Test Bank for Intimate Relationships 3rd by Bradbury

Test Bank for Intimate Relationships 3rd by Bradbury

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CHAPTER 7: Romantic Attraction

1. Physical Appearance
a. How much does appearance matter?
i. Gender differences
ii. Matching phenomenon
b. Why does appearance make such a difference?
2. Personal Characteristics
a. Vertical versus horizontal attributes
b. Personality and similarity
i. Complementarity
c. Reciprocity and selectivity
d. Unrequited love
i. Stalking
e. Knowing what you want in a romantic partner
i. Speed dating
3. How Context Affects Romantic Attraction
a. Misattribution of arousal
4. Making a Connection
a. Mate selection
b. First moves: Signaling availability and interest
i. Proceptivity
ii. Behavioral synchrony
c. Self-disclosure: Knowing and being known
i. Social penetration theory
1. Disclosure reciprocity
d. Developing Commitment

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The experience of evaluating another individual as an attractive, potentially intimate, partner, with or
without a sexual element, refers to:
a. romantic attraction. c. sexual attraction.
b. dating. d. mate selection.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Physical Appearance
TOP: Physical Appearance MSC: Factual

2. Brian is taking a cooking class. On the first day of class, Brian is paired with Brittany. As they are
talking, Brian realizes he likes the way he feels around Brittany and thinks she is beautiful. By the last
cooking class, Brian feels a strong urge to ask her on a date. Brian’s feelings best demonstrate the
process of:
a. romantic attraction. c. mate selection.
b. misattribution of arousal. d. the primacy effect.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Physical Appearance
TOP: Physical Appearance MSC: Applied

3. Elaine Hatfield and her colleagues randomly matched University of Minnesota freshmen for a Welcome
Week dance. When the students were asked to evaluate their dates, the physical attractiveness of the date
was the best predictor of whether someone wanted to go out with that person again. What was the
second-best predictor?
a. similarity of values c. intelligence
b. sense of humor d. There was no second-best predictor.
 ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: How Much Does Appearance Matter?
TOP: Physical Appearance: How much does appearance matter?
MSC: Factual

4. Miguel is a college freshman of average physical attractiveness who waits tables at the campus café to
help pay his tuition. Based on what you have learned about attraction research, which of the following
women would you expect Miguel to most want to spend time with?
a. Jolanda, a stunning freshman who does some modeling to help pay her tuition
b. Mandip, a freshman of average physical attractiveness who works as a cashier at the local
grocery store
c. Casey, a senior of average physical attractiveness who works at the campus library
d. Brenda, a somewhat unattractive senior who works part-time as a waitress
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: How Much Does Appearance Matter?
TOP: Physical Appearance: How much does appearance matter?
MSC: Applied

5. What are women likely to report are the most important aspects in a potential partner?
a. earning potential and emotional expressiveness
b. physical appeal and personality
c. earning potential and personality
d. emotional expressiveness and physical appeal
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: How Much Does Appearance Matter?
TOP: Physical Appearance: How much does appearance matter?
MSC: Factual

6. When it comes to romantic attraction:

a. shared interests are equally as important in predicting attraction as physical appearance is.
b. physical appearance is the largest predictor of attraction for men and women.
c. women are more influenced by physical appearance than men are.
d. men are more influenced by physical appearance than women are.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: How Much Does Appearance Matter?
TOP: Physical Appearance: How much does appearance matter?: Gender differences
MSC: Factual

7. Nalini is a college senior majoring in mathematics. To help pay her tuition, she works part-time waiting
tables at a local restaurant. She enjoys playing soccer and going for hikes. Her friends would describe
her as outgoing, kind, funny, and pretty but not beautiful. Based on the matching phenomenon, which of
the following men is Nalini most likely to form an intimate relationship with?
a. Trevor, a senior in the math department who plays on the same soccer team as Nalini
b. Jagdeep, a fairly good-looking senior in the physics department who works at the same
restaurant as Nalini
c. Tremayne, a somewhat unattractive junior in the math department with whom Nalini goes
hiking every other weekend
d. José, an extremely attractive senior in the math department who volunteers in a local
elementary school helping disadvantaged children with their math skills
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: How Much Does Appearance Matter?
TOP: Physical Appearance: How much does appearance matter?: Matching phenomenon
MSC: Applied

8. The matching phenomenon suggests that people tend to pair with partners who are similar in their:
 a. social skills. c. socioeconomic background.
b. intellectual capacity. d. physical attractiveness.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Much Does Appearance Matter?
TOP: Physical Appearance: How much does appearance matter?: Matching phenomenon
MSC: Factual

