Test Bank For Nesters Microbiology A Human Perspective 9th Edition Denise Anderson Sarah Salm Deborah Allen

Test Bank for Nesterâ€™s Microbiology: A Human Perspective, 9th Edition, Denise Anderson, Sa
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Perspective, 9th Edition, Denise Anderson, Sarah
Salm, Deborah Allen
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Nester’s Microbiology, 9e (Anderson)
Chapter 6 Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth
1) Experiments designed by ________ suggested that living cells caused the fermentation of sugar
to produce alcohol.
A) Pasteur
B) Koch
C) Wohler
D) Fleming
E) Jenner
Answer: A
Section: 06.01
Topic: History of Microbiology; Microbial Metabolism
Bloom's: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.01 Compare and contrast catabolism and anabolism.
ASM Objective: 03.02 The metabolic abilities of a cell determine how it interacts with other cells
and its environment (e.g. quorum sensing, oxygen consumption, nitrogen transformations).
2) Studies done by Buchner showed that ground-up yeast cells were able to convert sugar to
alcohol. The components of the mixture that were responsible for this transformation were
A) DNA molecules.
B) enzymes.
C) lipids.
D) carbohydrates.
E) phospholipids.
Answer: B
Section: 06.01
Topic: History of Microbiology; Microbial Metabolism
Bloom's: 3. Apply
ASM Objective: 06.02 Microorganisms provide essential models that give us fundamental
knowledge about life processes.
1
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3) Which of the statements about catabolism and anabolism is TRUE?
A) They refer only to the reactions dealing involved in the metabolism of lipids.
B) The intermediates of catabolism serve as products in anabolism.
C) The energy gathered during catabolism is used during anabolism.
D) They refer only to the reactions involved in carbohydrate synthesis.
E) The energy gathered during anabolism is used during catabolism.
Answer: C
Section: 06.01
Topic: Microbial Metabolism
Bloom's: 2. Understand
ASM Objective: 03.03 The survival and growth of any microorganism in a given environment
depends on its metabolic characteristics.
4) The general term used to describe the anabolic and catabolic reactions in a cell is
A) enzymatic.
B) thematic.
C) aerobic respiration.
D) metabolism.
E) canabolism.
Answer: D
Section: 06.01
5) Energy is defined as
A) water flowing up a dam.
B) the capacity to do work.
C) the use of high-level phosphate bonds.
D) the potential to fall.
E) the result of work.
Answer: B
Section: 06.01
Learning Outcome: 06.02 Describe the energy sources used by photosynthetic organisms and
chemoorganoheterotrophs.
2
6) Biosynthetic reactions that require energy for the conversion of molecular subunits into larger
molecules are called
A) kinetic energy.
B) anabolic reactions.
C) catabolic reactions.
D) precursor molecules.
E) canabolic reactions.
Answer: B
Section: 06.01
7) Exergonic reactions
A) occur when there is more free energy in the products than the reactants.
B) occur when there is more free energy in the reactants than the products.
C) are defined as a decrease in entropy.
D) are chemoorganotrophic.
E) are defined as a decrease in energy AND are chemoorganotrophic.
Answer: B
Section: 06.01
Topic: Chemistry
Learning Outcome: 06.03 Describe the components of metabolic pathways (enzymes, ATP,
chemical energy sources and terminal electron acceptors, and electron carriers) and the role of
precursor metabolites.
3
8) Free energy
A) is the amount of energy gained by breaking bonds of a chemical.
B) includes the energy lost as heat.
C) differs for a given reaction depending on the number of steps involved.
D) always results in a decrease in total energy.
E) is the amount of energy lost by breaking bonds of a chemical.
Answer: A
Section: 06.01
Topic: Chemistry
9) Bacteria that can absorb light energy and convert it into ATP are commonly called
A) cytotrophs.
B) metatrophs.
C) chemotrophs.
D) phototrophs.
E) cytochromes AND chemotrophs.
Answer: D
Section: 06.01
4
10) The readily usable energy currency of cells is
A) electricity.
B) the electron transport system.
C) ATP.
D) CTP.
E) the electron transport system AND CTP.
Answer: C
Section: 06.01
11) Each of the following statements about chemoorganotrophs is true EXCEPT

A) they may use substrate-level phosphorylation to produce ATP.
B) they may use oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
C) they may use photophosphorylation to produce ATP.
D) they obtain energy by degrading organic compounds.
E) they generally rely on the metabolic activities of photosynthetic organisms.
Answer: C
Section: 06.01
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
5
12) The name given to the reaction involving removal of electrons or hydrogen atoms from a
compound is
A) glycolysis.
B) oxidation.
C) reduction.
D) metabolism.
E) respiration.
Answer: B
Section: 06.01
Topic: Chemistry
13) The name given to the reaction involving addition of electrons or hydrogen atoms to a
compound is
A) reduction.
B) glycolysis.
C) oxidation.
D) metabolism.
E) respiration.
Answer: A
Section: 06.01
Topic: Chemistry
6
14) NAD in its reduced form is symbolized as
A) NADH.
B) NAD.
C) NAD−.
D) NADP.
E) NADP+.
Answer: A
Section: 06.01
15) The most common starting pathway for the breakdown of sugars is
A) respiration.
B) fermentation.
C) oxidation.
D) glycolysis.
E) anabolism.
Answer: D
Section: 06.01
Learning Outcome: 06.04 Describe the roles of the three central metabolic pathways.
16) Glycolysis, the Entner-Duodoroff pathway, and the pentose phosphate pathway all produce
A) pyruvate.
B) NAD.
C) NADP.
D) acetyl-CoA.
E) pyrite.
Answer: A
Section: 06.01
7
17) Cells degrade sugar largely to
A) gain energy.
B) use energy.
C) convert fat to energy.
D) use coenzymes.
E) generate pyruvate.
Answer: A
Section: 06.01
18) Oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in

