 A system refers to a specific region or a specific part of the universe that is

being studied or analyzed. A system can be either open or closed.

 Open systems: An open system is a system that can exchange both matter
and energy with its surroundings. For example, a car engine is an open
system because it takes in fuel and air and produces exhaust gases, heat,
and mechanical work. An open system can be characterized by its inputs
(matter and energy entering the system) and outputs (matter and energy
leaving the system).
 Closed systems: A closed system is a system that can exchange energy but
not matter with its surroundings. For example, an insulated container with
a gas inside is a closed system because the gas can exchange thermal
energy with the container, but the number of atoms and molecules of the
gas remain constant. A closed system can be characterized by its internal
energy (the total energy of the system).
 A system can be considered as closed or open depending on the specific
context and the specific aspect of the system being studied. For example, a
cup of coffee may be considered as an open system in terms of heat, but
closed in terms of matter. Also, the distinction between open and closed
systems is important in thermodynamics, where the first and second laws
of thermodynamics assume of closed systems.
 Isolated vs non-isolated systems: An isolated system is one that cannot
exchange any energy or matter with its surroundings, while a non-isolated
system can.
 Homogeneous vs heterogeneous systems: A homogeneous system is one in
which the properties and composition are the same throughout, while a
 heterogeneous system is one in which the properties and composition vary
within the system.
 Macroscopic vs microscopic systems: A macroscopic system is one that can
be observed and measured directly, while a microscopic system is one that
is too small to be observed directly and must be studied using instruments
and mathematical models.
 Dynamic vs static systems: A dynamic system is one that changes over time,
while a static system does not.
 Adiabatic vs diathermic systems: An adiabatic system is one that does not
exchange heat with its surroundings, while a diathermic system does.
 Reversible vs irreversible systems: A reversible system is one in which the
process can be reversed and the system returns to its initial state, while an
irreversible system is one in which the process cannot be reversed.