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SOLIT Engineering Guidance Annex3
SOLIT Engineering Guidance Annex3
Annex 3
Engineering Guidance for Fixed Fire
Fighting Systems in Tunnels
1
© by SOLIT² Consortium 2012
The project, which this report is based on, was funded by the German Ministry of Economics and Technology by the num-
ber 19S9008. The responsibility for the content of this document is by the authors.
This document was produced with best knowledge and with great care. These documents and its annex documents are for the use
of experienced fire protection engineers. A case by case evaluation of the application of this document for a specific case must be
done by the reader.
2
Classification:
The scientific research project SOLIT² - Safety of Life in Tunnels was promoted by the German ministry of economics and technolo-
gy (BMWi; Code No. 19S9008) based on a decision of the German Bundestag. All members of the consortium have set up separate
scientific reports related to their aim of study. Most outstanding outcomes have been concluded in the present Guidance. The
Guideline has been set up jointly among the consortia members and presents the common final report. The Guideline is part of the
work package. All individual reports are available on behalf of the project coordinator.
Imprint:
Engineering Guidance for a Comprehensive Evaluation of Tunnels with Fixed Fire Fighting Systems.
This document is based on the main document „Engineering Guidance for a Comprehensive Evaluation of Tunnels with Fixed Fire
Fighting Systems”. The following other annex documents are available:
Annex 1: Status analysis
Annex 2: Selected Results of Full Scale Fire Tests
Annex 4: Application Example for a Risk Analysis
Annex 5: Safety Evaluation of Technical Equipment
Annex 6: Life Cycle Costs of Technical Equipment
Annex 7: Fire Tests and Fire Scenarios for Evaluation of FFFS
BUNG AG, Consulting Engineers STUVA Research Association for Underground Transportation
Wolfgang Baltzer Facilities (Studiengesellschaft für unterirdische Verkehrsanla-
Uwe Zimmermann gen e.V.)
Frank Leismann
FOGTEC Fire Protection GmbH & Co KG Roland Leucker
Tobias Hoffmann Antonio Piazolla
Max Lakkonen
Dirk Sprakel TÜV Süd Rail GmbH
Sascha Wendland Jürgen Heyn
Jakob Zaranek
Ruhr University Bochum - Chair of tunnel construction, line Lutz Neumann
construction and construction management
Markus Thewes IFAB Institute for Applied Fire Safety Research (Institut für an-
Götz Vollmann gewandte Brandschutzforschung GmbH)
Stefan Kratzmeir
Institute of the Fire Department of Saxony- Anhalt (Institut der Rajko Rothe
Feuerwehr Sachsen Anhalt)
Mario Koch
Horst Starke
The SOLIT² research consortia would like to thank the Scientific Advisory Board for their valuable comments and suggestions previ-
ous to the fire tests: Felix Amberg (ITA-COSUF), Frank Heimbecher, Jürgen Krieger (Federal Road Research Institute), Ingrid
Ortlepp (Thüringian Ministry of the Interior), Werner Thon (Hamburg Fire Brigade), Bernhard Koonen (Project Administrator for Mo-
bility and Transport), Robert Sauter (ADAC e.V.)
Editor:
SOLIT² Research Consortium, consisting of: STUVA Studiengesellschaft für unterirdische Personenver-
BUNG AG – Beratende Ingenieure kehrsanlagen e.V.
FOGTEC Brandschutz GmbH & Co. KG TÜV Süd Rail GmbH
Ruhr Universität Bochum – Lehrstuhl für Tunnelbau, Leitungs-
bau und Baubetrieb
Cologne
Version: 2.0; Status: November 2012
This Engineering Guidance will be further revised by the SOLIT² Consortium. Future versions can be requested from the consortium
via contact@SOLIT.info.
Project coordinator: FOGTEC Brandschutz GmbH & Co. KG, Schanzenstraße 19, 51063 Cologne
3
Table of contents
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Foreword...................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Purpose........................................................................................................................................ 7
1.3 Application and Scope ............................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Related documents ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.5 Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 8
4. Components ................................................................................................... 14
4.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 Nozzles and other discharge devices ..................................................................................... 14
4.2.1 Installation ................................................................................................................................... 14
4.2.2 Marking ....................................................................................................................................... 15
4.2.3 Maintenance ............................................................................................................................... 15
4.2.4 Material and temperature tolerances .......................................................................................... 15
4
4.2.5 Filtration and protection caps ..................................................................................................... 15
4.2.6 Installation sockets ..................................................................................................................... 15
4.3 Section valves ........................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.1 Installation................................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.2 Marking ....................................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.3 Type and maintenance ............................................................................................................... 15
4.3.4 Material and temperature tolerances .......................................................................................... 16
4.3.5 Valve protection cabinet ............................................................................................................. 16
4.3.6 Applicable standards .................................................................................................................. 16
4.4 Pumps ........................................................................................................................................ 16
4.4.1 Installation................................................................................................................................... 16
4.4.2 Type and maintenance ............................................................................................................... 16
4.4.3 Pump configuration ..................................................................................................................... 17
4.4.4 Marking ....................................................................................................................................... 17
4.4.5 Pump drive.................................................................................................................................. 17
4.4.6 Pump capacity ............................................................................................................................ 17
4.4.7 Pressure safety devices ............................................................................................................. 17
4.4.8 Flow safety devices .................................................................................................................... 17
4.4.9 Pump anchoring ......................................................................................................................... 17
4.4.10 Material and temperature tolerances .......................................................................................... 17
4.4.11 Filtration ...................................................................................................................................... 17
4.4.12 Pump controller .......................................................................................................................... 18
4.4.13 Applicable standards .................................................................................................................. 18
4.5 Jockey pumps ........................................................................................................................... 18
4.5.1 Installation................................................................................................................................... 18
4.5.2 Type and maintenance ............................................................................................................... 18
4.5.3 Marking ....................................................................................................................................... 18
4.5.4 Jockey pump drive ...................................................................................................................... 19