A) fermentation.
B) aerobic respiration.
C) anaerobic respiration.
D) reduction.
E) oxidation.
Answer: B
Section: 06.01
Learning Outcome: 06.05 Distinguish between cellular respiration and fermentation.
19) The terminal electron acceptor in respiration may be

A) NAD, oxygen, OR nitrate.
B) oxygen, nitrate, OR an inorganic molecule.
C) NAD, nitrate, OR an inorganic molecule.
D) NAD, water, OR an inorganic molecule.
E) an inorganic molecule, water, OR oxygen.
Answer: B
Section: 06.01
Bloom's: 3. Apply
ASM Objective: 03.01 Bacteria and Archaea exhibit extensive, and often unique, metabolic
diversity (e.g. nitrogen fixation, methane production, anoxygenic photosynthesis).
8
20) Which of the following processes generates the greatest amount of energy?
A) Fermentation
B) Aerobic respiration
C) Krebs cycle
D) Glycolysis
E) Phosphorylation
Answer: B
Section: 06.01
21) Fermentation
A) uses an inorganic molecule as the final electron acceptor.
B) uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor.
C) results in the production of a large amount of ATP.
D) is necessary in some organisms to produce reduced electron carriers.
E) uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor AND is necessary in some organisms to
produce reduced electron carriers.
Answer: B
Section: 06.01
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
22) Which is (are) true regarding organic acids?

A) They are weak acids.
B) They are often involved in metabolic reactions.
C) They often exist in the ionized form at the near-neutral pH found in a cell.
D) Pyruvate and pyruvic acid refer to different forms of the same substance.
E) All of the answer choices are true.
Answer: E
Section: 06.01
9
23) Pyruvate can be metabolized along two major routes. They are
A) oxidation and reduction.
B) fermentation and respiration.
C) metabolism and anabolism.
D) anabolism and catabolism.
E) fermentation and oxidation.
Answer: B
Section: 06.01
Bloom's: 3. Apply
24) The use of the suffix "ase" on a word denotes a(n)

A) substrate.
B) product.
C) enzyme.
D) electron acceptor.
E) substrate AND electron acceptor.
Answer: C
Section: 06.02
Bloom's: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.06 Describe the active site of an enzyme, and explain how it relates to the
enzyme-substrate complex.
25) Enzymes act as

A) substrates.
B) catalysts.
C) products.
D) catabolites.
E) reducters.
Answer: B
Section: 06.02
10
26) Enzymes act on ________ to generate ________.
A) products, catabolites
B) substrates, products
C) products, substrates
D) glucose, anabolites
E) ATP, glucose
Answer: B
Section: 06.02
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
27) Enzymes speed up reactions by

A) raising activation energy.
B) producing heat.
C) reducing entropy.
D) lowering activation energy.
E) electron carriers.
Answer: D
Section: 06.02
28) The mutual interaction of substrate and enzyme is described as a(n)

A) lock and key arrangement.
B) induced fit.
C) active site.
D) allosteric site.
E) active site AND allosteric site.
Answer: B
Section: 06.02
11
29) Most enzymes
A) are generic, typically recognizing a number of different substrates.
B) are specific, typically recognizing a single or a few substrates.
C) are active over a wide pH range.
D) are active over a wide temperature range.
E) are unaffected by heat or acidity.
Answer: B
Section: 06.02
30) Allosteric enzymes

A) may bind two substrates at the same time.
B) are used to bind to other enzymes.
C) have an additional binding site that is involved in regulating enzyme activity.
D) are twice as fast as single-site enzymes.
E) have an additional binding site that is never involved in regulating enzyme activity.
Answer: C
Section: 06.02
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
Learning Outcome: 06.09 Describe allosteric regulation.
31) Feedback inhibition

A) is a way of regulating the amount of product produced.
B) rarely involves the use of allosteric enzymes.
C) involves inhibiting the last of a series of reactions.
D) results in raising the activation energy for the reaction.
E) is only observed in bacteria.
Answer: A
Section: 06.02
Learning Outcome: 06.09 Describe allosteric regulation.
12
32) Coenzymes are derivatives of
A) minerals.
B) proteins.
C) lipids.
D) vitamins.
E) enzymes.
Answer: D
Section: 06.02
Learning Outcome: 06.07 Compare and contrast cofactors and coenzymes.
33) The small, non-protein molecules that can be readily separated from an enzyme and are
responsible for transfer of atoms from one molecule to another are referred to as
A) vitamins.
B) coenzymes.
C) enzymes.
D) hormones.
E) active sites.
Answer: B
Section: 06.02
34) Which is (are) true of coenzymes?

