SEMINARIO BIBLICO DE LA UNIÓN CRISTIANA

EVANGÉLICA

ENGLISH II

AMALIA CELINA TORREZ FRONTANILLA

2023

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 VIRTUAL CLASS RULES

Listen/hear Talk/Speak Read

Write Sit down Stand up

On time Partners Break

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Raise hand Look Please repeat

Look

Please spell HELP MAKE MISTAKES

Mute your Turn on your Turn on your

microphone microphone camara

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LESSON 1

TIME
ADVERBS OF TIME

Today Then
Yesterday Tonight
Tomorrow Last year/month/day
Later Next
Now
Respond to the question, WHEN?
When do you study English?
I study English today

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Morning

AM
Midday

Afternoon

PM
Night

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WHAT TIME IS IT?
It is_______________

O’clock Half past Quarter to Quarter Past to

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 DAYS OF THE WEEK
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31

MONTHS OF THE YEAR

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 First of June
Second of June
June three…

BOLIVIA HOLIDAY
All Souls’ Day
Aymara New Year
Carnival
Christmas
Corpus Christi
Easter
Labour Day
National Day
New Year’s Day
Plurinational State Day

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Lesson 2

Simple Present Tense

Subject + Verb + complement

Carlos goes to work from Monday to Friday

Interrogative:

Do/Does + Subject + Verb + Complement? (question Mark)

Does Carlos go to work from Monday to Friday?
Affirmative:

Yes + Subject + Verbs + Complement

Yes, Carlos goes to work from Monday to Friday

Negative:

No + Subject + does + not +Verb + Complement

No, Carlos does not go to work from Monday to Friday.

SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

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REGULAR NOUNS

Most singular nouns form the plural by adding -s.

EXAMPLES

Singular Plural
Boat boats
House houses
Cat Cats
River Rivers
A singular noun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding-es.

EXAMPLES

Singular Plural
Bus Buses
Wish Wishes
Pitch Pitches
Box Boxes
A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the y and
adding-ies.

EXAMPLES

Singular Plural
penny Pennies
spy Spies
baby Babies
city Cities
daisy Daisies

A singular noun ending in a consonant “F” makes the plural by adding-ves

Singular Plural
leaf leaves
half halves
knife knives
wife wives
life lives
elf elves
loaf loaves
IRREGULAR NOUNS
There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common ones are listed below.
EXAMPLES

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 Singular Plural
Woman women
Man men
Child children
Tooth teeth
Foot feet
Person people
Mouse mice
Goose geese
Potato potatoes
Tomato tomatoes
Cactus cacti
Focus foci
Fungus fungi
Nucleus nuclei
Syllabus syllabi/syllabuses
Analysis analyses
Diagnosis diagnoses
Oasis oases
Thesis theses
Crisis crises
phenomenon phenomena
Criterion criteria
Datum data

Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.
EXAMPLES

Singular Plural
Sheep sheep
Fish Fish
Deer deer
Species species
Aircraft aircraft
IRREGULAR VERB/NOUN AGREEMENT
Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb.
Plural nouns used with a singular verb Sentence

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news The news is at 6.30 p.m.

athletics Athletics is good for young people.

linguistics Linguistics is the study of language.

darts Darts is a popular game in England.

billiards Billiards is played all over the world.

Some nouns have a fixed plural form and take a plural verb.
Plural noun with plural verb Sentence
trousers My trousers are too tight.
jeans Her jeans are black.
glasses Those glasses are his.

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LESSON 3

Simple Past Tense

Subject + Verb(Past) + complement

Carlos went to worked from Monday to Friday

Interrogative:

Do(past DID) + Subject + Verb + Complement?

Did Carlos go to work from Monday to Friday?
Affirmative:

Yes + Subject + Verb (Past) + Complement

Yes, Carlos went to work from Monday to Friday

Negative:

No + Subject + Do(past DID) + not +Verb + Complement

No, Carlos did not go to work from Monday to Friday.

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Adverbs of frequency

Always
100% All of the time
Usually
Most of the time
Often
Much of the time

Sometimes Some of the time

Hardly ever

Rarely
Almost never
Seldom

Never

Respond to the question, HOW OFTEN? Not at any time

0%

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What is the weather today in …….?
The weather today in ………………….. is …………………..
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 SEASONS OF THE YEAR

SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN/FALL WINTER

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LESSON 4

Simple future Tense

Subject + Will + Verb+ complement

Carlos will go to worked from Monday to Friday

Interrogative:

Will + Subject + Verb + Complement?

Will Carlos go to work from Monday to Friday?
Affirmative:

Yes + Subject + will + Verb + Complement

Yes, Carlos will go to work from Monday to Friday

Negative:

No + Subject + Will + not +Verb + Complement

No, Carlos will not go to work from Monday to Friday.

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 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

SINGULAR PLURAL
Everybody Anyone Both Several
Nobody Somebody Most Few

ADVERBS OF PLACE

HERE THERE

PRONOUNS DEMOSTRATIVES

SINGULAR THIS THAT

PLURAL THESE THOSE

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 Open Questions
Las Preguntas abiertas no se pueden contestar con un simple “yes” o “no”, pero obtienen
información, explicación, descripción u opinión. Las preguntas abiertas se crean utilizando
pronombres interrogativos o “question words”. Dentro de las preguntas abiertas, podemos
distinguir entre preguntas del objeto y preguntas del sujeto.

Pronombre Ejemplos
interrogativo
What…? What is your name?
¿Qué…? ¿Como té llamas?

What day is today/Monty?

¿Qué día/mes es hoy?

Where…? Where do they live?

¿Dónde…? ¿Dónde viven?

When…? When do you go to work?

