Earthquake Seismic Waves – Waves that transmit the
energy released by an earthquake.
- Natural phenomenon that is
characterized by sudden, violent
shifting of massive plates underneath
Earth’s surface. This movement of
plates releases stress that generates
along geologic faults.
- Are forms of wave energy that are
transmitted through bedrock.
- This movement of plates releases
stress that generates along geologic
faults.
HYPOCENTER (focus)
- The point within the earth along the
geological faults where the
earthquake originates.
EPICENTER- the point on the earth’s
surface directly above the focus.
 When the hypocenter is located near
the surface that is within 60 km,
shallow-focus earthquakes are
produced.
 If it is between 60 to 300 km,
intermediate earthquake is produced.
 A deep-focus earthquake is
produced if it is more than 300-
700km below the Earth’s surface.
Fault – A fracture in the rocks that make up
the earth’s crust.
Epicenter – The point at the surface of the
earth directly above the focus
Focus (Hypocenter) – The point within the
earth where an earthquake rupture starts.
Plates – Massive rocks that make up the
outer layer of the earth’s surface, and whose
movement along faults triggers earthquakes.
Fault – a crack across which the rocks have
been offset first.
Fault plane- the area where the fault occurs
Fault trace - a line which may be visible or
not that occurs on Earth’s surface.
Hanging wall – the block of crust above the
fault
Foot Wall – block of crust below the fault.
CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTS
1. Normal fault – a fault in which the
hanging wall moves down relative to
the footwall as a result of extension.
(Cabrillo Fault)
2. Reverse fault – “thrust fault”. A fault
in which the hanging wall moves up
relative to the footwall as a result of
compression. (Sumatra Earthquake
fault in 2004)
3. Strike-slip fault – a fault in which two
blocks of crust slide past each other
on the same plane. The motion
experienced is right or left lateral
instead of up and down.
LOCATION OF EARTHQUAKE AND
VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES
The five deadliest Earthquakes in the
Philippines
 1. Moro Gulf Earthquake (1976) – 8.1 Both waeves are called body waves because
“The Midnight Killer” they can travel through the interior of Earth
2. Luzon Earthquake (1990) – 7.8 from the focus to distant points.
3. Lanao Earthquake (1955) – 7.5
4. Casiguran Earthquake (1968) – 7.3
5. Bohol Earthquake (2013) – 7.2
Seismologists
- Can detect the existence of fault by
studying the distances between rocks,
either they move apart or come
together.
Seismic Waves
- These are waves of energy that travel
through the Earth's layers, and are a
result of earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, magma movement, large
landslides and large man-made
explosions that give out low-
frequency acoustic energy.
CLASSIFICATION OF SEISMIC
WAVES
A. Body Waves (Longitudinal) –
waves that travel below the earth.
Types of Body Waves:
A. Body waves – waves that travel below
the surface of Earth
Types of Body Waves:
1. Primary or P-waves – also known as
compressional wave that travels the fastest
at a speed between 4-8km/s at Earth’s crust;
the first to arrive at a location that can move
through all states of matter.
2. Secondary S-waves – also known as
shearing wave that travels usually at 2.5-
4km/s and can only travel through solid
materials.