9. You conduct a study about what people find physically attractive by creating computer-generated
composites of photographs and asking people to rate the attractiveness of each. Your results show that
the composite made up of ________ faces is rated as most attractive.
a. 2 c. 16
b. 4 d. 32
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Why Appearance Makes Such a Difference
TOP: Physical Appearance: Why does appearance make such a difference?
MSC: Applied

10. What aspects of physical attraction appear consistent across a variety of cultures?
a. Culturally diverse men and women tend to regard men with large eyes, a small nose, and
high cheekbones as attractive.
b. Culturally diverse men and women tend to regard women with a wide smile and broad jaw
as attractive.
c. Culturally diverse men and women tend to regard women with large eyes, a small nose, and
high cheekbones as attractive.
d. Culturally diverse men and women tend to regard men with broad shoulders and tall stature
as attractive.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Why Appearance Makes Such a Difference
TOP: Physical Appearance: Why does appearance make such a difference?
MSC: Factual

11. How are Sam and Jaydee likely to rate the physical attractiveness of a wide array of photos?
a. They are likely to agree on most of their evaluations of attractiveness.
b. They are likely to disagree in many of their evaluations of attractiveness.
c. They are likely to rate strong characteristics as more attractive than average features.
d. They are likely to agree that men with broad shoulders and tall statures are attractive.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Why Appearance Makes Such a Difference
TOP: Physical Appearance: Why does appearance make such a difference?
MSC: Applied

12. Snyder’s (1977) research examining telephone conversations between unacquainted men and women
found that:
a. attractiveness of a conversation partner has no effect on the nature of the interaction.
b. men who think they are talking to an attractive woman are friendlier than women who
believe they are talking to an attractive man.
c. women who think they are talking to an attractive man are friendlier than men who believe
they are talking to an attractive woman.
d. women and men believed to be attractive by their partners behave in a friendlier manner.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Why Appearance Makes Such a Difference
TOP: Physical Appearance: Why does appearance make such a difference?
MSC: Conceptual
13. The beauty stereotype suggests that physically attractive people are kinder, more sensitive, and more
interesting than less attractive people. What is a downside to being physically attractive?
a. Attractive people are judged as equally vain as less attractive people.
b. Potential partners are only interested in attractive people’s reproductive fitness.
c. Attractive people find it difficult to trust positive feedback from others.
d. Employers are more likely to offer attractive people a job after an interview.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Why Appearance Makes Such a Difference
TOP: Physical Appearance: Why does appearance make such a difference?
MSC: Factual

14. Which of the following statements about physical attractiveness is FALSE?

a. Distinctive or unusual faces tend to be rated as more attractive than average ones.
b. The physical attractiveness of potential partners affects the mate choices of men and women
to about the same degree.
c. People tend to pair up with mates whose physical attractiveness matches their own.
d. People tend to believe that physically attractive individuals are also attractive in other ways.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Why Appearance Makes Such a Difference
TOP: Physical Appearance: Why does appearance make such a difference?
MSC: Factual

15. Dr. Brenner is an evolutionary psychologist who hypothesizes that more attractive children will be
healthier as adults. After conducting a longitudinal study, what result is Dr. Brenner likely to find?
a. Being attractive is positively associated with physical health.
b. Girls who are rated as more beautiful have better health, but attractiveness is not associated
with health in boys.
c. Boys who are rated as more handsome have better health, but attractiveness is not associated
with health in girls.
d. Being attractive is not associated with physical health.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Why Appearance Makes Such a Difference
TOP: Physical Appearance: Why does appearance make such a difference?
MSC: Applied

16. A horizontal attribute refers to qualities on which people ________, whereas a vertical attribute refers to
qualities on which people ________.
a. can be ranked hierarchically; differ, but cannot be judged as better or worse
b. differ, but cannot be judged as better or worse; can be ranked hierarchically
c. are similar; differ
d. differ; are similar
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Personal Characteristics
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Vertical versus horizontal attributes
MSC: Conceptual

17. Leona tells her friend about her ideal partner: “He would be handsome, rich, and share my love for
cooking.” Leona is seeking a partner on the basis of:
a. horizontal attributes.
b. vertical attributes.
c. both horizontal and vertical attributes.
d. neither horizontal nor vertical attributes.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Personal Characteristics
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Vertical versus horizontal attributes
 MSC: Applied

18. Research about personality and attraction shows that:

a. those who are rated as fun, rather than good, are perceived as more attractive.
b. people are most attracted to others with the same personality traits.
c. personality has little effect on attraction.
d. the association between personality and attraction is complex.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Personality and Similarity
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Personality and similarity MSC: Factual

19. Anderson’s (1968) list of the top 10 most likeable and least likeable personality traits suggests that:
a. being trustworthy is more attractive than being fun.
b. no one finds dishonest individuals attractive.
c. friendliness is the most attractive personality trait.
d. individuals with a few negative qualities are not attractive.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Personality and Similarity
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Personality and similarity MSC: Conceptual

