Present Simple

Definition
is used for
routines, habits or
things that are
always true.

I work in London.
He loves ice-
scream.
Do you play
piano?
Present Progressive
Definition

is used for a
temporary routine
or situation.

I am walking on
the road .
She is cooking in
the kitchen.
Are they doing
their homework?
Present Perfect
Definition
is used for a
situation where
things that
happened in the
past have a result in
the present.

I have not slept well

since exams
started.
He has read various
kinds of books.
Have you been to
Hawaii?
 PAST SIMPLE
Definition
to describe an action that
started and finished in the
past.

Main verb be - verb:

Eg: She was (not) here.

Eg: Were I late?
Eg: Mary did not go to work
yesterday.
Eg: Did you watch TV last night?
 PAST
PROGRESSIVE
Definition
an action that was in
progress at a specific
time in the past.

It was finishing the

exam when the bell
rang.
We weren’t hiking there
when the earthquake
hit.
Were you writing the
report when the
electricity went off?
PAST PERFECT
Definition
used to talk about
something that happened
before something else
that is also in the past.

We were relieved that

Tootles had used washable
paint.
We looked for witnesses,
but the neighbors had not
seen Tootles in the act.
Had Tootles caused trouble
in other neighborhoods
before they struck ours?
 Future
Will/Be going to
To talk about
predictions and hopes.
To make offers and
promises.
Followed by an
infinitive.
I will go to your
house.
I am going to
visit my grandma
this month.
 W e can
use Impe
to ratives

p
S to

0
Don’t t!do 0
tha Pull
Give s
order On sign
ing Re
talk ly!
Stopediate la x
imm

0
0 Give
to
Turn 20 advice
.
page
Give ns Impera
-tive
io
instruct it
about
Think
Take e
0

every 12onho pill

0

urs.
Give
0

warnings Be careful
an
Makeation
invit
Have some tea 0 Don’t sit on the bench.
It has wet paint
Sit with us

USES OF
IMPERATIVES
 MODAL VERBS

Shall Must
Should Ought to

Modal
Verbs
Can May
Could Might

will
Will would
Would

may
might
 ADJECTIVES
Possessive
Adjectives
They are as follows : my,
your, his, her, its, their, etc.

Example
My car is very old.
Her boyfriend is very
friendly.
His homework is on the
table.
Our dog is brown.
 ADJECTIVES
Demonstrative
Adjectives
The most commonly used
demonstrative adjectives
are : this, that, these, those.

Example
This day has been great!
I like those computer
games over there.
She will never forget that
day.
 ADJECTIVES
Indefinite
Adjectives
Words that are used as
indefinite adjectives are :
any, many, much,most, some,
etc.

Example
I saw some people in the
park.
Many the trees are
building.
I didn’t have any lunch
today.
 ADJECTIVES
Adjective of
Quality
Those adjectives that
describe the quality of a
noun: tall, black, naughty,
sweet, etc.

Example
The dog in the park is
black.
He is a naughty boy.
My mother is very sweet.
 ADVERBS
quickly
roughly today
outside well
everywhere
later
now
around manner
place time

degree frequency
purpose
extremely
enough hence occasionally
almost therefore never
seldom
thus
 PRONOUNS
Relative
They connect dependent
to independent clauses:
who, that, whom, which.

I need to find a
person who can
read Swedish.
She doesn’t want
to eat a meal that
is too spicy.
PRONOUNS
Indefinite
They are used for
non-specific items
and people : anyone,
anywhere
This note could
have been written
by anybody.
Someone ate my
lunch.
 PRONOUNS
Reflexive
They refer to another
noun in the sentence &
end in -self or -selves:
yourself, herself,
himself.
Ken looked at
himself in the
mirror.
I like to cheer
myself up with
desserts.
PRONOUNS
Personal
They are used as
substitutes for a
noun/pronoun in a
sentence: I, she, he,
it, we.
I am afraid of
mice.
The toaster gets
really hot when it
heats bread.
Subordinating
conjunctions
Time Cause/Effect
after because
before so
when now that
since in order that
until as if
whether
Subordinating
conjunctions
Contrast Condition
although as long as
though provided that
whereas unless
even if so long as
whenever if
while