School of Architecture,

Computing and Architecture

FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING
| CESURV30/CESURV2L
| PREPARED BY: LDDZ

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 School of Architecture,
Computing and Architecture

Adjustment of Line of Sight

- Two-Peg Test -
 The line of sight is adjusted to make it  To check and adjust the line of sight, a
parallel to the axis of the level vial. There procedure known as “two-peg test” is
is always the possibility that the line of employed. Two pegs (or rods), 60-90
sight of a dumpy level will be inclined meters apart are established on the
either above or below the horizontal. ground.
 Such a condition will introduce  It is preferable that the two pegs have a
corresponding errors when determining considerable difference in elevation in
the differences in elevation order to arrive at more accurate test
results

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 School of Architecture,
Computing and Architecture

Line of sight
Line of sight error,
e

Difference
B
in elev, Δ

Two-Peg
A
Test (Type Instrument set up near A
I)

B
A
Instrument set up near B
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 School of Architecture,
Computing and Architecture

Sample Problem 1
1. In the two-peg test of a dumpy level, the following
observations were taken:
Instrument set Instrument set
Rod reading
up near A up near B
On point A 1.505 m 0.938 m
On point B 2.054 m 1.449 m

a. What is the difference in elevation between A

and B?
b. If the line of sight is not in adjustment,
determine the correct rod reading on A with the
instrument still set up at B
c. Determine the error in the line of sight

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 School of Architecture,
Computing and Architecture

1.505 m 2.054 m

Δ A
Two-Peg Instrument set up near A
B
Test (Type
II)

e
0.938 m
1.449 m
Δ

Instrument set up near B

A
B
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 School of Architecture,
Computing and Architecture

Sample Problem 2
In the two-peg test of a dumpy level using alternate
method, the following observations were taken:
Instrument set Instrument
Rod Reading
up near M set up near
P
On point A 0.296 m 1.563 m
On point B 0.910 m 2.140 m

a. What is the difference in elevation between A and B?

b. If the line of sight is not in adjustment, determine the
correct rod reading on A with the instrument still set up
at B
c. Determine the error in the line of sight

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methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law. Fundamental of Surveying Lec/Lab
 School of Architecture,
Computing and Architecture

Earth’s Curvature • The combination of the earth’s

and curvature and refraction (ECR) causes
the transit’s line of sight to vary from a
Refraction level line by approximately 0.0785 minus
0.011, or 0.0675 m in one kilometer;
thus,

Level line 𝒉𝒄𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟓𝒌𝟐

Distance
(k) Horizontal line Where
hcr - departure of transit line from a level line, m
k - length of line of sight, km
Refracted line
of
sight
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 School of Architecture,
Computing and Architecture

Sample Problem 3
Determine the combined effects of the earth’s curvature
and refraction on sight distances of 60, 90, 120, 150, and
500 meters.

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 School of Architecture,
Computing and Architecture

Sample Problem 4
Two points, A and B, are 525.850 meters apart. A level is set
up on the line between A and B and at a distance of
240.500 m from A. If the rod reading on A is 3.455 m and
that on B is 2.806 m.
• Determine the difference in elevation between the two
points, taking into account the effect of curvature and
atmospheric refraction.

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 School of Architecture,
Computing and Architecture

Sample Problem 5
A woman standing on a beach can just (barely) see the top
of a lighthouse 24.140 km away. If her eye height above sea
level is 1.738 m, determine the height of the lighthouse
above sea level.

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 School of Architecture,
Computing and Architecture

Sample Problem 6
Two points A and B of a certain mountainous terrain are
each distance 2000 m from a third point C, from which the
measured vertical angles to A is +3°30’ and to B is +1°30’.
Elevation at C is known to be 342.60 m above sea level.
Point C is in between A and B
a. Compute the difference in elevation between A
and B considering the effect of earth’s
curvature and refraction
b. Compute the difference in elevation between
B and C
c. Compute the elevation in A.

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 School of Architecture,
Computing and Architecture

End of presentation

Thank you!

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