Test Bank for Introducing Cultural Anthropology 5th Edition

Test Bank for Introducing Cultural Anthropology 5th

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Chapter 09 - Gender and Sexuality: Nature or Nurture?

Chapter 09
Gender and Sexuality: Nature or Nurture?

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The temperament of men and women were profiled by Margaret Mead in these cultures:
A. Arapesh, Zuni, and Arapaho.
B. Arapesh, Washo, and Trobriands.
C. Arapesh, Mbuti, and Nandi.
D. Arapesh, Tchambuli, and Mundugumor.

2. Among the Tchambuli, Mead noted that

A. distinct male and female roles existed but were opposite of the role models in North
American culture.
B. no distinct male and female roles existed.
C. both men and women were maternal.
D. both men and women were non-emotional and business-like.

3. Feminist anthropology arose in the 1970s and

A. was first articulated by Margaret Mead.
B. focused on how genes affect gender behavior.
C. called for a reanalysis of earlier works.
D. downplayed men's role in society.

4. The theoretical approach in anthropology that has made us re-think our treatment of gender
in ethnographic studies is __________ anthropology.
A. medical
B. forensic
C. feminist
D. psychological

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Chapter 09 - Gender and Sexuality: Nature or Nurture?

5. Which of the following chromosomal pairs shows that an individual is male?

A. XX
B. XY
C. Xxy
D. YY

6. Among humans and other primates sexual dimorphism refers to

A. biological and behavioral differences between males and females.
B. biological variation between males and females.
C. behavioral forms and how they differ between males and females.
D. skeletal differences between males and females.

7. The most diagnostic feature for determining the sex of a human skeleton is the
A. skull.
B. humerus.
C. femur.
D. pelvis.

8. Gender refers to the

A. ability of an individual to produce sperm or egg.
B. biological designation of male and female.
C. sex of the individual.
D. assigned role of an individual within a society.

9. Throughout Polynesia, third-gender individuals are known as

A. gay.
B. hijra.
C. mahu.
D. berdache.

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Chapter 09 - Gender and Sexuality: Nature or Nurture?

10. Anthropologist Deborah Elliston noted that the gender-variant roles in Tahiti are
legitimized by
A. acknowledgment by the church.
B. longtime participation in that role.
C. an announcement by the person in a public place.
D. registering at a government office.

11. The Zuni recognize the berdache gender person as being

A. neither man nor woman.
B. a woman who cross-dresses.
C. part man and part woman.
D. a man who wears woman's clothes.

12. The hijras of India are culturally defined as

A. emasculated men.
B. men who dress like women.
C. men who behave as women in all ways.
D. gay men.

13. One of the roles that hijras take is that they

A. become entertainers on stage.
B. bless male babies at ceremonies.
C. use the supernatural to cure illness.
D. become housemaids.

14. Ideologically, the hijra of India identify with the

A. Moslem origin story.
B. Koran.
C. Hindu mother goddess.
D. Hindu father god.

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Chapter 09 - Gender and Sexuality: Nature or Nurture?

15. The practice of designating "female husbands" among the Nandi of Africa serves what
purpose?
A. It provides for an additional economic asset for a household.
B. It allows economic security to women who never married.
C. It gives lesbian women an opportunity to marry.
D. It provides a means for women without male heirs to transmit property.

16. In a sample taken from one Nandi community, how many households were headed by
female husbands?
A. under 2 percent
B. about 3 percent
C. about 5 percent
D. about 10 percent

17. Which is true of female husbands among the Nandi?

A. They do the same heavy labor as male husbands.
B. They engage in sexual relationships with their wives.
C. They occupy separate dwellings from their wives.
D. They live with their wives just like heterosexual couples.

18. Ernestine Friedl has demonstrated that among foragers

A. gender-defined division of labor is equal.
B. women have the highest status and most of the power.
C. men have the highest status and the most power.
D. control over scarce resources is related to status and power.

19. The Yanomamo origin myth of moonblood supports the belief that men are
A. superior to women.
B. wise.
C. fierce.
D. equal to women.

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Chapter 09 - Gender and Sexuality: Nature or Nurture?

20. The duality between men and women in the Yanomamo division of labor is based on
A. moonblood.
B. wabu fruit.
C. mother goddess.
D. noreshi.

21. Sex play and experimentation are common among young children of the
A. Trobrianders and the Ju/'hoansi.
B. Nandi and the East Bay people.
C. Zuni and the Mbuti pygmies.
D. Mbuti pygmies and the Mae Enga.