4.5.5 Material and temperature tolerances .......................................................................................... 19
4.5.6 Filtration ...................................................................................................................................... 19
4.5.7 Applicable standards .................................................................................................................. 19
4.6 Water tanks (reservoirs) .......................................................................................................... 19
4.6.1 Installation................................................................................................................................... 19
4.6.2 Water tank volume ...................................................................................................................... 19
4.6.3 Material ....................................................................................................................................... 19
4.6.4 Booster pump ............................................................................................................................. 19
4.6.5 Main filter .................................................................................................................................... 20
4.6.6 Temperature tolerance ............................................................................................................... 20
4.6.7 Maintenance ............................................................................................................................... 20
4.6.8 Applicable standards .................................................................................................................. 20
4.7 Pipework and fittings ............................................................................................................... 20
4.7.1 Pipe and fitting material .............................................................................................................. 20
4.7.2 Pressure rating ........................................................................................................................... 21
4.7.3 Straight pipes and bending ......................................................................................................... 21
4.7.4 Pipe joints and fittings ................................................................................................................. 21
4.7.5 Pipe supports .............................................................................................................................. 21
4.7.6 Drain and vent valves ................................................................................................................. 22
4.7.7 Thermal requirements ................................................................................................................ 22
5. Installation ...................................................................................................... 22
5.1 Safety aspects .......................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Off-site work .............................................................................................................................. 22
5.2.1 Prefabrication.............................................................................................................................. 22
5.2.2 Quality control ............................................................................................................................. 22
5.2.3 Factory testing ............................................................................................................................ 22
5
5.2.4 Transport..................................................................................................................................... 22
5.3 On-site work .............................................................................................................................. 23
5.4 Commissioning ......................................................................................................................... 23
5.4.1 Mechanical and hydraulic commissioning .................................................................................. 23
5.4.2 Commissioning of electrical and control equipment ................................................................... 23
5.4.3 Functional commissioning .......................................................................................................... 23
5.4.4 Emergency training ..................................................................................................................... 23
5.4.5 Handover documentation............................................................................................................ 23
5.4.6 Basic maintenance training......................................................................................................... 24
5.5 Installed System certification .................................................................................................. 24
8. Disclaimer ...................................................................................................... 26
9. Sources .......................................................................................................... 26
9.1 Figures ....................................................................................................................................... 26
9.2 Further Literature ...................................................................................................................... 26
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SOLIT² Engineering Guidance
Annex 3: Engineering Guidance for FFFS in Tunnels
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SOLIT² Engineering Guidance
Annex 3: Engineering Guidance for FFFS in Tunnels
NFPA 502, Standard for Road Tunnels, Bridges, tems (FFFS) purposes and having automatic or
and Other Limited Access Highways. semi-automatic operation via a re-
NFPA 750, Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection mote control system. Examples in-
Systems. clude water mist, deluge and foam
RABT, Richtlinie für die Ausstattung und den Be- systems.
trieb von Straßentunneln, der Forschungsgesell- Foam sys- Fixed fire fighting systems applying
schaft für Strassen- und Verkehrswesen, Issue tems a foam ratio over 4 as the fire
2006. fighting agent
UPTUN R251, Engineering Guidance for Water
Full scale fire Experimental fire tests organised in
Based Fire Fighting Systems for the Protection of
test test facilities that are in similar
Tunnels and Sub Surface Facilities – Report 251,
scale with dimensions of tunnel as
UPTUN WP2.5, 2006.
well as fire size.
1.5 Definitions Heat release The rate at which heat energy is
rate (HRR) generated by burning, expressed in
Additives Chemical or mixture of chemicals BTU or megawatts (MW).
intentionally introduced into the
system e.g. for improving fire High-pressure Water mist system applying nozzle
fighting performance or thermal re- water mist pressures above 35 bars.
sistance
Layout pa- Parameters defining the general
AFFF Aqueous Film Forming Foam rameters layout of a FFFS, e.g. distance be-
tween nozzles, maximum nozzle
Area protec- Automatic or manually activated height, etc.
tion systems fixed fire fighting systems intended
to fight a fire in the whole of a pre- Length of The distance from face of portal to
determined area rather than pro- tunnel face of portal measured using the
tecting only individual fire risks lo- centreline alignment along the tun-
cated in the area. nel roadway.
Authority Hav- An organisation, office or individual Low-pressure Water mist system applying nozzle
ing Jurisdic- responsible for enforcing the re- water mist pressures of less than 12 bars.
tion (AHJ) quirements of a code or a standard
Maximum and The maximum and the minimum
or for approving equipment, materi-
minimum working pressure of a component
als, installation or a procedure.
pressures of the FFFS
Bus systems A communication network built in
Maximum Maximum pressure provided by the
tunnels
pump pres- pump und normal working condi-
CFD Computational fluid dynamics is a sure tions.
branch of fluid mechanics that uses
Medium pres- Water mist system applying nozzle
numerical methods and algorithms
sure water pressures between 12 and 35 bar.
to solve and analyse problems that
mist
involve fluid flows and combustion.
Protection ar- The total area covered when the
Deluge sys- Deluge systems are water-based
ea maximum number of sections, that
tem FFFS, discharging water at low
the pump system is able to supply
pressure in the form of a spray. Of-
at the design pressure, is activated.
ten referred to as sprinkler systems
with open nozzles. RAMS analy- A tool for studying and designing
sis Reliability, Availability, Maintainabil-
Design pa- Parameters defining the detailed
ity and Safety of FFFS and other
rameters design of FFFS.
safety systems in tunnel.