A) They are organic molecules.
B) They transfer atoms from one molecule to another.
C) They may bind to a number of different enzymes.
D) They are synthesized from vitamins.
E) All of the answer choices are correct.
Answer: E
Section: 06.02
13
35) Environmental factors that may affect enzyme activity include
A) temperature.
B) pH.
C) salt.
D) temperature, pH, AND salt.
E) None of the answer choices is correct.
Answer: D
Section: 06.02
Learning Outcome: 06.08 List two environmental factors that influence enzyme activity.
36) Most enzymes function best at

A) acidic pH and high salt concentrations.
B) basic pH and low salt concentrations.
C) slightly above pH 7 and low salt concentrations.
D) neutral pH and high salt concentrations.
E) slightly above pH 7 and high salt concentrations.
Answer: C
Section: 06.02
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
37) Which is true of competitive inhibition?

A) It involves an allosteric enzyme.
B) Substrate and inhibitor bind to different active sites.
C) A sulfa antibiotic is a competitive inhibitor.
D) Mercury is a competitive inhibitor.
E) Inhibitor permanently changes active site shape.
Answer: C
Section: 06.02; 06.03
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
Learning Outcome: 06.10 Compare and contrast competitive enzyme inhibition and
non-competitive enzyme inhibition.
14
38) Mercury in mercurochrome inhibits growth
A) through competitive inhibition.
B) through a reversible action.
C) by oxidizing the sulfhydryl groups in cysteine.
D) by changing the shape of proteins.
E) by oxidizing the sulfhydryl groups in cysteine AND by changing the shape of proteins.
Answer: E
Section: 06.02
Bloom's: 3. Apply
39) The term "precursor metabolite" refers to molecules that

A) activate cell components.
B) are used in biosynthesis.
C) result from cell activities.
D) are present but inactive.
E) denature enzymes.
Answer: B
Section: 06.03
Learning Outcome: 06.11 Diagram a simple overview that shows how the central metabolic
pathways degrade glucose (include the starting and end products).
40) Which is true regarding the three central metabolic pathways?

A) They form high-energy bonds that can be used to synthesize ATP.
B) They form intermediates that can be oxidized to generate reducing power.
C) They form precursor metabolites.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.
Answer: D
Section: 06.03
Bloom's: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.11 Diagram a simple overview that shows how the central metabolic
pathways degrade glucose (include the starting and end products).
15
41) Glycolysis
A) requires oxygen.
B) may occur under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
C) produces 3 ATP molecules per molecule glucose.
D) produces 4 molecules of NAD per molecule glucose.
E) always occurs under aerobic conditions.
Answer: B
Section: 06.03
Learning Outcome: 06.12 Compare and contrast each of the central metabolic pathways with
respect to the yield of ATP, reducing power, and number of different precursor metabolites.
42) The energy yield of any energy-transforming pathway

A) is always fixed, despite the removal of precursor metabolites for biosynthesis.
B) is variable depending on the type of enzymes used.
C) is variable depending on the amount of precursor metabolites removed for biosynthesis.
D) is fixed by the amount of oxygen available.
E) is fixed by the amount of carbon dioxide available.
Answer: C
Section: 06.03
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
16
43) The transition step
A) links glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway.
B) links the pentose phosphate pathway to the electron transport chain.
C) links glycolysis to the TCA cycle.
D) takes place in the matrix of the nucleus.
E) links the TCA cycle to fermentation.
Answer: C
Section: 06.03
44) The TCA cycle produces

A) ATP, FAD, and precursor metabolites
B) NADH, ATP, and FAD.
C) FADH2, NADH, and precursor metabolites.
D) FADH2, ADP, and NADH.
E) precursor metabolites, NAD, and FADH2.
Answer: C
Section: 06.03
17
45) What happens to the carbon molecules in the pyruvic acid that goes through the TCA cycle?
A) They get incorporated into cell material.
B) They are excreted as waste organic acids.
C) They become carbon dioxide.
D) They form "energy storage molecules" for the cell.
E) They become phosphorylated.
Answer: C
Section: 06.03
46) The electron transport system

A) requires a membrane AND requires mitochondria and ribosomes.
B) uses the nuclear membrane of eukaryotes AND generates a concentration gradient of protons.
C) requires a membrane AND generates a concentration gradient of protons.
D) uses the mitochondrial membrane of prokaryotes AND generates a concentration gradient of
protons.
E) requires mitochondria and ribosomes AND generates a concentration gradient of protons.
Answer: C
Section: 06.04
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
Learning Outcome: 06.13 Describe the components of the electron transport chain and how they
generate a proton motive force.
18
47) Which type of phosphorylation does not require a membrane?
A) Substrate-level phosphorylation
B) Oxidative phosphorylation
C) Photophosphorylation
D) All types of phosphorylation require a membrane.
E) Phosphorylation never requires a membrane.
Answer: A
Section: 06.01
48) In the electron transport system