20. One reason why we find people who are similar to us more attractive is because they:
a. are easy to get along with and are validating.
b. increase our confidence and facilitate self-expansion.
c. are probably going to like us.
d. increase our confidence and share our vulnerabilities.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Personality and Similarity
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Personality and similarity MSC: Factual

21. According to Lykken and Tellegen (1993), why is similarity not a strong predictor of romantic
attraction?
a. There are infinite ways to evaluate similarity with others.
b. Similarity is one predictor of romantic attraction, but context plays a larger role in
predicting romantic attraction.
c. People tend to seek partners who have traits that they lack.
d. People tend to seek partners who are opposite than themselves.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Personality and Similarity
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Personality and similarity MSC: Conceptual

22. Which of the following is supported by research about complementarity?

a. Complementary traits are more predictive of relationship satisfaction than similar traits.
b. Couples may adopt complementary patterns of behavior when they are together.
c. People report being more attracted to individuals whom they think have personality traits
that they themselves lack.
d. There is no evidence that complementarity is attractive.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Personality and Similarity
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Personality and similarity: Complementarity
MSC: Factual

23. Research about reciprocity has shown that:

a. the effects of being liked influences feelings of attraction more strongly than the effects
associated with the qualities of the individuals.
b. the effects associated with the qualities of the individuals influence feelings of attraction
 more strongly than the effects of being liked.
c. the effects of being liked influence feelings of attraction as strongly as the effects associated
with the qualities of the individuals.
d. the highest levels of liking another correlate with the highest reciprocated feelings of liking.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Reciprocity and Selectivity
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Reciprocity and selectivity MSC: Factual

24. You participate in a study where you meet four other students and work one-on-one with each on a series
of activities (i.e., first you are paired with one student, then with a second, etc.). After each activity, you
overhear your partner talking to the experimenter about you. According to research by Aronson and his
colleagues, which of the students will you like more?
a. Kenisha, who likes you at the beginning of the study and still likes you at the end of the
study
b. Will, who likes you at the beginning of the study but not at the end of the study
c. Jamie, who does not like you at the beginning of the study but likes you by the end of the
study
d. José, who does not like you at the beginning of the study and still does not like you at the
end of the study
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Reciprocity and Selectivity
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Reciprocity and selectivity MSC: Applied

25. Jake is presented with four fictional women. According to Hatfield, Pilavin, and Schmidt’s (1973) study,
whom is he most likely to be interested in asking out?
a. Kanna, who expresses she would date anyone
b. Nadia, who expresses interest in most men, but not Jake
c. Adele, who rejects most men, but expresses interest in Jake
d. Merle, who expresses she is uninterested in dating anyone
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Unrequited Love
OBJ: Personal Characteristics: Unrequited love MSC: Applied

26. Research on unrequited love shows that:

a. unrequited love is relatively rare because being romantically attracted to someone who is
not romantically attracted to us in return is not rewarding.
b. because it causes heartache, feelings of unrequited love fade quickly once it becomes clear
the other person is not attracted to us in return.
c. being the object of unrequited love is a particularly flattering experience.
d. feelings of unrequited love are likely to persist because we believe that if we work hard
enough we may eventually win the affection of the person we desire.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Unrequited Love
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Unrequited love MSC: Factual

27. Ana is extremely attracted to Mark, a coworker; however, Mark is unaware that Ana even works for the
company. Ana makes every effort to be near Mark, including sitting next to him during meetings and
attending company social events that Mark has RSVP’d to. Ana’s behavior can best be described as an
example of:
a. unrequited love. c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
b. consummate love. d. mate selection.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Unrequited Love
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Unrequited love MSC: Applied
28. The distinction between unrequited love and stalking:
a. is clear—unrequited lovers are sweet and harmless, whereas stalkers are dangerous.
b. may be difficult to assess—unrequited lovers and stalkers both believe they can win over the
objects of their affections.
c. may be difficult to assess—it depends on how clearly the object of unwanted attraction
communicates his or her lack of interest; he or she may just be playing hard to get.
d. is nonexistent—it all depends on the interpretation made by the object of unwanted
attraction.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Unrequited Love
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Unrequited love: Stalking MSC: Conceptual

29. Speed dating is:

a. a smartphone application that matches individuals’ preferences and characteristics to
determine whether they would be a good couple.
b. the most common way American college students determine if they are romantically
interested in others.
c. common among individuals who jump in and out of committed relationships regularly.
d. an event in which participants talk one-on-one with many individuals to see if they are
romantically attracted.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Knowing What You Want in a Romantic Partner
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Knowing what you want in a romantic partner: Speed dating
MSC: Factual