Design pres- Minimum pressure at the nozzle as
SCADA Refers generally to tunnel control
sure defined in full scale fire tests.
system and its user interface (su-
Fixed fire Systems being permanently in- pervisory control and data acquisi-
fighting sys- stalled in tunnels for fire fighting tion)
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SOLIT² Engineering Guidance
Annex 3: Engineering Guidance for FFFS in Tunnels
As part of the design process for an FFFS for a NOTE: A specific type (make) of FFFS does not
specific tunnel the following aspects shall be con- require to undergo fire testing for each individ-
sidered as a minimum. The main document “Engi- ual tunnel it may be installed in, as long as the
neering Guidance for a Comprehensive Evaluation major design parameters of the actual tunnel to
of Tunnels with FFFS” describes general methods be protected are within the parameters of the
for the choice of system: tunnel used for fire testing. CFD modelling
potential fire risk shall not however replace full scale fire testing.
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SOLIT² Engineering Guidance
Annex 3: Engineering Guidance for FFFS in Tunnels
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SOLIT² Engineering Guidance
Annex 3: Engineering Guidance for FFFS in Tunnels
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SOLIT² Engineering Guidance
Annex 3: Engineering Guidance for FFFS in Tunnels
of the agents through the pipes shall be consid- 3.7.1 Structure of the control system
ered in order to avoid this. The control system typically consists of three parts:
The agent temperature shall not exceed 54 °C in The main control system, the communication net-
the pipework or tank during stand-by. work and sub-control systems as shown below in
the simplified figure 2.
3.6.5 Flushing, pressure and leakage testing
Flushing of the pipework shall be planned and car- 3.7.2 Overall control system
ried out according to the manufacturer’s docu- The control system of the FFFS may be integrated
mented requirements. Pipes should be protected into the tunnel’s overall control system or be a
with plugs during installation to prevent the access separate system connected to it. Both systems are
of foreign material. often located in the tunnel control room.
Pressure testing shall be carried out in accordance The overall control system shall include a user in-
with relevant standards at 1,5 times the design terface (e.g. SCADA), that is available for the tun-
pressure. Pressure and leakage testing shall be nel operator in the tunnel control room, and where
witnessed by authorities having jurisdiction or their applicable, for the fire services at dedicated loca-
representatives. Documentation of pres- tions. The user interface shall provide information
sure/leakage testing shall be supplied at the time on the status of the main components such as the
of commissioning. water tanks, pump station and section valves.
The overall control system shall normally incorpo-
3.7 Design of the control system rate redundancy if so required by the authorities
FFFS may be operated in different ways depend- having jurisdiction or RAMS studies show this.
ing on the risks protected, system type, control
systems used and applicable standards and legis- 3.7.3 Communication network
lation. The main principles are explained on the The communication network is normally part of the
thematic level in this chapter. BUS system installed throughout the tunnel and
The control system of the FFFS should at least the control room. The network shall incorporate re-
match the requirements regarding reliability and dundancy for the case of cable breakage.
availability as defined for the control system of the
emergency ventilation. It is recommended to im- 3.7.4 Sub control
plement all control systems for safety-critical sys- Sub-control systems shall be installed in protected
tems in a tunnel with a SIL of 2 spaces such as emergency passages, fire points,
technical rooms, etc.
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SOLIT² Engineering Guidance
Annex 3: Engineering Guidance for FFFS in Tunnels
The purpose of sub-control systems is to connect shall have as a minimum the same level of reliabil-
specific parts of the FFFS such as section valves ity as required for the ventilation and main control
or pump stations to the main control system. In system. If the power supply does not meet these
addition, sub-control systems may provide func- reliability requirements, diesel generators or bat-
tions required locally, such as status monitoring or tery back-ups shall be provided. Alternatively, die-
service and maintenance functions for pump units, sel engine driven pumps may be used.
valves, etc.
3.8.6 RAMS (Reliability, Availability, Mainte-
3.8 Other design aspects nance and Safety)
For the possible carrying out of RAMS studies as
3.8.1 Drainage part of the design process of the FFFS see Chap-
Tunnel drainage systems shall be dimensioned to ter 3.7 of the main document “Engineering Guid-
be able to evacuate the maximum flow rate of the ance for a Comprehensive Evaluation of Tunnels
FFFS in addition to standard requirements. If FFFS with FFFS”.
use additives, consideration shall be given to their
collection and disposal. 4. Components
Pump stations shall have a drainage capacity
equal to the maximum flow rate of the water sup- 4.1 General
ply. Only components suitable for tunnel environments
shall be used for FFFS. This refers especially to
3.8.2 Fire detection and localisation the materials used, maintainability, durability, etc.
A detection and localisation system shall be fore- Owing to the special character of this application,
seen to provide the necessary signals to activate there are no internationally accepted component
the FFFS within the required time and at the right tests for FFFS.
location. The examination of individual cases and appropri-
The detection systems shall be able to detect and ate test procedures used for other tunnel systems
localise a test fire of 5 MW within 60 seconds (e.g. or FFFS in other application fields shall ensure the
as defined in the RABT or other appropriate guide- suitability of the components to be used.
lines) with an accuracy as defined in Chapter 6.3.
Operation and deactivation. 4.2 Nozzles and other discharge devices
It is recommended to use a more sensitive setting Nozzles and other discharge devices are compo-
of the detection system to create a pre-alarm. nents that spray or distribute the fire fighting agent
into the protected areas. Examples of such are
3.8.3 Time to operation deluge nozzles (“sprinkler spray heads”), water
The full design flow rate shall be delivered from mist nozzles and other discharge devices (collec-
nozzles within 90 seconds of the activation signal. tively referred to as “nozzles” in the following).
In systems in which the fire fighting agent may
4.2.1 Installation
constitute a health hazard, an additional delay
shall be considered in order to avoid the risk of The installation of nozzles shall comply with the
people being exposed to the fire fighting agent. manufacturer’s documented requirements in ac-
The additional delay for evacuation of people shall cordance with type testing fire tests. They shall be
be defined by the authorities having jurisdiction. installed under the soffit or at the upper part of the
Basically a delayed activation should be avoided tunnel walls, protected from traffic to avoid damage
since the FFFS should be activated as early as by vehicles as a result of accidents. Nozzles shall
possible. be arranged such that vehicles will not reduce their
efficiency by blocking the spray to a critical extent.