A) NADH and FADH2 both donate electrons at the same location.
B) NADH donates electrons "upstream" of where FADH2 donates electrons.
C) NAD donates electrons at the head of the chain.
D) NADP donates electrons in the middle of the chain.
E) NADP removes electrons in the middle of the chain.
Answer: B
Section: 06.04
19
49) Proton motive force
A) is used to synthesize ATP.
B) is used to synthesize ADP.
C) is used to produce NADH.
D) is used to produce FADH2.
E) uses ADP and ATP.
Answer: A
Section: 06.04
Learning Outcome: 06.14 Compare and contrast the electron transport chains of eukaryotes and
prokaryotes.
50) In the phototrophic production of energy, the oxygen originates from

A) carbon dioxide.
B) water.
C) glucose.
D) hydrogen peroxide.
E) sulfates.
Answer: B
Section: 06.08
Bloom's: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.19 Describe the role of chlorophylls, bacteriochlorophylls, accessory
pigments, reaction-center pigments, and antennae pigments in capturing radiant energy.
20
51) Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
A) obtain electrons from water.
B) produce oxygen as a by-product.
C) may obtain electrons from H2S.
D) are obligate aerobes.
E) produce oxygen as a by-product AND may obtain electrons from H2S.
Answer: C
Section: 06.08
Learning Outcome: 06.20 Compare and contrast the tandem photosystems of cyanobacteria and
photosynthetic eukaryotes with the single photosystems of purple and green bacteria.
52) The sugar component of RNA and DNA nucleotides is synthesized

