-tiered Pont du Gard spans
the Gard, a river. The Roman aqueduct, built
in 19 bc, was part of a 60-kilometer-long (37-
mile-long) network that carried water from
nearby mountains to Nîmes. Having survived
more than 2,000 years, the Pont du Gard still
towers over the river.
• Walled City of Carcassonne
o Walls surrounding the ancient French city of
Carcassonne, known as the Cité, have helped
preserve one of the most beautiful European
fortifications. Some towers and ramparts date
from the 5th century, when Visigoths overran
what was then a Roman settlement. The
newer business district, Ville Basse, spreads
at the base.
• Wertheim Germany
o The town of Wertheim sits at the confluence
of the Tauber and Main rivers near Frankfurt,
Germany. Many of the buildings date from
the 12th and 13th centuries. A well-
established glass industry and beautiful
medieval buildings attract many tourists to
the area.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION
- Certain criteria must be considered in evaluating the
competency of a country in science.
- Parameters involving management of scientific
knowledge and implementation of this knowledge are
given focus.
- Scientific American is an American magazine.
o published its Global Science Scoreboard
which serves as the basis for ranking the
performances of various countries in the field
of science.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE
ADVANCEMENT OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
- Science and technology plays important role in social
and economic progress.
- Benchmarking and learning best practices from
developed nations to eventually produce localized
science and technology programs is the importance
realized by developing countries.
- Former Senator Edgardo J. Angara
 o stressed that “investments on research and
development (R&D) and education”, related
to the “emerging trends” in various field of
applied sciences, evidently considers “
Science and Technology Innovation(STI) as a
driving force behind the success of the Asian
neighboring countries”.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE ECONOMIC
SUCCESSES OF THE ASIA COUNTRIES
1. government investment in public goods and services
such as roads, clean water, health and education
2. Support for small and medium-scale enterprises
3. Support for higher education institutions, science and
engineering sectors, and industry and trade
associations
4. Inter-institutional linkages between universities,
industries, government agencies and non-government
organizations
5. Good governance
- It is recognized that nations and communities who aim
for a good standing in the world economy must either
possess or seek to acquire a home-grown, self-
generating capability in science and technology.
SCIENCE AND TEHCNOLOGY IN PHILIPPINE
NATION BUILDING
- Philippines is one of the developing countries that is
continuously addressing the persistent problems of
inequality and poverty.
- How the Philippines responds to these challenges will
determine whether the country will experience rapid,
inclusive, and sustained growth and development.
The Declaration in the 1987 Constitution, Article XIV
Acknowledges the Significant Role of Science and
Technology
• Section 10.
o Science and technology are essential for
national development and progress. The state
shall give priority to (1.) research and
development, inventions, innovations, and
their utilization; and to (2.)science and
technology and self-reliant scientific and
technological capabilities, and (3) their
application to the country’s productive
systems and national life.
• Section 11.
o The congress may provide their incentives,
including tax deductions, to encourage
private participation in programs of basic and
applied scientific research. Scholarships,
grants-in-aid, or other forms of incentives
shall be provided to deserving science
students, researchers, scientists, inventors,
technologists, and specially gifted citizens.
• Section 12.
o The state shall regulate the transfer and
promote the adaptation of technology from
all sources for the national benefit. It shall
encourage the widest participation of private
groups, local governments, and community-
based organizations in the generation
utilization of science and technology.
• Section 13.
o The state shall protect and secure the
exclusive rights of scientists, inventors,
artists, and other gifted citizens to their
intellectual property and creations,
particularly when beneficial to the people, for
such period as may be provided by law.
o This mandate necessitates the assurance of
implementing efforts in utilizing science and
technology as a tool for advancing the
capability and capacity of the nation for the
welfare and condition of its people.
o The Philippine government agencies play
significant role, in sustaining and promoting
science and technology for the progress of the
country.
THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
- The primary science and technology body in the
country responsible for:
o Providing central direction, leadership and
coordination of all scientific and
technological activities and
o Of formulating policies, programs and
projects to support national development
- Composition of DOST
o Sectoral planning councils
o Research and development institutes
o S&T service institutes
o Collegial bodies
o Regional Offices
o Provincial S&T centers
CONGRESSIONAL COMMISSION OF SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERING
- The advisory and policy body
- AIM: strengthen the linkage with all sectors related to
science and technology in pursuit of its objectives.
Department of Trade & Industry
- responsible for implementing industry-focused policies
and with DOST co-funds programs(with DOST as the
coordinating agent).
Commission on Higher Education
- responsible for form, plans and program for the
development of higher education system in the country.
- has been mandated to promote quality education;
- ensures the implementation of educational policies
relevant to continuous advancement of learning.
National Economic and Development Authority
- a government agency responsible to formulate plans
and ensure that plan implementation achieves the goals
of national development.
- the country’s premier socioeconomic planning body –
an authority in macroeconomic forecasting and policy
analysis and research.
- provides high-level advice to policymakers in Congress
and the Executive Branch.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMPETITIVENESS
OF THE PHILIPPINES
- To determine the capability and competitiveness of a
country, the
World
Economic
Forum’s
 Global
Competitiveness
Report Indicators (WEFGCRI) include
12 pillars to be considered
- Pillars related to Science and Technology
1. Technological Readiness (9th Pillar) under
Efficiency Enhancers
2. Business Sophistication (11th Pillar)
3. Innovation (12th pillar) under Innovation and
Sophistication Factors
THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE AND
TEHCNOLOGY AGENDA
- Science and technology are the vital force for the
development of our nation.
- This benefit can be unfavorable by becoming the
potential contributor of dehumanization of man and to
the degradation of the environment.
- It requires major effort of promoting harmony to
balance the effects to the state.
THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
• Philippine Development Plan(PDP) – serves as the
blueprint of programs and administration’s plans for
progress.
• NEDA (2016) – launched the PDP 2017-2022
• AIM: To realize the collective vision of Filipinos over
the next 25 years
• PDP 2017 – 2022 – articulates that by 2040, the
Philippines is a prosperous middle-class society where
no one is poor.
• People
o Live long
o Heathy lives
o Smart and Innovative
• The country is a high-trust society where families
thrive in vibrant, culturally diverse, and resilient
communities.
• The long-term aim maybe too ideal for many since this
will not automatically transform our country into a
“developed country.”
• PDP OVERALL FRAMEWORK:
• Global transformation- will require long time frame
and more tedious process and would , therefore, play
a minimal effect in the national development.
o Reason: Transformation is a gradual process
undertaken through holistic strategies for
national development.
THREE MAIN PILLARS FROM WHICH PDP 2017 –
2022 IS FOUNDED (Leyco, 2018)
• Malasakit - regain people’s trust in public institutions
and cultivate trust among fellow Filipinos.
• Pagbabago - inequality-reducing transformation
through increasing opportunities for growth of output
and income.
• Patuloy na Pag-unlad – increasing potential growth
through sustaining and accelerating economic growth.
THE PHILIPPINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AGENDA
How should the S&T agenda be directed towards attaining
national development goals and objectives?
The major efforts in science and technology shall be pursued
and firmly done to attain the transformation aimed by the
country. Borbon, et al.(2000)
Specific peculiarities which shall be considered in generation
and development of local science and technology capabilities
designed for particular national conditions
• Peculiarity – individual characteristics
o a well-defined national science and
technology plan and its relation to global
socioeconomic development strategies
o science and technology interaction with the
nation’s sociopolitical, economic,
educational and cultural aspects
o development of institutional science and
technology infrastructure
o local generation of science and technology
capacity
o resource availability of science and
technology
o DOST ensures the policies efforts, and plans
include in the S&T agenda is closely linked
to the national development plan.