¿Cuándo…? ¿Cuándo vas a tu trabajo?

Who…? Who is he/she/their?

¿Quién…? ¿Quién es él/ella/ellos-ellas?

Whose…? Whose bag is this?

¿De quién…? ¿De quién es esta bolsa?

Why…? Why are they here?

¿Por qué…? ¿Por qué están aquí?

Which…? Which car is his?

¿Cuál…? ¿Cuál es su coche?

How…? How are you?

¿Cómo…? ¿Cómo estás?

- How old are you?

¿Cuántos años tienes?

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LESSON 5

Continue / progressive tense

Subject + to be (am – is – are ) + Verb+ ing + complement

Carlos is working from Monday to Friday

Interrogative:

To be (am – is – are) + Subject + Verb +ing + Complement?

Is Carlos going to work from Monday to Friday?

Affirmative:

Yes + Subject + to be (am – is – are ) + Verb+ ing + complement

Yes, Carlos is going to work from Monday to Friday

Negative:

No + Subject + to be (am – is – are ) + not +Verb +ing + Complement

No, Carlos is not go to work from Monday to Friday.

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 PREPOSITION
ABOUT
(sobre, alrededor de, acerca de, por)
Puede tener distintos significados dependiendo de su función en la frase (lugar, tiempo o
circustancia)
• This is a book about God
• There are some papers spread about the room
ABOVE
(por encima de, sobre)
Se usa en general para expresar superioridad.
• He flew above the mountains
• La Paz is 4200 meters above the sea level
ACROSS
(a través de, al otro lado de)
Se usa para indicar la ubicación relativa en un lugar.
• She lives across the street
AFTER
(detrás de, después de)
Puede indicar tiempo o lugar.
• She left after lunch
AGAINST
(Contra)
Indica lugar o circunstancia
• Put the table against the wall
• I have nothing against him
ALONG
(A lo largo de)
• The ship sails along the coastline
AMONG
(entre)(entre varios)
Indica lugar o circunstancia.
• A house among the trees
• I was among the last to leave
.(*) Notese la diferencia entre 'among' (uno entre varios) y 'between' (uno entre dos)
• A house among the trees
• A road between the trees
AROUND
(alrededor de)
Puede indicar tiempo, lugar o circunstancia.
• We were sitting around the table
• Around seven o'clock
AT
(en)

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a.) Ubicación en lugares:
• He is at London now
b.) El momento exacto en que ocurre una determinada acción:
• She was there at five o'clock
c.) El precio:
• At what price is this car sold?
d.) El estado de una persona o de un animal
• She is quite at ease
Diferencia entre 'at', 'in' y 'on''At' refiere la posición en un punto determinado, mientras que 'in'
implica la posición dentro de algo y 'on' sobre algo.
• At the bus-stop
• In the filing cabinet
• On the armchair
Cuando hace referencia al tiempo, 'at' se emplea para horas o momentos determinados, mientras
que 'in' refiere meses, años o estaciones y 'on' días de la semana y fechas.
• At seven o'clock • In summer
• At Christmas • On Saturday
• In July • On August, 24th
• In 2001
AS
(así como)
Se usa para expresar:
a.) Tiempo
• She trembled as he spoke
b.) Modo o manera:
• Leave the room as you find it
.c.) El comparativo de igualdad:
• He is not so tall as you are
d.) Contraste:
• Rich as he is, he isn't happy
e.) Causa:
• As you weren't there I left a message
AS WELL AS
(Tanto/tan….como)
• She does not speak French as well as you do
BEFORE
(delante de, ante)
Puede indicar tiempo, lugar o circunstancia
• He arrived before me
• Turn left just before the theatre

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LESSON 6

Past Continue / progressive tense

Subject + to be (was/were) + Verb+ ing + complement

Carlos was working from Monday to Friday

Interrogative:

To be (Was/were) + Subject + Verb + ing + Complement?

was Carlos going to work from Monday to Friday?

Affirmative:

Yes + Subject + to be (Was/Were )+ Verb + ing + complement

Yes, Carlos was going to work from Monday to Friday

Negative:

No + Subject + to be (Was/Were) + not + Verb + ing + Complement

No, Carlos was not go to work from Monday to Friday.

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 PREPOSITION
BEHIND
(detrás de)
Puede indicar tiempo, lugar o circunstancia
• I put it behind the painting
• He's the man behind the scheme
BELOW
(por debajo de)
• Below sea level
Diferencia entre 'below' y 'under' (ambos significan ' por debajo de') Below implica un nivel inferior
al que se hace referencia, con el que no existe contigüidad, mientras que 'under' implica una cierta
inmediatez, una proximidad mayor.
• Below sea level
• Under the covers
BESIDE
(junto a)
Puede indicar lugar o circunstancia
• Sit beside your classmate
BETWEEN
(entre (entre dos))
Puede indicar tiempo, lugar o circunstancia
• To drive between Cochabamba and Oruro
• Between seven o'clock and eight o'clock
BEYOND
(más allá de)
Puede indicar tiempo, lugar o circunstancia
• Beyond the horizon
• He lives beyond his means
BY
(junto a, al lado de)
Se usa para expresar:
a.) Vecindad:
• Come and sit by me
b.) Medio o instrumento:
• I went to Mexico by air
c.) Medida
• The room measures 10 metres by 6

d.) Movimiento
• We went to Poland by land
e.) El complemento de agente en la voz pasiva:
• The bridge was designed by Calatrava
f.) La expresión española "a cierta hora"