30. Bev participates in a speed-dating study. On the prestudy questionnaire she reports that physical
attractiveness in a potential romantic partner is very important to her. Yet, at the end of the study, the
people she reports wanting to meet again are not those she rates as being most physically attractive. How
can we explain this discrepancy?
a. Bev misunderstood the prestudy questionnaire and does not think physical attractiveness in
a potential romantic partner is important.
b. Mate selection is essentially random so Bev’s preferences are not important.
c. The prestudy measures are unable to assess dynamic processes, such as how each person
Bev met made her feel.
d. Most people think physical attraction is important, but humor plays a larger role in
attraction.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Knowing What You Want in a Romantic Partner
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Knowing what you want in a romantic partner
MSC: Applied

31. To understand people’s mate choices, it is enough to know about the qualities of the two individuals
involved.
a. True
b. False
c. This is true except when partners share temperament qualities.
d. This is false except when partners share qualities that indicate loyalty.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Knowing What You Want in a Romantic Partner
TOP: Personal Characteristics: Knowing what you want in a romantic partner
MSC: Factual

32. Who is most likely to have the highest standards for selecting a partner for a one-night stand?
a. Adam, a man at a party
b. Inigo, a man in a café
 c. Niko, a woman at a bar
d. Marjan, a woman at a library
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: How Context Affects Romantic Attraction
TOP: How Context Affects Romantic Attraction MSC: Applied

33. Research based on sexual strategies theory shows that:

a. men derive benefits only from pursuing many short-term relationships.
b. women have nothing to gain from pursuing short-term relationships.
c. men are willing to lower their standards to engage in short-term relationships.
d. women are willing to pursue a short-term relationship as long as the male partner is
dependable.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: How Context Affects Romantic Attraction
TOP: How Context Affects Romantic Attraction MSC: Applied

34. Social psychologists Donald Dutton and Art Aron had an attractive female research assistant offer her
phone number to men in the middle of the high, rickety Capilano Suspension Bridge in Vancouver,
British Columbia, and to men on a nearby low, sturdy bridge. The main finding was that the men on the
suspension bridge were ________ likely to call the research assistant because they ________ the
swaying bridge was the source of their physiological arousal and so attributed their feelings of arousal to
________.
a. less; did not realize; the research assistant
b. more; mistakenly thought; the bridge
c. less; correctly realized; the bridge
d. more; did not realize; the research assistant
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: How Context Affects Romantic Attraction
TOP: How Context Affects Romantic Attraction: Misattribution of arousal
MSC: Factual

35. Javeed has a fear of flying, and every time he has to fly, his heart races and his palms get sweaty. On
business trips, Javeed usually travels with his colleague Franco, but on a recent trip, a new female
colleague, Blanca, accompanied him. Meeting her for the first time at the airport, Javeed found himself
extremely attracted to her. Based on the chapter’s coverage of attraction, what best explains Javeed’s
attraction to Blanca?
a. disclosure reciprocity
b. behavioral synchrony
c. misattribution of arousal
d. proceptivity
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: How Context Affects Romantic Attraction
TOP: How Context Affects Romantic Attraction: Misattribution of arousal
MSC: Applied

36. Romantic attraction is to ________ as mate selection is to ________.

a. commitment; desire
b. love; liking
c. desire; commitment
d. liking; love
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Making a Connection
OBJ: Making a Connection: Mate selection MSC: Conceptual

37. The process through which a committed relationship is formed is called:

 a. hooking up. c. behavioral synchrony.
b. mate selection. d. the matching phenomenon.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Making a Connection
TOP: Making a Connection: Mate selection MSC: Factual

38. Blaine is a college student who is interested in one of his classmates, Kendall. What is Blaine most likely
to do?
a. ask Kendall to spend time with him in a group setting
b. ask Kendall out on a one-on-one date
c. ask Kendall to hook up with him
d. ask Kendall to be his girlfriend
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: First Moves: Signaling Availability and Interest
TOP: Making a Connection: First moves: Signaling availability and interest
MSC: Applied

39. Which of the following factors is the most significant predictor of hookups?
a. sexual drive
b. emotional connection
c. intoxication
d. physical attraction
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: First Moves: Signaling Availability and Interest
TOP: Making a Connection: First moves: Signaling availability and interest
MSC: Factual

40. According to Glenn and Marquadt (2011), hooking up is defined as:

a. a physical encounter with the expectation to date.
b. a physical encounter without any further expectations.
c. kissing an individual outside of a committed relationship.
d. having intercourse outside of a committed relationship.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: First Moves: Signaling Availability and Interest
TOP: Making a Connection: First moves: Signaling availability and interest
MSC: Factual