HARMONIZED NATIONAL R&D AGENDA (HNRDA)
2017-2022
- Was prepared by DOST
- ensures that results of science and technology
endeavors are geared towards and are utilized in areas
of maximum economic and social benefit for the people
- founded on the three pillars of development which
aligned with the AmBisyon Natin 2040
- HNRDA is divided into five sectors:
1. NIBRA – National Integrated Basic
Research Agenda
2. Health
3. AANR – Agriculture, Aquatic and
Natural Resources
4. Industry, Energy, and Emerging
Technology
5. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate
Change Adaptation (DRR CCA)
ISSUE-BASED NIBRA PROGRAM
1. Water Security – TUBIG Program (Tubig ay Buhayin
at Ingatan)
2. Food and Nutrition Security – SAPAt ProGram
(Saganang Pagkain Para sa Lahat)
3. Health Sufficiency – LIKAS Program (Likas Yaman
sa Kalusugan)
4. Clean Energy – ALERT Program (Alternative Energy
Research Trends)
5. Sustainable Community – SAKLAW Program
(Saklolo sa Lawa)
6. Inclusive Nation-Building – ATIN Program (AngTinig
Natin)
MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND
PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE AND Technology IN THE
PHILIPPINES
- Considering several weaknesses in terms of S&T
competitiveness, the PDP 2017-2040 emphasizes
strategies that shall be pursued to help raise the S&T
related pillars of the country.
- “8-point action agenda”-better promote and support
Science and Technology and Innovation
- The strategy is relevant in the Philippine’s policy
system, and were hoped to be sustained with
commitment and better integration into national
policies.
1. Science-based know-how and tools that
enable the agriculture sector to raise
productivity to world-class standard.
2. Innovative, cost-effective and appropriate
technologies that enable MSMEs to develop
and produce competitive products that meet
world-class standards.
3. State-of-the-art facilities and capabilities that
enable local industries to move up the value
chain and attain global competitiveness.
4. Idea of the Philippines as a global leader in
Information Technology- Business Process
Management Services generating direct
employment of 1.3M
5. ICT-based transformation of governance
broadening access to government services for
those in the countryside
6. Improved quality healthcare and quality life
thru science, technology and innovation
7. Highly skilled and globally competitive S&T
human resources in support of the national
S&T programs.
8. Science-based weather information and
climate change scenarios with associated
impact assessments that enable concerned
agencies to develop appropriate mitigation
strategies for a disaster and climate change
resilient Philippines.
DOST PROGRAMS AND OTHER RELATED
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
• Research and Development
• Science and Technology development
• Agriculture development
• Health
• Human resource development
• Nutrition environment sustainability
• Disaster preparedness and hazard mitigation
THE PHILIPPINE SCIENCE AND TEHCNOLOGY
HUMAN RESOURCES
National Scientists
• Angel C. Alcala, Ph.D
o He was recognized for his research on the
ecology and diversity of Philippine
amphibians and reptiles, as well as marine
biodiversity and conservation of marine-
protected areas. His work has led to a national
policy on marine no-take zones or protective
areas, which has become a model of coastal
resource management that has been adopted
by other countries.”
• Ramon C. Barba, Ph.D.
o “He was recognized for his achievements in
the field of plant physiology, especially the
induction of flowering of mango and micro
propagation or the rapid multiplying of stock
plant of important crop species”.
• Edgardo D. Gomez
o “He is most known for his research and
conservation efforts in invertebrate biology
and ecology. He was pivotal in the world’s
first national-scale assessment of damage to
coral reefs, resulting in international
conservation initiatives such as Global reefs
and Risk Analysis, Global Coral Reef
Monitoring Network and the International
Coral Reef Action.”(para. 20)
• Gavino C. Trono Jr.
o “He was cited for his outstanding
contributions in the field of tropical marine
phycology, focusing on seaweed biodiversity.