A) as deoxyribose and then changed to ribose.
B) as ribose and then changed to deoxyribose.
C) as ribose and then changed to riboxy.
D) using the Calvin cycle.
E) as deoxyribose and then changed to deboxy.
Answer: B
Section: 06.10
Bloom's: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.22 Describe the synthesis of lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides.
53) The change in free energy of a reaction varies.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 06.01
Topic: Chemistry
21
54) Both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway oxidize glucose to pyruvate.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 06.01
55) Enzymes are changed by the reaction as they raise the activation energy.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 06.02
56) Competitive inhibition usually involves both substrate and inhibitor competing for binding at
the allosteric site.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 06.02
57) The production of ATP via the electron transport system, in either eukaryotes or prokaryotes,
requires the use of a membrane.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 06.04
prokaryotes.
22
58) The TCA cycle must "turn twice" in order to complete the oxidation of one glucose molecule.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 06.03
59) The terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is water, which is broken down to
hydrogen and oxygen.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 06.04
60) In fermentation, the only ATP produced was during glycolysis and the fermentation reactions
usually result in converting NADH to NAD.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 06.05
Learning Outcome: 06.16 Describe the role of fermentation and the importance of the common
end products.
61) H2S and NH3 may be used by some prokaryotes as energy sources.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 06.07
Learning Outcome: 06.18 Explain how chemolithotrophs obtain energy.
23
62) The Calvin cycle produces six ATP for every six turns of the cycle.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 06.09
precursor metabolites.; 06.21 Describe the three stages of the Calvin cycle.
63) Fermentation is sometimes used as a means of slowing food spoilage. Why would
fermentation lead to this outcome?
A) Fermentation is THE process that directly reduces sugars in food. Without sugars, bacteria
cannot grow and spoil the food.
B) Fermentation will lead to production of high levels of ethanol (95% or higher)—ethanol will
kill bacteria.
C) Fermentation will lead to production of acidic by-products, dropping the pH of the food below
a level that bacteria can tolerate.
D) This is a trick question—fermentation actually IS food spoilage and cannot be used to prevent it
under any circumstances.
E) Fermentation will lead to production of acidic by-products, raising the pH of the food above a
level that bacteria can tolerate.
Answer: C
Section: 06.05
Bloom's: 5. Evaluate
end products.
24
64) Why would a cell ferment rather than respire?
A) There's no oxygen present, and it cannot respire anaerobically.
B) It lacks the ability to respire (i.e. no electron transport chain).
C) There is no oxygen present and it cannot use anaerobic respiration OR it lacks the ability to
respire (i.e., no electron transport chain).
D) More ATP is produced for the cell by fermentation than by aerobic respiration.
E) There is too much oxygen available and fermentation is a safer alternative.
Answer: C
Section: 06.05
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
end products.
65) How would cellulose-degrading bacteria in the rumen (stomachs) of a cow benefit the animal?
A) The bacteria would produce, secrete, and incorporate organic molecules as they obtain energy
from the cellulose in grass and replicate. The cow could then digest both the secreted organic
molecules AND the bacteria that synthesized them.
B) The bacteria would produce sugars as they digested the cellulose. These sugars would be given
off to the cow as a symbiotic relationship in exchange for the protected location of the stomachs of
the cow for the bacteria to grow and replicate in.
C) They wouldn't benefit the animal - they would replicate and cause disease in the animal, leading
to its death.
D) They wouldn't benefit the animal but they would benefit the other bacteria within the animal.
This is why cows must have food sources other than grass in order to survive.
E) They are needed to break down endospores of potential pathogens that are certain to cause
illness or even death in the cow if it consumes them when it eats grass.
Answer: A
Section: 06.05
end products.
25
66) A worker in a cheese-making facility argued that whey, a nutrient-rich by-product of the
process, should be dumped into a nearby pond to serve as fish food. Is this a good idea or a bad
one, and why?
A) It's a great idea! Let's feed the fish and help them multiply! In fact, other organisms could also
benefit from this approach.
B) Bad idea—the fish won't be able to eat the whey, so it will sit there rotting and pollute the
waters, making them uninhabitable for the fish.
C) Bad idea—bacteria would thrive on this rich nutrient source and multiply, using the oxygen in
the water to harvest the energy from the whey. Without the oxygen, the fish will die.
D) Great idea! This will not only feed the fish, but also microbes and other small organisms. It'll
enhance the entire food chain and help all of them!
E) Bad idea—whey stimulates the growth of any pathogenic bacteria in water; these pathogens
will then infect and kill all the fish in the pond.
Answer: C
Section: 06.04
67) A student argued that aerobic and anaerobic respiration should produce the same amount of
energy. He argued that both processes are essentially the same—only the terminal electron
acceptor is different. What's wrong with his argument?
A) Nothing—they SHOULD both produce the same amount of energy. Clearly he knows more
than his professors or the writers of his textbook.
B) Not all electrons are brought into the electron transport chain with the same amounts of
potential energy. NADH, for example, enters the electron transport chain "further up" than
FADH2—so it will lead to less proton motive force being generated, and thus less eventual ATP.
C) Not all electron acceptors are the same—some are closer in terms of electronegativity to their
high-energy electron carrier molecules (e.g., NADH) than others, and this impacts the amount of
produced energy. Oxygen has the highest electron affinity of the terminal electron acceptors used.
D) He should believe what his instructors tell him, without question—and they say aerobic
respiration is better, so it MUST be so.
Answer: C
Section: 06.04
prokaryotes.
26
68) Chemolithotrophs near hydrothermal vents support a variety of life forms. Why is this
analogous to photosynthetic microbes supporting life forms closer to the surface of the planet?
A) Because all life forms need some energy source, electron source, and carbon source.
Chemolithotrophs fix inorganic carbon and, if consumed by other microbes, could serve as sources
for all three requirements for life. This is very similar to the role that photosynthetic microbes play
in the top levels of the oceans/lakes.
B) Because chemolithotrophs will also use energy from sunlight to form their sugars/get their
chemical energy...much like photosynthetic microbes.
C) Because chemolithotrophs also pull in carbon dioxide as their carbon source, just like
photosynthetic microbes.
D) Because photosynthetic microbes use heat energy from the sun as an energy source.
Chemolithotrophs use heat energy from hydrothermal vents, but it's still heat energy. This makes
both microbes similar.
E) Because chemolithotrophs are also photosynthetic. They use the thermal energy from the vent
to generate glucose from the ocean water around them. This glucose is then used by all the other
organisms in the environment to support their growth.
Answer: A
Section: 06.07
Learning Outcome: 06.18 Explain how chemolithotrophs obtain energy.
69) The linking of N-acetyleglucosamine, N-acetylemuramic acid, and tetrapeptides is a(n)

________ reaction that ________ ATP.
A) catabolic; releases
B) anabolic; requires
C) fermentation; releases
D) catabolic; requires
E) degradation; releases
Answer: B
Section: 06.01
Topic: Microbial Metabolism; Chemistry
Bloom's: 3. Apply
and its environment (e.g. quorum sensing, oxygen consumption, nitrogen transformations).; 03.03
The survival and growth of any microorganism in a given environment depends on its metabolic
characteristics.
27
70) Please select the TRUE statement regarding metabolic processes.
A) Anabolic processes degrade subunits of macromolecules, using ATP and precursor
metabolites.
B) Catabolic processes harvest the energy released during breakdown of compounds to synthesize
ATP.
C) Anabolic processes assemble subunits of macromolecules, releasing ATP and precursor
metabolites.
D) Catabolic processes harvest the energy released during synthesis of compounds to break down
ATP.
E) Anabolic and catabolic processes have no relation to each other; they function completely
independently.
Answer: B
Section: 06.01
Bloom's: 3. Apply
characteristics.; 03.01 Bacteria and Archaea exhibit extensive, and often unique, metabolic
71) Please identify the TRUE statement.