3.8.4 Ventilation This applies especially to systems having nozzles
installed on walls or with just one row of nozzles
The ventilation system shall operate during opera-
along the tunnel ceiling.
tion of the FFFS as tested during the type fire test-
ing. Jet fans, lights, signalling and other possible ob-
structions shall be taken into account when in-
3.8.5 Electric power supply stalling nozzles. This may lead to local variations
of nozzle spacing or lowering the installation posi-
The power supply shall meet applicable national
tion of nozzles, for example below jet fans. Varia-
standards and legislation. Power supplies for FFFS
tions in tunnel geometry, e.g. emergency stop
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SOLIT² Engineering Guidance
Annex 3: Engineering Guidance for FFFS in Tunnels
lanes or other areas where vehicles potentially can Nozzles can have a means of applying protection
enter, shall also be taken into account. caps to prevent foreign material from entering the
Nozzles should cover the entire tunnel length start- nozzles. Such caps shall be releasable with no
ing 10 m from the tunnel portal (with closed side more than 50% of operating pressure in case of
walls) or as agreed with authorities having jurisdic- activation.
tion.
4.2.6 Installation sockets
4.2.2 Marking Nozzles shall be installed in the piping with fittings
All nozzles shall have a clear and permanent or other methods that allow fast and easy re-
marking text. Stamping or engraving is recom- placement. Nozzles shall not be an integral part of
mended. The marking shall identify the following the pipework. The nozzle fitting shall be made of
information: the same material group as for the pipe it is in-
stalled on.
Manufacturer’s name
Part number 4.3 Section valves
Manufacturing batch or tracking number Section valves serve as an interface between the
main piping and the activated sections. Section
Year of manufacturer
valves are an important part of FFFS from the op-
eration, reliability, maintenance and life cycle point
4.2.3 Maintenance
of view.
Nozzles not containing movable parts shall not be
tested by means of an actual activation to prevent 4.3.1 Installation
foreign material from entering into the piping
The installation of section valves shall comply with
downstream the section valve and into the nozzle.
the manufacturer’s documented requirements.
Instead random samples in the amount of 0.5% of
Section valves shall be installed under the soffit or
the installed nozzles shall be yearly removed from
on tunnel walls close to the soffit. It is essential
the installation and inspected for their full function.
that vehicles, even in the event of an accident,
Nozzles containing movable parts shall be tested should not be able to damage section valves. Al-
quarterly. Tests may be carried out by applying a ternatively, section valves may be installed in
different medium such as compressed air, but in emergency exits, service galleries or ventilation
this case such nozzles should be tested at least ducts or other areas protected from damage by
once a year with the actual fire fighting agent. vehicles. If valves are moved to other safe places
in the tunnels, the pipe connections between the
4.2.4 Material and temperature tolerances valves and sections shall be protected against
Nozzles shall meet the requirements of the tunnel damages by vehicles.
environment. Only high grade stainless steel shall
be used for the nozzle body. The internal parts of 4.3.2 Marking
nozzles should also be highly corrosion resistant. Section valves shall be marked with clear and
Nozzles shall be capable of withstanding extreme permanent text. Stamping or engraving is recom-
temperatures before system activation. If the sys- mended. The marking shall identify the following
tem is intended to be used in scenarios in which information:
system activation is later than in the fire tests, suit- Manufacturer’s name
able thermal tests and an assessment shall be car-
ried out. Part number
Manufacturing batch or tracking number
4.2.5 Filtration and protection caps
Year of manufacturer
Nozzles shall have a strainer to prevent clogging
due to particles carried by the agent. Strainers 4.3.3 Type and maintenance
shall have mesh sizes no greater than 80% of the
Section valves shall be robust and durable for the
smallest water passage in the nozzle. For nozzles
tunnel environment. They shall be leakage free to
comprising movable parts, strainers should have
avoid clogging of nozzles and keep the section
mesh sizes no greater than 80% of the smallest
pipes dry. Ball valves are recommended. Section
tolerance in the nozzle to prevent blocking of the
valve design shall allow the valve to be opened
movable part.
and closed remotely by the control system. Section
valves shall be provided with a manual override for
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SOLIT² Engineering Guidance
Annex 3: Engineering Guidance for FFFS in Tunnels
opening and closing. The opening and closing in- 4.3.5 Valve protection cabinet
struction or rotation direction of the valve shall be If installed within the protected area, section valves
clearly marked on the valve or directly beside it. and the related shut-off valves shall be installed in
The valve drive should be able to provide sufficient protective cabinets. The valve cabinet shall have
torque under all conditions; in particular, “break thermal protection against temperatures expected
loose” effects must be taken into account. Means during a fire. The temperature inside the cabinet
of monitoring that no leakage has occurred are shall not exceed the maximum permissible tem-
recommended. perature for the valves and the actuator. The valve
Valves shall be designed to prevent water hammer cabinet should preferably be tested in full scale fire
by having a limited operating speed (see Chapter tests demonstrating that the temperature has been
3.6.3 Water hammer effect). kept within acceptable limits. The valve protection
Section valves shall be equipped on the upstream cabinet shall also provide protection against dirt
side with a separate manual shut-off valve to allow and water. If sub-zero temperatures are expected,
the removal and replacement of each section valve the section valve and/or the protection cabinet
without draining the main pipework or putting the shall have a means of heating.
whole system out of operation when changing the If valves are installed outside the traffic tunnels in
section valve. Each section valve shall have its areas where there is no fire hazard, the valve pro-
own shut-off valve to avoid multiple sections being tection cabinet will not need thermal insulation
out of operation in the event of one shut-off valve against high temperatures. It is still recommended
being closed. The shut-off valve shall be lockable. that the valves be protected against dirt and mis-
Special attention shall be given to the maintenance use using a suitable cabinet.