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 • I will be back by six
g.) Juramentos
• I swear by almighty God to tell the truth
BECAUSE
(Equivale al 'porque', 'a causa de'... español (causal).)
• Because he was busy he couldn't go to the party
BOTH ... AND
(ambos … y)
Both, cuando va acompañado de la conjunción and, se usa para recalcar dos hechos de igual
importancia:
• Both Elizabeth and Helen…
BUT
(pero)
Se corresponde:
a.) Al pero español:
• She is rich, but unhappy
b.) Con el 'sino' español
• He's not only conceited but also selfish
c.) A la preposición española excepto:
• Nobody but you could be so stupid
DESPITE
(in spite of) a pesar de
Indica circunstancia
• Despite what she says

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LESSON 7

Perfect Future Continue / progressive tense

-
-
- Subject + to be (will be) + Verb+ ing + complement
- Carlos will be working from Monday to Friday
- Interrogative:
- To be (will be) + Subject + Verb + ing + Complement?
- Will be Carlos going to work from Monday to Friday?
- Affirmative:
- Yes + Subject + to be (will be) + Verb+ ing + complement
- Yes, Carlos will be going to work from Monday to Friday
- Negative:
- No + Subject + to be (will be) + not +Verb + ing + Complement
- No, Carlos will be not go to work from Monday to Friday.

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 PREPOSITION
DOWN
(Abajo)
Esta preposición se usa para expresar movimiento de arriba hacia abajo.
• Come down from that tree!
DURING
(durante)
Indica tiempo.
• During the summer
Diferencia entre 'during' y 'for' Se usa 'during' para referirse al tiempo o al momento en que se
desarrolla una acción y contesta a la pregunta
When…?
• I began to feel ill during the concert
'For' se utiliza cuando se especifica la duración de la acción y contesta a la pregunta
(For) How long…?, or, During how long?
• Yesterday it rained for two hours
EITHER... OR
Either usado con or corresponde a las conjunciones españolas o..,o
He must be either drunk or drugged
FOR
(para, hacia ( lugar), durante ( tiempo), por (circunstancia))
Esta preposición puede adoptar distintos sentidos o significados dependiendo de su contexto
específico (lugar, tiempo o circunstancia) Se usa para expresar:
a.) Movimiento hacia un lugar:
• Shee will soon start for France
b.) Causa:
• For the following reasons...
c.) Fin:
• To pray for peace
d.) Duración (el término español 'desde hace')
• I haven't seen him for five days
e.) Sustitución:
• She is writing a letter for me
Diferencia entre 'for' y 'since' Cuando 'for' se traduce por “desde hace” se puede confundir con
'since', “desde”.Ambas preposiciones se usan para expresar el tiempo que ha durado la acción del
verbo, pero 'for' expresa la duración de la acción y 'since' el comienzo de la misma:
• I've been living in London for two months
• I've been living in London since February
(*)Observa el uso en ambos casos del pretérito perfecto o el pluscuamperfecto y nunca del presente.
FROM
(de, desde)
Indica lugar, tiempo o circunstancia. Se usa para expresar:
a.) Procedencia, origen:

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 • I'm from Spain
b.) Separación
• Take the scissors from the child
c.) Causa
• He did it from spite
d.) Relación de tiempo:
• I study from morning till night
• From 20 July
IF
a.) Puede expresar una condición o suposición:
• I'll stay if you help me

b.) Opción:
• I'll see if he's in
c.) Petición de forma cortés
• If I could just interrupt you there…
IN
(en, dentro de)
Puede indicar tiempo o circunstancia. Se usa para expresar:
a.) Situación (en ciudades, regiones, naciones, continentes, etc.)
• We live in Valencia
b.) Periodos de tiempo, como meses, años, estaciones:
• In the year 2001
• In winter
• You arrived in Madrid in september
(*) Cuidado:
• In the morning
• In the afternoon
• In the evening
At night'
c.) La construcción adverbial española "dentro de", en expresiones de tiempo:
• I'll see you in a week's time
(*) Ver en preposición 'at' las diferencias de uso con 'in'
INSIDE
(interior, dentro de)
• The inside of the box
INTO
(En)
Puede indicar lugar o circunstancia
• I went into the bedroom
• A journey into the unknown
• The car ran into a wall
.Diferencia entre 'in' e 'into'

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'In' significa 'en' (dentro) generalmente en posición estática (no implica movimiento)'into' (en)
implica movimiento
• He was in the room
• He went into the room
LEST
(Para que no, por miedo a)
I didn't do it lest he should beat me
A veces se usa ' lest' detrás de los verbos 'fear', ' be afraid' 'of', etc en lugar de ' that''Lest' es muy
formal y no se utiliza habitualmente en el inglés corriente.

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LESSON 8

El presente perfecto equivale más o menos al pretérito perfecto del español.

Veremos las diferencias en la sección sobre usos. En general, es una mezcla entre el
presente y el pasado. Lo usamos para acciones en el pasado que tienen importancia en el
presente.

Grammatical Rules

1. Form

Subject+(Have/Has)+Participle past/past+complement
Para formar el presente perfecto, se usa el verbo auxiliar “to have” en el presente y el
participio pasado del verbo. Para verbos regulares, el participio pasado es la forma simple
del pasado. Ver la lección sobre el pasado simple para más información sobre como formar
el pasado.

Subject Auxiliar Short Form Past Participle

Verb
I, you, we, have I’ve, you’ve, we’ve, talked, learned,
they they’ve traveled…
talked, learned,
he, she, it has he’s, she’s, it’s traveled…

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Nota: Ten en cuenta que hay muchos participios pasados irregulares en inglés. A
continuación tienes una lista de unos de los participios pasados irregulares más comunes.