41. An experiment by Bernstein and his colleagues (1983) showed that men will crowd into a small viewing
booth next to an attractive woman to view a film when different movies are being shown in two viewing
rooms but will go to a separate booth when the same film is shown in both settings. An explanation for
this finding is that:
a. the men didn’t like the movie being shown in the other room.
b. when people have a choice of settings, perceived control makes crowding more tolerable.
c. men prefer watching movies in spacious environments when possible.
d. in the two-film condition, there was less risk of rejection.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: First Moves: Signaling Availability and Interest
TOP: Making a Connection: First moves: Signaling availability and interest
MSC: Factual

42. Fan is telling her friends about how she hooked up with one of her classmates a couple months ago. She
is describing that it was an awful experience. What experience is she likely to mention?
a. That the hook-up led to a few dates, but did not develop into a relationship.
b. What the person’s name was and where they lived.
c. That she felt used and pressured to have sex.
 d. That she was attracted to the person, but was not interested in a relationship.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: First Moves: Signaling Availability and Interest
TOP: Making a Connection: First moves: Signaling availability and interest
MSC: Applied

43. According to Muehlenhard and colleagues (1986), what is the strongest sign of a woman’s interest in a
potential partner?
a. leaning forward c. touching while not laughing
b. speaking with animation d. touching while laughing
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: First Moves: Signaling Availability and Interest
TOP: Making a Connection: First moves: Signaling availability and interest: Proceptivity
MSC: Factual

44. Proceptivity is to ________ as behavioral synchrony is to ________.

a. attraction; proximity c. signaling; mimicking
b. proximity; attraction d. mimicking; signaling
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: First Moves: Signaling Availability and Interest
TOP: Making a Connection: First moves: Signaling availability and interest: Proceptivity | Making a
Connection: First moves: Signaling availability and interest: Behavioral synchrony
MSC: Conceptual

45. As mentioned in the attraction chapter, behavioral synchrony refers to ________.

a. the idea that we become more attracted to people (and objects) that we have been exposed to
more frequently
b. the fact that sharing common experiences leads us to want to disclose other experiences to
an attractive person
c. how people interested in each other unconsciously mimic the other’s movements
d. a research method used to study the determinants of physical attraction (e.g., hip-to-waist
ratio)
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: First Moves: Signaling Availability and Interest
TOP: Making a Connection: First moves: Signaling availability and interest: Behavioral synchrony
MSC: Factual

46. After taking this class and mastering the material on attraction, you go to a bar on a Friday night, take a
corner table, and observe how people meet and form couples. Which of the following individuals is
likely to be the LEAST successful at finding a partner at a singles’ bar?
a. Martin, who greets his friends with a loud insult and a punch in the arm
b. Tuan, who tends to mimic the behaviors of the people she finds herself talking to
c. June, who emphasizes her long hair by tossing it frequently
d. Terry, who openly shares personal details of his life shortly after he meets someone
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Self-Disclosure: Knowing and Being Known
TOP: Making a Connection: Self-disclosure: Knowing and being known
MSC: Applied

47. Which of the following are topics commonly avoided in discussions by partners in romantic
relationships?
a. the state of the relationship, activity outside of the relationship, and prior romantic
relationships
b. feelings for one’s parents, experiences that one is ashamed of, and general childhood
experiences
 c. dates shared by the partners, feelings regarding a partner’s career, and aspirations
d. expectations regarding parenting, one’s greatest fears, and negative experiences
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Self-Disclosure: Knowing and Being Known
TOP: Making a Connection: Self-disclosure: Knowing and being known
MSC: Factual

48. What are the two categories of self-disclosure according to social penetration theory?
a. task-orientation and relationship-orientation
b. reports and inquiries
c. romance and friendship
d. breadth, the variety of information shared, and depth, the personal significance of the
information shared
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Self-Disclosure: Knowing and Being Known
TOP: Making a Connection: Self-disclosure: Knowing and being known: Social penetration theory
MSC: Factual

49. Janet and Phil have been married for over 50 years. At what point in their relationship did they most
likely avoid topics that would induce conflict, such as discussing past romantic partners?
a. when they first met c. when they reported moderate levels of
intimacy
b. when they reported low levels of intimacy d. when they reported high levels of intimacy
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Self-Disclosure: Knowing and Being Known
TOP: Making a Connection: Self-disclosure: Knowing and being known
MSC: Applied

50. What predictions would NOT follow from Altman and Taylor’s social penetration theory?
a. As you get closer with your roommate, you will discuss more personal information with him
or her.
b. If your partner is supportive when you discuss slightly personal information, it is reasonable
to assume that he or she will be supportive when you discuss topics that are more intimate.
c. Depth of disclosure between partners tends to be fairly equal across all topical areas.
d. The pace of disclosure tends to slow as disclosures become very intimate.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Self-Disclosure: Knowing and Being Known
TOP: Making a Connection: Self-disclosure: Knowing and being known: Social penetration theory
MSC: Conceptual