A) Exergonic reactions consume energy because the starting compounds have less free energy
than the products.
B) "Substrate" refers to a substance on which an enzyme acts to form products OR a surface on
which an organism can grow.
C) A terminal electron acceptor is a chemical that is ultimately oxidized as a consequence of
fermentation or respiration.
D) Aerobic respiration is a metabolic process in which electrons are transferred from the electron
transport chain to an organic intermediate.
E) Activation energy is the energy required to create a bond in a chemical reaction.
Answer: B
Section: 06.01
Learning Outcome: 06.01 Compare and contrast catabolism and anabolism.; 06.03 Describe the
components of metabolic pathways (enzymes, ATP, chemical energy sources and terminal
electron acceptors, and electron carriers) and the role of precursor metabolites.
Microorganisms provide essential models that give us fundamental knowledge about life
processes.; 03.03 The survival and growth of any microorganism in a given environment depends
on its metabolic characteristics.
28
72) What is the effect of poisons such as mercury in antimicrobial products? Recall that
mercury oxidizes the S–H groups of the amino acid cysteine in proteins, converting it to cystine.
A) Competitive inhibition—the mercury binds to the active site of a bacterial enzyme, inhibiting
the function of the enzyme.
B) Reversible non-competitive inhibition—the mercury binds to an allosteric site on a bacterial
enzyme, changing the active site shape temporarily and inhibiting enzyme function.
C) Irreversible non-competitive inhibition—the mercury binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme
and permanently changes the shape of the active site, so that the enzyme becomes nonfunctional.
D) Reversible non-competitive inhibition—the mercury binds to the active site of an enzyme
temporarily, inhibiting its function.
E) Competitive inhibition—the mercury binds to an allosteric site on a bacterial enzyme, blocking
attachment of the appropriate substrate and inhibiting the function of the enzyme.
Answer: C
Section: 06.02
enzyme-substrate complex.; 06.09 Describe allosteric regulation.; 06.08 List two environmental
factors that influence enzyme activity.; 06.10 Compare and contrast competitive enzyme
inhibition and non-competitive enzyme inhibition.
29
73) Your brother has a bacterial infection. He tells you he going to the gym where he plans to sit in
the sauna for an hour. He thinks that this will cure his infection, because the heat in the sauna will
denature the enzymes of the bacteria making him ill. You are a nursing student who is currently
studying microbiology. You tell him that
A) his plan is sure to work because pathogens are mesophiles, so their enzymes will definitely
become denatured and stop working.
B) his plan won't work; homeostasis will keep his body temperature constant even in the sauna, so
the bacteria (and his normal microbiota and body cells) will not be impacted.
C) his plan will work because his body temperature will likely rise to about 60oC in the sauna,
which is enough to denature the pathogen's enzymes.
D) his plan will work; the organism causing his illness will likely dehydrate and be killed in the
sauna but he is probably going to contract a different pathogen in that environment.
E) his plan won't work; most pathogens are thermophiles so the temperature of the sauna will not
affect the enzymes of the organism causing his illness.
Answer: B
Section: 06.02
74) Which of the following produces the most precursor metabolites?

A) Fermentation
B) TCA cycle
C) Pentose phosphate pathway
D) Glycolysis
E) Transition step
Answer: D
Section: 06.03
Bloom's: 3. Apply
knowledge about life processes.; 03.03 The survival and growth of any microorganism in a given
environment depends on its metabolic characteristics.; 03.01 Bacteria and Archaea exhibit
extensive, and often unique, metabolic diversity (e.g. nitrogen fixation, methane production,
anoxygenic photosynthesis).
30
75) Please select the FALSE statement regarding the central metabolic pathways.
A) Glycolysis oxidizes glucose to pyruvate, yielding some ATP and NADH, and six different
B) The pentose phosphate pathway oxidizes glucose, producing two different precursor
metabolites and NADPH for biosynthesis.
C) The transition step and TCA cycle complete the oxidation of glucose, yielding ATP, reducing
power, and three different precursor metabolites.
D) The transition step and TCA cycle are repeated four times to yield ATP, reducing power, and
three different precursor metabolites.
E) Two molecules of acetyl-CoA are generated for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, so
the breakdown of one molecule of glucose causes the TCA cycle to turn twice.
Answer: D
Section: 06.03
76) Which is FALSE regarding glycolysis?

A) It yields ATP.
B) It is an anaerobic process.
C) The end product is acetyl-CoA.
D) It occurs during fermentation.
E) ATP is used.
Answer: C
Section: 06.03
Bloom's: 3. Apply
31
77) In Gram-negative bacteria, the electron transport chain involved in respiration is located in the
lipopolysaccharide layer.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 06.04
prokaryotes.
characteristics.
78) The electron transport chain is a group of membrane-embedded carriers that pass electrons
from one to the next, while simultaneously pumping ________ across the membrane, generating
a(n) ________.
A) glucose; proton motive force
B) hydrogen ions; electron gradient
C) electrons; ATP gradient
D) hydrogen ions; proton motive force
E) protons; electron motive force
Answer: D
Section: 06.04
Bloom's: 3. Apply
32
79) Which pair is correctly matched, regarding electron transport carriers in eukaryotes?
A) Complex I - succinate dehydrogenase complex
B) Complex II - cytochrome c oxidase complex
C) Complex III - cytochrome bc1 complex
D) Complex IV - NADH dehydrogenase complex
Answer: C
Section: 06.04
prokaryotes.
80) Which enzyme drives ATP synthesis in respiration?