Verbo Pasado Simple Past Participle

Be was/were been
Do did done
Go went gone
make made made
See saw seen

2. Structure
a. Affirmative Sentences

Subjet + auxiliar verb (to have) + Past Participle …

Example

- I have [I’ve] talked to Peter. (He hablado con Peter.)

- She has [She’s] gone to work. (Ha ido a su trabajo.)
b. Negative Sentences

Subjet + auxiliar verb (to have) + “not” + Past Participle …

Example

- I haven’t talked to Peter. (No he hablado con Peter.)

- She hasn’t gone to work. (No ha ido a su trabajo.)
c. Interrogative Sentences

Auxiliar Verb (to have) + subjet + Past Participle…?

Example

- Have you talked to Peter? (¿Has hablado con Peter?)

- Has she gone to work? (¿Ha ido a su trabajo?)

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 3. Uses (Usos)

Se usa el presente perfecto para acciones que ocurrieron en un tiempo no concreto antes de
ahora. El tiempo específico no es importante. Por lo tanto, no solemos usar expresiones de
tiempo específicas (“this morning”, “yesterday”, “last year”…) con el presente perfecto.

Se puede usar el presente perfecto con expresiones de tiempo no concretas (“never”, “ever”,
“many times”, “for”, “since”, “already”, “yet”…). Este concepto de tiempo no específico es
bastante difícil de comprender, por este motivo, a continuación tienes los usos particulares
del presente perfecto.

1. It use the perfect present to describe something, it doesn´t not use for specific
actions.

Example

- I have never flown in a plane. (Nunca he volado en un avión.)

- He has worked in many different museums. (Ha trabajado en muchos museos
diferentes.)
2. it use the perfect present for changing time

Example

- I have become more timid in my old age. (Me he vuelto más tímido en mi vejez.)
- Their English has improved a lot this year. (Su inglés ha mejorado mucho este año.)
3. It use to express successful

Example

- Our football team has won the championship three times. (Nuestro equipo de fútbol
ha ganado el campeonato tres veces.)
- Dan has finished writing his first novel. (Dan ha terminado de escribir su primera
novela.)
4. It use perfect present for actions that is not has happened, frequently we use with the
adverbs “yet” y “still”.

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Example:

- The plane hasn’t arrived yet. (El avión no ha llegado todavía.)

- Our team still hasn’t won a championship. (Nuestro equipo aún no ha ganado un
campeonato.)
5. It use the perfect present to mention actions that it happen in some moment in the
past it mention that those are possible more actions in the future.

Example

- We have spoken several times, but we still can’t reach an agreement. (Hemos
hablado varias veces, pero todavía no podemos llegar a un acuerdo.)
- Our team has played 4 games so far this year. (Nuestro equipo ya ha jugado 4
partidos este año.)

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 CONJUNCTIONS

Las conjunciones son empleadas para enlazar entre sí las palabras y/o oraciones. Hay dos
tipos de conjunciones y la posición que tiene dentro de una oración depende del tipo.
Además, hay tres formas de conjunciones.

Common conjunctions

“and,” “but” y “or”.

Example

- She works at a bank and goes to university.

- I like to swim in the ocean, but only if the water is warm.
- We can study now or later.

Types of Conjunctions

1. Coordinating Conjunctions: This type of conjunction is used when we want to link

two sentences that have the same value.
and (y), but (pero), however (sinembargo), or (o), so (asíque), then (entonces), th
erefore (therefore), yet (aún)…
Position: Always go between sentences or words.

Example

- She likes to sing and dance.

- I want to move to London so I am studying English.
- They are moving to Barcelona, however they really like Madrid.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions: This type of conjunction is used when one of the
sentences depends on the other (subordinate phrase). The subordinate phrase has no
meaning without the other. Most conjunctions are subordinate.
although (aunque), as (como), after (después), before (antes), if (si), since (ya
que), so that (para que), until (hasta), when(cuando)…

Position: In general they go forward of the subordinate phrase.

Example

- I have been working at the bank since 2005.

- She is studying English so that she can move to Canada.
- They went to the beach although it was raining.

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 PREPOSITION
LIKE
Como Se usa en comparaciones y ejemplos
• You think like my mother
• I want a skirt like that
NEAR
(cerca de)
Puede indicar lugar, tiempo o circunstancia
• Is there a police station near here?
• Near midday
NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO
Se usa cuando se quiere dar mayor importancia al segundo de los hechos:
Not only I read English but also I write it
OF
(De)
• Made of steel
• East of London
• He is proud of her daughter
OFF
(de, fuera de, sale de)
Indica lugar o circunstancia
She fell of the ladder
A street off the main place
ON
sobre, encima de, el
(Equivalente a UPON, que es menos usual) (fechas) Puede indicar lugar, tiempo o circunstancia. Se
usa para expresar:
a.) Contacto directo (un objeto descansa sobre otro):
• My hat is on the table
b.) Un día (como fecha):
• We will see you on Saturday
.c.) Causa, fin
• I'm here on business
d.) Argumento, tema:
• To lecture on Shakespeare
e.) Posición
• This room looks out on Sesame Street
OR
(ó)
Puede tener tres significados muy distintos:
a.) Equivalente al 'o' español
• There were 35 or 40 people there

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b.) o, si no
• Hands up or I'll shoot!
c.) ni
• He can't read or write
OUTSIDE
(fuera de Indica lugar)
Outside the prison walls
OVER
(sobre, por encima de)
Puede indicar lugar, tiempo o circunstancia. Se usa para expresar:
a.) Contacto indirecto (un objeto a cierta distancia por encima del otro):
• We flew over New York
b.) Contacto total (un objeto sobre otro cubriéndolo).
• Put a cloth over the table
c.) De un lado a otro
• A bridge over the River Kwai
d.) Durante, mientras
• We'll discuss it over dinner
e.) Con números, edades, dinero y tiempo
• He's over 30

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LESSON 9

FORM

[Subject+had+past participle+complement]
Examples:

- You had studied English before you moved to New York.

- Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
- You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

❖ The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in
the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Examples:

- I had never seen such a beautiful landscape before I went to the lake Titicaca
- I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
- Ana knew Tarija so well because she had visited the city several times.
- Had Susana ever studied Aymara before she moved to La Paz?
- She only understood the movie because she had read the book.

A: Had you ever visited Sucre before your trip in 2016?

B: Yes, I had been to Sucre once before.
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USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

❖ With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use
the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until
another action in the past.

Examples:

- We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
- By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in Cochabamba for over eight years.
- They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty
years.
❖ Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs
and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and
"study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous
Verbs.

IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

❖ Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases
with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.

Example:

- She had visited her relatives once in 2015 before she moved in with them in 2016.

MOREOVER

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 ❖ If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used
instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The
words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is
optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.

Examples:

- She had visited her relatives once in 2015 before she moved in with them in 2016.
- She visited her relatives once in 2015 before she moved in with them in 2016.

HOWEVER

❖ If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not
optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of
experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past
cannot be used.

Examples:

- She never saw a spider before she moved to Santa Cruz. Not Correct
- She had never seen a spider before she moved to Santa Cruz. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

❖ The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,
only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

- You had previously studied English before you went to your new Job.
- Had you previously studied English before you went to your new Job?

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 46

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 PREPOSITION
PAST
(por delante de, más allá de)
Puede indicar lugar, tiempo o circunstancia
• She walked past the bank
• It's ten past five
ROUND
(alrededor de)
Puede indicar lugar, tiempo o circunstancia
• We were sitting round (around) the table
• Round (about) five o'clock
SINCE
(Desde)
Indica un período de tiempo cuyo comienzo está bien determinado:
• I have not seen him since January
THROUGH
(a través de)
Puede indicar lugar, tiempo o circunstancia
• He made his way through the traffic
• We bought it through an agent
• Through the window

TILL / (UNTIL)
(Hasta)
Indica tiempo
• I shall be here until tomorrow
• I shall be here till tomorrow
(*) Diferencia entre 'till' y 'until': 'till' es más informal y no suele aparecer al comienzo de una frase
TO
(a, hacia, hasta (tiempo))
Puede indicar lugar, tiempo o circunstancia. Se usa para expresar:
a.) Movimiento hacia un lugar:
• Let's go to the cinema!
Se omite normalmente delante de la palabra home (casa, en el sentido de hogar propio):
• She came home at eight
La excepción, cuando va precedida de un adjetivo posesivo o si se usa con un genitivo, en cuyo caso
es obligatoria:
• We went to Peter's home
• We went to his home
b.) El complemento indirecto
• He gave it to John
c.) Comparación
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 • I prefer walking to driving
d.) Proporción, relación
• One goal to nil
e.) Tiempo:
• A quarter to eight
(*) To se emplea también para formar el infinitivo de los verbos
TOWARDS
(Hacia)
Puede indicar lugar, tiempo o circunstancia.
• She went towards the door
• Towards the end of the film
UNDER
(debajo de, bajo)
Puede indicar lugar o circunstancia
• Under the chair
• Children under six
UP
(en lo alto de)
Indica lugar o movimiento hacia arriba. Tiene el significado contrario a la preposición 'down'
• Up the mountain
• She went up the ladder
WITH
(Con)
Indica circunstancia. Se usa para expresar
a.) El complemento de compañía:
• With you
b.) El complemento de medio o instrumento:
• Cut it with a knife
c.) A causa de
• To tremble with fear
d.) Con descripciones
• A girl with blond hair
La conjunción se utiliza básicamente para enlazar dos oraciones. También puede enlazar frases o
palabras dentro de una oración.
WHILE
( Tiene el significado de 'mientras', 'aunque'.)
• She only saw him twice while he was staying there
• While I admit it is difficult, I don't think it is impossible

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 LESSON 10

El "future perfect" está compuesto por dos elementos:

el "simple future" del verbo "to have" (will have) + el "past participle" del verbo principal

+ "past participle"
Sujeto + will have
del verbo principal

He will have finished.

I will have finished.

TO ARRIVE, "FUTURE PERFECT"

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Negativa Interrogativa

I will have arrived I won't have arrived Will I have arrived? Won't I have arrived?

You will have arrived You won't have arrived Will you have arrived? Won't you have arrived?

He will have arrived He won't have arrived Will he have arrived? Won't he have arrived?

We will have arrived We won't have arrived Will we have arrived? Won't we have arrived?

They will have arrived They won't have arrived Will they have arrived? Won't they have arrived?

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FUNCIONES

El "future perfect" se refiere a una acción que se completará en el futuro. Cuando

empleamos este tiempo verbal, estamos proyectándonos hacia el futuro y echando la vista

atrás, hacia una acción concluida en algún momento posterior al presente. La mayoría de las

veces, se emplea con expresiones temporales.

EJEMPLOS
• I will have been here for six months on June 23rd.
• By the time you read this I will have left.
• You will have finished your report by this time next week.
• Won't they have arrived by 5:00?
• Will you have eaten when I pick you up?

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LESSON 11

El "present perfect continuous" está compuesto por dos elementos: el "present perfect" del
verbo 'to be' (have/has been) y el "present participle" del verbo principal (raíz+ing)

Sujeto has/have been infinitivo + ing

She has been swimming

Afirmativa: She has been / She's been running.

Negativa: She hasn't been running.

Interrogativa : Has she been running?