51. Which of the following statements about self-disclosure in relationships is NOT true?
a. Relationship development is associated with an increase in depth and breadth of information
shared.
b. We like people more after we have disclosed personal information to them.
c. We expect more immediate reciprocal exchange of personal information from our closest
friends and partners than either more distant friends or strangers.
d. A pattern of matching and deepening self-disclosures characterizes relationship
development.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Self-Disclosure: Knowing and Being Known
TOP: Making a Connection: Self-disclosure: Knowing and being known: Social penetration theory
MSC: Factual

52. When someone shares something personal with another person, the other person usually shares
something personal as well. This is known as:
 a. disclosure reciprocity.
b. behavioral synchrony.
c. mate selection.
d. misattribution of arousal.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Self-Disclosure: Knowing and Being Known
TOP: Making a Connection: Self-disclosure: Knowing and being known: Social penetration theory:
Disclosure reciprocity MSC: Factual

53. Research about commitment suggests that:

a. whether a relationship becomes more or less committed depends on the enduring qualities
of the two partners.
b. how quickly partners make a commitment to each other depends on the speed of their
self-disclosures.
c. committed couples tend to avoid discussing threatening topics.
d. relationships can become more or less committed for reasons that have little to do with the
qualities of the two partners.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Developing Commitment
TOP: Making a Connection: Developing commitment MSC: Factual

54. Relationship development is commonly thought of in terms of:

a. turning points.
b. rigid sequences of events.
c. phases that are not necessarily chronological.
d. levels of commitment between partners.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Developing Commitment
TOP: Making a Connection: Developing commitment MSC: Conceptual

55. Which of the following events is NOT necessarily associated with greater commitment in a relationship?
a. accepting a job in a different city
b. discussing intended involvement in the relationship
c. moving in together
d. saying “I love you”
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Developing Commitment
TOP: Making a Connection: Developing commitment MSC: Factual

ESSAY

1. When he first moved from another state, your friend Annand used an online dating service to look for a
girlfriend. Annand is of average attractiveness, plays soccer twice a week, and likes sci-fi movies.
Although he continually claimed to be interested only in very attractive women, his girlfriend of one
year (whom he met through the service) is of average attractiveness. Based on the matching
phenomenon, how would you explain this apparent contradiction between Annand’s claims and his
actual choice of a romantic partner?

ANS:
 Physical appearance is important in attraction: people are generally more interested in forming romantic
relationships with people who are physically attractive. However, people also want to pursue
relationships that are likely to be successful and are reluctant to open themselves to the possibility of
rejection. Therefore, although Annand may have claimed to be interested only in the most attractive
women, he was more likely to approach women who were of similar attractiveness to him rather than to
risk rejection by the highly attractive women.

DIF: Difficult REF: How Much Does Appearance Matter?

TOP: Physical Appearance: How much does appearance matter?: Matching phenomenon
MSC: Applied

2. Your friend wonders why female celebrities who have unusual facial features are judged as being most
physically attractive. Based on what you have learned about physical appearance and attractiveness,
what do you tell your friend?

ANS:
There appears to be a considerable level of overall agreement about the components of physical
attractiveness. Men and women from a variety of different cultures tend to agree that women with large
eyes, a small nose, and high cheekbones are especially attractive—features that many attractive female
celebrities are likely to possess. Overall, however, research suggests that the features people find
attractive are characteristic of average faces, not unusual ones. Other research suggests that what people
find attractive is symmetry, or the degree to which paired features on both sides of the face are aligned.
Yet despite the evidence that people find “averageness” and symmetry attractive, some evidence does
support the notion that those faces that are rated as extremely attractive are not necessarily symmetrical
or average.

DIF: Medium REF: Why Appearance Makes Such a Difference

TOP: Physical Appearance: Why does appearance make such a difference?
MSC: Applied

3. Relationship development often involves romantic attraction and mate selection. Discuss the similarities
and differences of these subjects.

ANS:
Romantic attraction separates people whom we find attractive into those with whom we want to pursue a
romantic relationship and those with whom we want to be friends. Thus, romantic attraction is defined as
the process of finding someone desirable as a potential intimate partner. Although we may be
romantically attracted to any number of people, most of us develop intimate relationships with relatively
few of these people. Distinguished from romantic attraction, mate selection is the process through which
committed relationships are formed.

DIF: Easy REF: Physical Appearance | Making a Connection

TOP: Physical Appearance | Making a Connection: Mate selection
MSC: Factual

4. Discuss how personality is related to romantic attraction.

ANS:
Research suggests that we are attracted to people who have positive personality characteristics and
dislike people with negative ones. In particular, we appear to be attracted to people who are honest and
trustworthy. This does not mean, however, that the more positive personality traits a person has, the
more attractive they will be to us.