A) ATP synthase
B) ADP phosphorylase
C) Proton movase
D) Oxidoreductase
E) ATP dehydrogenase
Answer: A
Section: 06.04
Bloom's: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.15 Describe how a proton motive force is used to synthesize ATP and
how the ATP yield of aerobic respiration is calculated.
33
81) Which of the following is NOT common to aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, AND
fermentation?
A) Breakdown of glucose
B) Generation of ATP
C) Electron transport chain
D) Reduction of NAD
E) Production of pyruvate
Answer: C
Section: 06.04; 06.05
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
respect to the yield of ATP, reducing power, and number of different precursor metabolites.; 06.13
Describe the components of the electron transport chain and how they generate a proton motive
force.; 06.14 Compare and contrast the electron transport chains of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.;
06.16 Describe the role of fermentation and the importance of the common end products.
34
82) Heart muscle is damaged after a heart attack (MI) because blood flow to the heart is stopped. A
researcher injected cyanobacteria into the damaged hearts of test animals that has been given MIs.
The animals' conditions improved after the procedure, but not significantly. The researcher
repeated the experiment, this time illuminating the cyanobacteria with high intensity light after
injecting the cells into the damaged hearts. Now the animals did much better, recovering well from
their heart attacks. Which of the following explains this outcome?
A) Cyanobacteria have the capacity to carry blood. Illuminating the cells increases their ability to
transport blood into the damage heart muscle.
B) Cyanobacteria produce alcohol through photosynthesis, and this stimulates the heart cells.
Illuminating the bacteria increases this reaction.
C) Illuminated cyanobacteria multiply rapidly; the expanding mass of cells dilates blood vessels to
the heart, bringing more nutrients and oxygen to the heart cells.
D) Illuminated cyanobacteria produce carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. Illumination increases
the amount of released CO2 that the heart cells then use for anaerobic respiration.
E) Cyanobacteria produce oxygen by photosynthesis. Illuminating the cells increases amount of
O2 released that is then used by heart cells for aerobic respiration.
Answer: E
Section: 06.08
Learning Outcome: 06.19 Describe the role of chlorophylls, bacteriochlorophylls, accessory
pigments, reaction-center pigments, and antennae pigments in capturing radiant energy.; 06.20
Compare and contrast the tandem photosystems of cyanobacteria and photosynthetic eukaryotes
with the single photosystems of purple and green bacteria.
35
83) An atom that has a lower affinity for electrons than another is ________ than the other.
A) more electronegative
B) less electronegative
C) equally electronegative
D) more electropositive
E) less electropositive
Answer: A
Section: 06.01; 06.02
knowledge about life processes.; 03.03 The survival and growth of any microorganism in a given
environment depends on its metabolic characteristics.
Your patient has a mitochondrial disease. The child suffers from muscle weakness, problems with
coordination, and fatigue, among other problems. You are asked by the child's parents to help them
understand their child's condition.
84) You explain to the child's parents that the role of the mitochondria is
A) to transport proteins to the cytoplasmic membrane.
B) to produce the energy currency, ATP, for a cell.
C) to break down toxins in the body.
D) to initiate DNA replication during cell division.
E) to protect the body from bacterial invaders.
Answer: B
Section: 06.04
Bloom's: 3. Apply
precursor metabolites.; 06.04 Describe the roles of the three central metabolic pathways.; 06.05
Distinguish between cellular respiration and fermentation.
36
85) You tell your patient's parents that muscle weakness is frequently a sign of mitochondrial
disease because
A) muscle cells require a lot of energy, which is provided by the many mitochondria within these
cells.
B) muscles require a lot of energy which is provided by the mitochondrial DNA of the red blood
cells.
C) people with mitochondrial disease seldom eat sufficient protein to fuel the mitochondria.
D) the diseased mitochondria release toxins into the muscles of the affected people, weakening
them.
E) the diseased mitochondria consume all the energy that is supposed to be directed to the muscle
cells.
Answer: A
Section: 06.04
precursor metabolites.; 06.04 Describe the roles of the three central metabolic pathways.
processes.
86) The cellular process directly impacted in muscle cells of people with mitochondrial disease is
A) protein synthesis.
B) DNA replication.
C) transcription.
D) aerobic respiration.
E) fermentation.
Answer: D
Section: 06.04
Bloom's: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 06.04 Describe the roles of the three central metabolic pathways.; 06.05
Distinguish between cellular respiration and fermentation.
processes.
37
87) Your patient's parents ask you why their child's mitochondria do not function properly. You
explain that one explanation is that mitochondria contain their own ________, which may contain
mistakes called ________, resulting in insufficient mitochondrial activity.
A) DNA; missense
B) plasmids; mutations
C) normal microbiota; mutations
D) DNA; mutations
E) proteins; mismatches
Answer: D
Section: 06.04
Bloom's: 3. Apply
knowledge about life processes.
Your patient has just returned from vacation in Asia. She has come to the clinic where you work,
