School of Architecture,

Computing and Engineering

Measurement of
Angles and
Directions
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CESURV30/CESURV2L | PREPARED BY: LDDZ

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Units of Angles Terminologies

1. Degree. The sexagesimal system is used in  Interior Angles. These are the angles between
which the circumference of a circle is divided adjacent lines in a closed polygon
into 360 parts of degrees Σ𝜃𝑖 = 180(𝑛 − 2)
2. Grad. The centesimal system in which the  Exterior Angles. Are located outside a closed
circumference of a circle is divided into 400 polygon and are referred to as the explements of
parts called grads interior angles.
3. Mil. The circumference is divided into 6400
parts called mils. It is commonly used in 𝜃𝑒
𝜃𝑖
military operations as in fire direction of
artillery units
4. Radian. Another measure of angles used
frequently for a host of calculations. One radian
is defined as the angle subtended at the center
of a circle by an arc length exactly equal to the
radius of the circle

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Terminologies
 Deflection Angle. The angle between a line and the prolongation of the preceding line. It
may be turned to the right (clockwise) or to the left (counterclockwise); usually, a positive
sign is used to define a deflection angle to the right and a negative sign for deflection angle
to the left.
A 165.30m B
20°10’ (R)
D

85°30’ (L)
C

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Bearing N
0° Reference meridian
 The bearing of a line is the acute (N-S Line)
horizontal angle between the reference North-West (NW) North-East (NE)
meridian and the line. A quadrantal Quadrant Quadrant
system is used to specify bearings such
that a line may fall under one of the W 90° 90° E
following quadrants: NE, SE, NW, and SW. South-West (SW) South-East (SE)
Quadrant Quadrant Reference parallel
(E-W Line)

0°
S

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Computing and Engineering

N N
Bearing B D

42°30’ 56°50’
 When bearings are employed to define 18°12’

the direction of lines, it is important to 44°38’

N 56°50’
identify the meridian used as reference. 42°30’ N
Depending, therefore, on the reference N
44°38’ C
18°12’
meridian being used, bearings may be
A E
true, magnetic, grid, or assumed
 Forward bearing - the bearing of the line in the
direction in which the survey progresses Line Forward Bearing Back Bearing
AB N44°38’E S44°38’W
 Backward bearing - same line with forward
BC S42°30’E N42°30’W
bearing, only in the opposite direction
CD N56°50’E S56°50’W
DE S18°12’E N18°12’W

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N
Azimuth N
E
345°
314°
 The azimuth of a line is its direction as B
given by the angle between the meridian 50° N
and the line measured in a clockwise N 165°
230°
direction from either north or south A
N
255° D
75°
branch of the meridian
134° C
 By default, azimuths are reckoned from
south branch of the meridian
Azimuth from South Azimuth from North
Line
Forward Back Forward Back
AB 230° 50° 50° 230°
BC 314° 134° 134° 314°
CD 255° 345° 75° 255°
DE 165° 345° 345° 135°

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Computing and Engineering

Compass Surveying Magnetic Declination

 The compass is a hand-held instrument  The horizontal angle and direction by
for determining the horizontal direction which the needle of a compass deflects
of a line with reference to the magnetic from the true meridian at any locality is
meridian called magnetic declination.
 It is so constructed to allow a magnetized TN TN

needle to swing freely on a pivot at the MN MN

center of a graduated circle and point

toward magnetic north. From the (East Declination) (West Declination)
occupied position of the compass, it
allows a line of sight to be directed
toward any selected distant point exactly
equal to the radius of the circle
North End of needle is North End of needle is west
east of True North of True North (TN)
(TN)
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Sample Problem 1
Compute the angles AOB, COD,EOF, and GOH from
the following set of lines whose magnetic bearings
are given:
 OA - N39°25’E & OB, N75°50’E
 OC - N34°14’E & OD, N53°22’W
 OE - S15°04’E & OF, S36°00’W
 OG - N70°15’W & OH, S52°05’W

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Sample Problem 2
Compute the angles APB, CPD, and EPF from the following
set of lines whose azimuths are given:
 AzimN of PA = 39°48’, AzimN of PB = 115°29’
 AzimS of PC = 320°22’, AzimS of PD = 62°16’
 AzimN of PE = 219°02’, AzimS of PF = 154°16’

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Sample Problem 3
The interior angles of a five-sided closed traverse
were measured as follows:
 A = 118°30’
 B = 95°30’
 C = not measured
 D = 134°10’
 E = 140°50’
Sta Interior ∠ Line Bearing
a. Determine the angle at C.
A
b. Determine the bearing of each line if B
the bearing of AB is N15°30’E.
C
c. Tabulate the value.
D
E

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Sample Problem 4
The observed interior angles of a closed traverse are Observed Adjusted
Sta Interior Line Interior
as follows
∠ ∠
• A = 153°30’00’’
A
• B = 58°20’20’’
B
• C = 139°19’00’’
C
• D = 78°21’20’’
D
• E = 110°28’00’’
E
a. Determine the angular closure.
b. Adjust the measured angle by assuming that the
angular closure is of the same amount at each
station.
c. Tabulate the values accordingly.

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Computing and Engineering

Sample Problem 5
Following are observed deflection angles of a closed a. Compute the error of closure.
traverse: b. Adjust the angular values by assuming that the
A = 28°25’00’’ (L) error is the same for each angle.
B = 68°03’30’’ (L) c. Tabulate the solution.
C = 120°34’00’’ (L)
D = 58°30’00’’ (R)
Observed Def∠ Adjusted Deflection∠
E = 108°13’30’’ (L) Sta Correction
Left Right Left Right
F = 16°50’00’’ (R)
A
G = 110°00’30’’ (L) B
C
D
E
Sums

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Sample Problem 6
The magnetic declination in a locality is 2°30’ E.
determine the true bearing and true azimuths
reckoned from north and south of the following
lines whose magnetic bearings are given:
 AB, N25°40’E
 AC, S50°12’E
 AD, S62°18’W

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Computing and Engineering

End of presentation

Thank you!

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