8,1.

Tense
(present, past
and future)
Present Simple
Definition
is used for
routines, habits or
things that are
always true.

I work in London.
He loves ice-
scream.
Do you play
piano?
Present Progressive
Definition

is used for a
temporary routine
or situation.

I am walking on
the road .
She is cooking in
the kitchen.
Are they doing
their homework?
Present Perfect
Definition
is used for a
situation where
things that
happened in the
past have a result in
the present.

I have not slept well

since exams
started.
He has read various
kinds of books.
Have you been to
Hawaii?
 PAST SIMPLE
Definition
to describe an action that
started and finished in the
past.

Main verb be:

S + was/were +... .
Eg: She was here.

S + was/were + not +... .

Eg: They were not happy.

Was/ Were + S +... ?

Eg: Were I late?
 PAST SIMPLE

Main Verb:

S + V2 + ... .
Eg: Mary did not go to work
yesterday.

S + did + not + V1 + ... .

Eg: We did not sing at the concert.

Did + S + V1 + ... ?
Eg: Did you watch TV last night?
 PAST
PROGRESSIVE
Definition
an action that was in
progress at a specific
time in the past.

It was finishing the

exam when the bell
rang.
We weren’t hiking there
when the earthquake
hit.
Were you writing the
report when the
electricity went off?
PAST PERFECT
Definition
used to talk about
something that happened
before something else
that is also in the past.

We were relieved that

Tootles had used washable
paint.
We looked for witnesses,
but the neighbors had not
seen Tootles in the act.
Had Tootles caused trouble
in other neighborhoods
before they struck ours?
 Future
PRESENT SIMPLE

For timetables and

schedules (immediate
future).

The competition
starts at 6.30AM.
I have a meeting
with my boss in
this week.
 Future
WILL
To talk about
predictions and hopes.
To make offers and
promises.
To make spontaneous
decisions.
I'll go to your
house.
This day will
come to us.
 Future
BE GOING TO
Followed by an
infinitive.
Talk about plans
and intentions.
I am going to
visit my
grandma this
month.
Ms. Yulia is
going to go
back to Russia
this week.
 Future
CONTINUOUS

For future
arrangements.

I’m meeting my
friend at 7p.m.
I'm looking for a
job.
8,2. Imperative,
Modal verb and
Classification
 W e can
use Impe
to ratives

p
S to

0
Don’t t!do 0
tha Pull
Give s
order On sign
ing Re
talk ly!
Stopediate la x
imm

0
0 Give
to
Turn 20 advice
.
page
Give ns Impera
-tive
io
instruct it
about
Think
Take e
0

every 12onho pill

0

urs.
Give
0

warnings Be careful
an
Makeation
invit
Have some tea 0 Don’t sit on the bench.
It has wet paint
Sit with us

USES OF
IMPERATIVES
 MODAL VERBS

Shall Must
Should Ought to

Modal
Verbs
Can May
Could Might

will
Will would
Would

may
might
 CLASSIFICATION

Ability: can, could, to be

able to.
Permission: may, can, could,
might.
.
Possibility: may, might, can,
could.
Prohibition: must not, can’t,
may not.
Polite Request: may, could,
will, would.
Ability: can, could, to
be able to
E.g: Can you sing? I can
speak fluent French
when I was 6.

E.g: We are able to see

the beach from our
house.

E.g: I could smell gas

when I walk into the
room.
 Permission: may,
can, could, might
E.g: May I go to the
restroom, Mr. Crowd?

E.g: Could I bring my

brother to the party?

E.g: Could I bring my

brother to the party?

E.g: She might use this

computer.
 Possibility: may,
might, can, could.
E.g: Take an umbrella with
you. It might rain later.

E.g: I haven’t decided where

to go on holiday. I may go to
Ireland.

E.g: You don’t have to

shout. I can hear you very
well.

E.g: I could have left your

phone at work.
 Prohibition: must
not, can’t, may not.

E.g: You must not smoke

in the hospital.

E.g: You can’t walk on

the grass.

E.g: You may not use

my phone!
Polite Request: may,
could, will, would.
E.g: May I use this
machine, please?

E.g: Excuse me, could

I just say something?

E.g: Will you give me

your address?

E.g: Would you like

some coffee?
8,3. Adjectives,
adverbs and
pronouns
 ADJECTIVES
Possessive
Adjectives
They are as follows : my,
your, his, her, its, their, etc.

Example
My car is very old.
Her boyfriend is very
friendly.
His homework is on the
table.
Our dog is brown.
 ADJECTIVES
Demonstrative
Adjectives
The most commonly used
demonstrative adjectives
are : this, that, these, those.