He published extensive studies on the culture
of seaweed species that benefited the
livelihood of coastal populations and was the
first to report the occurrence of “ice-ice”
disease that affected many seaweed
farms.’(para.25)
• Emil Q. Javier, Ph.D.
o Dr. Emil Q. Javier for having been named
National Scientist of the Philippines by virtue
of Proclamation No. 781 signed by President
Rodrigo R. Duterte on August 2, 2019.
o “The work of Emil Q. Javier, Ph.D., in the
field of agriculture, through spearheading the
Institute of Plant Breeding, which
popularized high-yielding crops and disease-
resistant varieties in the country and in Asia,
evinces his outstanding contributions to the
progress of science and technology in the
Philippines and the world,” the Proclamation
cited.
• 2014 – National Scientists
1. Angel C. Alcala, Ph.D.
2. Ramon C. Barba, Ph.D
3. Edgardo D. Gomez, Ph.D
4. Gavino C. Trono Jr., Ph. D.
• 2019 – National Scientists
1. Emil Q. Javier, Ph.D.
SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Advancement is –
1. Acquiring advanced facilities and technology
2. Acquisition and enhancement of knowledge and skills
– essential in meeting the demands of the highly
competitive and scientific-based society
Common concern in the Philippines:
1. Science and technology-based economy
2. Knowledge-based economy
- Living in such an environment requires expectations
and skills to survive.
- The Philippine government exert efforts to improve
quality education – is always been part of its plan of
action
- The Department of Education, through the National
Education for All Committee (NEC), engaged in
benchmarking strategy with the Southeast Asian
 Ministers of Education Organization Regional Center
for Educational Innovation and Technology
(SEAMEOINNOTECH)
- This is to secure affirmation of basic education
reforms(curriculum structures and contents) towards
meeting the demands of 21st century.
SCIENCE EDUCATION CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK
AEROGAS CATALYTIC COMBUSTOR by Engr. Marino
C. Martinez
Aerogas Catalytic Combustor (ACC): anti-pollution, eco-
friendly Filipino invention
- Aerogas Catalytic Combustor (ACC) is an anti-
pollution, fuel saver and power booster engine device.
It has practical application on all types of internal
combustion engines like engines of Jeeps, Cars, Trucks,
Ships and Motorcycles and even Gas Fired Power
Plants at a very economical cost. It was invented by
Engr. Marino C. Martinez, a chemical engineer.
- solutions for problems that may come.
SALT LAMP by Aisa Mijeno
- A lamp that runs on water
- Invented by Aisa Mijeno
- An environment – friendly lamp that run with just two
table spoons of salt and one glass of tap water
- SALt (Sustainable Alternative Lighting) lamp is to
change the habit of Filipinos living in remote
communities of using kerosene lamps and candles.
SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE by Atoy Llave
- It can travel both on land and in water
STS 6: THE HUMAN PERSON FLOURISHING IN TERMS OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• Technology – a means to an end and being that is a
human activity
• Aristotle followed that knowledge of the world begins
by looking and examining that which exists.
PHILOSOPHIES OF TECHNOLOGY
1. Aristotelianism – views technology as basically a
means to an end
o To Aristotle, technology is the organizing of
techniques in order to meet the demand that
is being posed by humans.
o Technology is primarily concerned with the
product.
2. Technological Pessimism – is extremely supported by
Jacques Ellul (1912 – 1994)
o Technology has become a way of life.
o Technique has become a framework which
humans cannot escape.
o Ellul’s pessimistic arguments:
▪ Technological progress has a price
▪ Technological progress creates
more problems
▪ Technological progress creates
damaging effects
▪ Technological progress creates
unpredictable devastating effects
o Although Ellul has strongly spoken of his
arguments, they are still found to be weak and
not true at all times. Like when he said that
technological progress can create more
problems than it solves, he seems to have
underestimated the objective decision a
technician and other technological agencies
make regarding the technology where they
weigh the good and bad effect it can have in
the society.
o Technological pessimism holds that although
technology is progressive and beneficial in
many ways, it is also doubtful in many ways.
o Technology is beneficial in many ways but
can also be harmful in many ways.
TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIMISM
- This view is strongly supported by technologists and
engineers and also by ordinary people who believe that
technology can alleviate all the difficulties and provide
- It holds that even though technological problems may
arise, technology will still be the solution to it.
- The extreme version of this philosophy is technocratism
which holds technology as the supreme authority on
everything.
- Technology optimism believes that technology is the
answer to all man’s problems.
EXISTENTIALISM
- The main concern of this view is the existence or the
mode of being of someone or something which is
governed by the norm of or being and is always faced
with the selection .
- This view investigates the meaning of existence or
being and is always faced with the selection the existent
must make with which the existent will commit himself
to.
- Martin Heidegger – most known supporter of
existentialism
o He did not stop at defining what technology
is but has dealt with its essence
o To him, the real essence of technology lies in
enframing
o ENFRAMING - the gathering of the setting
upon which challenges man to bring the
concealed to unconcealment and this is a
continuous revealing.
▪ Conceal – hide person or thing or
cover
▪ Unconceal – uncover
▪ Technology is a way of revealing
o Two definitions of technology examined by
Martin Heidegger, Technology is a:
▪ Means to an end and a
▪ Human activity
 o Evaluation:
1. Confusing and there are questions to it
that are overlooked
2. Cannot be separated from each other
3. Instrumental and anthropological
definition or the means by which the
human ends are realized
4. Misleading one because it limits our
thinking
THE INSTRUMENTAL DEFINITION OF
TECHNOLOGY
- It does not show the true essence of technology.
- Technology is geared towards meeting a human need,
still there is a difference between the older handicraft
technologies with modern technology.
o Ex. A saw mill on a secluded valley of the
Black Forest is primitive compared with the
hydroelectric plant on the Rhine River
- He argued that “technology is by no means
technological” and should not be seen as merely
neutral.
- The problem begins when human see it only as a means
to an end and disregard the fact that there is a good
technology and a bad technology.
- Aristotle’s Four Causes (Silver Chalice is used by
Heidegger to Illustrate them.)
1. Causa Materialis or the Material Cause – the
material by which the silver chalice was made of:
silver
2. Causa Formalis or the Formal Cause – the form or
the shape that gave the silver chalice its image.
3. Causa Finalis or the Final Cause – purpose or the
primary use by which the silver chalice was made
for: to be used during the Holy Communion as a
vessel for the wine that represents the blood of
Christ.
4. Cause Efficiens or the Efficient Cause – the agent
that has caused for the silver chalice to come about:
the silversmith
- The four causes are all responsible for the bringing forth
of the silver chalice.
- This bringing forth of something is termed as poiesis –
is characterized by an external force
- Physis – something that came without any external
force, like a flower blooming in the field or a tree
bearing its fruit
- The flower blossomed and the tree bore fruit even
without external help
STS 07 – HUMAN FLOURISHING
HUMAN BEING
- Biologists describe human as having the quality of
living organisms which indicates that human being is a
complex matter capable of performing life-sustaining
processes.
- As the highest form of living organisms, it is said to
have characteristics which cannot be understood
through science alone.
- According to Magnus Enquist, head of the Centre for
the Study of Cultural Evolution at Stockholm
University,
o humans have evolved a superior capacity to
deal with sequential information. He suggests
that this can be an important piece of the
puzzle to understand differences between
humans and other animals.
- Other characteristics that human being possesses are
full-blown language capacity and reasoning and
planning abilities. Scientists and researchers find
difficulty in identifying specific mental capabilities.
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN FLOURISHING
Science and Technology – must be examined for their greater
impact on humanity as a whole.