Interrogativa negativa: Hasn't she been running?

EJEMPLO: "PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS", TO LIVE

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

I have been living I haven't been living Have I been living?

You have been living You haven't been living Have you been living?

He, she, it has been living He hasn't been living Has she been living?

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 Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

We have been living We haven't been living Have we been living?

You have been living You haven't been living Have you been living?

They have been living They haven't been living Have they been living?

FUNCIONES DEL "PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS"

El "present perfect continuous" se refiere a un periodo temporal inespecífico situado entre el

pasado y el presente. El hablante se refiere a algo que empezó y que puede no haber
concluido en ese periodo de tiempo. Le interesa tanto el proceso como el resultado, y es
posible que dicho proceso acabe de terminar o que aún no haya finalizado.

ACCIONES INICIADAS EN EL PASADO Y QUE CONTINÚAN OCURRIENDO EN EL

PRESENTE

• She has been waiting for you all day (= todavía está esperando).
• I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (= todavía no lo he
terminado).
• They have been travelling since last October (= todavía no han vuelto).

ACCIONES QUE ACABAN DE CONCLUIR Y DE LAS QUE NOS INTERESAN SUS

RESULTADOS

• She has been cooking since last night (= y la comida preparada tiene un aspecto
delicioso).
• It's been raining (= y las calles aún están mojadas).
• Someone's been eating my chips (= quedan la mitad).

VERBOS SIN FORMAS PROGRESIVAS

Con verbos que no suelen utilizar la forma progresiva, empleamos el "presentperfect". Por
ejemplo:

• I've wanted to visit China for years.

• She's known Robert since she was a child.
• I've hated that music since I first heard it.

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 LESSON 12

El "past perfect continuous" se corresponde con el "present perfect continuous" pero se

refiere a un tiempo anterior al pasado reciente. Como ocurre con el "present perfect

continuous", nos interesa más el proceso que el resultado.

EJEMPLOS

• Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?

• We had been trying to open the door for five minutes when Jane found her key.
• It had been raining hard for several hours and the streets were very wet.
• Her friends had been thinking of calling the police when she walked in.

Esta construcción se emplea también en el estilo indirecto ("reported speech"). Es el

equivalente del "past continuous" y del "present perfect continuous" utilizados en el estilo

directo ("direct speech"):

• Jane said, "I have been gardening all afternoon."

➢ Jane said she had been gardening all afternoon.

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 • When the police questioned him, John said, "I was working late in the office that
night."
➢ When the police questioned him, John told them he had been working late in the
office that night.

FORMACIÓN DEL "PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS"

El "past perfect continuous" está compuesto por dos elementos: el "past perfect" del
verbo to be (=had been) + el "present participle" del verbo principal (raíz+ing).

Sujeto had been raíz + ing

I had been walking
Afirmativa
She had been trying
Negativa
She hadn't been sleeping
Interrogativa
Had you been eating?
Interrogativa negativa
Hadn't they been living?
TO BUY, "PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS"

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

I had been buying I hadn't been buying Had I been buying

You had been buying You hadn't been buying Had you been buying

She had been buying She hadn't been buying Had she been buying

We had been buying We hadn't been buying Had we been buying

They had been buying They hadn't been buying Had they been buying

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LESSON 13

FORMACIÓN

El "future perfect continuous" está compuesto por dos elementos:

el "future perfect" del verbo "to be" (will have been) + el "present participle" del verbo
principal (infinitivo + ing)

Sujeto + will have been + "present participle" del verbo

principal
He will have been playing.

I will have been playing.

TO LIVE, "FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS"

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Negativa

interrogativa
I will have been I won't have been Will I have been Won't I have been
living living living? living?
You will have been You won't have been Will you have been Won't you have been
living living living? living?
He will have been He won't have been Will he have been Won't he have been
living living living? living?
We will have been We won't have been Will we have been Won't we have been
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 living living living? living?
They will have They won't have Will they have been Won't they have been
been living been living living? living?

FUNCIONES

Al igual que el "future perfect", empleamos este tiempo verbal para proyectarnos hacia el
futuro y echar la vista atrás. El "future perfect continuous" se refiere a eventos o acciones
inacabadas, situadas entre el momento presente y un tiempo futuro. La mayoría de las veces
se acompaña de expresiones temporales.

EJEMPLOS

• I will have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock.
• By 2001 I will have been living in London for sixteen years.
• When I finish this course, I will have been learning English for twenty years.
• Next year I will have been working here for four years.
• When I come at 6:00, will you have been practicing long?

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 Irregular Verbs-Verbos Irregulares

Los verbos en inglés

Los verbos en inglés tienen la forma básica (infinitivo), el pasado simple y el participio pasado. Para
la mayoría de los verbos (verbos regulares), el pasado simple y el participio pasado se escriben igual
y se crean añadiendo -ed a la forma base. Sin embargo, hay muchos verbos irregulares en el inglés,
que no coinciden con este patrón. Los verbos son en su mayoría impredecibles, es difícil para ellos
obtener sobre la marcha a medida que habla. Hay algunos patrones entre ellos pero todavía es difícil
de usar los patrones como las normas. La única manera de aprender los verbos irregulares es
memorizarlos.