and testing of the section valves. Testing shall The valve protection cabinet shall be lockable.
comply with the applicable regulations for such Only stainless steel shall be used as the external
valves, but valve operation shall be tested at least material of the valve protection cabinets if these
quarterly. Depending on the requirements in the are installed in the traffic tunnel. If valves are in-
context of an RAMS analysis monthly tests can al- stalled outside the traffic area, powder coated car-
so be required. Means shall be provided to operate bon steel may also be considered; the
each section valve for test purposes without re- recommended colour is red as in other fire fighting
leasing water to the nozzles. Normally this is equipment (RAL 3000).
achieved by providing a second manually operated
valve on the downstream side of the section valve. 4.3.6 Applicable standards
Section valves shall be visually checked annually. The following standards should be taken into ac-
Operating the manual shut-off valve shall be part count as general guidance in the design of FFFS
of the annual check. section valves:
DIN EN 1983
4.3.4 Material and temperature tolerances
Section valves and related shut-off valves shall be EN 12845
capable of withstanding the harsh tunnel environ-
4.4 Pumps
ment and the type of fire fighting agent used. Only
high grade stainless steel, to AISI316 or higher, Apart from section valves, pumps are the only ac-
shall be used for parts in contact with water or oth- tive mechanical parts in water-based systems.
er fire fighting medium. The valve actuator shall
have an appropriate IP class and be made of ma- 4.4.1 Installation
terials capable of withstanding the tunnel environ- Installation of pumps shall comply with the manu-
ment. facturer’s documented requirements. Pumps shall
Section valves shall be capable of withstanding at be installed in a dedicated pump room or other
least the minimum operating temperature range of designated area. Adequate ventilation and drain-
the fire fighting agent. The valve actuator and other age shall be provided. The pump room shall be
external parts of valves shall be capable of with- lockable to prevent access of unauthorised per-
standing temperatures as measured inside its pro- sonnel.
tective cabinet during full scale fire tests if the
valve is installed within the protected area. 4.4.2 Type and maintenance
Pumps used in FFFS are usually of the centrifugal
or positive displacement types. Centrifugal pumps
are typically used in low pressure and medium
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SOLIT² Engineering Guidance
Annex 3: Engineering Guidance for FFFS in Tunnels
pressure systems, whereas positive displacement pressure rating of any component that may be in
pumps are typically used in medium and high contact with the agent. Pressure relief devices,
pressure systems. normally valves, shall be capable of discharging
The maintenance requirements for FFFS pumps the total flow delivered by the pump or pumps at a
are the same regardless of the type. The minimum pressure equal to the pressure rating.
maintenance shall be a monthly functional test with Flow from the pressure relief devices shall not be
a short operation time and an annual main mainte- directed back to the suction line of pumps, but to
nance. The applicable regulations in individual the tank or to a drain.
countries shall be taken into account. Each individual pump shall be equipped for safety
reasons with an additional pressure relief valve (or
4.4.3 Pump configuration valves) to protect against malfunction of overpres-
Pump configurations for FFFS comprise one or sure.
more pumps. A dedicated pump controller for each
pump room shall be provided for the operation of 4.4.8 Flow safety devices
the pumps. Pumps having a flow rate dependent on pressure,
e.g. centrifugal pumps, shall be equipped with a
4.4.4 Marking flow safety device. This ensures that the flow rate
Pumps shall have a clear label identifying the fol- is limited in the event of an activation area close to
lowing information: the pump station with lower pressure loss in the
Manufacturer’s name piping. The main risks occurring with flow rates
which are too high are related to the tank and
Part number drainage capacity. If both are dimensioned accord-
Manufacturing batch or tracking number ing to the maximum possible flow rate of the
Year of manufacturer pumps, flow safety devices are not required.
A typical flow safety device is a flow control valve
4.4.5 Pump drive or an active pump control with a frequency con-
A FFFS pump shall be driven by an electric motor verter.
or diesel engine. The pump shall be direct coupled
to the drive and only one pump per drive shall be 4.4.9 Pump anchoring
used. Pumps or pump sets shall be properly anchored.
The pump drive shall be capable of providing at The use of anti-vibration feet between pump
least the maximum power required by the pump. frames and the floor is recommended.
FFFS shall be dimensioned to provide at least All parts of pumps which are in contact with the
110% of the nominal flow required for the most agent shall be of corrosion resistant material.
demanding protection area in the tunnel. This shall The operating temperature range shall be 4 to 54
be calculated at the minimum nozzle pressure as °C for the pressure medium and 0 to 40 °C for the
type tested in full scale fire tests. pump room.
The required flow rate shall be provided by one or
more pumps. It is recommended that the number
Qwater 110% nnozzles K v p min
of pumps in FFFS be limited by having a minimum
pump capacity. The minimum pump capacity shall Qwater Required pumping capacity [l/min]
be 90 l/min per pump for positive displacement nnozzles Number of activated nozzles [pieces]
pumps and 750 l/min per pump for centrifugal
Kv Kv-factor of nozzles [l/min.bar-1)]
pumps.
Pmin Minimum pressure at nozzles [bar]
Pump flow rates shall be expressed as effective
rates taking account of volumetric efficiency.