Example
This day has been great!
I like those computer
games over there.
She will never forget that
day.
 ADJECTIVES
Indefinite
Adjectives
Words that are used as
indefinite adjectives are :
any, many, much,most, some,
etc.

Example
I saw some people in the
park.
Many the trees are
building.
I didn’t have any lunch
today.
 ADJECTIVES
Indefinite
Adjectives
Words that are used as
indefinite adjectives are :
any, many, much,most, some,
etc.

Example
I saw some people in the
park.
Many the trees are
building.
I didn’t have any lunch
today.
 ADJECTIVES
Adjective of
Quality
Those adjectives that
describe the quality of a
noun: tall, black, naughty,
sweet, etc.

Example
The dog in the park is
black.
He is a naughty boy.
My mother is very sweet.
 ADJECTIVES
The royal order
of Adjectives

They dictate that those categories

absolutely have to be in this order:
determiner ( the, my, your);
observation ( cheap, expensive,
original); size ( small, thin, large );
shape ( round, spuare); age ( young,
new, old ); color ( red, black); origin (
American, Australia); material ( silk,
wooden, copper); qualifier ( basketball
players, touring car)
 ADJECTIVES
The royal order
of Adjectives

Example :

The small black cat walked

toward the old leather chair.

Your brown Italian leather hiking

boots.

Her big baggy shopping bag.

Some delicious English cuisine.

Twelve gogerous silk flowers.

 ADVERBS
quickly
roughly today
outside well
everywhere
later
now
around manner
place time

degree frequency
purpose
extremely
enough hence occasionally
almost therefore never
seldom
thus
ADVERBS OF
FREQUENCY
 LOCATIVE
ADVERBS (PLACE)
Some commonly used
locative adverbs are:
here, there, anywhere,
inside, everywhere,
outside.
EXAMPLE:
I am standing here.
She went out.
John is over there.
Mosquitoes are
everywhere.
We decided to cook
outside.
 LOCATIVE
ADVERBS (PLACE)

Demonstrative "At" "To"

"From" locative
or interrogative locative locative

Whithe
What Where Whence[a]
r[a]

Hither[
This Here Hence[a]
a]

Thither[
That There Thence[a]
a]

Yonder[
Yon Yond[a]
a]
 PRONOUNS
Demonstrative
They demonstrate /
indicate : this, that,
these, those.
This is my
favorite shirt.
I don’t know
what that is, but
it definitely isn’t
friendly.
I need you to fix
these.
 PRONOUNS
Relative
They connect dependent
to independent clauses:
who, that, whom, which.

I need to find a
person who can
read Swedish.
She doesn’t want
to eat a meal that
is too spicy.
PRONOUNS
Indefinite
They are used for
non-specific items
and people : anyone,
anywhere
This note could
have been written
by anybody.
Someone ate my
lunch.
PRONOUNS
Interrogative
These begin question:
who, how, what,
which, where.

Who wrote this

letter?
What is an
amphibian?
Which is the
correct answer?
 PRONOUNS
Possessive
These are used to show
possession, ownership :
my, yours, his, hers, our.

All of the houses in

our neighborhood
look the same, but
ours is the only one
with a satellite dish.
 PRONOUNS
Reflexive
They refer to another
noun in the sentence &
end in -self or -selves:
yourself, herself,
himself.
Ken looked at
himself in the
mirror.
I like to cheer
myself up with
desserts.
 PRONOUNS
Intensive
They refer back to the
subject in order to add
emphasis: myself,
herself, himself.

I built my house
myself.
The children
made the cookies
themselves.
PRONOUNS
Personal
They are used as
substitutes for a
noun/pronoun in a
sentence: I, she, he,
it, we.
I am afraid of
mice.
The toaster gets
really hot when it
heats bread.
8,4. Subordinating
conjunctions
Subordinating
conjunctions
Time
after
before
when
since
until
as soon as
Subordinating
conjunctions
Cause/Effect
because
so
now that
in order that
as if
whether
Subordinating
conjunctions
E.g: I don’t want
to go to the
movies because I
hate the smell of
popcorn.

E.g: After the

basement flooded,
we spent all day
cleaning up.
Subordinating
conjunctions
Contrast
although
even though
though
whereas
even if
whenever
Subordinating
conjunctions
Condition
as long as
provided that
unless
so long as
if
while
Subordinating
conjunctions
E.g: Though he
was tired, he
agreed to help me
out.

E.g: I will do this

job as long as you
accept my
condition.