Human Flourishing in Science and Technology
- Human being is given with innate abilities and
characteristics which enable him to sustain his function
and to survive in the given environment. In the very
center of being is “unexplainable thirst” which long for
happiness, serenity, and fulfillment. Man’s great
longing in life can only be satisfied once fulfilled.
Different Views About Man’s Unlimited Desire for Living by
Selected Philosophers
a. On Aristotle Viewpoint
o Aristotle introduced the “science of
happiness”. He said that the ultimate purpose
of human existence is to pursue “that which
is always desirable in itself and never for the
sake of something else.” What separates man
from animal is rational capacity. (Pursuit of
Happiness, 2018) This is Aristotle’s
argument -human’s unique function is to
reason…pleasure alone cannot result in
happiness because animals are driven by the
pursuit of pleasure and man has greater
capacity than animals.
o He introduced the term eudaimonia which
simply mean “activity expressing virtue” or
what Aristotle conceived as happiness.
o Aristotle’s theory of happiness was as
follows: “The function of man is to live a
certain kind of life, and this activity implies a
rational principle, and the function of a good
man is the good and noble performance of
these, and if any action is well performed it is
performed in accord with the appropriate
excellence: if this is the case, then happiness
turns out to be an activity of the soul in
accordance with virtue” (Aristotle, 2004).
b. On Epicurus’s Viewpoint
o Epicurus (341-270BC), a Greek philosopher
who was one of the great minds to focus on
the concept of happiness. He agreed with
other philosophers about happiness being our
ultimate human pursuit but he had different
proposal about the sources of happiness. For
him, pleasure could be obtained through the
following:
o Epicurean Sources of Happiness:
 ▪ Knowledge smarter than human intelligence conserves the
▪ Friendship functionality of human nature? Does mining support the
▪ Community nation’s economic development and labor employment
▪ Living a virtuous life or degradation of environment and human rights
▪ Living a temperate life infringement? The progress and the desire of human to
▪ Moderation in all things flourish are inevitable.
▪ Abstaining from bodily desires
o Epicurus' perspective and teaching has been
referred to as "serene hedonism." The term
hedonism refers to the notion that pleasure is
the most important pursuit of mankind and
the source of all that is good.
o
c. On Nietzsche’s Viewpoint
o Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was a
German philosopher and cultural critic who
became famous for uncompromising
criticisms of traditional European morality
and religion, as well as a conventional
philosophical ideas and social and political
pieties associated with modernity. He
philosophized with a hammer.
o According to Nietzsche, to live peacefully
and without anything.
▪ worries are the desire of mediocre
people who do not give any greater
meaning to life. He disagreed that
“happiness” could be a state a
constant state of wellbeing. He
described happiness as “ideal state
of laziness” not having any worries
or distresses. He felt that
contentment could only be found in
having vital strength and a fighting
spirit against all of the obstacles that
limit liberty and self- assertiveness.
Being happy means being able to
prove this vital strength.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN

FLOURISHING

- Human flourishing involves the rational use of one’s

individual human potentialities, including talents,
abilities, and virtues in the pursuit of his freely and
rationally chosen values and goals.
- We are living in a world where science and technology
are the forefront of ever-changing society. This change
is bought about by the products of intensified
application of scientific knowledge to deliver progress
in the society-the advances and continuous
technological growth.
o The rise of information technologies makes
global communication possible.
o The introduction of gene therapy, stem cells
and cloning has improved the medical and
health sectors.
o Nanotechnology and robotics made
industries flourished.
o Economic growth and global standing were
achieved through innovations.
- Scientific applications continuously provide
convenience to human lives. All of these and more,
complete the story of changes, innovations and progress
which implies the ethical and moral preference of
human in the modern society. These developments
become problematic due to the ethical and legal
concerns such as in the process of cloning. There are
debates on whether human embryo is being sacrificed
or not. Does the creation of artificial intelligence (A.I.)