4.4.11 Filtration
4.4.7 Pressure safety devices The pump shall be protected against particles in
Pumps capable of over-pressurising the system the agent. This shall be achieved using a proper
shall each be provided with a proper means of filter or strainer as described in Chapter 4.6.5
pressure relief to prevent excess pressure. The Booster pump.
pressure in the FFFS shall in no case exceed the
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4.5.4 Jockey pump drive Tanks shall be locked in order to avoid misuse or
The jockey pump shall be driven by an electric mo- access of unauthorised personnel.
tor. Air drives shall not be used. Tanks shall have a lockable manhole for mainte-
The pump drive shall be capable of providing at nance. They shall be equipped with a water level
least the maximum power required by the system. sensor configured to give an alarm in the event of
low level. A lockable drain valve shall be placed in
4.5.5 Material and temperature tolerances the outlet of the tank for maintenance purposes.
All parts of jockey pumps being in contact with the The tank shall be labelled with its volume.
agent shall be manufactured from corrosion re-
sistant material. The use of stainless steel is rec- 4.6.2 Water tank volume
ommended. The water tank volume shall be defined as part of
The operating temperature range of pumps shall the overall safety analysis for every tunnel, based
be 4 to 54 °C for the pressure medium and 0 to 40 on the maximum response time of fire services
°C for the pump room. (time to commence fire fighting). The tank volume
shall be determined in conjunction with the authori-
4.5.6 Filtration ties having jurisdiction.
The jockey pump shall be protected against parti- The minimum volume of the water tank shall be
cles in the agent. The mesh size shall be no more equal to the total pumping rate for a minimum of 30
than 80% of the smallest water passage in the sys- minutes of operation for tunnels less than 500m at
tem or as required by the manufacturer. The use of the maximum pump capacity, or at the set value of
self-flushing filters is recommended. the flow safety device as described in Chapter
4.4.8 Pressure safety devices. Therefore a mini-
4.5.7 Applicable standards mum of 60 minutes shall be used for tunnels long-
The following standards should be taken into ac- er than 500 m.
count as a general guidance in the design of fixed In any case the water supply shall last for a period
fire fighting pumps. of time that is double the time required for the
emergency services to reach the fire (taking into
EN ISO 14847
account worst case conditions such as traffic con-
EN 12845 gestion). This minimum time of operation may be
EN 12259-12 changed by the authorities having jurisdiction.
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Booster pumps shall be dimensioned depending Booster pumps and the main filter shall be tested
on the hydraulic design between the tank and the with the same frequency as the main pump sys-
pumps. tem.
Booster pumps shall have clear permanent mark-
ing. Stamping or engraving is recommended. The 4.6.8 Applicable standards
marking shall identify the following information: The following standards should be taken into ac-
Manufacturer’s name count as a general guidance.
EN ISO 14847
Part number
EN 12845
Manufacturing batch or tracking number
EN 12259-12
Year of manufacturer
4.7 Pipework and fittings
4.6.5 Main filter
The main filter shall be installed between the The pipework consists of main pipes and section
booster pump and the main pumps. The installa- pipes. Main pipes are normally water-filled during
tion shall comply with the manufacturer’s docu- standby and deliver fire fighting agent to the sec-
mented requirements. tion valves. The section valves are downstream
connected to the section pipes and nozzles, which
The main filter shall be made of stainless steel.
are empty (dry) during standby. In case of activa-
The filter shall have sufficient capacity for the pur-
tion the section valves deliver fire fighting agent to
pose and for the expected water filtration level.
the nozzles installed in the respective section
The filtration mesh size shall be no greater than
80% of the smallest water passage in the system Connections include all connecting components
or as required by the manufacturer. However, lim- such as flanges, fittings and other piping compo-
its of 300 µm for deluge systems and 150 µm for nents.
water mist systems are common values. All pipework shall be fitted in safe areas in the tun-
The main filter shall have an electric device, e.g. a nel cross-section (see Chapter 3.4.2 Location of
pressure difference sensor, to provide a warning if components).
the filter element is becoming blocked. In addition, Typical terms used for different parts of FFFS are
a visual indication in the filter body should show as follows: branch pipes, manifolds and main pipes
the same. (branch and manifold pipes together are known as
The main filter shall be clearly marked with the fol- section pipes). These all are shown in the explana-
lowing information: tory figure 3.
Manufacturer’s name
Part number
Manufacturing batch or tracking number
Year of manufacturer
4.7.2 Pressure rating with EN 1127. In all cases the required tolerance
The pipework shall be able to withstand at least shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s
1.5 times the design pressure (calculation temper- documented requirement. Such joints shall apply
ature 54 °C, or as otherwise defined by the authori- long design lifetime expectations and be capable
ties having jurisdiction). Where a pressure of withstanding vibration and thermal effects, , see
reducing device is used in the system, the pres- Chapter 3.4.3. Thermal effects and temperature
sure rating of the pipework shall be determined rating. All compressed or press-on joints shall be
taking into account the maximum foreseeable visually checked annually.
pressure in the system. Fittings shall be in accordance with the standards
All pipework shall be marked along its length by specified by the pipe manufacturer and the manu-
the manufacturer in such a way as to identify the facturer’s documented requirements. Fitting mate-
type and size of pipe. Pipe marking shall not be rials shall guarantee a corrosion resistance at least
painted, concealed or removed prior to approval equivalent to the corrosion resistance of the pipe-
from the authorities having jurisdiction. work, which applies to both internal and external
parts. All types of fittings are acceptable providing
4.7.3 Straight pipes and bending they comply with the design characteristics of the
pipe and with the pressure rating. All fittings shall
Pipes may be either seamless or welded type.
apply long design lifetime expectations and be ca-
Seamless pipes shall conform to EN 10216 and
pable of withstanding vibration and thermal effects.
welded pipes to EN 10312, as applicable.
All fittings shall be visually checked annually for
Pipes shall be manufactured in such a way as to possible leakage and tightness.
allow bending; otherwise bending shall not be
used. The pipework must be type “m” or higher for 4.7.5 Pipe supports
seamless pipe (EN 10216 Part 5) or type “W1,
Pipe supports shall be in accordance with the
W1R, W2, W2R” for welded pipes (EN 10217 Part
manufacturer’s documented requirement and ISO
7).