PARTICIPIO
INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE TRADUCCIÓN
PASADO

Arise Arose Arisen Surgir, Levantarse

Awake Awoke Awoken Despertarse

Be/ am, are, is Was / Were Been Ser / Estar

Bear Bore Borne / Born Soportar, dar a luz

Beat Beat Beaten Golpear

Become Became Become Llegar a Ser

Begin Began Begun Empezar

Bend Bent Bent Doblar

Bet Bet Bet Apostar

Bind Bound Bound Atar, encuadernar

Bid Bid Bid Pujar

Bite Bit Bitten Morder

Bleed Bled Bled Sangrar

Blow Blew Blown Soplar

Break Broke Broken Romper

Breed Bred Bred Criar

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 PARTICIPIO
INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE TRADUCCIÓN
PASADO

Bring Brought Brought Traer Llevar

Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Radiar

Build Built Built Edificar

Burn Burnt /Burned Burnt / Burned Quemar

Burst Burst Burst Reventar

Buy Bought Bought Comprar

Cast Cast Cast Arrojar

Catch Caught Caught Coger

Come Came Come Venir

Cost Cost Cost Costar

Cut Cut Cut Cortar

Choose Chose Chosen Elegir

Cling Clung Clung Agarrarse

Creep Crept Crept Arrastrarse

Deal Dealt Dealt Tratar

Dig Dug Dug Cavar

Do (Does) Did Done Hacer

Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar

Dream Dreamt / Dreamed Dreamt / Dreamed Soñar

Drink Drank Drunk Beber

Drive Drove Driven Conducir

Eat Ate Eaten Comer

Fall Fell Fallen Caer

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 PARTICIPIO
INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE TRADUCCIÓN
PASADO

Feed Fed Fed Alimentar

Feel Felt Felt Sentir

Fight Fought Fought Luchar

Find Found Found Encontrar

Flee Fled Fled Huir

Fly Flew Flown Volar

Forbid Forbade Forbidden Prohibir

Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar

Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar

Freeze Froze Frozen Helar

Get Got Got / Gotten Obtener

Give Gave Given Dar

Go (Goes) Went Gone Ir

Grow Grew Grown Crecer

Grind Ground Ground Moler

Hang Hung Hung Colgar

Have Had Had Haber o Tener

Hear Heard Heard Oir

Hide Hid Hidden Ocultar

Hit Hit Hit Golpear

Hold Held Held Agarrar Celebrar

Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir

Keep Kept Kept Conservar

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 PARTICIPIO
INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE TRADUCCIÓN
PASADO

Know Knew Known Saber Conocer

Kneel Knelt Knelt Arrodillarse

Knit Knit Knit Hacer punto

Lay Laid Laid Poner

Lead Led Led Conducir

Lean Leant Leant Apoyarse

Leap Leapt Leapt Brincar

Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / Learned Aprender

Leave Left Left Dejar

Lend Lent Lent Prestar

Let Let Let Permitir

Lie Lay Lain Echarse

Light Lit Lit Encender

Lose Lost Lost Perder

Make Made Made Hacer

Mean Meant Meant Significar

Meet Met Met Encontrar

Mistake Mistook Mistaken Equivocar

Overcome Overcame Overcome Vencer

Pay Paid Paid Pagar

Put Put Put Poner

Read Read Read Leer

Ride Rode Ridden Montar

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 PARTICIPIO
INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE TRADUCCIÓN
PASADO

Ring Rang Rung Llamar

Rise Rose Risen Levantarse

Run Ran Run Correr

Say Said Said Decir

See Saw Seen Ver

Seek Sought Sought Buscar

Sell Sold Sold Vender

Send Sent Sent Enviar

Set Set Set Poner(se)

Sew Sewed Sewed / Sewn Coser

Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir

Shore Shorn Esquilar

Shear
Shine Shone Shone Brillar

Shoot Shot Shot Disparar

Show Showed Shown Mostrar

Shrink Shrank Shrunk Encogerse

Shut Shut Shut Cerrar

Sing Sang Sung Cantar

Sink Sank Sunk Hundir

Sit Sat Sat Sentarse

Sleep Slept Slept Dormir

Slide Slid Slid Resbalar

Smell Smelt Smelt Oler

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 PARTICIPIO
INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE TRADUCCIÓN
PASADO

Sow Sowed Sowed / Sown Sembrar

Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar

Speed Sped Sped Acelerar

Spell Spelt Spelt Deletrear

Spend Spent Spent Gastar

Spill Spilt / Spilled Spilt / Spilled Derramar

Spin Spun Spun Hilar

Spit Spat Spat Escupir

Split Split Split Hender / partir / rajar

Spoil Spoilt / Spoiled Spoilt / Spoiled Estropear

Spread Spread Spread Extender

Spring Sprang Sprung Saltar

Stand Stood Stood Estar en pie

Steal Stole Stolen Robar

Stick Stuck Stuck Pegar Engomar

Sting Stung Stung Picar

Stink Stank/Stunk Stunk Apestar

Stride Strode Stridden Dar zancadas

Strike Struck Struck Golpear

Swear Swore Sworn Jurar

Sweat Sweat Sweat Sudar

Sweep Swept Swept Barrer

Swell Swelled Swollen Hinchar

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 PARTICIPIO
INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE TRADUCCIÓN
PASADO

Swim Swam Swum Nadar

Swing Swung Swung Columpiarse

Take Took Taken Coger

Teach Taught Taught Enseñar

Tear Tore Torn Rasgar

Tell Told Told Decir

Think Thought Thought Pensar

Throw Threw Thrown Arrojar Tirar

Thrust Thrust Thrust Introducir

Tread Trod Trodden Pisar, hollar

Understand Understood Understood Entender

Undergo Underwent Undergone Sufrir

Undertake Undertook Undertaken Emprender

Wake Woke Woken Despertarse

Wear Wore Worn Llevar puesto

Weave Wove Woven Tejer

Weep Wept Wept Llorar

Wet Wet Wet Mojar

Win Won Won Ganar

Wind Wound Wound Enrollar

Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Retirarse

Wring Wrung Wrung Torcer

Write Wrote Written Escribir

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Regular Verbs List
There are thousands of regular verbs in English. This is a list of 600 of the more common
regular verbs. Note that there are some spelling variations in American English (for example,
"practise" becomes "practice" in American English).