22. Ford and Beach's cross-cultural study of homosexuality found that it was socially accepted
as "normal" in what percentage of societies? About
A. 20 percent.
B. 30 percent.
C. 40 percent.
D. 60 percent.

23. Which of the following terms refers to the socially and culturally assigned roles dictating
how male and females should behave?
A. sex roles
B. gender roles
C. sexual orientation
D. diversity

24. Gender role refers to

A. the assigned roles of an individual within a society.
B. sexual orientation.
C. the biological distinction between males and females.
D. cultural stereotypes.

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Chapter 09 - Gender and Sexuality: Nature or Nurture?

25. Which of the following is an example of a third gender role found in India?
A. mahu
B. Zuni
C. berdache
D. hijras

26. All of the following are factors that affect gender roles EXCEPT
A. economic resources
B. ideology
C. sexual behavior
D. kinship

27. The marriage of one woman to another among the Nandi of Africa, serves which of the
following?
A. It is a cultural adaptation that allows a woman without male heirs to transmit property.
B. It serves to marry women whose father's cannot give large dowries.
C. It allows the Nandi to practice matrilineal descent in a patrilineal society.
D. It ensures a stable household for a woman who has lost her husband.

28. Among the Yanomamo, the purpose of separate origin myths for males and females
reinforces
A. the role of women in a patrilineal society.
B. female dominance over men.
C. the relative position of men over women.
D. none of the above.

29. Anthropological interest in sexuality can be traced back to which of the following
anthropologists?
A. Majorie Shostak
B. Regina Smith Oboler
C. Margaret Mead
D. Bronislaw Malinowski

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Chapter 09 - Gender and Sexuality: Nature or Nurture?

30. The issue of female circumcision generates outrage in North America. According to Kristen
Bell, the reason for this is that
A. medical research proves male circumcision is a necessary, healthful practice.
B. culture bound ideas about gender prevent our objectivity.
C. we are more advanced than the cultures that practice female circumcision.
D. only undereducated people practice such customs.

31. Margaret Mead is associated with the following area in cultural anthropology:
A. forensic anthropology.
B. visual anthropology.
C. medical anthropology.
D. psychological anthropology.

32. In Bora Bora, Tahiti, the third gender individual encountered by the author was exceptional
at
A. singing.
B. public speaking.
C. dancing.
D. negotiating marriage contracts.

Short Answer Questions

33. Distinguish between sex and gender.

Answer will vary.

34. Explain sexual dimorphism.

Answer will vary.

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Chapter 09 - Gender and Sexuality: Nature or Nurture?

35. How is the sex of a skeleton determined?

Answer will vary.

36. Why does the author say that the presentation of short examples of human sexuality in an
introductory text can present problems?

Answer will vary.

37. How did Nisa, the Ju/'hoansi woman, describe how children in her society learned about
sex?

Answer will vary.

38. How do Trobriand Islanders learn about sex?

Answer will vary.

39. What is a noreshi among the Yanomamo, and what is one way that beliefs about noreshi
influence the Yanomamo division of labor?

Answer will vary.

40. Discuss what cross-cultural research revealed about sexual attractiveness across cultures.

Answer will vary.

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Chapter 09 - Gender and Sexuality: Nature or Nurture?

41. What has cross-cultural research revealed about sexual prohibitions across cultures?

Answer will vary.

42. What were the ancient Greeks' cultural values regarding same-sex relationships?

Answer will vary.

Essay Questions

43. When Margaret Mead began her work, many people believed that men and women were
biologically programmed to behave in certain ways. Discuss what was revealed by Mead's
work in New Guinea.

Answer will vary.

44. Who are the hijras? Describe the role of a hijra in Indian society.

Answer will vary.

45. Discuss one of the following third-gender persons and their role in their society:
mahu, berdache, or hijra.

Answer will vary.

46. Discuss and cite examples of the factors that affect gender roles across cultures.

Answer will vary.

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Test Bank for Introducing Cultural Anthropology 5th Edition

Chapter 09 - Gender and Sexuality: Nature or Nurture?

47. Describe how the Nandi of Africa integrate gender roles to accommodate special
circumstances within the culture.

Answer will vary.

48. Discuss and evaluate the role of ideology in the enculturation of gender roles. Cite a specific
example.

Answer will vary.

49. Present a thesis statement regarding cross-cultural attitudes about human sexual behavior.
Support your thesis statement with three specific examples.

Answer will vary.

50. Discuss the problems associated with using Euro-American constructs about sexual
orientation to describe the behaviors and attitudes of other cultures.

Answer will vary.

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