6182-11 with respective parts. The manufacturer
shall provide evidence that the following basic re-
4.7.4 Pipe joints and fittings
quirements are met:
To provide a long life time, robust connections and
to keep maintenance costs low, welding is recom- load
mended as the main pipe connecting method in- vibration
cluding welded joints. Welded connections do not water hammer
need any service. Welding shall be performed in
accordance with the manufacturer’s documented heat resistance
requirements. Welders shall be certified in accord- Pipe supports shall be suitable for the environmen-
ance with EN 287 Part 1 with applicable parts. Au- tal conditions, for the expected temperature, in-
tomatic orbital welding machines should be used cluding the stresses induced in the pipework by
where suitable. Orbital welders shall be certified in temperature variations, and be able to withstand
accordance to EN 1418 with applicable parts. the anticipated dynamic and static forces. Espe-
Use of threaded joints is permissible within certain cially in rail tunnels, air pressure variation causing
limitations and precautions. Threaded joints and aerodynamic load shall be considered when de-
sealing methods shall apply long design lifetime signing the support system. The minimum safety
expectations and be capable of withstanding vibra- factor of 5 in accordance with EN 12845 shall be
tion and thermal effects, see Chapter 3.4.3. Ther- applied in static load calculations.
mal effects and temperature rating. The pipe wall Material of pipe supports shall be suitable for the
thickness for threaded connections shall be no less purpose and comply with applicable national regu-
than 3 mm in pipes on discharge side of FFFS lations. Stainless steel is recommended. If another
pumps. All threaded connections shall be visually material is used, galvanic corrosion shall be pre-
checked annually for possible leakage and tight- vented by using proper insulation material.
ness. Anchors form an integral part of pipe supports and
Compression or press-on fittings may be used, shall meet similar requirements. The anchor mate-
with certain limitations and precautions. In particu- rial shall be determined in conjunction with the au-
lar, the requirements on tolerances of the outside thorities having jurisdiction, but stainless steel is
diameter of the pipe shall be complied with. Com- recommended.
pression or press-on fittings must comply with tol-
erance classes D3 or D4 or higher in accordance
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be plugged in order to prevent the access of for- 5.4.2 Commissioning of electrical and control
eign material. equipment
Electric commissioning includes testing of the con-
5.3 On-site work trol equipment and software.
Installation shall be performed in accordance with Before the actual test, all electric equipment, com-
the manufacturer's documented requirements and ponents and cabling, shall be checked for compli-
the approved design drawings. ance with the design drawings and the
All work shall be carried out as part of a docu- documentation.
mented quality management system, which should Operational tests shall as a minimum include the
at least meet the requirements of ISO 9001. pump station(s) and all section valves. At the pump
station a full operational test with a simulated acti-
5.4 Commissioning vation signal shall be carried out. All other possible
Commissioning of FFFS includes both final testing scenarios and redundant modes such as failure of
and proof of system operation. Commissioning pumps, pressure sensors, cable breakage, etc.
may be divided into various stages, also referred to shall be tested.
as partial acceptance testing. Final overall testing All section valves or other remotely controlled
with all parts involved is often referred to as func- valves shall be tested for safe operation.
tional acceptance testing. This includes testing of
All tests shall be performed according to a prede-
interfaces with all other system parts.
fined protocol to be submitted to the authorities
having jurisdiction and other involved parties prior
to testing.
5.4.1 Mechanical and hydraulic commission-
ing 5.4.3 Functional commissioning
Mechanical commissioning includes the testing of Functional commissioning includes the main oper-
the pump station, section valves, nozzles and re- ational test with a simulation of one or more fire
lated pipework. scenarios (no real fire is used.). The FFFS and the
Before actual testing of the system, it shall be entire safety concept shall be tested as a whole. It
checked that all mechanical and hydraulic compo- shall be ensured that all system parts including de-
nents are shown on the drawings and are installed tection, control and communication systems, water
in the right places in the system. supply and other related systems are fully opera-
The first part of the mechanical and hydraulic tional.
commissioning is related to flushing and pressure Functional commissioning may also be part of full
tests as described in Chapter 3.6.5. emergency training.
The second part of commissioning testing is relat- All tests shall be performed according to a prede-
ed to the operation of the system. The FFFS shall fined protocol to be submitted to the authorities
be activated at the least favourable hydraulic loca- having jurisdiction and other involved parties prior
tion of the system to prove the hydraulic design by to testing.
measuring the operating pressure at or close to the
most remote nozzle. The pressure shall be no less 5.4.4 Emergency training
than shown in the hydraulic calculations. The test Emergency training is a recommended exercise in
shall be carried out with the fire fighting agent and, which all the tunnel safety systems, including
if foreseen, additives to simulate a real operation of FFFS, will be tested in conjunction with the emer-
the system. gency services in a simulated fire incident. Training
The pump station and section valve(s) or any other the emergency services to operate with the FFFS
control devices may be activated automatically in is an important part of testing.
such a test. The test should be continued for at
least 30 minutes, during which time possible vibra- 5.4.5 Handover documentation
tion, noises, movements, leakage or other abnor- Handover documentation shall include as a mini-
mal effects in the piping should be documented. mum all design and installation drawings in as-built
All tests shall be performed according to a prede- status, and maintenance documents with spare
fined protocol to be submitted authorities having part numbers.
jurisdiction and other involved parties prior to test-
ing.
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5.4.6 Basic maintenance training or the fire services. Manual operation shall only be
Basic maintenance training shall enable the acceptable if the operator is provided by the con-
maintenance personnel to understand the system trol system with sufficient information about the fire
operation in detail. Suitable personnel shall be incident and is trained sufficiently to take decisions
trained to carry out regular maintenance works, to based on this. The operator shall be in charge until
diagnose basic failures exchange standard parts, the fire services have arrived in the tunnel. Manual
replace consumables and to organize the interven- operation of the FFFS includes de-activation of
tion of an expert company if required. sections and the following activation of other sec-
tions as the fire develops.
Training may be organised both on site and/or in
the contractor’s premises for special equipment. It is recommended that a manually operated sys-
tem be equipped additionally with automatic
5.5 Installed System certification means of activation as a backup. The automatic
activation shall take place at a temperature level
FFFS shall be certified by an authority having ju-
which is set higher than in systems designed for
risdiction to comply with the design parameters de-
automatic operation alone. In this case, manual ac-
rived from fire testing, manufacturers’ documented
tivation would be expected; should this not hap-
requirements and the project specification. Con-
pen, the system shall still be activated at a pre-set
formity with any relevant requirements of the coun-
temperature.
try of installation shall be stated.