• accept • allow • applaud • attach

• add • amuse • appreciate • attack
• admire • analyse • approve • attempt
• admit • announce • argue • attend
• advise • annoy • arrange • attract
• afford • answer • arrest • avoid
• agree • apologise • arrive
• alert • appear • ask

• back • beg • boil • branch

• bake • behave • bolt • breathe
• balance • belong • bomb • bruise
• ban • bleach • book • brush
• bang • bless • bore • bubble
• bare • blind • borrow • bump
• bat • blink • bounce • burn
• bathe • blot • bow • bury
• battle • blush • box • buzz
• beam • boast • brake

• calculate • choke • compare • cough

• call • chop • compete • count
• camp • claim • complain • cover
• care • clap • complete • crack
• carry • clean • concentrate • crash
• carve • clear • concern • crawl
• cause • clip • confess • cross
• challenge • close • confuse • crush
• change • coach • connect • cry
• charge • coil • consider • cure
• chase • collect • consist • curl
• cheat • colour • contain • curve
• check • comb • continue • cycle
• cheer • command • copy
• chew • communicate • correct

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• dam • deliver • disapprove • dress
• damage • depend • disarm • drip
• dance • describe • discover • drop
• dare • desert • dislike • drown
• decay • deserve • divide • drum
• deceive • destroy • double • dry
• decide • detect • doubt • dust
• decorate • develop • drag
• delay • disagree • drain
• delight • disappear • dream

• earn • end • excite • explain

• educate • enjoy • excuse • explode
• embarrass • enter • exercise • extend
• employ • entertain • exist
• empty • escape • expand
• encourage • examine • expect

• face • fetch • flash • force

• fade • file • float • form
• fail • fill • flood • found
• fancy • film • flow • frame
• fasten • fire • flower • frighten
• fax • fit • fold • fry
• fear • fix • follow
• fence • flap • fool

• gather • grab • grin • guard

• gaze • grate • grip • guess
• glow • grease • groan • guide
• glue • greet • guarantee

• hammer • harm • heat • hug

• hand • hate • help • hum
• handle • haunt • hook • hunt
• hang • head • hop • hurry
• happen • heal • hope
• harass • heap • hover

• identify • increase • intend • invite

• ignore • influence • interest • irritate

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• imagine • inform • interfere • itch
• impress • inject • interrupt
• improve • injure • introduce
• include • instruct • invent

• jail • jog • joke • juggle

• jam • join • judge • jump

• kick • kiss • knit • knot

• kill • kneel • knock

• label • learn • lighten • load

• land • level • like • lock
• last • license • list • long
• laugh • lick • listen • look
• launch • lie • live • love

• man • matter • milk • move

• manage • measure • mine • muddle
• march • meddle • miss • mug
• mark • melt • mix • multiply
• marry • memorise • moan • murder
• match • mend • moor
• mate • mess up • mourn

• nail • need • nod • notice

• name • nest • note • number

• obey • obtain • offer • overflow

• object • occur • open • owe
• observe • offend • order • own

• pack • permit • pop • prevent

• paddle • phone • possess • prick
• paint • pick • post • print
• park • pinch • pour • produce
• part • pine • practise • program
• pass • place • pray • promise

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• paste • plan • preach • protect
• pat • plant • precede • provide
• pause • play • prefer • pull
• peck • please • prepare • pump
• pedal • plug • present • punch
• peel • point • preserve • puncture
• peep • poke • press • punish
• perform • polish • pretend • push

• question • queue

• race • refuse • remove • rhyme

• radiate • regret • repair • rinse
• rain • reign • repeat • risk
• raise • reject • replace • rob
• reach • rejoice • reply • rock
• realise • relax • report • roll
• receive • release • reproduce • rot
• recognise • rely • request • rub
• record • remain • rescue • ruin
• reduce • remember • retire • rule
• reflect • remind • return • rush

• sack • shiver • soothe • stop

• sail • shock • sound • store
• satisfy • shop • spare • strap
• save • shrug • spark • strengthen
• saw • sigh • sparkle • stretch
• scare • sign • spell • strip
• scatter • signal • spill • stroke
• scold • sin • spoil • stuff
• scorch • sip • spot • subtract
• scrape • ski • spray • succeed
• scratch • skip • sprout • suck
• scream • slap • squash • suffer
• screw • slip • squeak • suggest
• scribble • slow • squeal • suit
• scrub • smash • squeeze • supply
• seal • smell • stain • support
• search • smile • stamp • suppose
• separate • smoke • stare • surprise
• serve • snatch • start • surround
• settle • sneeze • stay • suspect
• shade • sniff • steer • suspend

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• share • snore • step • switch
• shave • snow • stir
• shelter • soak • stitch

• talk • thaw • trace • trot

• tame • tick • trade • trouble
• tap • tickle • train • trust
• taste • tie • transport • try
• tease • time • trap • tug
• telephone • tip • travel • tumble
• tempt • tire • treat • turn
• terrify • touch • tremble • twist
• test • tour • trick • type
• thank • tow • trip

• undress • unite • unpack • use

• unfasten • unlock • untidy

• vanish • visit

• wail • waste • whirl • work

• wait • watch • whisper • worry
• walk • water • whistle • wrap
• wander • wave • wink • wreck
• want • weigh • wipe • wrestle
• warm • welcome • wish • wriggle
• warn • whine • wobble
• wash • whip • wonder

• x-ray

• yawn • yell

• zip • zoom

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