DIF: Medium REF: Personality and Similarity

 TOP: Personal Characteristics: Personality and similarity MSC: Conceptual

5. Two of your friends are arguing about what makes someone attractive. One of your friends claims,
“opposites attract,” whereas the other insists, “birds of a feather flock together.” Both point to couples
you both know to support their arguments. Based on the information presented in the chapter, what
would you tell your friends about whether similarity or complementarity is more attractive?

ANS:
A large body of research supports the claim that we generally find people more attractive the more
similar they are to ourselves. On the other hand, some researchers suggest that, when it comes to
personality, it is complementarity that matters, for example, where one partner is dominant and the other
submissive. Unfortunately, almost all research attempts to validate the complementarity hypothesis have
failed. When it comes to attraction, people find similarity, not complementarity, attractive. These
findings are more supportive of the adage “birds of a feather flock together.”

DIF: Medium REF: Personality and Similarity

TOP: Personal Characteristics: Personality and similarity MSC: Conceptual

6. Explain why we find people who are similar to us more attractive than those who are different.

ANS:
First, it is validating to be with people who are similar to us; being with people who share our beliefs and
interests reinforces the idea that our beliefs and interests are justified and worthwhile, and this makes us
feel better about ourselves. Second, people who are similar to us are easier to get along with. We are less
likely to have disagreements and arguments with those who share our values.

DIF: Easy REF: Personality and Similarity

TOP: Personal Characteristics: Personality and similarity MSC: Factual

7. Early research on reciprocity suggested that we are attracted to people who are like us. Explain how
subsequent research about the role of reciprocity on attraction has refined this idea.

ANS:
Research has shown that not all liking is equally rewarding. It turns out that, rather than preferring
people who like us right away, we tend to prefer people who initially have negative opinions of us but
then grow to like us over time. People who like us without even knowing us might simply be very easy to
please. Although it may be flattering that they like us, we are unlikely to take their liking personally
(perhaps they like everyone!). People who grow to like us over time, however, may be harder to please.
Consequently, when those people come to like us, we can feel certain that the approval we are receiving
reflects our own qualities.

DIF: Medium REF: Reciprocity and Selectivity

TOP: Personal Characteristics: Reciprocity and selectivity MSC: Factual

8. Your friend Abdul claims he is in love with Maia, a woman in his health psychology class. He tells you
that, so far, he has had no luck in getting her to agree to go on a date with him, but he is certain that, if he
keeps trying, Maia will change her mind. After what you have learned in your intimate relationships
course, you conclude that Abdul is experiencing unrequited love. Provide three reasons why Abdul
would choose to continue to pursue Maia, despite her repeated rejections.

ANS:
 First, Abdul likely believes that Maia is exceptionally desirable. Thus, in terms of rewards, Maia’s
perceived capacity to reward Abdul is very high. Second, Abdul seems to believe that, although his
feelings are not currently returned, they are likely to be returned eventually. For Abdul, the costs of not
being loved today might be outweighed by the potential rewards of Maia possibly loving him in the
future. Finally, Abdul is likely to endorse the view that simply being in love is rewarding, even if Maia
does not return his feelings. For example, he is likely to agree with the statement, “It is better to have
loved in vain than never to have loved at all.”

DIF: Easy REF: Unrequited Love

TOP: Personal Characteristics: Unrequited love MSC: Applied

9. According to sexual strategies theory, how are men’s and women’s standards likely to differ in selecting
a partner for a one-night stand? Additionally, discuss how standards for a one-night stand may differ,
based on setting.

ANS:
Men report lower standards for a one-night stand in settings most likely to promote one-night stands. For
example, men are more likely than women to have lower standards for a potential partner in a bar or at a
party. Contrastingly, women report higher standards for a one-night stand in settings most likely to
promote one-night stands. Women report lower standards in a setting like a church or library, whereas
men report higher standards in these settings.

DIF: Easy REF: How Context Affects Romantic Attraction

TOP: How Context Affects Romantic Attraction MSC: Factual

10. Explain how situations can affect romantic attraction.

ANS:
Research clearly shows that our preferences for intimate partners are not consistent across situations.
This applies to internal and external context. An example where internal states affect romantic attraction
is misattribution of arousal. When we feel physiologically aroused, we are quite poor at recognizing
where that arousal comes from. In a classic study, Dutton and Aron had an attractive female research
assistant offer her phone number to men in the middle of the high rickety Capilano Suspension Bridge in
Vancouver, British Columbia, and to men on a nearby sturdy, low concrete bridge. Dutton and Aron
found that the men from the suspension bridge were more likely to call the research assistant because
they misinterpreted the source of their physiological arousal and so attributed their feelings of arousal to
the attractive woman. External context can also affect romantic attraction by supporting different mating
strategies. For example, being in a singles bar versus a library changes the targets of our romantic
attraction.