6.2.2 Automatic activation
6. Activation and operation
Automatic FFFS are activated and operated based
6.1 General on signals received from the detection, localisation
and control systems. These signals shall allow the
FFFS may be activated and operated manually or
control system of the FFFS to automatically adjust
automatically depending on the availability of
the sections to be activated and closed. Automatic
trained personnel, the risks expected, the type of
operation shall continue until the fire services
FFFS, the control systems used and applicable
reach the tunnel and take over control of the FFFS.
legislation. The main principles are explained at
In all cases an automatic FFFS shall be equipped
the thematic level in this chapter.
with means for manual operation as a backup.
6.2 Activation principles
6.3 Operation and deactivation
6.2.1 Manual activation
6.3.1 Number of activated sections
A pre-condition for manual operation is a 24/7
At least two sections of the FFFS shall be activat-
manned tunnel control room. Manually operated
ed in case of fire. The recommended minimum
FFFS are activated and controlled by the operator
section length is 20 metres. If three sections are
activated, the section length can be shorter provid- time shall be derived from the detailed risk analysis
ed that the total activation length is no less than 50 that takes account for example of the response
m. In all cases the total activation length shall be time of the fire services.
supported by full scale fire test results and the risk
analysis taking into account the precision of the 6.3.4 Deactivation
detection / localisation system and other aspects. FFFS shall be deactivated only by fire services or
authorised personnel.
6.3.2 Activated sections and detection
The number of activated sections shall be in line 6.4 Fire incident operating protocol
with the minimum accuracy of the detection / local- For the case of a fire incident, a dedicated operat-
isation system. If three sections are normally acti- ing protocol for all parties involved in the emergen-
vated the minimum localisation zone length shall cy shall be prepared. The protocol shall be worked
be the same as the section length of the FFFS. out jointly with all parties involved in the rescue
Two adjacent sections on both sides of the section and emergency activities. It shall comply with na-
in which the fire has been detected shall be acti- tional legislation and also be approved by the au-
vated. . thorities having jurisdiction. The operation protocol
If only two sections are activated, the minimum ac- predefines responsibilities as well as tasks and ac-
curacy of the localisation system shall be half the tions to be carried out by the parties involved.
length of a section. More precise localisation is
recommended to provide better information con- 7. Inspection and maintenance
cerning which of the adjacent sections should be
activated and how the fire develops. 7.1 General
If linear heat detection / localisation is used, it is A strict and regular maintenance programme shall
important that the offset distance, caused by the be followed to ensure the reliable operation of the
ventilation moving the detection point downstream fixed fire fighting system. Maintenance shall be
from the actual fire, be taken into account when carried out in accordance with the maintenance
programming the control system. It is recommend- manual provided by the manufacturer. Only per-
ed that FFFS be type tested at full scale in con- sonnel authorised and trained by the manufacturer
junction with the type of detection / localisation shall be allowed to carry out maintenance.
technology to be used. The operator's inspection programme shall ensure
faults are detected at an early stage in order to al-
6.3.3 Activation time low rectification before the system is required to
The activation time of the FFFS shall be deter- operate. The manufacturer shall provide the tunnel
mined in the risk analysis for every individual tun- operator with monitoring software to collect the his-
nel. The system shall be capable of a minimum tory of service and maintenance activities, running
activation time of 30 minutes, although longer acti- times of the pump system, failure reports etc. The
vation times are normally required, see Chapter software shall include instructions on actions to be
4.6.2 Water tank volume). The design activation taken in case of faults and malfunctions.
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Annex 3: Engineering Guidance for FFFS in Tunnels
Christensen, E., “UPTUN Guidance – Minimum re- Lakkonen, M., “Modern fixed fire fighting systems
quirements for Fire Suppression Systems in Tun- for tunnels – Design, integration and costs”, 6th In-
nels”, IWMA Conference on Fire Suppression in ternational conference on traffic and safety in road
Tunnels, Munich, Germany, April 2-3, 2008. tunnels, Pöyry Infra, Hamburg, Germany, May 10-
12, 2011.
Haack, A., Lakkonen, “Fire Suppression in Rail
Tunnels – 3rd party tasks and execution with case Lakkonen, M., “Status Review of Fixed Fighting
Eurotunnel SAFE”, KVIV seminar, Antwerp, Bel- Systems for Tunnels – SOLIT2 Research program
gium, November 23, 2010. and Eurotunnel case study”, Proceedings of KRRI
conference on Fire safety and disaster prevention
for GTX deep tunnels, Seoul, Korea, November
Haack, A. “Position of PIARC – Latest discussion
rd 28, 2011.
and viewson Fixed Fire Suppression Systems”, 3
International conference on Tunnel Safety and
Ventilation, Graz, Austria, May 15-17, 2006. Lakkonen, M., Bremke, T., “Fixed Fighting Sys-
tems for Road and Rail Tunnels”, Tunnel Magazine
1-2012, pages 40-46. Official journal of STUVA,
Husted, B. “Experimental Measurements of Water
Germany, February 1, 2012.
Mist Systems and Implications for Modeling in
CFD” Doctoral Thesis, Department of Fire Safety
Engineering Lund University, 2007 Lakkonen, M., Kratzmeir, S., Bremke, T. and
Sprakel, D., “Road tunnel protection by water
based fire fighting systems: Implementation of full
Joyez, P. and Lakkonen, M., “Eurotunnel SAFE
scale fire tests into actual projects”, International
project”, IWMA (International Water Mist Associa-
Fire Protection Magazine, MDM Publishing, The
tion) conference, Prague, Czech republic, Novem-
United Kingdom, February 2008.
ber 3-4, 2010.
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