complaining of abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, and nausea. She reports that the last day of her trip
included a visit to a turtle sanctuary, where tourists have an opportunity to handle rescued turtles.
You suspect that your patient has salmonellosis, caused the the bacterium Salmonella enterica.
You get a stool sample from the patient and send it to the lab for analysis. There, your patient's
stool sample is inoculated into tetrathionate broth and incubated overnight. The lab reports that the
broth is turbid after incubation, indicating bacterial growth. A sample is inoculated onto an agar
plate designed to isolate S. enterica and after 24 hours of aerobic incubation, colonies of suspected
S. enterica are seen. Further tests confirm S. enterica, supporting your presumptive diagnosis.
38
88) Tetrathionate broth is a selective, enrichment medium for S. enterica. What does this mean?
A) This is a medium that encourages the growth of normal microbiota and reduces the growth of S.
enterica.
B) This is a medium that inhibits the growth of some bacteria and enhances the growth of S.
enterica.
C) This is a medium that inhibits the growth of some bacteria and in which S. enterica colonies
exhibit an identifiable color.
D) This is a medium that facilitates the growth of all bacteria but enhances the growth of S.
enterica.
E) This is a medium that facilitates the growth of all bacteria but in which S. enterica exhibits a
noticeable color.
Answer: B
Section: 06.05
Bloom's: 3. Apply
89) Tetrathionate is an oxidized form of sulfur that can act as a terminal electron acceptor. What
does the fact that S. enterica can grow in this medium this tell you about this organism?
A) It is an obligate aerobe.
B) It is an obligate anaerobe.
C) It is a facultative anaerobe.
D) It is Gram negative.
E) It has a capsule.
Answer: C
Section: 06.04
Bloom's: 4. Analyze
39
90) Tetrathionate broth is an enrichment medium. Initially, when a mixed bacterial stool sample is
inoculated into this medium, the bacteria respire aerobically. Once O2 is depleted, most bacteria
switch to fermentation in order to continue growth. However, Salmonella can use the
tetrathionate in this medium as a terminal electron acceptor, so can grow anaerobically. Why does
this give the bacteria a competitive advantage over other bacteria in the sample?
A) Tetrathionate inhibits the growth of fermenters.
B) Fermentation yields more ATP than aerobic respiration.
C) Anaerobic respiration yields more ATP than aerobic respiration.
D) Anaerobic respiration yields more ATP than fermentation.
E) Tetrathionate yields more ATP than glucose.
Answer: D
Section: 06.04; 06.05
91) Why was it necessary for the lab to inoculate a sample of the incubated tetrathionate broth onto
a medium selective for Salmonella?
A) To confirm that the bacteria in the broth is Salmonella and not another bacterial species.
B) To confirm that the bacteria in the broth is E. coli and not another bacterial species.
C) To check whether the Salmonella has the ability to form endospores.
D) To confirm that Salmonella is a bacterium and not a virus or protozoan.
E) To confirm that Salmonella is a facultative anaerobe and not an obligate acidophile.
Answer: A
Section: 06.04; 06.05
40
Test Bank for Nesterâ€™s Microbiology: A Human Perspective, 9th Edition, Denise Anderson, Sa
92) Degradation of fats as an energy source involves all of the following except
A) β-oxidation.
B) acetyl-CoA.
C) glycerol.
D) lipase.
E) transamination.
Answer: E
Section: 06.06
Learning Outcome: 06.17 Briefly describe how polysaccharides and disaccharides, lipids, and
proteins are degraded and used by a cell.
93) Cells must secrete enzymes that degrade macromolecules into their subunits before they can
use these compounds.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 06.06
Learning Outcome: 06.17 Briefly describe how polysaccharides and disaccharides, lipids, and
proteins are degraded and used by a cell.
depends on its metabolic characteristics.; 03.01 Bacteria and Archaea exhibit extensive, and often
unique, metabolic diversity (e.g. nitrogen fixation, methane production, anoxygenic
photosynthesis).
41
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11) Each of the following statements about chemoorganotrophs is true EXCEPT

18) Oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in

19) The terminal electron acceptor in respiration may be

22) Which is (are) true regarding organic acids?

24) The use of the suffix "ase" on a word denotes a(n)

25) Enzymes act as

27) Enzymes speed up reactions by

28) The mutual interaction of substrate and enzyme is described as a(n)

30) Allosteric enzymes

31) Feedback inhibition

34) Which is (are) true of coenzymes?

36) Most enzymes function best at

37) Which is true of competitive inhibition?

39) The term "precursor metabolite" refers to molecules that

40) Which is true regarding the three central metabolic pathways?

42) The energy yield of any energy-transforming pathway

44) The TCA cycle produces

46) The electron transport system

48) In the electron transport system

50) In the phototrophic production of energy, the oxygen originates from

52) The sugar component of RNA and DNA nucleotides is synthesized

53) The change in free energy of a reaction varies.

69) The linking of N-acetyleglucosamine, N-acetylemuramic acid, and tetrapeptides is a(n)

71) Please identify the TRUE statement.

74) Which of the following produces the most precursor metabolites?

76) Which is FALSE regarding glycolysis?

80) Which enzyme drives ATP synthesis in respiration?

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