Quarter 1 Week 1 Trigonometry

Lesson 1: Angles and Their Measure

1.1. Angle as a Rotating Ray

A ray, or half-line, is that portion of a line that starts at a point

V on the line and extends indefinitely in one direction. The starting
point V of a ray is called its vertex.

Figure 1

If two rays are drawn with a common vertex, they form an

angle. We call one ray of an angle the initial side and the other the
terminal side. The angle formed is identified by showing the
direction and amount of rotation from the initial side to the terminal
side. If the rotation is in the counterclockwise direction, the angle is
positive; if the rotation is clockwise, the angle is negative.

Figure 2

Reference: Sullivan Algebra and Trigonometry 9th Edition p.1

Quarter 1 Week 1 Trigonometry

Lesson 1: Angles and Their Measure

1.2. Angle in Standard Position

An angle 𝜽 is said to be in standard position if its vertex is at

the origin of a rectangular coordinate system and its initial side
coincides with the positive x-axis.

Figure 3

When an angle 𝜽 is in standard position, the terminal side will

lie either in a quadrant, in which case we say that lies in that
quadrant, or the terminal side will lie on the x-axis or the y-axis, in
which case we say that is a quadrantal angle.

Figure 4

Reference: Sullivan Algebra and Trigonometry 9th Edition p.2

Quarter 1 Week 1 Trigonometry

Lesson 1: Angles and Their Measure

1.3. Degrees

The angle formed by rotating the initial side exactly once in

the counterclockwise direction until it coincides with itself (1
revolution) is said to measure 360 degrees, abbreviated 360°. One
1
degree, 1°, is 360 revolution. A right angle is an angle that measures
1
90°, or 4 revolution; a straight angle is an angle that measures 180°,
1
or 2 revolution.
Figure 5

Practice Exercises
A. Draw a rough sketch of the following angles in standard
position.
1. 30o 2. −30o 3. 245o 4. 400o 5. −954o

B. In what quadrant/axis does each angle lie?

1. −102o 2. 1000o 3. 675o 4. −2430o 5. 4083o

C. Give the amount of revolution equivalent to the angles in letter

B. Also, indicate the direction.

D. How many degrees is equivalent to each of the following.

1 2
1. 5 rev. counterclockwise 2. 2 3 rev. clockwise
1 7
3. 4 12 rev. clockwise 3. 7 9 rev. counterclockwise

Reference: Sullivan Algebra and Trigonometry 9th Edition p.3

Quarter 1 Week 1 Trigonometry

Lesson 1: Angles and Their Measure

1.4. Decimals and Degrees, Minutes and Seconds
Measures for Angles

Although subdivisions of a degree may be obtained by using

decimals, we also may use the notion of minutes and seconds. One
1
minute, denoted by 𝟏’, is defined as 60 degree. One second,
1 1
denoted by 𝟏′′, is defined as 60 minute, or equivalently, 3600 degree.
An angle of, say, 30 degrees, 40 minutes, 10 seconds is written
compactly as 30o 40′ 10′′.

It is sometimes necessary to convert from the degree, minute,

second Do M ′ S′′ notation to a decimal form, and vice versa.

Practice Exercises
A. Convert the following into Do M ′ S ′′ notation.
1. 13.45o 2. −27.23o 3. 154.173o 4. −240.126o

B. Convert the following into decimal in at most 3 decimal places.

1. 10o 12′ 3. −15o 44′′ 3. 112o 4′ 15′′ 4. −90o 34′ 5.2′′

Reference: Sullivan Algebra and Trigonometry 9th Edition p.4

Quarter 1 Week 1 Trigonometry

Lesson 1: Angles and Their Measure

1.5. Radian

A central angle is a positive angle whose vertex is at the

center of a circle. The rays of a central angle subtend (intersect) an
arc on the circle. If the radius of the circle is 𝑟 and the length of the
arc subtended by the central angle is also 𝑟, then the measure of the
angle is 1 radian. (See figure 6a.)

For a circle of radius 1, the rays of a central angle with

measure 1 radian subtend an arc of length 1. For a circle of radius 3,
the rays of a central angle with measure 1 radian subtend an arc of
length 3. (See figure 6b.)

Figure 6a Figure 6b

Note that the circumference of a circle is 2𝜋𝑟, where 𝑟 is the

𝟐𝝅𝒓
radius. If 1 radian subtends an arc of length 𝑟, then there are =
𝒓
𝟐𝝅 rad. in one revolution. Thus:

𝟏 𝐫𝐞𝐯. = 𝟐𝛑 𝐫𝐚𝐝. = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝐨, and

𝛑 𝐫𝐚𝐝. = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒐

Reference: Sullivan Algebra and Trigonometry 9th Edition p.5

Quarter 1 Week 1 Trigonometry

Lesson 1: Angles and Their Measure

1.6. Converting Degrees to Radian, and Vice Versa

To convert degrees to radian, and vice versa, we use the conversion

formula:

Examples: Converting Degrees to Radian

Solution:

Examples: Converting Radian to Degrees

Solution:

Reference: Sullivan Algebra and Trigonometry 9th Edition p.6

Quarter 1 Week 1 Trigonometry

Lesson 1: Angles and Their Measure

1.6. Converting Degrees to Radian, and Vice Versa

Practice Exercises

A. Convert each angle in degrees to radian. Express your answer as

a multiple of π.
1. 30o 2. 45o 3. −90o 4. −225o

5. −240o 6. 415o 7. −1000o 8. 1250o

B. Convert each angle in degrees to radian. Express your answer

rounded off to 2 decimal places.
1. 17o 2. −143o 3. 619o 4. −2351o

C. Convert each angle in radian to degrees. In case of decimal,

express in Do M ′ S ′′ notation.
2𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
1. 2. 3. − 4. −
3 5 4 8

5𝜋 15𝜋 12𝜋 35𝜋

5. 6. − 7. − 8.
12 4 25 21

9. 3 10. −3.12 11. 4.3 12. 15

Reference: Sullivan Algebra and Trigonometry 9th Edition p.7