DIF: Difficult REF: How Context Affects Romantic Attraction

TOP: How Context Affects Romantic Attraction MSC: Conceptual

11. Explain how the “social scripts” for getting to know a potential partner have changed over time.

ANS:
In the past, when individuals were interested in getting to know one another, they would go on dates.
Generally, it was the man’s role to ask a woman out, decide the activity for the date, and pay for the
activity. As the individuals went on dates, they decided whether or not they would progress into a
relationship with each other. If sex were to occur, it would be the culmination of dating. Today
individuals tend to ask others whom they are interested in to spend time in group settings. College
students do not generally go on dates unless they are already in a committed relationship. Sex may be an
aspect of the relationship, casually, before there is a romantic commitment.
 DIF: Easy REF: First Moves: Signaling Availability and Interest
TOP: Making a Connection: First moves: Signaling availability and interest
MSC: Conceptual

12. Compare and contrast proceptivity and behavioral synchrony.

ANS:
Proceptivity and behavioral synchrony both play a role in the way romantic connections form. They are
both nonverbal cues that suggest whether or not one individual is attracted to another. Proceptivity refers
to the signals that individuals display to communicate romantic interest. While men often initiate
romantic interactions, they wait for a signal of interest from their potential partners. Common signals
include leaning forward, speaking animatedly, touching while laughing and not laughing, and standing
close. Contrastingly, behavioral synchrony tends to occur after two people have become more involved.
Individuals displaying behavioral synchrony tend to unconsciously mimic each other’s movements. The
opposite, leaning away, crossing one’s arms or avoiding eye contact, indicates that there is a lack of
interest.

DIF: Medium REF: First Moves: Signaling Availability and Interest

TOP: Making a Connection: First moves: Signaling availability and interest: Proceptivity | Making a
Connection: First moves: Signaling availability and interest: Behavioral synchrony
MSC: Conceptual

13. Describe Altman and Taylor’s social penetration theory. How does it relate to attraction?

ANS:
According to social penetration theory, the development of a relationship is associated with the kind of
personal information that partners exchange with each other. The theory categorizes self-disclosures
along two dimensions: breadth, or the variety of information shared, and depth, or the personal
significance of the information shared. During an initial conversation, people tend to exchange
information that is neither broad nor deep (e.g., “What other classes are you taking?”). Over the course
of multiple interactions, however, people’s self-disclosures tend to spread over a wider range of areas
and tend to deal with increasingly personal issues (e.g., “I’ve been depressed because my parents are
getting divorced.”). Research shows that there is generally a strong relationship between disclosure and
liking between two people. However, not all disclosures lead to increased liking, such as when people
disclose highly personal information too early in an interaction or when people disclose personal
information about themselves while giving the impression that they would disclose the information to
anyone who will listen.

DIF: Medium REF: Self-Disclosure: Knowing and Being Known

TOP: Making a Connection: Self-disclosure: Knowing and being known: Social penetration theory
MSC: Factual

14. What is the problem with stage theories of relationship development? In what other way do relationship
researchers conceptualize relationship development?

ANS:
Test Bank for Intimate Relationships 3rd by Bradbury

The problem with stage theories is that intimate relationships rarely follow the orderly pattern of
development that stage models describe. For example, although some recently married couples do
describe a steady increase in involvement over time, others describe relationships that progressed from
strangers to marriage very quickly or relationships that experienced many ups and downs before
reaching marriage. Consequently, rather than thinking of relationship development in terms of stages,
researchers, who examine how relationships actually develop, think, instead, about turning points, or
specific events or behaviors, that increase or decrease the level of commitment between two people. For
example, the first time partners exchange the words I love you is a major event that changes how both
partners feel about the relationship, as are more concrete behaviors, such as buying a house. Thus, more
recent research suggests that, rather than progressing along a series of “steps,” relationships appear to
experience turning points during which each partner’s commitment to the relationship is made explicit,
either through a conversation or through the choices he or she makes in response to the opportunities
offered.

DIF: Medium REF: Developing Commitment

TOP: Making a Connection: Developing commitment MSC: Factual

15. Kara and her girlfriend have just said I love you to each other for the first time. Why would researchers
studying commitment describe this as a turning point in their relationship?

ANS:
The first time Kara and her girlfriend exchange the words I love you represents a major event that
changes how both partners feel about the relationship. Although researchers initially thought of
relationship development as progressing through a series of stages, they now examine how specific
events or behaviors (called turning points) increase or decrease the level of commitment between
partners. During such turning points, each partner’s commitment to the relationship is made explicit,
either through a conversation (as for Kara and her girlfriend) or through the choices each partner makes
in response to the opportunities offered.

DIF: Easy REF: Developing Commitment

TOP: Making a Connection: Developing commitment MSC: Applied

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