Adults - Both genders - All ages

Vitamin A AR, PRI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4028

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRI RI UL

Adults ≥ 18 years Male NA 570 μg RE/ 750 μg RE/ NA 3000 μg RE/

day day day
Premenopausal 18-59 years Female NA 490 μg RE/ 650 μg RE/ NA 3000 μg RE/
women day day day
Postmenopausal ≥ 40 years Female NA 490 μg RE/ 650 μg RE/ NA ND
women day day

AR: ARs relate to vitamin A in the form of retinol, retinyl esters and provitamin A carotenoids.
RE: retinol equivalent. Provitamin A carotenoids have a lower bioavailability than retinol. In order to take into account these differences, RE have been introduced
and defined as 1 μg RE = 1 μg of retinol = 6 μg of β-carotene = 12 μg of other carotenoids with provitamin A activity.

PRI: PRIs relate to vitamin A in the form of retinol, retinyl esters and provitamin A carotenoids.
RE: retinol equivalent. Provitamin A carotenoids have a lower bioavailability than retinol. In order to take into account these differences, RE have been introduced
and defined as 1 μg RE = 1 μg of retinol = 6 μg of β-carotene = 12 μg of other carotenoids with provitamin A activity.

UL: ULs apply to vitamin A as retinol or retinyl esters. 1 ug RE = 1 ug of retinol = 0.87 ug of retinyl acetate = 0.55 of retinyl palmitate.
No adequate data to derive a UL for β-carotene.

Copyright @2019 EFSA 1/1